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The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2) resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. In adults, it can lead to serious complications such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), renal failure, encephalitis, acute cardiac illness, thromboembolism, and multiorgan failure. However, in infants and children, it causes mild illness. The current evidence showed hyperinflammatory syndrome is the reason for most of the deaths in patients with severe COVID-19. There are increasing research activities around immunomodulatory drugs to manage SARSCoV-2 induced dysregulated immune response. However, these immunomodulatory drugs are currently approved by FDA for the prevention and treatment of certain inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, recurrent pericarditis, and multiple sclerosis. Here, we summarise the drugs studied in several randomised clinical trials to demonstrate the efficacy and safety in treating the uncontrolled immune response of COVID-19 patients.

A young adult male with no previous comorbidities presented with complaints of fever since 10 days and right cheek swelling since one week duration. Ultrasonography (USG) guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of intraparotid lymph node showed ‘reactive lymphadenitis’. He was started on antibiotics and symptomatic treatment. He later developed breathlessness and desaturation following which he was shifted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and given non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Chest X-Ray (CXR) showed features suggestive of bilateral pneumonia. Mumps immunoglobulin-meta (IgM) was found to be positive. He improved over the next few days and was discharged.

Bronchopleural Fistula (BPF) is a potential complication following pulmonary surgeries, lung infections, chest trauma, chemoradiotherapy, and inappropriate mechanical ventilation with significant morbidity and mortality. Surgical repair of BPF is a definitive treatment, particularly in those who develop BPF following lung resection. However, bronchoscopic management is an excellent treatment option for BPF for causes other than pulmonary resection. The present case report describes about a 50-yearold male patient who presented with a left-sided pneumothorax. He was immediately managed with Intercostal Drainage (ICD) but there was a persistent pneumothorax due to BPF. Video bronchoscopy was done, and at the site of the air leak, cyanoacrylate glue was injected. The resolution of pneumothorax was confirmed with a radiograph, the ICD tube was removed and he was discharged. He was on regular follow-up for the next six months, and there was no recurrence of pneumothorax.