45 results on '"Charlotte Grossiord"'
Search Results
2. Impact of warmer and drier conditions on tree photosynthetic properties and the role of species interactions
- Author
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Margaux Didion‐Gency, Arthur Gessler, Nina Buchmann, Jonas Gisler, Marcus Schaub, and Charlotte Grossiord
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species interaction ,downy oak ,drought ,European beech ,Jmax ,photosynthetic properties ,Vcmax ,warming ,Physiology ,Temperature ,Plant Science ,Droughts ,Trees ,Soil ,Fagus ,Photosynthesis - Abstract
Increased temperature and prolonged soil moisture reduction have distinct impacts on tree photosynthetic properties. Yet, our knowledge of their combined effect is limited. Moreover, how species interactions alter photosynthetic responses to warming and drought remains unclear. Using mesocosms, we studied how photosynthetic properties of European beech and downy oak were impacted by multi-year warming and soil moisture reduction alone or combined, and how species interactions (intra- vs inter-specific interactions) modulated these effects. Warming of +5°C enhanced photosynthetic properties in oak but not beech, while moisture reduction decreased them in both species. Combined warming and moisture reduction reduced photosynthetic properties for both species, but no exacerbated effects were observed. Oak was less impacted by combined warming and limited moisture when interacting with beech than in intra-specific stands. For beech, species interactions had no impact on the photosynthetic responses to warming and moisture reduction, alone or combined. Warming had either no or beneficial effects on the photosynthetic properties, while moisture reduction and their combined effects strongly reduced photosynthetic responses. However, inter-specific interactions mitigated the adverse impacts of combined warming and drought in oak, thereby highlighting the need to deepen our understanding of the role of species interactions under climate change., New Phytologist, 236 (2), ISSN:0028-646X, ISSN:1469-8137
- Published
- 2022
3. Disentangling the impact of co-varying changes in soil moisture, vapor pressure deficit, and temperature on plant carbon and water relations
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Charlotte Grossiord
- Abstract
Recent decades have been characterized by increasing temperatures worldwide, resulting in an exponential climb in vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Heat and VPD have been identified as increasingly important drivers of plant functioning in terrestrial biomes and are significant contributors to recent drought-induced tree mortality. Despite this, few studies have isolated the physiological response of plants to high VPD, heat, and soil drought, thus limiting our understanding and ability to predict future impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. I will present diverse experimental approaches to disentangle atmospheric and soil drivers of plant functions across scales. I will further discuss recent findings suggesting that high temperature and VPD can lead to a cascade of impacts, including reduced photosynthesis, foliar overheating, and higher risks of hydraulic failure, independently of soil moisture changes.
- Published
- 2023
4. Effects of vapour pressure deficit, temperature and soil drought on triple isotope patterns of assimilates and tree-ring cellulose
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Marco M. Lehmann, Philipp Schuler, Leonie Schönbeck, Oliver Rehmann, Haoyu Diao, Valentina Vitali, and Charlotte Grossiord
- Abstract
Stable isotope compositions of carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) in plant carbohydrates such as photosynthetic assimilates or cellulose are widely applied tools to reconstruct climate and plant physiological responses. In contrast, applications of hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) in plant carbohydrates are limited because of previous methodological constrains and limited knowledge on processes causing hydrogen isotope fractionations. To better understand the individual climatic drivers of isotopic variations in tree rings, particularly for δ2H, we performed a controlled experiment over one growing season in climate chambers with saplings of broadleaf and conifer tree species. The growing conditions resembled conditions that can be typically found in the field: vapor pressure deficit (VPD; 1.0, 1.6, and 2.2 kPa), air temperature (T; 25 and 30 °C), and soil drought (D, well-watered and extreme dry). After 5 months of treatment, δ13C, δ18O, and δ2H of water, sugars and starch in stems and leaves, as well as in cellulose of the recent year tree rings were measured. For δ2H analyses of plant carbohydrates, we applied a newly developed hot water vapour equilibration method (Schuler et al., 2022, doi.org/10.1111/pce.14193). Across all species, first results show that the three elements in tree-ring cellulose respond differently to the climatic drivers: both δ2H and δ13C values increased with increases in D and VPD, but the VPD responses were more pronounced under high than under low T conditions. In contrast, δ18O values were affected by T and VPD, while the VPD response was more pronounced under wet than under dry soil D conditions. Thus, the combination of δ2H and δ13C values could be used to identify D occurrences independent of VPD conditions, while δ18O value is a better indicator for T and VPD responses. In the following steps, the isotopic variations in tree-ring cellulose will be linked to those in water, sugars, and starch and their concentrations in leaf and stem material, as well as to various other structural and functional traits which have been measured throughout the experiment (Schönbeck et al., 2022, doi.org/10.1111/pce.14425). With this unique experimental design, we aim to provide new knowledge facilitating the interpretation of stable isotope patterns in tree rings under field conditions.
- Published
- 2023
5. Enhancing Urban Resilience to flooding using Afforestation: the case of Nouakchott city, Mauritania
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Paolo Perona, Emmanuel Dubois, Montana Marshall, Fatimetou Boukhreiss, Saleck Moulaye Ahmed Cherif, Jerôme Chenal, and Charlotte Grossiord
- Abstract
Despite a warm and dry climate, the city of Nouakchott has been facing constant flooding for almost a decade, making part of the city inhabitable and posing long-term health threats. Groundwater levels are relatively constant over the year, except for October, when the groundwater table rises at the end of the rainy season, resulting in an almost doubled flooded area in the city compared to drier periods. Saltwater intrusion maintains a constant level in the water table beneath the city. However, the infiltration of most of Nouakchott’s used water acts as systematic artificial aquifer recharge, thus increasing the risk of groundwater saturation excess and flooding. Hence, in comparison to the driest decade (1971-1980), flooding in the city today cannot only be attributed to the slight increase in precipitation over the last decade. This project hypothesizes that increasing the resilience to urban flooding in the city of Nouakchott can be achieved by using salt-tolerant plants to lower the water table level. This work presents a joined interdisciplinary ecohydrology and plant physiology approach for monitoring and modeling the transpiration and dewatering capacity of different local tree species. The project aims to provide scenarios for an integrated and sustainable afforestation strategy for Nouakchott. In addition to increasing the city’s resilience to flooding, the role that afforestation could play to enhance the provision of sustainable services for the people and the economy (e.g., shade in the streets, potential fruit harvesting and wood market, etc.) will also be discussed. The first field campaign of the project allowed to monitor five observation wells with automatic water depth measurements and 12 sap flow sensors on three tree species. Eventually, to reinforce the relatively scarce groundwater data, a spatiotemporal time series of the city's flooded areas was also reconstructed using remote sensing data, and its reliability to calibrate an eco-hydrogeological model will be discussed.
- Published
- 2023
6. No carbon storage in growth-limited trees in a semi-arid woodland
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R. Alexander Thompson, Henry D. Adams, David D. Breshears, Adam D. Collins, L. Turin Dickman, Charlotte Grossiord, Àngela Manrique‐Alba, Drew M. Peltier, Michael G. Ryan, Amy M. Trowbridge, and Nate G. McDowell
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Multidisciplinary ,General Physics and Astronomy ,General Chemistry ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - Abstract
Plant survival depends on a balance between carbon supply and demand. When carbon supply becomes limited, plants buffer demand by using stored carbohydrates (sugar and starch). During drought, NSCs (non-structural carbohydrates) may accumulate if growth stops before photosynthesis. This expectation is pervasive, yet few studies have combined simultaneous measurements of drought, photosynthesis, growth, and carbon storage to test this. Using a field experiment with mature trees in a semi-arid woodland, we show that growth and photosynthesis slow in parallel as $${\psi }_{{pd}}$$ ψ p d declines, preventing carbon storage in two species of conifer (J. monosperma and P. edulis). During experimental drought, growth and photosynthesis were frequently co-limited. Our results point to an alternative perspective on how plants use carbon that views growth and photosynthesis as independent processes both regulated by water availability.
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- 2023
7. Faster drought recovery in anisohydric beech compared with isohydric spruce
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Danielle E M Ulrich and Charlotte Grossiord
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Physiology ,Plant Science - Abstract
This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Tree Physiology following peer review. The version of record [Faster drought recovery in anisohydric beech compared with isohydric spruce. Tree Physiology (2023)] is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpad009. Deposited by shareyourpaper.org and openaccessbutton.org. We've taken reasonable steps to ensure this content doesn't violate copyright. However, if you think it does you can request a takedown by emailing help@openaccessbutton.org.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Hotter droughts alter resource allocation to chemical defenses in piñon pine
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Henry D. Adams, Sanna Sevanto, Megan L. Hofland, Shealyn C. Malone, Charlotte Grossiord, Paul C. Stoy, Nate G. McDowell, David K. Weaver, Lee T. Dickman, Amy M. Trowbridge, and Adam D. Collins
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Bark beetle ,Hot Temperature ,Field experiment ,Monoterpene ,Pinus edulis ,Photosynthesis ,Ips confusus (piñon engraver beetle) ,Resource Allocation ,Trees ,Special Issue: In Honor of Russell K. Monson ,food ,Animals ,Phloem transport ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Drought ,biology ,fungi ,Scots pine ,food and beverages ,Pinus ,biology.organism_classification ,Heat ,food.food ,Droughts ,Coleoptera ,Agronomy ,Non-structural carbohydrates ,visual_art ,Monoterpenes ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Bark - Abstract
Heat and drought affect plant chemical defenses and thereby plant susceptibility to pests and pathogens. Monoterpenes are of particular importance for conifers as they play critical roles in defense against bark beetles. To date, work seeking to understand the impacts of heat and drought on monoterpenes has primarily focused on young potted seedlings, leaving it unclear how older age classes that are more vulnerable to bark beetles might respond to stress. Furthermore, we lack a clear picture of what carbon resources might be prioritized to support monoterpene synthesis under drought stress. To address this, we measured needle and woody tissue monoterpene concentrations and physiological variables simultaneously from mature piñon pines (Pinus edulis) from a unique temperature and drought manipulation field experiment. While heat had no effect on total monoterpene concentrations, trees under combined heat and drought stress exhibited ~ 85% and 35% increases in needle and woody tissue, respectively, over multiple years. Plant physiological variables like maximum photosynthesis each explained less than 10% of the variation in total monoterpenes for both tissue types while starch and glucose + fructose measured 1-month prior explained ~ 45% and 60% of the variation in woody tissue total monoterpene concentrations. Although total monoterpenes increased under combined stress, some key monoterpenes with known roles in bark beetle ecology decreased. These shifts may make trees more favorable for bark beetle attack rather than well defended, which one might conclude if only considering total monoterpene concentrations. Our results point to cumulative and synergistic effects of heat and drought that may reprioritize carbon allocation of specific non-structural carbohydrates toward defense. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00442-021-05058-8.
- Published
- 2021
9. Stability of tropical forest tree carbon‐water relations in a rainfall exclusion treatment through shifts in effective water uptake depth
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Daisy C. Souza, Michael J. Liddell, Lucas A. Cernusak, Charlotte Grossiord, Jeffrey Q. Chambers, Kolby J. Jardine, Tayana B. Rodrigues, Susan G. Laurance, Wenzhi Wang, Weibin Li, Riley T Leff, Nate G. McDowell, Israel De Jesus Sampaio Filho, Timothy J. Brodribb, Heather Pacheco, D. Scott Mackay, Yoko Ishida, Alexandria L. Pivovaroff, Peipei Zhang, Jennifer M. R. Peters, and Brendan Choat
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0106 biological sciences ,drought ,Forests ,decline ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,Water content ,General Environmental Science ,wet tropical forest ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,food and beverages ,dynamics ,Biological Sciences ,stomatal responses ,Droughts ,gradient ,soil-water ,strategies ,Soil horizon ,leaves ,environment ,Stomatal conductance ,Rainforest ,experimental drought ,gas exchange ,010603 evolutionary biology ,process model ,rainfall exclusion ,Environmental Chemistry ,water potentials ,Precipitation ,Tree canopy ,fungi ,Water ,Xylem ,plant hydraulics ,turgor loss point ,15. Life on land ,mortality ,Carbon ,Climate Action ,Plant Leaves ,Agronomy ,13. Climate action ,rooting depth ,Soil water ,Environmental science ,nonstructural carbohydrates ,Environmental Sciences ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Increasing severity and frequency of drought is predicted for large portions of the terrestrial biosphere, with major impacts already documented in wet tropical forests. Using a 4-year rainfall exclusion experiment in the Daintree Rainforest in northeast Australia, we examined canopy tree responses to reduced precipitation and soil water availability by quantifying seasonal changes in plant hydraulic and carbon traits for 11 tree species between control and drought treatments. Even with reduced soil volumetric water content in the upper 1m of soil in the drought treatment, we found no significant difference between treatments for predawn and midday leaf water potential, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, foliar stable carbon isotope composition, leaf mass per area, turgor loss point, xylem vessel anatomy, or leaf and stem nonstructural carbohydrates. While empirical measurements of aboveground traits revealed homeostatic maintenance of plant water status and traits in response to reduced soil moisture, modeled belowground dynamics revealed that trees in the drought treatment shifted the depth from which water was acquired to deeper soil layers. These findings reveal that belowground acclimation of tree water uptake depth may buffer tropical rainforests from more severe droughts that may arise in future with climate change.
- Published
- 2021
10. Hydraulic architecture explains species moisture dependency but not mortality rates across a tropical rainfall gradient
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Shawn P. Serbin, Bradley O. Christoffersen, Jin Wu, S. Joseph Wright, Brett T. Wolfe, Stuart J. Davies, Charlotte Grossiord, Riley T Leff, Alexandria L. Pivovaroff, Alistair Rogers, Chonggang Xu, L. Turin Dickman, Nate G. McDowell, and Jeffrey Q. Chambers
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Leaf mass per area ,Moisture ,Mortality rate ,Environmental science ,Tropical rainfall ,Atmospheric sciences ,Tropical forest ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Dependency (project management) - Published
- 2021
11. Author response for 'Warming may extend tree growing seasons and compensate for reduced carbon uptake during dry periods'
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null Charlotte Grossiord, null Christoph Bachofen, null Jonas Gisler, null Eugénie Mas, null Yann Vitasse, and null Margaux Didion‐Gency
- Published
- 2022
12. Atmospheric acidity and its impacts on macronutrient deposition and plant growth
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Andrea Arangio, Kalliopi Violaki, Juan-Carlos Quezada Rivera, Megan He, Ghislain Motos, Luca Bragazza, Charlotte Grossiord, Alexandre Buttler, and Athanasios Nenes
- Abstract
Biological diversity and competition among species in ecosystems are sensitive to changes in macronutrient supply and nutrient availability. Human activity is intensively and extensively altering macronutrient cycles from a regional to a global scale with rates that can far exceed natural ones. Moreover, anthropogenic pollution exposes ecosystems to additional nutrients and stressors. These processes, although not well studied, can have a strong impact on ecosystem composition and productivity. In this study, we characterize the atmospheric deposition of bioavailable macronutrients from air pollution and study their impact on plant (oat) productivity and soil quality at a site in the Bois-Chamblard forest outside of Lausanne, Switzerland by Lake Geneva.To evaluate the importance of atmospheric deposition as a nutrient path for soil and plants, we set up a mesocosm experiment where plants and bare soil were exposed to atmospheric deposition for four months (during Spring and Summer, 2021) and compared against replicates not exposed to atmospheric deposition. Carbon (C), N, P in plant and soil, as well as soil enzymatic activity, fungi and bacterial communities are quantified for each member of the mesocosm experiment. Quantification of the total nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), gas- and aerosol-species (inorganic/organic species and metals) in rain water, dry deposition and airborne particles and soil is carried out.We find that plants exposed to atmospheric deposition display higher photosynthetic activity, larger N content and higher capacity to compete for nutrients in the soil. The soil community in the atmospheric deposition treatment shown higher nitrification rate and enzymatic activity towards lignin decomposition compared to the control. These results indicates that atmospheric pollutants act as plant fertilizers fostering their control on soil microbial community and accelerating soil nutrient stocks consumption.
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- 2022
13. Plant and root‐zone water isotopes are difficult to measure, explain, and predict: Some practical recommendations for determining plant water sources
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Charlotte Grossiord, Todd E. Dawson, Jana von Freyberg, and Scott T. Allen
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Hydrology ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Isotope ,Ecological Modeling ,Water source ,0207 environmental engineering ,Measure (physics) ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Ecohydrology ,Environmental science ,DNS root zone ,020701 environmental engineering ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Published
- 2020
14. Photosynthetic acclimation and sensitivity to short- and long-term environmental changes in a drought-prone forest
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Leonie Schönbeck, Charlotte Grossiord, Arthur Gessler, Jonas Gisler, Katrin Meusburger, Petra D’Odorico, Andreas Rigling, Yann Salmon, Benjamin D Stocker, Roman Zweifel, Marcus Schaub, Rogers, Alistair, Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, and Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences)
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Plant Leaves ,4112 Forestry ,Soil ,Physiology ,Acclimatization ,1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology ,Water ,Plant Science ,Forests ,Photosynthesis ,Droughts ,Trees - Abstract
Future climate will be characterized by an increase in frequency and duration of drought and warming that exacerbates atmospheric evaporative demand. How trees acclimate to long-term soil moisture changes and whether these long-term changes alter trees' sensitivity to short-term (day to months) variations of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil moisture is largely unknown. Leaf gas exchange measurements were performed within a long-term (17 years) irrigation experiment in a drought-prone Scots pine-dominated forest in one of Switzerland's driest areas on trees in naturally dry (control), irrigated, and 'irrigation-stop' (after 11 years of irrigation) conditions. Seventeen years of irrigation increased photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) and reduced g(s) sensitivity to increasing VPD and soil drying. Following irrigation-stop, gas exchange decreased only after 3 years. After 5 years, maximum carboxylation (V-cmax) and electron transport (J(max)) rates in irrigation-stop recovered to similar levels as to before the irrigation-stop. These results suggest that long-term release from soil drought reduces the sensitivity to VPD and that atmospheric constraints may play an increasingly important role in combination with soil drought. Moreover, our study indicates that structural adjustments lead to an attenuation of initially strong leaf-level acclimation to strong multiple-year drought. Acclimation to irrigation increased gas exchange in Pinus sylvestris, but reduced the sensitivity to short-term changes. In addition, structural adjustments led to an attenuation of initially strong leaf-level acclimation.
- Published
- 2021
15. Foliar respiration is related to photosynthetic, growth and carbohydrate response to experimental drought and elevated temperature
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Núria Garcia-Forner, Sanna Sevanto, Michael G. Ryan, Charlotte Grossiord, Lee T. Dickman, Henry D. Adams, Nate G. McDowell, Adam D. Collins, and Heath Powers
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Hot Temperature ,biology ,Physiology ,Cellular respiration ,Field experiment ,Q10 ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Photosynthesis ,Pinus ,Acclimatization ,Droughts ,Plant Leaves ,Horticulture ,Juniperus ,Shoot ,Respiration ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,Juniper - Abstract
Short-term plant respiration (R) increases exponentially with rising temperature, but drought could reduce respiration by reducing growth and metabolism. Acclimation may alter these responses. We examined if species with different drought responses would differ in foliar R response to +4.8°C temperature and -45% precipitation in a field experiment with mature pinon and juniper trees, and if any differences between species were related to differences in photosynthesis rates, shoot growth and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs). Short-term foliar R had a Q10 of 1.6 for pinon and 2.6 for juniper. Pinon foliar R did not respond to the +4.8°C temperatures, but R increased 1.4x for juniper. Across treatments, pinon foliage had higher growth, lower NSC content, 29% lower photosynthesis rates, and 44% lower R than juniper. Removing 45% precipitation had little impact on R for either species. Species differences in the response of R under elevated temperature were related to substrate availability and stomatal response to leaf water potential. Despite not acclimating to the higher temperature and having higher R than pinon, greater substrate availability in juniper suggests it could supply respiratory demand for much longer than pinon. Species responses will be critical in ecosystem response to a warmer climate. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2021
16. Author response for 'Both diversity and functional composition affect productivity and water use efficiency in experimental temperate grasslands'
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Manuel Walde, Marco M. Lehmann, Charlotte Grossiord, Noémie A. Pichon, Margaux Didion-Gency, Arthur Gessler, Seraina L. Cappelli, and Eric Allan
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Temperate grassland ,Ecology ,Environmental science ,Composition (visual arts) ,Water-use efficiency ,Affect (psychology) ,Productivity ,Diversity (business) - Published
- 2021
17. Earlier plant growth helps compensate for reduced carbon fixation after 13 years of warming
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Armin J. Howell, Scott Ferrenberg, Sasha C. Reed, Daniel E. Winkler, Jayne Belnap, Hilda J. Smith, and Charlotte Grossiord
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0106 biological sciences ,Biomass (ecology) ,education.field_of_study ,Ecology ,Phenology ,Population ,Growing season ,Climate change ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Arid ,Photosynthetic acclimation ,Ecosystem ,education ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Drylands play a dominant role in global carbon cycling and are particularly vulnerable to increasing temperatures, but our understanding of how dryland ecosystems will respond to climatic change remains notably poor. Considering that the area of drylands is projected to increase by 11%–23% by 2,100, understanding the impacts of warming on the functions and services furnished by these arid and semi‐arid ecosystems has numerous implications. In a unique 13‐year ecosystem warming experiment in a south‐western U.S. dryland, we investigated the consequences of rising temperature on Achnatherum hymenoides, a widespread, keystone grass species on the Colorado Plateau. We tracked individual‐ and population‐level responses to identify optimal strategies that may have been masked if considering only one level of plant response. We found several factors combined to affect the timing and magnitude of plant responses during the 13th year of warming. These included large warming‐induced biomass increases for individual plants, an 8.5‐day advancement in the growing season and strong reductions in photosynthetic rates and population cover. Importantly, we observed a lack of photosynthetic acclimation and, thus, a warming‐induced downregulation of photosynthetic rates. However, these physiological responses were concurrent with warmed‐plant increases in growing season length and investment in photosynthetic surfaces, demonstrating the species’ ability to balance carbon fixation limitations with warming. These results, which bring together ecophysiological, phenological, reproductive and morphological assessments of plant responses to warming, suggest that the extent of change in A. hymenoides populations will be based upon numerous adaptive responses that vary in their direction and magnitude. Plant population responses to climatic warming remain poorly resolved, particularly for Earth's drylands, and our in situ experiment assessing multiple strategies offers a novel look into a warmer world. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
- Published
- 2019
18. Having the right neighbors: how tree species diversity modulates drought impacts on forests
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Charlotte Grossiord
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Climate Change ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Vulnerability ,Biodiversity ,Climate change ,Plant Science ,Forests ,01 natural sciences ,Competition (biology) ,Trees ,03 medical and health sciences ,parasitic diseases ,Ecosystem ,media_common ,Ecology ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Droughts ,Tree (data structure) ,030104 developmental biology ,Geography ,Terrestrial ecosystem ,human activities ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Diversity (business) - Abstract
Droughts are a rising concern for terrestrial ecosystems, particularly for forests where drought-induced reductions in tree growth and survival are reported. Biodiversity has long been acknowledged as an important component modulating ecosystem functions, including mitigating their vulnerability to climate-related stresses. Yet the impact of tree diversity on forest vulnerability to drought is unclear. In this review, consistent mechanisms are identified by which tree diversity could reduce vulnerability to drought and emerging evidence is revealed that tree diversity is not systematically positively related to drought resistance in forests. A path is suggested to further increase our knowledge on this subject in the face of climate change, proposing standardization of methods to quantitatively establish diversity impacts on the drought resistance of forests.
- Published
- 2019
19. Author response for 'Tree growth in Switzerland is increasingly constrained by rising evaporative demand'
- Author
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Charlotte Grossiord, Volodymyr Trotsiuk, Werner Eugster, David I. Forrester, N. Buchmann, Arthur Gessler, Marcus Schaub, and Flurin Babst
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Tree (data structure) ,Geography ,Agroforestry - Published
- 2021
20. Photosynthetic acclimation and sensitivity to short- and long-term environmental changes
- Author
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Andreas Rigling, Jonas Gisler, Katrin Meusburger, Leonie Schönbeck, Yann Salmon, Roman Zweifel, Petra D'Odorico, Arthur Gessler, Charlotte Grossiord, Benjamin D. Stocker, and Marcus Schaub
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2. Zero hunger ,0106 biological sciences ,Irrigation ,Stomatal conductance ,Vapour Pressure Deficit ,15. Life on land ,Photosynthesis ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Acclimatization ,Agronomy ,13. Climate action ,Photosynthetic acclimation ,Environmental science ,Soil drying ,Water content ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
SummaryThe future climate will be characterized by an increase in frequency and duration of drought and warming that exacerbates atmospheric evaporative demand. How trees acclimate to long-term soil moisture changes and whether these long-term changes alter trees’ sensitivity to short-term (day to months) variations of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil moisture is largely unknown.Leaf gas exchange measurements were performed within a long-term (17 years) irrigation experiment in a Scots pine-dominated forest in one of Switzerland’s driest areas on trees in naturally dry (control), irrigated, and‘irrigation-stop’ (after 11 years of irrigation) conditions.Seventeen years of irrigation increased photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) and reduced the gs sensitivity to increasing VPD but not to soil drying. Following irrigation-stop, gas exchange did not decrease immediately, but after three years, had decreased significantly in irrigation-stop trees. Vcmax and Jmax recovered after five years.These results suggest that long-term release of soil drought reduces the sensitivity to atmospheric evaporative demand and that atmospheric constraints may play an increasingly important role in combination with soil drought. In addition, they suggest that structural adjustments lead to an attenuation of initially strong leaf-level acclimation to strong multiple-year drought.
- Published
- 2021
21. Define the water-use strategy: A network study on hydraulic mechanisms regulating water use of European tree species during drought
- Author
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Richard L. Peters, Rafael Poyatos, Roman Zweifel, Ansgar Kahmen, Charlotte Grossiord, Patrick Fonti, Mana Gharun, Nina Buchmann, and Kathy Steppe
- Abstract
Continuous and long-term monitoring of water use are required to reduce uncertainties in modelling forest transpiration. Since drought threatens the vitality and survival of forests worldwide, understanding and modelling responses to drought are of particular interest. Tree species undergo strong selective pressure to develop specialized mechanisms for regulating water-use dynamics during unfavourable climatic conditions. To cope with drought a tree can adjust its “water-use strategy”, by 1) altering the regulation of water release through the leaves to the atmosphere, 2) adjusting the water storage capacitances, or 3) changing the hydraulic conductivity of the xylem, impacting the water flux. There is thus a pressing need to understand the variability of such hydraulic mechanisms, between and within tree species, and quantify how they impact forest transpiration.We strive to elucidate hydraulic mechanisms in European tree species by combining, for the first time, three hydraulic components (stomatal conductance regulation, storage water capacity and wood anatomical traits) to identify water-use strategies and mechanistically model their effect on water use under increasing drought and warming. We constructed a European monitoring network, integrating ongoing meteorological measurements (e.g., temperature, relative humidity, global radiation and soil moisture) with sap flow (SF) and dendrometer (DM) measurements, as well as wood anatomical properties collected from the same tree individuals. Currently, the network includes 22 sites stretching from Spain till Finland (latitudinal range: 40° - 62° N), with a total of 281 individuals (14 tree species) and hourly-resolution monitoring of SF and DM from ~2011-2018. This large temporal coverage ensures a broad range of dry and wet conditions at each site, while the extensive climatological range of sites promotes the detection of intra-specific variability in hydraulic mechanisms.Focussing on four common European tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies), we present initial results from a Swiss temperate forest, where combining SF, DM and wood anatomy allowed us to disentangle species-specific differences in water-use strategies. Building upon these empirical observations, we were able to quantify the impact of these inter-specific differences on water use. Moreover, a mechanistic water transport model was used to assess stem water content, stem water potential (i.e., an indicator for hydraulic vulnerability), and subsequently turgidity within the cambium (i.e., crucial for wood formation) during the summer drought of 2015. Our efforts will advance process-based understanding of drought impacts on water use and could constrain predictions of forest transpiration under changing climatic conditions.
- Published
- 2020
22. Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world
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Thomas A. M. Pugh, Craig D. Allen, Adam Hanbury-Brown, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Jeremy W. Lichstein, Daniel J. Johnson, Rupert Seidl, Louise Chini, James S. Clark, Nate G. McDowell, Lara M. Kueppers, Anthony P. Walker, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Charlotte Grossiord, María Uriarte, Monica G. Turner, Brian H. Aukema, Michael Dietze, Benjamin Poulter, George C. Hurtt, Kiona Ogle, Chonggang Xu, and Robert B. Jackson
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0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Acclimatization ,Climate Change ,Climate change ,Forcing (mathematics) ,Forests ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Models, Biological ,Trees ,Biomass ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Biomass (ecology) ,Multidisciplinary ,Land use ,Forest dynamics ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Vegetation ,15. Life on land ,Carbon Dioxide ,Earth system science ,Disturbance (ecology) ,13. Climate action ,Environmental science ,business - Abstract
Shifting forest dynamics Forest dynamics are the processes of recruitment, growth, death, and turnover of the constituent tree species of the forest community. These processes are driven by disturbances both natural and anthropogenic. McDowell et al. review recent progress in understanding the drivers of forest dynamics and how these are interacting and changing in the context of global climate change. The authors show that shifts in forest dynamics are already occurring, and the emerging pattern is that global forests are tending toward younger stands with faster turnover as old-growth forest with stable dynamics are dwindling. Science , this issue p. eaaz9463
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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23. Lack of acclimation of leaf area:sapwood area ratios in piñon pine and juniper in response to precipitation reduction and warming
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Isaac Borrego, Adam D. Collins, Max Ryan, Charlotte Grossiord, Natalie McBranch, Turin Dickman, Nate G. McDowell, Sanna Sevanto, and Henry D. Adams
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Chronic exposure ,Stomatal conductance ,Physiology ,Acclimatization ,Juniperus monosperma ,Plant Science ,Woodland ,Pinus edulis ,Global Warming ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,03 medical and health sciences ,food ,Precipitation ,biology ,fungi ,Water ,food and beverages ,Pinus ,biology.organism_classification ,food.food ,Droughts ,Plant Leaves ,Horticulture ,030104 developmental biology ,Juniperus ,Environmental science ,Juniper ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The leaf area to sapwood area ratios of trees (Al:AS) can shift to maintain homeostatic gas exchange per unit leaf area in response to climate variability. We tested the hypothesis that trees alter their Al:AS ratios in response to long-term warming and reduced precipitation in order to maintain leaf-specific gas exchange rates under more stressful conditions. Whole-tree Al:AS was measured on mature piñon pine (Pinus edulis Engelm.) and one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.) trees after 5 years (2012-16) of chronic exposure to increased temperature (+4.8 °C), precipitation reduction (-45%), or both simultaneously. No difference was found in Al:As among treatments for either species. Associated with this lack of shift in Al:As were large changes in pre-dawn leaf water potential and stomatal conductance, consistent with theoretical expectations of interactions between leaf and whole-tree hydraulic supply. Our results suggest that a lack of whole-tree acclimation in Al:As results in the reductions in plant gas exchange and water status associated with long-term warming and reduced precipitation in semi-arid woodlands.
- Published
- 2018
24. Precipitation mediates sap flux sensitivity to evaporative demand in the neotropics
- Author
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Chonggang Xu, Damien Bonal, Georgianne W. Moore, Lara M. Kueppers, Kolby J. Jardine, Claire Fortunel, Volodymyr Trotsiuk, Nathan G. Swenson, Clarissa G. Fontes, Isaac Borrego, Bradley O. Christoffersen, Liang Wei, Brett T. Wolfe, Nate G. McDowell, Charlotte Grossiord, Jeffrey M. Warren, Robinson I. Negrón-Juárez, D. S. Christianson, L. M. T. Aparecido, Matteo Detto, Benoit Burban, Heidi Asbjornsen, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Z. Carter Berry, Jeffrey Q. Chambers, Gretchen R. Miller, Boris Faybishenko, Aura M. Alonso-Rodríguez, Clément Stahl, Tana E. Wood, Bruno O. Gimenez, Charu Varadharajan, Christopher Baraloto, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Avalanche Research WSL, School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SILVA (SILVA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL), United States Department of Energy, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Czech University of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Vapor Pressure ,Vapour Pressure Deficit ,Humid subtropical climate ,Flux ,Biology ,Forests ,Atmospheric sciences ,[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,Transpiration ,Vapor pressure deficit ,Atmosphere ,[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems ,Evapotranspiration ,Plant functional traits ,Precipitation ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Ecology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Water ,Plant Transpiration ,15. Life on land ,[SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics ,Droughts ,13. Climate action ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Water use - Abstract
International audience; Transpiration in humid tropical forests modulates the global water cycle and is a key driver of climate regulation. Yet, our understanding of how tropical trees regulate sap flux in response to climate variability remains elusive. With a progressively warming climate, atmospheric evaporative demand [i.e., vapor pressure deficit (VPD)] will be increasingly important for plant functioning, becoming the major control of plant water use in the twenty-first century. Using measurements in 34 tree species at seven sites across a precipitation gradient in the neotropics, we determined how the maximum sap flux velocity (vmax) and the VPD threshold at which vmax is reached (VPDmax) vary with precipitation regime [mean annual precipitation (MAP); seasonal drought intensity (PDRY)] and two functional traits related to foliar and wood economics spectra [leaf mass per area (LMA); wood specific gravity (WSG)]. We show that, even though vmax is highly variable within sites, it follows a negative trend in response to increasing MAP and PDRY across sites. LMA and WSG exerted little effect on vmax and VPDmax, suggesting that these widely used functional traits provide limited explanatory power of dynamic plant responses to environmental variation within hyper-diverse forests. This study demonstrates that long-term precipitation plays an important role in the sap flux response of humid tropical forests to VPD. Our findings suggest that under higher evaporative demand, trees growing in wetter environments in humid tropical regions may be subjected to reduced water exchange with the atmosphere relative to trees growing in drier climates.
- Published
- 2019
25. Extreme droughts affecting Mediterranean tree species’ growth and water-use efficiency: the importance of timing
- Author
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Charlotte Grossiord, Alicia Forner, Damien Bonal, Ismael Aranda, Fernando Valladares, André Granier, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Comunidad de Madrid, and Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France)
- Subjects
Water-use efficiency ,0106 biological sciences ,Mediterranean climate ,Time Factors ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Physiology ,Growing season ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,Quercus ,Ecosystem ,Quercus faginea ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Pinus nigra ,2. Zero hunger ,biology ,Water ,15. Life on land ,Pinus ,biology.organism_classification ,Droughts ,Quercus ilex ,Agronomy ,Spain ,13. Climate action ,Extreme drought ,Habit (biology) ,Seasons ,Ballota ,Carbon isotope composition ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Woody plant - Abstract
It has been known for a long time that drought intensity is a critical variable in determining water stress of Mediterranean tree species. However, not as much attention has been paid to other drought characteristics, for example the timing of the dry periods. We investigated the impact of the timing and intensity of extreme droughts on growing season length, growth and water-use efficiency of three tree species, Pinus nigra ssp. Salzmannii J.F. Arnold, Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. and Quercus faginea Lam. coexisting in a continental Mediterranean ecosystem. Over the study period (2009-13), intense droughts were observed at annual and seasonal scales, particularly during 2011 and 2012. In 2012, an atypically dry winter and spring was followed by an intense summer drought. Quercus faginea growth was affected more by drought timing than by drought intensity, probably because of its winter-deciduous leaf habit. Pinus nigra showed a lower decrease in secondary growth than observed in the two Quercus species in extremely dry years. Resilience to extreme droughts was different among species, with Q. faginea showing poorer recovery of growth after very dry years. The highest intra- and inter-annual plasticity in water-use efficiency was observed in P. nigra, which maintained a more water-saving strategy. Our results revealed that the timing of extreme drought events can affect tree function to a larger extent than drought intensity, especially in deciduous species. Legacy effects of drought over months and years significantly strengthened the impact of drought timing and intensity on tree function., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness with the grants VERONICA (CGL2013-42271-P), SEDIFOR (AGL2014-57762-R), the project of the Autonomous Community of Madrid REMEDINAL3-CM (S2013/MAE-2719) and ECOMETAS (CGL2014-53840-REDT). D.B. and A.G. were supported by the Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE (ANR-12-LABXARBRE-01) supported by the French National Research Agency. The PTEF is supported by the French National Research Agency through the Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE (ANR-11-LABX-0002-01).
- Published
- 2018
26. Tree water dynamics in a drying and warming world
- Author
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Nate G. McDowell, Isaac Borrego, Sanna Sevanto, Allison Chan, Charlotte Grossiord, Natalie McBranch, William T. Pockman, Max Ryan, Patrick J. Hudson, Lee T. Dickman, Sean T. Michaletz, Adam D. Collins, and Alberto Vilagrosa
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Stomatal conductance ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,biology ,Physiology ,Vapour Pressure Deficit ,Xylem ,Juniperus monosperma ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Acclimatization ,Horticulture ,Botany ,Environmental science ,Juniper ,Water content ,010606 plant biology & botany ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Transpiration - Abstract
Disentangling the relative impacts of precipitation reduction and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on plant water dynamics and determining whether acclimation may influence these patterns in the future is an important challenge. Here, we report sap flux density (FD ), stomatal conductance (Gs ), hydraulic conductivity (KL ) and xylem anatomy in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) trees subjected to five years of precipitation reduction, atmospheric warming (elevated VPD) and their combined effects. No acclimation occurred under precipitation reduction: lower Gs and FD were found for both species compared to ambient conditions. Warming reduced the sensibility of stomata to VPD for both species but resulted in the maintenance of Gs and FD to ambient levels only for pinon. For juniper, reduced soil moisture under warming negated benefits of stomatal adjustments and resulted in reduced FD , Gs and KL . Although reduced stomatal sensitivity to VPD also occurred under combined stresses, reductions in Gs , FD and KL took place to similar levels as under single stresses for both species. Our results show that stomatal conductance adjustments to high VPD could minimize but not entirely prevent additive effects of warming and drying on water use and carbon acquisition of trees in semi-arid regions.
- Published
- 2017
27. Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit
- Author
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Benjamin Poulter, Charlotte Grossiord, Thomas N. Buckley, John S. Sperry, Kimberly A. Novick, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, Nate G. McDowell, and Lucas A. Cernusak
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Stomatal conductance ,Vapor Pressure ,Physiology ,Vapour Pressure Deficit ,Biome ,food and beverages ,Climate change ,Water ,Plant Transpiration ,Plant Science ,Atmospheric sciences ,Photosynthesis ,01 natural sciences ,Plant Leaves ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Abundance (ecology) ,Plant Stomata ,Environmental science ,Terrestrial ecosystem ,Ecosystem ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Transpiration - Abstract
Recent decades have been characterized by increasing temperatures worldwide, resulting in an exponential climb in vapor pressure deficit (VPD). VPD has been identified as an increasingly important driver of plant functioning in terrestrial biomes and has been established as a major contributor in recent drought-induced plant mortality independent of other drivers associated with climate change. Despite this, few studies have isolated the physiological response of plant functioning to high VPD, thus limiting our understanding and ability to predict future impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. An abundance of evidence suggests that stomatal conductance declines under high VPD and transpiration increases in most species up until a given VPD threshold, leading to a cascade of subsequent impacts including reduced photosynthesis and growth, and higher risks of carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. Incorporation of photosynthetic and hydraulic traits in 'next-generation' land-surface models has the greatest potential for improved prediction of VPD responses at the plant- and global-scale, and will yield more mechanistic simulations of plant responses to a changing climate. By providing a fully integrated framework and evaluation of the impacts of high VPD on plant function, improvements in forecasting and long-term projections of climate impacts can be made.
- Published
- 2019
28. Coordinating supply and demand: plant carbon allocation strategy ensuring survival in the long run
- Author
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Charlotte Grossiord and Arthur Gessler
- Subjects
chemistry ,Physiology ,Norway ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Business ,Environmental economics ,Picea ,Carbon ,Supply and demand - Published
- 2019
29. Conifers depend on established roots during drought: results from a coupled model of carbon allocation and hydraulics
- Author
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Charlotte Grossiord, John S. Sperry, Philip Savoy, D. Scott Mackay, Diane R. Wang, J. R. Pleban, Nate G. McDowell, X. Tai, and Henry D. Adams
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Time Factors ,Physiology ,Hydraulics ,Field experiment ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,Models, Biological ,Plant Roots ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,law ,Water uptake ,Computer Simulation ,Groundwater ,Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Bedrock ,Water ,Plant Transpiration ,Pinus ,Carbon ,Droughts ,Tracheophyta ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Juniperus ,Environmental science ,Soil horizon ,Unit root ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Trees may survive prolonged droughts by shifting water uptake to reliable water sources, but it is unknown if the dominant mechanism involves activating existing roots or growing new roots during drought, or some combination of the two. To gain mechanistic insights on this unknown, a dynamic root-hydraulic modeling framework was developed that set up a feedback between hydraulic controls over carbon allocation and the role of root growth on soil-plant hydraulics. The new model was tested using a 5 yr drought/heat field experiment on an established pinon-juniper stand with root access to bedrock groundwater. Owing to the high carbon cost per unit root area, modeled trees initialized without adequate bedrock groundwater access experienced potentially lethal declines in water potential, while all of the experimental trees maintained nonlethal water potentials. Simulated trees were unable to grow roots rapidly enough to mediate the hydraulic stress, particularly during warm droughts. Alternatively, modeled trees initiated with root access to bedrock groundwater matched the hydraulics of the experimental trees by increasing their water uptake from bedrock groundwater when soil layers dried out. Therefore, the modeling framework identified a critical mechanism for drought response that required trees to shift water uptake among existing roots rather than growing new roots.
- Published
- 2019
30. The response of stomatal conductance to seasonal drought in tropical forests
- Author
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Brett T. Wolfe, Kim S. Ely, Jin Wu, Nate G. McDowell, S. Joseph Wright, Sean T. Michaletz, L. Turin Dickman, Matteo Detto, Shawn P. Serbin, Adam D. Collins, Alistair Rogers, and Charlotte Grossiord
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Canopy ,Stomatal conductance ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Vapour Pressure Deficit ,Forests ,Atmospheric sciences ,Photosynthesis ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,Dry season ,Environmental Chemistry ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Transpiration ,Abiotic component ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Tropics ,Water ,Plant Transpiration ,Droughts ,Plant Leaves ,Environmental science ,Seasons - Abstract
Stomata regulate CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and water loss through transpiration. The approaches used to represent stomatal conductance (gs ) in models vary. In particular, current understanding of drivers of the variation in a key parameter in those models, the slope parameter (i.e. a measure of intrinsic plant water-use-efficiency), is still limited, particularly in the tropics. Here we collected diurnal measurements of leaf gas exchange and leaf water potential (Ψleaf ), and a suite of plant traits from the upper canopy of 15 tropical trees in two contrasting Panamanian forests throughout the dry season of the 2016 El Nino. The plant traits included wood density, leaf-mass-per-area (LMA), leaf carboxylation capacity (Vc,max ), leaf water content, the degree of isohydry, and predawn Ψleaf . We first investigated how the choice of four commonly used leaf-level gs models with and without the inclusion of Ψleaf as an additional predictor variable influence the ability to predict gs , and then explored the abiotic (i.e. month, site-month interaction) and biotic (i.e. tree-species-specific characteristics) drivers of slope parameter variation. Our results show that the inclusion of Ψleaf did not improve model performance and that the models that represent the response of gs to vapor pressure deficit performed better than corresponding models that respond to relative humidity. Within each gs model, we found large variation in the slope parameter, and this variation was attributable to the biotic driver, rather than abiotic drivers. We further investigated potential relationships between the slope parameter and the six available plant traits mentioned above, and found that only one trait, LMA, had a significant correlation with the slope parameter (R2 = 0.66, n = 15), highlighting a potential path towards improved model parameterization. This study advances understanding of gs dynamics over seasonal drought, and identifies a practical, trait-based approach to improve modeling of carbon and water exchange in tropical forests.
- Published
- 2018
31. Plant wax and carbon isotope response to heat and drought in the conifer Juniperus monosperma
- Author
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Charlotte Grossiord, Erika J. Freimuth, Jeffrey S. Hannon, Aaron F. Diefendorf, Christopher P. Bickford, Kristen M. Schlanser, and Nate G. McDowell
- Subjects
Wax ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,δ13C ,Range (biology) ,food and beverages ,Juniperus monosperma ,Biology ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Agronomy ,Plant cuticle ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Isotopes of carbon ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Precipitation ,Juniper ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Plant waxes, including n-alkanes, are commonly used for a wide range of paleo-applications. Several common traits of n-alkanes that are used as paleo-proxies include chain length distribution and average chain length (ACL), as well as plant wax carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions. The effect of climate on plant wax traits has been the subject of many studies, but a common challenge with modern calibrations is disentangling the effects of species (genetic), temperature, and precipitation from one another. Here, we explore the effect of temperature and drought, independently and combined, on plant wax composition of the species Juniper monosperma in a large ecosystem-scale field manipulation experiment. We find that n-alkane concentrations significantly increase with temperature, but other parameters (including ACL) are not affected. These results support physiological studies that identify n-alkanes as an important barrier to water loss within the plant cuticle. Combined with prior studies, it appears that changes in ACL within sediments are likely controlled by changes in species composition rather than directly by changes in climate. We find little variation in the carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of n-alkanes across the treatments whereas bulk leaf δ13C values are higher in the heat and drought treatment. Because leaf δ13C values represent a weighted C assimilation signal, these values reflect differences in leaf gas exchange among treatments, whereas the n-alkanes are synthesized when water availability is higher and differences among treatments are not significant enough to influence their values. These results have important implications for using n-alkane traits, including ACL and δ13C values, for paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
- Published
- 2021
32. Tree growth, transpiration, and water-use efficiency between shoreline and upland red maple (Acer rubrum) trees in a coastal forest
- Author
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Aditi Sengupta, Vanessa L. Bailey, Riley T Leff, James C. Stegen, Nate G. McDowell, Nicholas D. Ward, Charlotte Grossiord, J. Patrick Megonigal, Roy L. Rich, Wenzhi Wang, Uğur Uzay Sezen, Stephanie C. Pennington, and Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Hydrology ,Shore ,Atmospheric Science ,Global and Planetary Change ,geography ,Soil salinity ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,δ13C ,Forestry ,Red maple ,Saline water ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental science ,Seawater ,Water-use efficiency ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,010606 plant biology & botany ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Transpiration - Abstract
Coastal shoreline forests are vulnerable to seawater exposure, the impacts of which will increase due to sea-level rise, but the long-term adaptation strategies and vulnerability of coastal forests are not well understood. We used whole-tree transpiration, leaf water potential, tree-ring width, and tree-ring δ13C (a proxy for intrinsic water use efficiency, iWUE) to examine the long-term adaptation strategies of red maple (Acer rubrum) trees at the coastal interface (i.e., shoreline) and nearby upland in Maryland, USA. Red maple trees that grew along the shoreline and were exposed to slightly saline water (up to two PSU) had higher transpiration rates than those growing in the nearby upland forest during a wet year, but these differences disappeared during a normal precipitation year. Shoreline trees grew more slowly than upland trees over the last four decades, but these growth differences have disappeared in the last six years. Shoreline and upland red maple trees had similar variation in iWUE, indicating that higher transpiration rates of the seawater-exposed trees did not translate into differences in water use efficiency. There were no differences in predawn and midday water potential between upland and shoreline trees, suggesting no additional water stress occurs in shoreline trees. These findings indicate that mature red maple in our coastal study site maintains gas exchange and growth at a consistent or homeostatic level under slight soil salinity.
- Published
- 2020
33. Precipitation, not air temperature, drives functional responses of trees in semi‐arid ecosystems
- Author
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Nate G. McDowell, Lee T. Dickman, Miguel Vigil, Sanna Sevanto, Adam D. Collins, Henry D. Adams, Elizabeth A. Stockton, Sean T. Michaletz, Charlotte Grossiord, and Natalie McBranch
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Ecophysiology ,Stomatal conductance ,Ecology ,Phenology ,fungi ,Climate change ,Plant Science ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Arid ,Agronomy ,Botany ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Water-use efficiency ,Water content ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Summary Model scenarios of climate change predict that warming and drought will occur simultaneously in the future in many regions. The capacity of woody species to modify their physiology and morphology in response to environmental conditions is widely recognized, but little is known about the responses of trees to reduced precipitation and increased temperature acting simultaneously. In a semi-arid woodland, we assessed the responses in physiological (needle emergence, maximum photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency (WUE) and shoot elongation) and morphological (needle length and thickness, and leaf mass per area (LMA)) foliar traits of pinon pine (Pinus edulis) in response to three years of a 45% reduction in precipitation, a 4.8 °C increase in air temperature and their simultaneous effects. A strong change in physiological and morphological traits in response to reduced precipitation was observed. Precipitation reduction delayed needle emergence, decreased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, increased WUE, decreased shoot elongation and induced shorter needles with a higher LMA. Trees subjected to simultaneous reductions in precipitation and warming demonstrated a similar response. However, atmospheric warming did not induce a response in any of the measured traits. Physiological and morphological traits of trees in this semi-arid climate were more responsive to changes in soil moisture than air temperature. Long-term exposure to seasonal drought stress in arid sites may have resulted in strong plastic responses to this first stressor. However, atmospheric warming probably was not experienced as a stress for trees in this warm and dry climate. Overall, our results indicate that in semi-arid ecosystems where tree functioning is already highly limited by soil water availability, atmospheric warming as anticipated with climate change may have less impact on foliar trait responses than previously thought.
- Published
- 2016
34. Homoeostatic maintenance of nonstructural carbohydrates during the 2015-2016 El Niño drought across a tropical forest precipitation gradient
- Author
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Matteo Detto, Sean T. Michaletz, Shawn P. Serbin, Devin W. Goodsman, José A. Medina-Vega, Lee T. Dickman, Jeffrey Q. Chambers, Alistair Rogers, Jin Wu, Chonggang Xu, Brett T. Wolfe, Kim S. Ely, S. Joseph Wright, Adam D. Collins, Charlotte Grossiord, Nate G. McDowell, and Lara M. Kueppers
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Range (biology) ,Plant Science ,Forests ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,NSC ,Photosynthesis ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,El Nino-Southern Oscillation ,Panama ,food and beverages ,Plant physiology ,Starch ,Vegetation ,Biological Sciences ,PE&RC ,Wood ,Droughts ,Seasons ,biological phenomena, cell phenomena, and immunity ,ENSO ,Woody plant ,Plant Biology & Botany ,Carbohydrates ,Biology ,tropics ,storage ,03 medical and health sciences ,vegetation ,Bosecologie en Bosbeheer ,Precipitation ,climate ,Tropical Climate ,Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences ,fungi ,Tropics ,Forest Ecology and Forest Management ,Plant Leaves ,030104 developmental biology ,sugars ,nervous system ,Agronomy ,Sugars ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) are essential for maintenance of plant metabolism and may be sensitive to short- and long-term climatic variation. NSC variation in moist tropical forests has rarely been studied, so regulation of NSCs in these systems is poorly understood. We measured foliar and branch NSC content in 23 tree species at three sites located across a large precipitation gradient in Panama during the 2015-2016 El Niño to examine how short- and long-term climatic variation impact carbohydrate dynamics. There was no significant difference in total NSCs as the drought progressed (leaf P=0.32, branch P=0.30) nor across the rainfall gradient (leaf P=0.91, branch P=0.96). Foliar soluble sugars decreased while starch increased over the duration of the dry period, suggesting greater partitioning of NSCs to storage than metabolism or transport as drought progressed. There was a large variation across species at all sites, but total foliar NSCs were positively correlated with leaf mass per area, whereas branch sugars were positively related to leaf temperature and negatively correlated with daily photosynthesis and wood density. The NSC homoeostasis across a wide range of conditions suggests that NSCs are an allocation priority in moist tropical forests.
- Published
- 2018
35. Continental mapping of forest ecosystem functions reveals a high but unrealised potential for forest multifunctionality
- Author
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Stephan Kambach, Hervé Jactel, Yohan Charbonnier, Bart Muys, Ewa Chećko, Andrea Coppi, Lars Gamfeldt, Sandra Cristina Müller, Timo Domisch, Bastien Castagneyrol, Charles A. Nock, Sophia Ratcliffe, Josep Peñuelas, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Julia Koricheva, Fons van der Plas, Jan Stenlid, Bettina Ohse, Eric Allan, Jens Kattge, Stephan Hättenschwiler, Miguel A. Zavala, Lars Vesterdal, Lander Baeten, Alain Paquette, Kris Verheyen, Charlotte Grossiord, Damien Bonal, Monique Carnol, Jürgen Bauhus, François-Xavier Joly, Leena Finér, Rupert Seidl, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Tommaso Jucker, Mariangela N. Fotelli, Luc Barbaro, Markus Fischer, Peter Manning, Georges Kunstler, Adam Benneter, Johan Van Keer, Aleksi Lehtonen, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Diem Nguyen, Evy Ampoorter, Arthur Gessler, Marc Deconchat, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Kalliopi Radoglou, Olivier Bouriaud, Jonas Dahlgren, Christian Wirth, Pallieter De Smedt, Harriet Milligan, Virginie Guyot, Mario Liebergesell, Fernando Valladares, Martina Pollastrini, Raquel Benavides, Filippo Bussotti, Federico Selvi, Cristina C. Bastias, André Granier, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Seid Muhie Dawud, Hans De Wandeler, Gerald Kaendler, Josephine Haase, Fabian Roger, Helge Bruelheide, German Research Foundation, European Commission, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación (España), UNIVESITY OF BERN CHE, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Fakultät für Physik und Geowissenschaften [Leipzig], Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING GBR, UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG DEU, GHENT UNIVERSITY BEL, UNIVERSIDAD DE ALCALA ESP, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), CSIC MNCN MADRID ESP, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava (USU), GERMAN CENTRE FOR INTEGRATIVE BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH LEIPZIG DEU, UNIVERSITY OF FIRENZE ITA, UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE BEL, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW POL, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN DNK, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN BEL, NATURAL RESOURCES INSTITUTE OF FINLAND JOENSUU FIN, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THESSALONIKI VASSILIKA GRC, WSL BIRMENSDORF CHE, LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY USA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE GBR, MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE DEU, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE BADEN WURTTEMBERG DEU, ROYAL HOLLOWAY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON GBR, Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), UNIVERSITY OF BERN CHE, UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC MONTREAL CAN, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), and Systems Ecology
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,upscaling ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Climate ,Forest management ,Biodiversity ,Forests ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,tree communities ,Ecosystem services ,Phylogenetic diversity ,forest ,Forest ecology ,Upscaling ,Large‐scale ,Humans ,Ecosystem ,Forest ,Recreation ,climate ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,ecosystem multifunctionality ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,SDG 15 - Life on Land ,biodiversity ,Ecosystem multifunctionality ,Forest inventory ,Land use ,Ecology ,FunDivEUROPE ,Tree communities ,15. Life on land ,Europe ,Geography ,Ecosystems Research ,large-scale ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,phylogenetic diversity ,ecosystem services - Abstract
Humans require multiple services from ecosystems, but it is largely unknown whether trade‐offs between ecosystem functions prevent the realisation of high ecosystem multifunctionality across spatial scales. Here, we combined a comprehensive dataset (28 ecosystem functions measured on 209 forest plots) with a forest inventory dataset (105,316 plots) to extrapolate and map relationships between various ecosystem multifunctionality measures across Europe. These multifunctionality measures reflected different management objectives, related to timber production, climate regulation and biodiversity conservation/recreation. We found that trade‐offs among them were rare across Europe, at both local and continental scales. This suggests a high potential for ‘win‐win’ forest management strategies, where overall multifunctionality is maximised. However, across sites, multifunctionality was on average 45.8‐49.8% below maximum levels and not necessarily highest in protected areas. Therefore, using one of the most comprehensive assessments so far, our study suggests a high but largely unrealised potential for management to promote multifunctional forests., This paper is a joint effort of the working group ‘Scaling biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning relations: a synthesis based on the FunDivEUROPE research platforms’ on the 24th–26th November 2014 in Leipzig, Germany, kindly supported by sDiv, the Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118). The FunDivEUROPE project received funding from the European Union's Seventh Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement No. 265171. We thank the MAGRAMA for access to the Spanish Forest Inventory, the Johann Heinrich von Thünen‐Institut for access to the German National Forest Inventories, the Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE) for making the Finnish NFI data available, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences for making the Swedish NFI data available, and Hugues Lecomte, from the Walloon Forest Inventory, for access to the Walloon NFI data. The study was supported by the TRY initiative on plant traits (http://www.trydb.org).
- Published
- 2018
36. Impact of interspecific interactions on the soil water uptake depth in a young temperate mixed species plantation
- Author
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André Granier, Sigrid Berger, Robert Hommel, Charlotte Grossiord, Arthur Gessler, Claude Brechet, Rainer Hentschel, Damien Bonal, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Faculty of Biology, Chair of Geobotany, University of Freiburg, Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, ANR (ANR-12-LABEX-ARBRE-01), European Project: 265171, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Avalanche Research WSL, and Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)
- Subjects
Water uptake ,Competition ,biology ,Ecology ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Species diversity ,FunDivEUROPE ,Interspecific competition ,15. Life on land ,Deuterium ,biology.organism_classification ,Mixed forest ,Root ,Agronomy ,Soil water ,Soil horizon ,Environmental science ,Ecosystem ,Water-use efficiency ,Beech ,Water Science and Technology ,Transpiration - Abstract
Interactions between tree species in forests can be beneficial to ecosystem functions and services related to the carbon and water cycles by improving for example transpiration and productivity. However, little is known on below- and above-ground processes leading to these positive effects. We tested whether stratification in soil water uptake depth occurred between four tree species in a 10-year-old temperate mixed species plantation during a dry summer. We selected dominant and co-dominant trees of European beech, Sessile oak, Douglas fir and Norway spruce in areas with varying species diversity, competition intensity, and where different plant functional types (broadleaf vs. conifer) were present. We applied a deuterium labelling approach that consisted of spraying labelled water to the soil surface to create a strong vertical gradient of the deuterium isotope composition in the soil water. The deuterium isotope composition of both the xylem sap and the soil water was measured before labelling, and then again three days after labelling, to estimate the soil water uptake depth using a simple modelling approach. We also sampled leaves and needles from selected trees to measure their carbon isotope composition (a proxy for water use efficiency) and total nitrogen content. At the end of the summer, we found differences in the soil water uptake depth between plant functional types but not within types: on average, coniferous species extracted water from deeper layers than did broadleaved species. Neither species diversity nor competition intensity had a detectable influence on soil water uptake depth, foliar water use efficiency or foliar nitrogen concentration in the species studied. However, when coexisting with an increasing proportion of conifers, beech extracted water from progressively deeper soil layers. We conclude that complementarity for water uptake could occur in this 10-year-old plantation because of inherent differences among functional groups (conifers and broadleaves). Furthermore, water uptake depth of beech was already influenced at this young development stage by interspecific interactions whereas no clear niche differentiation occurred for the other species. This finding does not preclude that plasticity-mediated responses to species interactions could increase as the plantation ages, leading to the coexistence of these species in adult forest stands.
- Published
- 2014
37. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relations in European forests depend on environmental context
- Author
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Julia Koricheva, Helge Bruelheide, Bart Muys, Martina Pollastrini, Hervé Jactel, Ewa Chećko, Stephan Hättenschwiler, Sandra Cristina Müller, Kris Verheyen, Josephine Haase, Damien Bonal, Eric Allan, Raquel Benavides, Alain Paquette, Filippo Bussotti, Monique Carnol, Fernando Valladares, Simon Kolb, André Granier, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Timo Domisch, Stephan Kambach, Diem Nguyen, Mariangela N. Fotelli, Evy Ampoorter, Bettina Ohse, Christian Wirth, Charles A. Nock, Jan Stenlid, Tommaso Jucker, Fons van der Plas, François-Xavier Joly, Jürgen Bauhus, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Kalliopi Radoglou, Mario Liebersgesell, Lars Vesterdal, Rupert Seidl, Seid Muhie Dawud, Ian Seiferling, Charlotte Grossiord, Virginie Guyot, Federico Selvi, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Cristina C. Bastias, Markus Fischer, Oliver Purschke, Lander Baeten, Leena Finér, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Olivier Bouriaud, Sophia Ratcliffe, Arthur Gessler, Harriet Milligan, Fabian Roger, Hans De Wandeler, Bastien Castagneyrol, Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Land and Water Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Universität Bern- University of Bern [Bern], Partenaires INRAE, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) (LOEWE), Faculty of Biology/Geobotany, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Forest & Nature Lab, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Centre for Forest Research (CEF), Department of Chemistry, University of Québec in Montréal, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava (USU), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Laboratory of Plant and Microbial Ecology, Institute of Plant Biology B22, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Wollo University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (HAO Demeter), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division [Los Alamos], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut (UCONN), Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá (UAH), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Senseable City Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), European Commission, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, and Max Planck Society
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Climate Change ,Biodiversity ,Growing season ,Climate change ,Context (language use) ,Functional diversity ,water availability ,Forests ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,growing season length ,multifunctionality ,Ecosystem ,species richness ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Ekologi ,Resistance (ecology) ,Ecology ,Ökosystemforschung ,FunDivEUROPE ,15. Life on land ,Europe ,Geography ,Ecosystems Research ,Productivity (ecology) ,resource heterogeneity ,Species richness - Abstract
The importance of biodiversity in supporting ecosystem functioning is generally well accepted. However, most evidence comes from small‐scale studies, and scaling‐up patterns of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (B‐EF) remains challenging, in part because the importance of environmental factors in shaping B‐EF relations is poorly understood. Using a forest research platform in which 26 ecosystem functions were measured along gradients of tree species richness in six regions across Europe, we investigated the extent and the potential drivers of context dependency of B‐EF relations. Despite considerable variation in species richness effects across the continent, we found a tendency for stronger B‐EF relations in drier climates as well as in areas with longer growing seasons and more functionally diverse tree species. The importance of water availability in driving context dependency suggests that as water limitation increases under climate change, biodiversity may become even more important to support high levels of functioning in European forests., The FunDivEUROPE project received funding from the European Union Seventh Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement No. 265171. Additional support was received from the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig for SR. CW acknowledges the support of the Max‐Planck‐Society.
- Published
- 2017
38. Tree water dynamics in a drying and warming world
- Author
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Charlotte, Grossiord, Sanna, Sevanto, Isaac, Borrego, Allison M, Chan, Adam D, Collins, Lee T, Dickman, Patrick J, Hudson, Natalie, McBranch, Sean T, Michaletz, William T, Pockman, Max, Ryan, Alberto, Vilagrosa, and Nate G, McDowell
- Subjects
Vapor Pressure ,Stress, Physiological ,Plant Exudates ,Plant Stomata ,Water ,Seasons ,Desiccation ,Global Warming ,Wood ,Trees - Abstract
Disentangling the relative impacts of precipitation reduction and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on plant water dynamics and determining whether acclimation may influence these patterns in the future is an important challenge. Here, we report sap flux density (F
- Published
- 2017
39. Tree diversity does not always improve resistance of forest ecosystems to drought
- Author
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Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Helge Bruelheide, Fernando Valladares, André Granier, Damien Bonal, Olivier Bouriaud, Seid Muhie Dawud, Leena Finér, Martina Pollastrini, Arthur Gessler, Charlotte Grossiord, David I. Forrester, Sophia Ratcliffe, Ewa Chećko, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Funktionelle Biodiversität, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Forestry Faculty, University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava (USU), Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), German Research Foundation, Faculty of Biology, Bialowieza Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw (UW), Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Finnish Forest Research Institute, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Sciences, Section of Soil and Plant Science, University of Florence (UNIFI), Faculty of Biology/Geobotany, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Avalanche Research WSL, UE (265171), ANR (ANR-12-LABXAR-BRE-01), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (GE 1090/8-1), Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, European Project: 265171, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - German Research Foundation (DFG), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, European Commission, Universität Leipzig, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales [Madrid] (MNCN), and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)
- Subjects
arbre forestier ,Biodiversité et Ecologie ,Biodiversity ,isotope du carbone ,Forests ,facteur édaphique ,Trees ,Forest restoration ,bois adulte ,Climate change ,Milieux et Changements globaux ,Intact forest landscape ,sécheresse ,Carbon Isotopes ,carbon isotope composition ,Multidisciplinary ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecology ,saison sèche ,Agroforestry ,food and beverages ,Biological Sciences ,Old-growth forest ,Droughts ,climate change ,Terrestrial ecosystem ,ecology ,europe ,Carbon isotope composition ,FundivEUROPE ,biodiversité végétale ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,species interaction ,sécheresse édaphique ,Biodiversity and Ecology ,Species Specificity ,Stress, Physiological ,Forest ecology ,Ecosystem ,geography ,fungi ,15. Life on land ,résistance à la sécheresse ,13. Climate action ,Environmental science ,Secondary forest ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,sol forestier ,Species interaction - Abstract
Climate models predict an increase in the intensity and frequency of drought episodes in the Northern Hemisphere. Among terrestrial ecosystems, forests will be profoundly impacted by drier climatic conditions, with drastic consequences for the functions and services they supply. Simultaneously, biodiversity is known to support a wide range of forest ecosystem functions and services. However, whether biodiversity also improves the resistance of these ecosystems to drought remains unclear. We compared soil drought exposure levels in a total of 160 forest stands within five major forest types across Europe along a gradient of tree species diversity. We assessed soil drought exposure in each forest stand by calculating the stand-level increase in carbon isotope composition of late wood from a wet to a dry year (Δδ13CS). Δδ13CS exhibited a negative linear relationship with tree species diversity in two forest types, suggesting that species interactions in these forests diminished the drought exposure of the ecosystem. However, the other three forest types were unaffected by tree species diversity. We conclude that higher diversity enhances resistance to drought events only in drought-prone environments. Managing forest ecosystems for high tree species diversity does not necessarily assure improved adaptability to the more severe and frequent drought events predicted for the future., The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant 265171
- Published
- 2014
40. Mechanisms of a coniferous woodland persistence under drought and heat
- Author
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Henry D. Adams, Adam D. Collins, Craig D. Allen, Alberto Vilagrosa, Charlotte Grossiord, Natalie McBranch, Chonggang Xu, Sara Pinzón-Navarro, Monica L. Gaylord, Nate G. McDowell, William T. Pockman, D. Scott Mackay, Devin W. Goodsman, Isaac Borrego, David D. Breshears, Brian H. Aukema, L. Turin Dickman, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ecología, CEAM (Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo), and Gestión de Ecosistemas y de la Biodiversidad (GEB)
- Subjects
Drought ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Forestry ,Precipitation ,Refugia ,Woodland ,Ecología ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Die-off ,Political science ,Warming ,National laboratory ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Predictions of warmer droughts causing increasing forest mortality are becoming abundant, yet few studies have investigated the mechanisms of forest persistence. To examine the resistance of forests to warmer droughts, we used a five-year precipitation reduction (~45% removal), heat (+4 °C above ambient) and combined drought and heat experiment in an isolated stand of mature Pinus edulis-Juniperus monosperma. Despite severe experimental drought and heating, no trees died, and we observed only minor evidence of hydraulic failure or carbon starvation. Two mechanisms promoting survival were supported. First, access to bedrock water, or 'hydraulic refugia' aided trees in their resistance to the experimental conditions. Second, the isolation of this stand amongst a landscape of dead trees precluded ingress by Ips confusus, frequently the ultimate biotic mortality agent of piñon. These combined abiotic and biotic landscape-scale processes can moderate the impacts of future droughts on tree mortality by enabling tree avoidance of hydraulic failure, carbon starvation, and exposure to attacking abiotic agents. This project was supported by the Department of Energy, Office of Science, and Pacific Northwest National Lab’s LDRD program. DDB participation was supported via NSF EF-1340624; EF-1550756, and EAR-1331408, DEB-1824796 and DEB-1833502. CG was supported by a Director’s Fellowship from the Los Alamos National Laboratory and by the Swiss National Science Foundation SNF (PZ00P3_174068). AV was supported by a fellowship from Generalitat Valenciana (BEST/2016/289) and the project Survive-2 (CGL2015-69773-C2-2-P MINECO/FEDER) from the Spanish Government. DSM was supported via NSF IOS-1450679, IOS-1444571, and IOS-1547796.
- Published
- 2019
41. Correction for van der Plas et al., Biotic homogenization can decrease landscape-scale forest multifunctionality
- Author
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Jürgen Bauhus, Martina Pollastrini, SEID MUHIE DAWUD, Peter Manning, Charlotte Grossiord, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Fons Van der Plas, Raquel Benavides, Timo Domisch, Bart Muys, Lander Baeten, Tommaso Jucker, Jan Stenlid, David Coomes, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Lars Vesterdal, Adam Benneter, Monique Carnol, Olivier Bouriaud, and Eric Allan
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Biological Sciences - Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of biodiversity in maintaining multiple ecosystem functions and services (multifunctionality) at local spatial scales, but it is unknown whether similar relationships are found at larger spatial scales in real-world landscapes. Here, we show, for the first time to our knowledge, that biodiversity can also be important for multifunctionality at larger spatial scales in European forest landscapes. Both high local (α-) diversity and a high turnover in species composition between locations (high β-diversity) were found to be potentially important drivers of ecosystem multifunctionality. Our study provides evidence that it is important to conserve the landscape-scale biodiversity that is being eroded by biotic homogenization if ecosystem multifunctionality is to be maintained.
- Published
- 2016
42. Aridity and cold temperatures drive divergent adjustments of European beech xylem anatomy, hydraulics and leaf physiological traits
- Author
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Eduardo Vicente, Margaux Didion-Gency, Luna Morcillo, Xavier Morin, Alberto Vilagrosa, and Charlotte Grossiord
- Subjects
water transport ,Physiology ,trait coordination ,Plant Science ,drought ,leaf physiology ,water use ,Trees ,Xylem ,wood anatomy ,Fagus ,fagus-sylvatica l ,climate ,scots pine ,fungi ,Water ,trait variances ,functional diversity ,xylem hydraulics ,Cold Temperature ,Plant Leaves ,trade-offs ,intraspecific trait variation ,picea-abies ,local adaptation ,climatic stress - Abstract
Understanding plant trait coordination and variance across climatic gradients is critical for assessing forests’ adaptive potential to climate change. We measured 11 hydraulic, anatomical and leaf-level physiological traits in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) along a moisture and temperature gradient in the French Alps. We assessed how traits covaried, and how their population-level variances shifted along the gradient. The intrapopulation variances of vessel size and xylem-specific conductivity reduced in colder locations as narrow vessels were observed in response to low temperature. This decreased individual-level water transport capacity compared with the warmer and more xeric sites. Conversely, the maximum stomatal conductance and Huber value variances were constrained in the arid and warm locations, where trees showed restricted gas exchange and higher xylem-specific conductivity. The populations growing under drier and warmer conditions presented wide variance for the xylem anatomical and hydraulic traits. Our results suggest that short-term physiological acclimation to raising aridity and heat in southern beech populations may occur mainly at the leaf level. Furthermore, the wide variance of the xylem anatomical and hydraulic traits at these sites may be advantageous since more heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity could imply populations’ greater tree–tree complementarity and resilience against climatic variability. Our study highlights that both intrapopulation trait variance and trait network analysis are key approaches for understanding species adaptation and the acclimation potential to a shifting environment.
43. Disentangling the Effects of Vapor Pressure Deficit and Soil Water Availability on Canopy Conductance in a Seasonal Tropical Forest During the 2015 El Niño Drought
- Author
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Jeffrey Q. Chambers, Yilin Fang, Chonggang Xu, Charlotte Grossiord, Charles D. Koven, Bradley O. Christoffersen, Brett T. Wolfe, Matteo Detto, L. Ruby Leung, Ryan G. Knox, Pierre Gentine, and Nate G. McDowell
- Subjects
tropical forest ,Atmospheric Science ,Seasonal tropical forest ,Vapour Pressure Deficit ,vapor pressure deficit ,Vegetation ,Atmospheric sciences ,Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience ,Canopy conductance ,canopy conductance limitation ,Atmospheric Sciences ,plant hydrodynamic model HYDRO ,water stress ,Geophysics ,Clean Water and Sanitation ,Space and Planetary Science ,Evapotranspiration ,Soil water ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Environmental science ,ELM ,Water content ,Transpiration - Abstract
Author(s): Fang, Y; Leung, LR; Wolfe, BT; Detto, M; Knox, RG; McDowell, NG; Grossiord, C; Xu, C; Christoffersen, BO; Gentine, P; Koven, CD; Chambers, JQ | Abstract: Water deficit in the atmosphere and soil are two key interactive factors that constrain transpiration and vegetation productivity. It is not clear which of these two factors is more important for the water and carbon flux response to drought stress in ecosystems. In this study, field data and numerical modeling were used to isolate their impact on evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary productivity (GPP) at a tropical forest site in Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, focusing on their response to the drought induced by the El Nino event of 2015–2016. Numerical simulations were performed using a plant hydrodynamic scheme (HYDRO) and a heuristic approach that ignores stomatal sensitivity to leaf water potential in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Land Model (ELM). The sensitivity of canopy conductance (Gs) to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) obtained from eddy-covariance fluxes and measured sap flux shows that, at both ecosystem and plant scale, soil water stress is more important in limiting Gs than VPD at BCI during the El Nino event. The model simulations confirmed the importance of water stress limitation on Gs, but overestimated the VPD impact on Gs compared to that estimated from the observations. We also found that the predicted soil moisture is less sensitive to the diversity of plant hydraulic traits than ET and GPP. During the dry season at BCI, seasonal ET, especially soil evaporation at VPDngn0.42nkPa, simulated using HYDRO and ELM, were too strong and will require alternative parameterizations.
44. Severe declines in hydraulic capacity and associated carbon starvation drive mortality in seawater exposed Sitka-spruce (Picea sitchensis) trees
- Author
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Wenzhi Wang, Peipei Zhang, Hongxia Zhang, Charlotte Grossiord, Stephanie C Pennington, Matthew J Norwood, Weibin Li, Alexandria L Pivovaroff, Laura Fernández-de-Uña, Riley Leff, Steven B Yabusaki, Scott Waichler, Vanessa L Bailey, Nicholas D Ward, and Nate G McDowell
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,physiological-mechanisms ,growth ,vulnerability ,Geology ,coastal forest ,xylem ,precipitation ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,embolism ,salinity ,transpiration ,tree rings ,tree mortality ,drought-induced tree ,pinyon-juniper woodland ,Earth-Surface Processes ,General Environmental Science ,Food Science - Abstract
Sea-level rise is causing widespread tree mortality of coastal forests, with large consequences on the Earth system as a result of these forests’ importance in carbon and nutrient export. The mechanisms of mortality under these conditions are, however, poorly tested. We used wood anatomy traits, wood δ 13C, and tree radial growth to retrospectively assess the physiological process of seawater effects on whole tree xylem hydraulic capacity, gas exchange, and radial growth. During the latter stages of mortality (2018–2019), we directly measured metrics of water use and carbon metabolism across trees having crowns ranging from fully foliated to completely defoliated to investigate mortality processes at the sub-annual scale. Upon seawater exposure, soil salinity increased and allocation to hydraulic function declined, resulting in a dramatic reduction in water supply to the crown, increased crown-level water stress, and subsequent crown foliage loss. Simultaneously, leaf-level photosynthetic capacity declined steeply with increasing salinity. The combined loss of crown foliage area and photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area promoted carbon starvation, while no evidence of hydraulic failure was observed. These results elucidate mechanisms of coastal forest death under seawater exposure, enabling more accurate modeling in the future.
45. Warming may extend tree growing seasons and compensate for reduced carbon uptake during dry periods
- Author
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Charlotte Grossiord, Christoph Bachofen, Jonas Gisler, Eugénie Mas, Yann Vitasse, and Margaux Didion‐Gency
- Subjects
Ecology ,Plant Science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
1. Warming and drought alter plant phenology, photosynthesis and growth with important consequences for the global carbon cycle and the earth’s climate. Yet, few studies have attempted to tease apart their effects on tree phenology, particularly leaf senescence, and on source and sink activity. 2. We experimentally assessed the single and combined effects of warming and reduced soil moisture on the phenology (leaf-out and senescence date, growing season length) and aboveground sink (height and diameter growth, leaf area and Huber values) and source activity (net photosynthesis, photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll concentration and total carbon (C) uptake) of two tree species with distinct strategies to deal with drought: European beech and pubescent oak. 3. Warming advanced leaf-out, irrespective of soil moisture levels, particularly in oak and to a lower extent in beech, leading to a prolonged growing season in oak but not beech. No impacts of warming on senescence timing were found for both species. Reduced moisture had little impact on the phenology of both species. Warming-induced advances in phenology and higher photosynthetic efficiency increased the annual C uptake for oak and compensated for the reduced photosynthetic activity in the presence of reduced moisture. Conversely, for beech, source activity, including yearly C uptake, was lower in all treatments than the control, indicating no compensation of the C budget by phenological shifts. 4. Synthesis. Our results demonstrate that a warming-driven earlier activity and higher photosynthetic efficiency compensates for reduced photosynthesis during hot and dry periods, but only for pubescent oak, which is a rather drought tolerant species. Current predictions of warming-induced mitigation effects through extended C uptake seem incorrect for beech.
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