Search

Marine beach litter (MBL) represents a serious issue for marine life, coastal ecosystems, human health and several economical activities. The Mediterranean Sea is a semi enclosed basin particularly vulnerable to this problem. Its coasts are threatened by critical anthropogenic pressures that sum up with intensive fishing and shipping, and the slow turnover of its waters. In the last decades, several scientific and participative initiatives have been conducted to study, monitor and clean-up shorelines. These studies were generally characterized by differences in timing and frequency of the surveys, as well as in litter sampling, classification and analysis. This paper presents a systematic review of current literature concerning MBL monitoring strategies along the Mediterranean coasts. Scopus indexed studies are analysed to identify discrepancies and similarities among the applied protocols, understand where current gaps lie, and point out what would be needed to develop a basin-scale efficient monitoring for the Mediterranean Sea.

The MPA-Engage project encourages the use and dissemination of these protocols, which can be shared, downloaded and printed for the needs of every Mediterranean MPA and for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgments of MPA-Engage project as the source and copyright holder is given., This series of standard protocols provides practical guidance to track climate-related impacts in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and beyond. The guiding principles and architecture of these tools respond to the requirements of the Ecosystem Approach undertaken under the auspices of UNEP/MAP Barcelona Convention and the EU MSFD, with the ultimate objective of achieving the Good Environmental Status (GES) of the Mediterranean Sea and Coasts. Technically these tools are inspired by the concept of Essential Climate and Ecosystem Variables and focus on a restricted set of simple measurements to capture greater dimensions of environmental change. Indicators have been chosen on the basis of their scientific relevance, feasibility and cost effectiveness. The engagement of local stakeholders is another key ingredient in some of these methodologies. Adopting these protocols, allow participants to join to a common and consolidated strategy to track climate change effects. This will improve, complement or extend the ongoing monitoring initiatives in the different Mediterranean countries., Proyecto MPA-Engage, project co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund.

51 pages, 6 figures, Global change is striking harder and faster in the Mediterranean Sea than elsewhere, where high levels of human pressure and proneness to climate change interact in mod- ifying the structure and disrupting regulative mechanisms of marine ecosystems. Rocky reefs are particularly exposed to such environmental changes with ongoing trends of degradation being impressive. Due to the variety of habitat types and associated marine biodiversity, rocky reefs are critical for the functioning of marine ecosystems, and their decline could profoundly affect the provision of essential goods and services which human populations in coastal areas rely upon. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview of the status of rocky reefs, trends in human-driven changes undermining their integrity, and current and upcoming management and conservation strategies, attempting a pro- jection on what could be the future of this essential component of Mediterranean marine ecosystems.

Callyspongia (Euplacella) abnormis Pulitzer-Finali, 1993 Fig. 7 Callyspongia abnormis Pulitzer-Finali, 1993: 340, fig. 78. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 5 fragments preserved dry, the larger is about 10 × 3 cm and 4 mm thick; 26°49′17.512″ S, 32°53′42.518″ E; Kev’s; 23.4 m deep; 3 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO5 • 1 fragment alcohol preserved, 1 dried fragment about 13 × 6 cm × 4 mm; 26°47′34.8″ S, 32°53′57.665″ E; Close; 18.6 m deep; 9 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO30 • Slide preparations of the holotype, labelled MBA 167, belonging to the author’s personal collection. Description Live sponges erect, foliaceous, lamellar, about 4–5 mm thick, and with scattered, digitate processes (Fig. 7 A–B). On one side of the sponge, roundish vents, about 300–400 μm in diameter, are grouped (Fig. 7B), while on the opposite side, numerous pores are scattered and not visible to the naked eye. The color in life is brick red; ochre in preserved specimens. Surface optically smooth, but microhispid at microscope magnification. The consistence is soft and compressible, rough at touch. SKELETON. Ectosome (Fig. 7 C–D) formed by a reticulation of paucispicular (2–5 oxeas) fibers, 18–35 µm in section, with no marked difference between primary and secondary fibers; the meshes are irregular and 150–350 µm wide, and are echinated by free spicules. Choanosome (Fig. 7 E–F) formed by reticulation of thicker, paucispicular (4–8 oxeas) fibers, 30–45 µm, that form irregular, rounded or polygonal meshes, 230–360 µm wide. SPICULES. Slender and slightly curved oxeas with acerate tips, 90–(102.5, 11.9)– 115 µm × 2–(5, 1.4)– 6 µm (Fig. 7G). Remarks These samples fit with C. abnormis Pulitzer-Finali, 1993 from Mombasa, Kenya, in external morphology, skeleton structure, and spicule shape and size. The examination of the slides of the holotype confirms the identification. This new finding allowed us to assign the species to the subgenus Euplacella, considering that the ectosomal skeleton is made by one size of small rounded mesh, echinated by spicules. This is the first record of the species since its original description., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 12-14, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Pulitzer-Finali G. 1993. A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali del Museo civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria 89: 247 - 350."]}

Phoriospongia mozambiquensis Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 95AFED42-6EA0-471E-95BE-B805C4A31B27 Fig. 19, Table 3 Diagnosis A red species of Phoriospongia characterized by styles with stepped tips, C and S-shaped sigmas, and isochelae. Etymology The specific name is derived from type locality. Material examined Holotype PONTA DO OURO • fragment about 2× 2× 2 cm; 26°49′50.408″ S, 32°53′45.97″ E; Doodle; 17 m deep; 7 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; MSNG 61420. Description The live sponge (Fig. 19A) is irregularly massive, bright red and covered by algal turf. The fragment preserved in alcohol changed the color to grey, with an uneven surface. It is very hard and friable and rich in sediments. SKELETON. The ectosome and the choanosome are almost completely constituted by columns of grains, with scattered spicules among the foreign bodies. SPICULES. Styles (Fig. 19 B–C) with stepped tips, 260–(294.5, 24.2)–340 μm×2.5–(2.8, 0.8)–5 μm; C- and S-shaped sigmas (Fig 19D), 28–(37.2)–42 μm; arcuate isochelae (Fig. 19E), 9–(12.5)–14 μm. Remarks This sponge belongs to the genus Phoriospongia, which is characterized by “skeletal columns cored by styles and foreign material [...]; sigmas usually present” (Van Soest 2002). The genus Phoriospongia Marshall, 1880 includes 13 species, all with an Indo-Pacific Ocean distribution, mainly from Australia (Van Soest et al. 2019). Due to the nature of the skeleton and to the capacity of the sponge to incorporate foreign bodies, it is difficult to clearly detect the skeleton organization, and most of the original descriptions are inadequate (Table 3). Phoriospongia arenifibrosa (Dendy, 1896) differs from this new species due to the absence of megascleres and to the morphology (erect, palmo-digitate sponge). Phoriospongia argentea (Marshall, 1880) has shorter styles (80 μm) and does not have any microscleres. Phoriospongia canaliculata Lendenfeld, 1889 has oxeas instead of styles. Phoriospongia reticulum (Marshall, 1880) and P. solida Marshall, 1880 differ in the possession of tylostyles. Phoriospongia flabellopalmata (Carter, 1885) shows a smooth and even surface, with longer styles and raphides as microscleres. Phoriospongia carcinophila (Lendenfeld, 1889), P. levis Lendenfeld, 1888, P. mammillata (Lendenfeld, 1888) and P. syringiana (Whitelegge, 1906) have different megascleres, i.e., strongyles instead of styles. The description of P. papillosa (Lamarck, 1815) is inadequate and neither megascleres nor microscleres are reported. Phoriospongia poni (De Laubenfeld, 1950), described from the Hawaii Islands, has three kinds of megascleres, i.e., oxeas, strongyles and styles. In the original description, P. squalida Lendenfeld, 1888, spicules are not described and, moreover, the sponge is reported as erect and tubular. Considering the affinities between Phoriospongia and Chondropsis, the species of the latter genus have been used for a comparison, but none was found to fit the new species from Mozambique (Table 2)., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 35-37, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Van Soest R. W. M. 2002. Family Chondropsidae Carter, 1886. In: Hooper J. N. A. & Van Soest R. W. M. (eds) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Volume 1: 521 - 527. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York.","Lendenfeld von R. 1889. A Monograph of the Horny Sponges. Trubner and Co., London.","Lendenfeld von R. 1888. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum: 188. Taylor & Francis, Sidney, London.","Van Soest R. W. M., Boury-Esnault N., Hooper J. N. A., Rutzler K., de Voogd N. J., Alvarez B., Hajdu E., Pisera A. B., Manconi R., Sch ˆ nberg C., Klautau M., Kelly M., Vacelet J., Dohrmann M., Diaz M. C., Cardenas P., Carballo J. L., Rios P., Downey R. & Morrow C. C. 2019. World Porifera Database. https: // doi. org / 10.14284 / 359"]}

Hyattella sulfurea Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 35359CE5-EA33-4149-86E7-A221B964A78E Fig. 4 Diagnosis A species of Hyattella characterized by its light yellow color and fibers without inclusions. Etymology Named after its yellow color in life, from the Latin name ‘ sulfureus ’, meaning ‘yellow’. Material examined Holotype PONTA DO OURO • 3 small fragments, size of the largest about 3× 1.5×07 cm; 26°50′36.881″ S, 32°54′54.471″ E; Atlantis; 47.7 m deep; 4 Mar. 2017; Cerrano leg.; MSNG 61417. Description The live sponge (Fig. 4A) is spherical, irregularly massive; on the surface, a net of fibers creates a clear web pattern connecting the prominent oscula among the thin cuticle. Where the sponge is not covered by foreign material and epibionts, the color appears light yellow (Fig. 4A). The color in the preserved state is dark brown (the pigments colored also the alcohol with a dark pinkish tinge). The sponge is firm and compressible; the body is lacunose. SKELETON. It consists of a quite regular network of primary fibers, 25–55 µm wide, the secondary fibers, 10–20 µm wide, form polygonal meshes of 200–250 µm in dimensions (Fig. 4B). Primary fibers less common with respect to secondary ones. All the fibers are free from inclusions. Remarks The species of the genus Hyattella have a lacunose body, an unarmoured surface and a skeleton composed of common, primary fibers linked by secondary fibers; primary fibres are cored and the secondary are free of inclusion (Cook & Bergquist 2002). However, the species Hyattella cavernosa (Pallas, 1766), whose skeleton is free of foreign material (see Lendenfeld 1889: 298, as Hippospongia dura), such as H. sulfurea sp. nov., is included in this genus. On that note, we consider the species here described belonging to the genus Hyattella, on the basis of its lacunose body, unarmored surface, common primary fibers and the presence of a dermal reticulation. Other related genera, such as Spongia Linnaeus, 1759 and Hippospongia Schulze, 1879 include species devoid of a lacunose body, or devoid of common primary fibers or a dermal reticulation. This genus includes 21 species, all with an Indo-Pacific distribution except for H. obscura Lendenfeld, 1889 and H. cavernosa (Pallas, 1766) from the Atlantic Ocean (Van Soest et al. 2019). All these species are characterized by thicker primary and secondary fibers. Only H. meander Lendenfeld, 1889 has thinner primary and secondary fibers of 47 µm and 27–47 µm, respectively, but it is branched and its primary fibers are full of sand.

Clathria (Thalysias) hirsuta Hooper & Levi, 1993 Fig. 21 Clathria hirsuta Hooper & Levi, 1993: 1259, figs 19–20. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 1 very small sample covering a hydroid; 26°49′29.579″ S, 32°53′51.072″ E; Blacks; 19.2 m deep; 4 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO10 • 1 small fragment; 26°49′16.561″ S, 32°53′52.979″ E; Tea Garden; 19.7 m deep; 6 Mar. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO78. Description The sponge is massive (Fig. 21 A–B), digitiform and arborescent (Fig. 21C). The exhalant channels converge in numerous, large oscula (Fig. 21 A–B). The color may vary from bright orange to vivid red (Fig. 21 A–C). Both samples preserved in alcohol changed their color to beige. The surface is verrucose and the consistence is elastic. SKELETON. The ectosome consists of a layer of small styles. The choanosome is formed by an irregular reticulation from pauci- to multispicular primary fibers, 52–73 µm in section, and secondary unispicular fibers, 24–41 µm. Both are spongin rich and are cored by smooth styles. Echinating acanthostyles are present on the primary fibers (Fig. 21D). SPICULES. Smooth and straight styles (Fig. 21E), sometimes modified in subtylostyles, 82.5–(93.25, 11.8)– 137.5 µm × 4–(5.2, 0.7)– 6 µm; smooth and slightly curved styles (Fig. 21F), 70–(109.5, 23.4)– 147 µm × 4.5–(5.2, 0.7)– 6.1 µm; straight acanthostyles (Fig. 21G) with sharp spines on the terminal parts, close to the tips and scattered on the head, 40–(56.3, 10.3)– 72 µm; raphidiform toxas (Fig. 21H) slightly curved in the middle, 100–(104.5)– 120 µm ×4.75–(6)– 7.5 µm; palmate chelae (Fig. 21I) 5–7.5 µm. Remarks Clathria (Thalysias) hirsuta Hooper & Levi, 1993 was exclusively known from New Caledonia and Australia (Great Barrier Reef); this is the first record in the Indian Ocean. The spicule shape, size and the morphology fit the original description of the species. However, Hooper & Levi (1993) recognized two distinct populations, with some morphological differences, one from Queensland and one from New Caledonia. The morphological characters (especially spicule size) make the specimens, here examined, closer to the population from New Caledonia. On the specimen PO78 the hydroid Zyzzyzus warreni Calder, 1988 (Class Hydrozoa, Phylum Cnidaria) was detected., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on page 39, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Hooper J. N. A. & Levi C. 1993. Poecilosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the New Caledonia Lagoon. Invertebrate Taxonomy 7 (5): 1221 - 1302."]}

Pseudoceratina purpurea (Carter, 1880) Fig. 3 Aplysina purpurea Carter, 1880: 36. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • two fragments of about 5×2 ×2 and 6 ×3× 3 cm; 26°49′17.512″ S, 32°53′42.514″ E; Kev’s; 23.4 m deep; 3 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO4 • 1 spec.; Jenny’s Paradise; 26°46′50.336″ S, 32°54′12.329″ E; 17.8 m deep; 12 Apr. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO97. Description The live specimens are massively encrusting (Fig. 3A) or massively, irregularly spherical (Fig. 3B). They have an uneven surface with scattered, small, sharp conules and prominent oscula (Fig. 3B). The live sponge is light yellow (Fig. 3 A–B); the alcohol-preserved specimens become dark purple, and have a smooth and irregular surface. The consistence is tough. SKELETON. Spongin fibers scarcely developed, the choanosome is collagenous. Remarks The specimens belong to the genus Pseudoceratina Carter, 1885 due to the fibrous, dendritic skeleton and to the dense and collagenous matrix. There are four valid species in this genus, all with an Indo- Pacific distribution (Van Soest et al. 2019). Pseudoceratina arabica (Keller, 1889) contains abundant fibers and is characterized by high conules; P. durissima Carter, 1885 has been recorded in south-east Australia and shows a blue-black live color, with a smooth surface. Pseudoceratina verrucosa Bergquist, 1995 differs in its strongly verrucose surface and thicker fibers. The specimens fit perfectly with the original description of Pseudoceratina purpurea (Carter, 1880) in the general morphology and in the scarcely developed fibers. More recent, complete description and illustrations are available in Bergquist (1965: 135, fig. 6, as Psammaplysilla purpurea). The species is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and has been already recorded in Madagascar (Vacelet et al. 1976)., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Carter H. J. 1880. Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 6 (31): 35 - 61.","Van Soest R. W. M., Boury-Esnault N., Hooper J. N. A., Rutzler K., de Voogd N. J., Alvarez B., Hajdu E., Pisera A. B., Manconi R., Sch ˆ nberg C., Klautau M., Kelly M., Vacelet J., Dohrmann M., Diaz M. C., Cardenas P., Carballo J. L., Rios P., Downey R. & Morrow C. C. 2019. World Porifera Database. https: // doi. org / 10.14284 / 359","Keller C. 1889. Die Spongienfauna des rothen Meeres (I. Halfte). Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 48: 311 - 405.","Bergquist P. R. 1965. The Sponges of Micronesia, Part I. The Palau Archipelago. Pacific Science 19 (2): 123 - 204.","Vacelet J., Vasseur P. & Levi C. 1976. Spongiaires de la pente externe des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Memoires du Museum national d'histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie) 49: 1 - 116."]}

Ciocalypta heterostyla Hentschel, 1912 Fig. 24 Ciocalypta heterostyla Hentschel, 1912: 424, pl. 14, fig. 3, pl. 21, fig. 58. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 1 fragment with some fistules and the basal portion, about 2 ×1× 1 cm; 26°49′55.65″ S, 32°53′13.41″ E; Three Sisters; 23.9 m deep; 21 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO63. Description The sponge is burrowed under the sediment and only its erect fistules are visible (Fig. 24A). These are whitish, transparent, showing the yellow, internal axis. The alcohol preserved sample is a thin massive base bearing fistules; the color is dirty white. The consistence is really soft and extremely compressible. SKELETON. The skeleton of the basal part consists of multispicular tracts in confusion and grains of sediment (Fig. 24B). The skeleton of fistules (Fig. 24C) has a central axis of densely packed spicules, about 100 µm in section, close to the base, and gradually thinner towards the apex of the fistula. From the axis, multispicular fibers, 20–25 µm in section, develop, opening in fans close to the surface (Fig. 24C). SPICULES. The styles are in a wide range of shapes (straight, slightly curved, sinuous) and size, 285– (351.5, 63.7)– 495 µm ×5–(8.3, 1.5)– 10 µm (Fig. 24 D–E). Remarks The presence on the surface of numerous finger-shaped and transparent fistulae with a central axis and the general structure of the skeleton are typical features of the genus Ciocalypta Bowerbank, 1862. To date, there are 26 species of Ciocalypta described (Van Soest et al. 2019). The specimen shares with Ciocalypta heterostyla Hentschel, 1912 the spicule size and shape, the skeleton organization and the general morphology. This species is known from Indonesia and Arafura Sea (Van Soest et al. 2019) and, therefore, this is the first record for the Indian Ocean., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Hentschel E. 1912. Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34 (3): 293 - 448.","Van Soest R. W. M., Boury-Esnault N., Hooper J. N. A., Rutzler K., de Voogd N. J., Alvarez B., Hajdu E., Pisera A. B., Manconi R., Sch ˆ nberg C., Klautau M., Kelly M., Vacelet J., Dohrmann M., Diaz M. C., Cardenas P., Carballo J. L., Rios P., Downey R. & Morrow C. C. 2019. World Porifera Database. https: // doi. org / 10.14284 / 359"]}

Clathria (Thalysias) vulpina (Lamarck, 1814) Fig. 22 Spongia vulpina Lamarck, 1814: 449. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 1 sample preserved dry; 26°46′39.864″ S, 32°55′25.319″ E; Cloud break; 34 m deep; 22 May 2015; Torsani leg.; IMG0826 • several fragments, the larger about 6 cm long; 26°49′17.512″ S, 32°53′42.511″ E; Kev’s; 23.4 m deep; 3 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO3. Description The live sponge is massive, with rounded conules covering the surface (Fig. 22A). The color is redorange. The fragments preserved in alcohol are beige in color; they have a digitate-conulose surface and a very firm consistence. SKELETON. The ectosome consists of a paratangential layer of thin styles (Fig. 22B). The choanosome (Fig. 22C) is made by a reticulation of multispicular primary fibers, 70–125 µm in section, and secondary fibers, 23–35 µm, forming irregularly rounded meshes around 150 µm wide. The fibers have a core of styles and are echinated by acanthostyles. SPICULES. Slightly curved and smooth styles (Fig. 22D), sometimes straight, 145–(176.5, 21.4)– 210 µm × 6–(7, 1.1)– 9.5 µm; longer and straight subtylote styles (Fig. 22E), microspined or smooth on the head, 198.5–(230, 15.5)– 250 µm ×4.5–(6.5, 0.8)– 7.5 µm; subtylote acanthostyles (Fig. 22F), with smooth neck, 47.5–(51, 4.9)– 72.5 µm; very thin toxas (Fig. 22G), bent in the middle, 143–181 µm; palmate isochelae (Fig. 22H) 11.3–14.6 µm. Remarks The specimens fit the original description of Clathria (Thalysias) vulpina (Lamarck, 1814) from Australia. The species has already been found in the area (Thomas 1979). On the specimen PO3, the hydroid Zyzzyzus warreni Calder, 1988 (Class Hydrozoa, Phylum Cnidaria) grew., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on page 41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Lamarck de J. - B. 1814. Sur les polypiers empates. Annales du Museum national d'histoire naturelle 20: 294 - 312; 370 - 386; 432 - 458.","Thomas P. A. 1979. Studies on sponges of the Mozambique Channel. I. Sponges of Inhaca Island. II. Sponges of Mambone and Paradise Islands. Annales du Musee royal de l'Afrique centrale 8: 1 - 73."]}

Spheciospongia ndabazithe Samaai, Pillay & Janson, 2019 Fig. 16 Spheciospongia ndabazithe Samaai, Pillay & Janson, 2019: 19, fig. 6a–g. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 1 portion of 7×3 × 1 cm; 26°46′38.829″ S, 32°54′17.384″ E; Waynes; 40.6 m deep; 17 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO52. Description Massive sponge (Fig. 16 A–B), cup-shaped, light beige in the external and darker in the internal side. The alcohol preserved fragment is hard and incompressible, with a grey surface and a compact darker body. SKELETON. Ectosome and choanosome confused, rich in sediments. SPICULES. Slim tylostyles sometimes curved towards the pointed tip (Fig. 16C), 250–(332)–410 μm×4– (7.3)–10 μm wide; sometimes they are modified in curved styles with acerate tips (Fig. 16C); spirasters variable in shapes (Fig. 16D) with an average length of 12.5 μm: C-shaped with many spines along the convex side, straight and smooth with groups of spines at the extremities and longer, S-shaped spirasters with spines scattered along the axis. Remarks Our specimen perfectly fits the species recently described from South Africa by Samaai et al. (2019), with the exception of a larger variety of spirasters present in the specimen from Punta do Ouro.

Hemiasterella complicata Topsent, 1919 Fig. 27 Hemiasterella complicata Topsent, 1919: 7, figs 2–5. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 1 single, dried fragment of about 4 × 3 cm × 8 mm, several dried portions, 1 alcohol preserved; 26°46′39.864″ S, 32°55′25.284″ E; Cloud break; 34 m deep; 18 May 2015; Torsani leg.; IMG0516 • 1 fragment, alcohol preserved, of about 11 × 5 × 4 mm; 26°50′36.881″ S, 32°54′54.478″ E; Atlantis; 40.7 m deep; 6 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO20 • 1 fragment, alcohol preserved; 26°46′38.829″ S, 32°54′17.387″ E; Waynes; 40.6 m deep; 17 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO53. Description The sponge is lamellate, foliose; color is dark red to violet (Fig. 27 A–B). On the surface, two specimens present algal turf. The samples preserved in alcohol changed color to beige; the dried samples are whitish, light brown; in the dried state, spicule tracts create an irregular pattern and thick lines on the surface. The samples have a micro-bristly surface and an elastic consistence. SKELETON. The ectosome is constituted of a layer of densely packed euasters (Fig. 27C). the choanosome with plumo-reticulate tracts is formed by megascleres (Fig. 27D), without a well-marked differentiation between axial and extra-axial regions. SPICULES. The megascleres are constituted by strongyloxeas and oxeas (Fig. 27E), with a wide range of intermediate forms, 590–(842.5, 100.8)– 980 µm ×10–(17.25, 4.3)– 25.5 µm; strongylasters with at least five rays (Fig. 27F) with microspined rays 7.5–(12.4, 3.6)– 20 µm, and smooth oxyasters 5–(8.9, 3.8)– 25 µm (Fig. 27G). Remarks The examined material fits with the species Hemiasterella complicata Topsent, 1919. This is a species with a strict distribution, confined to East Africa and Madagascar (Burton 1959; Vacelet et al. 1976; Pulitzer-Finali 1993). This species is also similar to Hemiasterella vasiformis (Kirkpatrick, 1903) (Topsent 1919), recently recorded by Samaai et al. (2019) in South Africa; as a consequence, a revision of the genus Hemiasterella and a genetic analysis would be necessary in order to clarify the possible synonymy., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 47-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Topsent E. 1919. Notes sur les genres Semisuberites et Hemiasterella. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco 359: 1 - 11.","Burton M. 1959. Sponges. In: Scientific Reports. John Murray Expedition 1933 - 34. 10 (5): 151 - 281. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 49512735 [accessed 9 Jul. 2020].","Vacelet J., Vasseur P. & Levi C. 1976. Spongiaires de la pente externe des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Memoires du Museum national d'histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie) 49: 1 - 116.","Pulitzer-Finali G. 1993. A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali del Museo civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria 89: 247 - 350.","Samaai T., Pillay R. & Janson L. 2019. Shallow-water Demospongiae (Porifera) from Sodwana Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. Zootaxa 4587 (1): 1 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4587.1.1"]}

Amphimedon palmata Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3A60B0A0-7705-4C64-96FE-83FF25D1045A Fig. 10 Diagnosis This species of Amphimedon is characterized by flattened and rounded branches, and oscules located on the branches’ rims. Etymology Named after the sponge growth form, consisting of flat and rounded branches. Material examined Holotype PONTA DO OURO • a branched portion, alcohol preserved, 5cm high; 26°49′50.408″ S, 32°53′45.974″ E; Doodle; 18 m deep; 14 Nov. 2015; Cerrano leg.; MSNG 61504. Description Live sponge arborescent-palmate (Fig. 10A), with oscula scattered on the upper margin of the flattened branches (Fig. 10A). The color is pinkish in life; ochre for the fragment preserved in alcohol. The surface is uneven, but optically smooth; the consistence is soft and compressible. The examined sample is a short palmate fragment 0.5–1 cm in thickness. SKELETON. Ectosome (Fig. 10B) with multispicular primary fibers (40–60 μm in diameter) that form rounded and irregular meshes, 180–250 μm wide, with paucispicular secondary fibers (15 μm in average diameter). In the best-preserved parts, the sponge is covered by a thin dermal membrane with scattered tangential oxeas (Fig. 10C). Choanosomal primary fibres protrude and are pierced by scattered spicules; the ascendants, multispicular primary fibers (35–50 μm in diameter), are linked to plurispicular secondary fibers (20–50 μm in diameter). The meshes are irregular or polygonal (100–300 μm) (Fig. 10D). SPICULES. Curved oxeas (Fig. 10E), 90–(103.5, 6.5)–112 μm in length and 2.75–(5.3, 0.9)–6.25 μm wide. Remarks This species belongs to the genus Amphimedon that is characterized by an optically smooth surface, and a regular, tangential, ectosomal network with rounded meshes of a single size. Ends of choanosomal, longitudinal, primary fibers are barely protruding. Spongin is abundant (Desqueyroux-Faúndez & Valentine 2002b). Out of 57 species of the genus Amphimedon, 30 are recorded in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, 13 of which are from the West Indian Ocean (Van Soest et al. 2019). The examined material is close to A. ochracea (Keller, 1889) in the fiber, mesh and spicule dimensions; Keller (1889), in fact, reported the main fibers with a thickness of 50 μm, and secondary fibers of 10–15 μm. The mesh sizes are between 0.1 and 0.15 mm. Oxeas are straight and pointed, 100 μm long but thinner (1.5 μm in diameter). The main difference is in the shape, color and general morphology of the sponge. Keller’s species is ochraceous and has rounded branches, while the new species is pinkish and has flattened branches; in A. ochracea the large oscules are star-shaped and located along the branches, not on the rims. Amphimedon brevispiculifera (Dendy, 1905), as described above, is purple and has a different skeleton structure. The other species of the area, A. chloros Ilan, Gugel & Van Soest, 2004, A. dinae Helmy & Van Soest, 2005, A. hamadai Helmy & Van Soest, 2005, A. hispidula (Ridley, 1884), A. jalae Helmy & Van Soest, 2005, A. navalis Pulitzer-Finali, 1993, A. rubida Pulitzer-Finali, 1993, A. rubiginosa Pulitzer-Finali, 1993 and A. spinosa Pulitzer-Finali, 1993, show a morphology from encrusting to cylindrical, never arborescent or palmate as the specimen here described. Amphimedon delicatula (Dendy, 1889), recorded from Sri Lanka, has a similar shape (“bushily lamellar”), but presents very stout choanosomal primary fibers, 126 μm in diameter. Amphimedon subcilindrica (Dendy, 1905) is described as a cylindrical, repent-ramose sponge but with bigger oxeas (140 ×8 μm) and different choanosomal skeleton (stout primary fibers, up to 66 μm, and sub-rectangular meshes). All the other species are different either in spicule size, color or growth form. Based on the peculiar morphological features of A. palmata sp. nov. and on the morphological differences with all the other species, A. palmata sp. nov. is considered a new species of the genus Amphimedon., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 17-19, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Desqueyroux-Faundez R. & Valentine C. 2002 b. Family Niphatidae Van Soest, 1980. In: Hooper J. N. A. & Van Soest R. W. M. (eds) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 1: 874 - 890. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York.","Van Soest R. W. M., Boury-Esnault N., Hooper J. N. A., Rutzler K., de Voogd N. J., Alvarez B., Hajdu E., Pisera A. B., Manconi R., Sch ˆ nberg C., Klautau M., Kelly M., Vacelet J., Dohrmann M., Diaz M. C., Cardenas P., Carballo J. L., Rios P., Downey R. & Morrow C. C. 2019. World Porifera Database. https: // doi. org / 10.14284 / 359","Keller C. 1889. Die Spongienfauna des rothen Meeres (I. Halfte). Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 48: 311 - 405.","Dendy A. 1905. Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman W. A. (ed) Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar 3: 57 - 246.","Ilan M., Gugel J. & Van Soest R. W. M. 2004. Taxonomy, reproduction and ecology of new and known Red Sea sponges. Sarsia 89: 388 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364820410002659","Ridley S. O. 1884. Spongiida. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2: 36 - 482. British Museum of Natural History.","Pulitzer-Finali G. 1993. A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali del Museo civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria 89: 247 - 350."]}

Hyattella pedunculata Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5D86D9AC-962D-48A7-BF1D-12879B09E573 Fig. 5 Diagnosis A species of Hyattella characterized by a globular body, supported by a short stalk; small-sized fibers and free of inclusion. Etymology The species is named ‘ pedunculata ’ due to its characteristic stalk, in Latin ‘ pedunculus ’. Material examined Holotype PONTA DO OURO • fragment about 7 ×3× 2.5 cm; 26°46′38.829″ S, 32°54′17.381″ E; Waynes; 40.6 m deep; 17 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; MSNG 61418. Paratype PONTA DO OURO • 2 fragments, the biggest, preserved dry, is 3× 2× 1.5 cm; Cloud break; 18 May 2015; Torsani leg; MSNG 61419. Description The sponge is pedunculate and the massive, globular body is supported by a short stalk (Fig. 5 A–B). The color is reddish-pink, but in alcohol it turns creamy. The reddish color is still preserved in the dried state. The paratype (MSNG 61419) presents irregular short and thick digitations (Fig. 5A, C) while in the holotype (MSNG 61418) the surface is more even (Fig. 5B). At a microscopic observation, the surface is smooth and appears cribrous; the consistence is firm but compressible. The body is cavernous, completely perforated by large lacunae (Fig. 5C). SKELETON. It consists of a network of long primary fibers, 10–25 µm, linked by very short secondary fibers, 7.5–20 µm in diameter, forming irregular meshes, around 250 µm wide (Fig. 5D); fibers are free from inclusions. Presence of rounded foreign bodies 100–200 µm in section on superficial cuticle (Fig. 5E). Remarks The specimens belong to the genus Hyattella Lendenfeld, 1888, showing a lacunose body, an unarmoured surface and a skeleton composed by common primary fibers linked by secondary fibers. This species is characterized by the small size of its primary and secondary fibers compared to the size of the fibers in the other species of the genus; moreover, the pedunculate shape is rare among species of the genus Hyattella; only Hyattella globosa Lendenfeld, 1889 partially fits the studied specimens in the general morphology (spherical sponge, attached by a small base) and in its cribrose surface. The principal differences are in the larger dimensions of the fibers (up to 100 µm) and in the presence of compound meshes creating ‘perforated plates’ in H. globosa., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Lendenfeld von R. 1888. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum: 188. Taylor & Francis, Sidney, London.","Lendenfeld von R. 1889. A Monograph of the Horny Sponges. Trubner and Co., London."]}

Myrmekioderma granulatum (Esper, 1829) Fig. 12 Alcyonium granulatum Esper, 1829: 71, pl. 24. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 1 fragment 3×2 × 1 cm; 26°49′50.408″ S, 32°53′45.97″ E; Doodle; 17.6 m deep; 20 Apr. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO98. Description Live sponge massive, bulbous, partially burrowing (Fig. 12A) and with the surface covered by large, circular, low, rounded plates, similar to flat tubercles. Color bright orange, while the tubercles are darkred, brownish colored (Fig. 12A); the sample preserved in alcohol is beige. The sponge is fleshy and compressible. The surface appears smooth, but is micro-hispid at microscope magnification. SKELETON. Ectosome composed of brushes of densely packed spicules (Fig. 12B). Choanosome constituted by a lax skeleton of ascending fibers of oxeas (Fig. 12B). SPICULES. Oxeas microspined, slightly curved or flexuous (Fig. 12C), 260–(415, 176.6)– 840 µm ×7.5– (10, 2)– 12.5 µm, tips acerate or stepped (Fig. 12D); less common, smooth oxeas with same characteristics; very thin raphids, in thricodragmas, on the surface 22.5–(29.25)– 50 µm. Remarks The specimen belongs to the genus Myrmekioderma Elhers, 1870 characterized by a halichondroid organization of the choanosomal skeleton, a detachable ectosomal skeleton of acanthoxeas and by the presence of trichodragmata on the surface (Hooper 2002). To date, there are 11 species belonging to this genus, six of which have records only in the Atlantic Ocean (Van Soest et al. 2019). Among the others, Myrmekioderma niveum (Row, 1911) presents a yellowish-white color and has just one category of smooth oxeas. Myrmekioderma dendyi (Burton, 1959) was recorded from Madagascar (Van Soest et al. 2019), but is characterized by an even surface with some digitate processes. Myrmekioderma pacificum Pulitzer-Finali, 1996 from the Bismark Sea has smooth and thicker oxeas (7–45 µm) with, sometimes, strongylote modifications (never found in this specimen) and longer trichodragmata (100–130 µm). Myrmekioderma tubercolatum (Keller, 1891), found in the Red Sea, has a different morphology and the spicule composition is different, with the absence of trichodragmata and the presence of strongylote modifications. The very peculiar external morphology, with the rounded plates and the oxea shape, fit the descriptions of Myrmekioderma granulatum (Esper, 1829). This species has a wide distribution in the Indian and Pacific Ocean (Van Soest et al. 2019), with a corresponding high degree of variability, even concerning the presence or the absence of some spicule category (Bergquist 1965)., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Esper E. J. C. 1829. Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet, nebst Beschreibungen. Dritter Theil. Raspe, Nurnberg.","Hooper J. N. A. 2002. Family Desmoxyidae Hallmann, 1916. In: Hooper J. N. A. & Van Soest R. W. M. (eds) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Volume 1: 755 - 772. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York / Boston / Dordrecht / London / Moscow.","Van Soest R. W. M., Boury-Esnault N., Hooper J. N. A., Rutzler K., de Voogd N. J., Alvarez B., Hajdu E., Pisera A. B., Manconi R., Sch ˆ nberg C., Klautau M., Kelly M., Vacelet J., Dohrmann M., Diaz M. C., Cardenas P., Carballo J. L., Rios P., Downey R. & Morrow C. C. 2019. World Porifera Database. https: // doi. org / 10.14284 / 359","Burton M. 1959. Sponges. In: Scientific Reports. John Murray Expedition 1933 - 34. 10 (5): 151 - 281. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 49512735 [accessed 9 Jul. 2020].","Bergquist P. R. 1965. The Sponges of Micronesia, Part I. The Palau Archipelago. Pacific Science 19 (2): 123 - 204."]}

Amphimedon palmata Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3A60B0A0-7705-4C64-96FE-83FF25D1045A Fig. 10 Diagnosis This species of Amphimedon is characterized by flattened and rounded branches, and oscules located on the branches’ rims. Etymology Named after the sponge growth form, consisting of flat and rounded branches. Material examined Holotype PONTA DO OURO • a branched portion, alcohol preserved, 5cm high; 26°49′50.408″ S, 32°53′45.974″ E; Doodle; 18 m deep; 14 Nov. 2015; Cerrano leg.; MSNG 61504. Description Live sponge arborescent-palmate (Fig. 10A), with oscula scattered on the upper margin of the flattened branches (Fig. 10A). The color is pinkish in life; ochre for the fragment preserved in alcohol. The surface is uneven, but optically smooth; the consistence is soft and compressible. The examined sample is a short palmate fragment 0.5–1 cm in thickness. SKELETON. Ectosome (Fig. 10B) with multispicular primary fibers (40–60 μm in diameter) that form rounded and irregular meshes, 180–250 μm wide, with paucispicular secondary fibers (15 μm in average diameter). In the best-preserved parts, the sponge is covered by a thin dermal membrane with scattered tangential oxeas (Fig. 10C). Choanosomal primary fibres protrude and are pierced by scattered spicules; the ascendants, multispicular primary fibers (35–50 μm in diameter), are linked to plurispicular secondary fibers (20–50 μm in diameter). The meshes are irregular or polygonal (100–300 μm) (Fig. 10D). SPICULES. Curved oxeas (Fig. 10E), 90–(103.5, 6.5)–112 μm in length and 2.75–(5.3, 0.9)–6.25 μm wide. Remarks This species belongs to the genus Amphimedon that is characterized by an optically smooth surface, and a regular, tangential, ectosomal network with rounded meshes of a single size. Ends of choanosomal, longitudinal, primary fibers are barely protruding. Spongin is abundant (Desqueyroux-Faúndez & Valentine 2002b). Out of 57 species of the genus Amphimedon, 30 are recorded in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, 13 of which are from the West Indian Ocean (Van Soest et al. 2019). The examined material is close to A. ochracea (Keller, 1889) in the fiber, mesh and spicule dimensions; Keller (1889), in fact, reported the main fibers with a thickness of 50 μm, and secondary fibers of 10–15 μm. The mesh sizes are between 0.1 and 0.15 mm. Oxeas are straight and pointed, 100 μm long but thinner (1.5 μm in diameter). The main difference is in the shape, color and general morphology of the sponge. Keller’s species is ochraceous and has rounded branches, while the new species is pinkish and has flattened branches; in A. ochracea the large oscules are star-shaped and located along the branches, not on the rims. Amphimedon brevispiculifera (Dendy, 1905), as described above, is purple and has a different skeleton structure. The other species of the area, A. chloros Ilan, Gugel & Van Soest, 2004, A. dinae Helmy & Van Soest, 2005, A. hamadai Helmy & Van Soest, 2005, A. hispidula (Ridley, 1884), A. jalae Helmy & Van Soest, 2005, A. navalis Pulitzer-Finali, 1993, A. rubida Pulitzer-Finali, 1993, A. rubiginosa Pulitzer-Finali, 1993 and A. spinosa Pulitzer-Finali, 1993, show a morphology from encrusting to cylindrical, never arborescent or palmate as the specimen here described. Amphimedon delicatula (Dendy, 1889), recorded from Sri Lanka, has a similar shape (“bushily lamellar”), but presents very stout choanosomal primary fibers, 126 μm in diameter. Amphimedon subcilindrica (Dendy, 1905) is described as a cylindrical, repent-ramose sponge but with bigger oxeas (140 ×8 μm) and different choanosomal skeleton (stout primary fibers, up to 66 μm, and sub-rectangular meshes). All the other species are different either in spicule size, color or growth form. Based on the peculiar morphological features of A. palmata sp. nov. and on the morphological differences with all the other species, A. palmata sp. nov. is considered a new species of the genus Amphimedon.

Callyspongia (Cladochalina) aerizusa Desqueyroux-Faundez, 1984 Fig. 6 Callyspongia (Cladochalina) aerizusa Desqueyroux-Faundez, 1984: 803, figs 18, 21, pl. 18, pl. 21 figs 157–161. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 1 alcohol preserved fragment of about 4 ×2× 1 cm; Doodle; 26°49′50.408″ S, 32°53′45.97″ E; 18 m deep; 14 Nov. 2015; Cerrano leg.; PdO18a • 2 small fragments, alcohol preserved, about 3×1 × 1 cm; 26°50′36.881″ S 32°53′42.5″ E; Kev’s; 24.1 m deep; 11 Mar. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO82 • 1 specimen preserved dry, 7× 1× 1 cm; 26°46′55.65″ S, 32°54′13.413″ E; Three Sisters; 24.2 m deep; 14 Mar. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO86. Description Live sponge erect, cylindrical-tubular (Fig. 6 A–B); the examined specimens are pink (Fig. 6B), pale violet (Fig. 6A) or creamy-white (Fig. 6C). The samples, preserved in alcohol, turn sand-colored, while the dryly preserved sample is creamy-white colored. The surface is strongly conulose (Fig. 6 A–C). The consistence is very tough, elastic and compressible in samples preserved in alcohol, while the dried sample is very firm and uncompressible. SKELETON. Ectosome (Fig. 6D) formed by reticulation of three sizes of fibers running tangentially: multispicular primary fibers, 40–110 µm in section, forming triangular-polygonal meshes of 490–850 µm in size; pauci-multispicular secondary fibers 15–50 µm and unispicular (at most 3) tertiary fibers, 5–(7.3, 1.8)– 10 µm, forming sub-triangular meshes. Choanosome (Fig. 6E) formed by the reticulation of thick ascending multispicular primary fibers, 60–110 µm in section; the primary fibers are linked through pauci-multispicular secondary fibers, 20–70 µm, forming quite regular rectangular meshes of 240–360× 220–250 µm in dimensions; presence also of the third size of unispicular fibers, 4–10 µm. SPICULES. Slender and slightly curved oxeas with acerate and rounded tips (Fig. 6F), 70–(87.5, 8.5)– 95 µm ×2–(4.25, 1.2)– 5 µm. Remarks These specimens belong to the subgenus Callyspongia (Cladochalina) Schmidt, 1870 based on the growth form, spiny surface, three sizes of irregular mesh in the ectosome and three sizes of irregular mesh in choanosomal skeleton (Desqueyroux-Faundez & Valentine 2002a). Hitherto, 27 species are assigned to this subgenus, 19 of which have a distribution in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. The original descriptions of C. (Cladochalina) manus Lendenfeld, 1887, C. (Cladochalina) spinifera (Carter, 1887), C. (Cladochalina) rautenfeldi (Topsent, 1928), C. (Cladochalina) asparagus (Lamarck, 1814), C. (Cladochalina) aspericornis (Lamarck, 1814) and C. (Cladochalina) plancella (Lamarck, 1814) are insufficient and they remain as unique records of the respective species. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) affinis (Hentschel, 1912), compared to our specimens, has spicules different in shape and size (tornotes of 100 µm). Callyspongia (Cladochalina) glomerata (Whitelegge, 1897), C. (Cladochalina) foliacea (Esper, 1797) and C. (Cladochalina) pergamentacea (Ridley, 1881) have a different shape (respectively cake-shaped with tubes, sub-erect and irregular shape and massiveglobular shape). Other species differ in the characteristics of the skeleton: C. (Cladochalina) diffusa (Ridley, 1884), C. (Cladochalina) oriamensis Pulitzer-Finali, 1982, C. (Cladochalina) spinosissima (Dendy, 1887), C. (Cladochalina) spinilamella (Dendy, 1889) and C. (Cladochalina) thurstoni (Burton, 1930) have different shapes of the meshes, while C. (Cladochalina) subarmigera (Ridley, 1884) has thicker choanosomal fibers and unispicular ectosomal fibers; C. (Cladochalina) saramensis (Wilson, 1925) has smaller choanosomal fibers of 40–50 µm. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) fibrosa (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) differs in the spicule size (100× 3.2 µm) and in the general morphology (branched). The morphology, the skeleton and the spicule size of the specimens entirely fit the original description of Callyspongia (Cladochalina) aerizusa Desqueyroux-Faundez, 1984. The hydroid Zyzzyzus warreni Calder, 1988 (Class Hydrozoa, Phylum Cnidaria) grew on two specimens. This is the first record of C. (Cladochalina) aerizusa in the Indian Ocean. Hitherto, others were in the Great Barrier Reef and in New Caledonia, where the holotype was recorded., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Desqueyroux-Faundez R. 1984. Description de la faune des Haplosclerida (Porifera) de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. I. Niphatidae-Callyspongiidae. Revue suisse de Zoologie 91 (3): 765 - 827. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 81580","Desqueyroux-Faundez R. & Valentine C. 2002 a. Family Callyspongiidae de Laubenfels, 1936. In: Hooper J. N. A. & Van Soest R. W. M. (eds) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 1: 835 - 851. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York.","Lamarck de J. - B. 1814. Sur les polypiers empates. Annales du Museum national d'histoire naturelle 20: 294 - 312; 370 - 386; 432 - 458.","Hentschel E. 1912. Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34 (3): 293 - 448.","Ridley S. O. 1884. Spongiida. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2: 36 - 482. British Museum of Natural History."]}

Terpios granulosus Bergquist, 1967 Fig. 26 Terpios granulosa Bergquist, 1967: 168, fig. 5. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 1 sample growing on a Carijoa colony about 6 cm long; 26°46′55.65″ S, 32°54′13.41″ E; Three Sisters; 25.7 m deep; 8 Apr. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO96. Description Thin encrusting sponge, dark blue colored; it covers colonies of the octocoral Carijoa sp. (Class Anthozoa, Phylum Cnidaria) (Fig. 26A). Whitish in ethanol, bluish in formalin. The surface is microhispid. SKELETON. It is formed by brushes of spicules which, projecting also over the surface, cause the microhispid surface (Fig. 26B). SPICULES. Tylostyles with heads variable in shape, from mushroom-shape to plurilobate (Fig. 26C). The size is 77.5–(255, 81.7)– 330 µm ×1.25–(4.1, 0.9)– 5 µm. Remarks The peculiar shape of the heads, the general morphology and the skeletal structure are typical characters of species in the genus Terpios Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. The specimen fits the description of Terpios granulosus (Bergquist, 1967) from Hawaii later also recorded by Vacelet & Vasseur (1971) and Barnes & Bell (2002) from Kenya and Madagascar., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Bergquist P. R. 1967. Additions to the sponge fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica 3 (2): 159 - 174.","Vacelet J. & Vasseur P. 1971. Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, Supplement 1: 51 - 126.","Barnes D. K. A. & Bell J. J. 2002. Coastal sponge communities of the West Indian Ocean: morphological, richness and diversity. African Journal of Ecology 40: 350 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2028.2002.00388. x"]}

Iotrochota cf. sinki Samaai Pillay & Janson, 2019 Fig. 20 Iotrochota sinki Samaai et al. 2019: 40, fig. 16a–g. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 3 fragments about 1 cm 3; 26°46′55.65″ S, 32°54′13.41″ E; Three Sisters; 24.2 m deep; 22 Mar. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO85 • 1 single fragment 4.5× 2× 1 cm; 26°49′17.512″ S, 32°53′42.5″ E; Kev’s; 26.2 m deep; 22 Apr. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO100. Description Sponge massively encrusting or massive (Fig. 20 A–B). On the surface, the exhalant system is evident as a vein-like pattern converging on the oscula (Fig. 20B). The color is yellow, mottled with brick red patches (Fig. 20 A–B). In alcohol, the sponge changes its color to brown. Where the ectosome is preserved, the surface is smooth and the areolate surface still evident. The consistence is firm and incompressible. SKELETON. The ectosome consists of a layer of compact smooth styles, easily detachable. The choanosome presents a reticulum of multispicular primary fibers, between 70 and 150 µm, with meshes up to 300 µm, and secondary multispicular fibers, 30–50 µm in section, with smooth, interstitial styles. SPICULES. Styles (Fig. 20C), 140–(167, 14.8)– 195 µm ×5–(6.1, 0.8)– 7.5 µm, bent in the proximal part, closer to the head, the tips acerate or mucronate; thin and straight styles (Fig. 20D) 220–(232.5, 7.7)– 245 µm × 3–(4.5, 0.6)– 5 µm; less common and slightly curved, strongyles (Fig. 20E) 150–(170)– 190 µm ×5– (6.5)– 8 µm; birotulas (Fig. 20F) 12–(16, 1.3)– 17 µm. Remarks The specimens belong to the genus Iotrochota Ridley, 1884, due to the structure of the choanosome with multispicular fibers and the presence of two different kinds of megascleres and birotulas. It comprises 15 species, with nine spread in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Iotrochota nigra (Baer, 1906) was recorded in the same geographic area (East Africa), but differs in morphology and color, and, above all, in the absence of birotulas. Iotrochota baculifera Rildley, 1884 and I. purpurea (Bowerbank, 1875) are from the West Pacific Ocean, I. pella (de Laubenfles, 1954) and I. iota (de Laubenfels, 1954) are from Micronesia, I. protea (de Laubenfels, 1950) is from Hawaii, I. membranacea (Esper, 1794) is recorded in the East Pacific Ocean, I. coccinea (Carter, 1886) is from Australia. All these species are massive, dark violetblack colored and differ from the Mozambican specimens in spicule sizes and morphology. Iotrochota sinki, recently described by Samaai et al. (2019) from South Africa, perfectly matches the specimens from Mozambique, especially in the external morphology. Some differences are in the megascleres, as in I. sinki, styles in three size classes are recognized, and strongyles (that are considered rare) are longer (168–281 × 4 µm). The species here described fits the description of Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin, 1877), recorded many times in the Caribbean Sea and in Brazil (Van Soest et al. 2019), in the general external morphology and its spicule features. Iotrochota birotulata shows a highly variable morphology, often erect, and is dark purple colored. The Mozambican specimens are characterized by the presence of two kind of styles (typical of the species of this genus) and strongyles are intermingled throughout the sponge; even the spicule dimensions fit those of the type species I. birotulata. Considering the disjunct geographic distribution of this record with respect to I. birotulata, it is convenient to identify the Mozambican species as Iotrochota cf. sinki Samaai et al. 2019 pending further molecular studies that could clarify its cryptogenic nature. The specimen PO85 (Fig. 20A) is in association with Zyzzyzus warreni Calder, 1988 (Class Hydrozoa, Phylum Cnidaria).

Iotrochota cf. sinki Samaai Pillay & Janson, 2019 Fig. 20 Iotrochota sinki Samaai et al. 2019: 40, fig. 16a–g. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 3 fragments about 1 cm 3; 26°46′55.65″ S, 32°54′13.41″ E; Three Sisters; 24.2 m deep; 22 Mar. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO85 • 1 single fragment 4.5× 2× 1 cm; 26°49′17.512″ S, 32°53′42.5″ E; Kev’s; 26.2 m deep; 22 Apr. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO100. Description Sponge massively encrusting or massive (Fig. 20 A–B). On the surface, the exhalant system is evident as a vein-like pattern converging on the oscula (Fig. 20B). The color is yellow, mottled with brick red patches (Fig. 20 A–B). In alcohol, the sponge changes its color to brown. Where the ectosome is preserved, the surface is smooth and the areolate surface still evident. The consistence is firm and incompressible. SKELETON. The ectosome consists of a layer of compact smooth styles, easily detachable. The choanosome presents a reticulum of multispicular primary fibers, between 70 and 150 µm, with meshes up to 300 µm, and secondary multispicular fibers, 30–50 µm in section, with smooth, interstitial styles. SPICULES. Styles (Fig. 20C), 140–(167, 14.8)– 195 µm ×5–(6.1, 0.8)– 7.5 µm, bent in the proximal part, closer to the head, the tips acerate or mucronate; thin and straight styles (Fig. 20D) 220–(232.5, 7.7)– 245 µm × 3–(4.5, 0.6)– 5 µm; less common and slightly curved, strongyles (Fig. 20E) 150–(170)– 190 µm ×5– (6.5)– 8 µm; birotulas (Fig. 20F) 12–(16, 1.3)– 17 µm. Remarks The specimens belong to the genus Iotrochota Ridley, 1884, due to the structure of the choanosome with multispicular fibers and the presence of two different kinds of megascleres and birotulas. It comprises 15 species, with nine spread in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Iotrochota nigra (Baer, 1906) was recorded in the same geographic area (East Africa), but differs in morphology and color, and, above all, in the absence of birotulas. Iotrochota baculifera Rildley, 1884 and I. purpurea (Bowerbank, 1875) are from the West Pacific Ocean, I. pella (de Laubenfles, 1954) and I. iota (de Laubenfels, 1954) are from Micronesia, I. protea (de Laubenfels, 1950) is from Hawaii, I. membranacea (Esper, 1794) is recorded in the East Pacific Ocean, I. coccinea (Carter, 1886) is from Australia. All these species are massive, dark violetblack colored and differ from the Mozambican specimens in spicule sizes and morphology. Iotrochota sinki, recently described by Samaai et al. (2019) from South Africa, perfectly matches the specimens from Mozambique, especially in the external morphology. Some differences are in the megascleres, as in I. sinki, styles in three size classes are recognized, and strongyles (that are considered rare) are longer (168–281 × 4 µm). The species here described fits the description of Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin, 1877), recorded many times in the Caribbean Sea and in Brazil (Van Soest et al. 2019), in the general external morphology and its spicule features. Iotrochota birotulata shows a highly variable morphology, often erect, and is dark purple colored. The Mozambican specimens are characterized by the presence of two kind of styles (typical of the species of this genus) and strongyles are intermingled throughout the sponge; even the spicule dimensions fit those of the type species I. birotulata. Considering the disjunct geographic distribution of this record with respect to I. birotulata, it is convenient to identify the Mozambican species as Iotrochota cf. sinki Samaai et al. 2019 pending further molecular studies that could clarify its cryptogenic nature. The specimen PO85 (Fig. 20A) is in association with Zyzzyzus warreni Calder, 1988 (Class Hydrozoa, Phylum Cnidaria)., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Samaai T., Pillay R. & Janson L. 2019. Shallow-water Demospongiae (Porifera) from Sodwana Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. Zootaxa 4587 (1): 1 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4587.1.1","Ridley S. O. 1884. Spongiida. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2: 36 - 482. British Museum of Natural History.","Van Soest R. W. M., Boury-Esnault N., Hooper J. N. A., Rutzler K., de Voogd N. J., Alvarez B., Hajdu E., Pisera A. B., Manconi R., Sch ˆ nberg C., Klautau M., Kelly M., Vacelet J., Dohrmann M., Diaz M. C., Cardenas P., Carballo J. L., Rios P., Downey R. & Morrow C. C. 2019. World Porifera Database. https: // doi. org / 10.14284 / 359"]}

Hyattella sulfurea Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 35359CE5-EA33-4149-86E7-A221B964A78E Fig. 4 Diagnosis A species of Hyattella characterized by its light yellow color and fibers without inclusions. Etymology Named after its yellow color in life, from the Latin name ‘ sulfureus ’, meaning ‘yellow’. Material examined Holotype PONTA DO OURO • 3 small fragments, size of the largest about 3× 1.5×07 cm; 26°50′36.881″ S, 32°54′54.471″ E; Atlantis; 47.7 m deep; 4 Mar. 2017; Cerrano leg.; MSNG 61417. Description The live sponge (Fig. 4A) is spherical, irregularly massive; on the surface, a net of fibers creates a clear web pattern connecting the prominent oscula among the thin cuticle. Where the sponge is not covered by foreign material and epibionts, the color appears light yellow (Fig. 4A). The color in the preserved state is dark brown (the pigments colored also the alcohol with a dark pinkish tinge). The sponge is firm and compressible; the body is lacunose. SKELETON. It consists of a quite regular network of primary fibers, 25–55 µm wide, the secondary fibers, 10–20 µm wide, form polygonal meshes of 200–250 µm in dimensions (Fig. 4B). Primary fibers less common with respect to secondary ones. All the fibers are free from inclusions. Remarks The species of the genus Hyattella have a lacunose body, an unarmoured surface and a skeleton composed of common, primary fibers linked by secondary fibers; primary fibres are cored and the secondary are free of inclusion (Cook & Bergquist 2002). However, the species Hyattella cavernosa (Pallas, 1766), whose skeleton is free of foreign material (see Lendenfeld 1889: 298, as Hippospongia dura), such as H. sulfurea sp. nov., is included in this genus. On that note, we consider the species here described belonging to the genus Hyattella, on the basis of its lacunose body, unarmored surface, common primary fibers and the presence of a dermal reticulation. Other related genera, such as Spongia Linnaeus, 1759 and Hippospongia Schulze, 1879 include species devoid of a lacunose body, or devoid of common primary fibers or a dermal reticulation. This genus includes 21 species, all with an Indo-Pacific distribution except for H. obscura Lendenfeld, 1889 and H. cavernosa (Pallas, 1766) from the Atlantic Ocean (Van Soest et al. 2019). All these species are characterized by thicker primary and secondary fibers. Only H. meander Lendenfeld, 1889 has thinner primary and secondary fibers of 47 µm and 27–47 µm, respectively, but it is branched and its primary fibers are full of sand., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Cook S. de C. & Bergquist P. R. 2002. Family Spongiidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper J. N. A. & Van Soest R. W. M. (eds) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 1: 1051 - 1060. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York.","Lendenfeld von R. 1889. A Monograph of the Horny Sponges. Trubner and Co., London.","Van Soest R. W. M., Boury-Esnault N., Hooper J. N. A., Rutzler K., de Voogd N. J., Alvarez B., Hajdu E., Pisera A. B., Manconi R., Sch ˆ nberg C., Klautau M., Kelly M., Vacelet J., Dohrmann M., Diaz M. C., Cardenas P., Carballo J. L., Rios P., Downey R. & Morrow C. C. 2019. World Porifera Database. https: // doi. org / 10.14284 / 359"]}

Amphimedon brevispiculifera (Dendy, 1905) Fig. 9 Pachychalina brevispiculifera Dendy, 1905: 149, pl 10 fig. 7. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 2 branches, about 4 cm long, alcohol preserved; 26°49′55.65″ S, 32°53′13.417″ E; Three Sisters; 23.9 m deep; 21 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO65. Description The live sponge is arborescent, with flattened branches often anastomosing (Fig. 9A); oscules are numerous and concentrated on the upper margin of the branches (Fig. 9A). Light purple in vivo, the specimen conserved in alcohol is pale yellow; the surface is smooth, the consistence is firm and elastic. The preserved sample consists of two small fragments; the biggest being a small branch about 4 cm long and 1.5 cm thick. SKELETON. Ectosome (Fig. 9B) formed by multispicular fibers, rich in spongin, with the diameter ranging between 20 and 75 μm, creating irregular, rounded meshes of 100–200 μm. Echinating spicules, at the end of the choanosomal primary fibers, protrude at the nodes. Choanosome (Fig. 9C) consists of multispicular primary fibers as well as multispicular secondary fibers, of about the same thickness (20–90 μm in diameter), forming rectangular meshes (average of 100 ×175 μm). SPICULES. Short, stout and sharp oxeas, 80–(88.5, 4.4)–95×2.5–(2.75, 1.3)–3 μm (Fig. 9D). Remarks Out of 57 species of the genus Amphimedon, 30 are recorded in the Indo-Pacific Ocean (Van Soest et al. 2019). The examined specimen fits with A. brevispiculifera described from the Gulf of Manaar. They share the same general morphology, disposition of the oscules and the short dimension of the spicules (100 × 5.5 μm); the species name “ brevispiculifera ” means ‘with short spicules’. All the other species of Amphimedon in the Indo-Pacific Ocean are characterized by longer oxeas. The present specimen is apparently morphologically similar to the sponge recently recorded by Samaai et al. (2019) in South Africa and named Callyspongia (Cladochalina) diffusa sensu Samaai et al. (2019). This species was previously known only from South India and Sri Lanka (Laccadive Sea); thus, it is the first record since its original description and a new record for the studied area., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Dendy A. 1905. Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman W. A. (ed) Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar 3: 57 - 246.","Van Soest R. W. M., Boury-Esnault N., Hooper J. N. A., Rutzler K., de Voogd N. J., Alvarez B., Hajdu E., Pisera A. B., Manconi R., Sch ˆ nberg C., Klautau M., Kelly M., Vacelet J., Dohrmann M., Diaz M. C., Cardenas P., Carballo J. L., Rios P., Downey R. & Morrow C. C. 2019. World Porifera Database. https: // doi. org / 10.14284 / 359","Samaai T., Pillay R. & Janson L. 2019. Shallow-water Demospongiae (Porifera) from Sodwana Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. Zootaxa 4587 (1): 1 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4587.1.1"]}

Oceanapia ramsayi (Lendenfeld, 1888) Fig. 11 Rhizochalina ramsayi Lendenfeld, 1888: 188, pl. 3. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 1 dried fragment of about 6 ×1.5× 2 cm; 26°49′17.512″ S, 32°53′42.5″ E; Kev’s; 17 m deep; 20 Nov. 2015; Cerrano leg.; PdO27 • 1 small fragment of about 3 ×1× 1 cm; 26°49′17.512″ S, 32°53′42.503″ E; Kev’s; 17 m deep; 20 Nov. 2015; Cerrano leg.; PdO28. Description Live sponge globular-massive, with oscular tubes arising from the upper surface (Fig. 11 A–C). The two specimens had distinct colors in life: bright red on the exterior and yellow inside (Fig. 11 A–B), and dark brown on the exterior and light brown inside (Fig. 11C). Both dried samples are dark brown, firm and with a smooth surface. SKELETON. Ectosome (Fig. 11D) constituted of a reticulation of fibers, 30–100 µm in section, forming oval meshes of 350–400 µm of diameters and a secondary sub-isodictyal network of single oxeas. Choanosome formed by thick fibers of spicules, 30–50 µm in section, forming irregularly rounded meshes, 180–380 µm. SPICULES. Slightly curved oxeas (Fig. 11E), 130–(156.7, 11.7)–170× 2.5–(6.2, 1.7)– 10 µm, often with slightly mucronate tips. Remarks The samples belong to the genus Oceanapia Norman, 1869, considering the numerous fistulae on the surface and the general skeleton structure. The genus includes 95 species, 75 of them from the Indo- Pacific Ocean (Santos Neto et al. 2018). The skeleton, spicule size and general morphology fit the original description of Oceanapia ramsayi Lendenfeld, 1888 from Australia. The holotype was described as yellow, while other, subsequent records of this species report a red color, such as in Itampolo, Madagascar (Bensemhoun et al. 2008) and brown in Port Jackson, Australia (Hallman 1914). Moreover, Hallman pointed out that his specimen, different from the holotype, was devoid of stout, central tubes, although it occurs with the examined material from Mozambique. The species is also known from the east coast of South Africa (Schleyer et al. 2006)., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Lendenfeld von R. 1888. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum: 188. Taylor & Francis, Sidney, London.","Santos Neto C., Nascimento E., Cavalcanti T. & Pinheiro U. 2018. Taxonomy of Oceanapia Norman, 1869 (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Phloeodictyidae) from the Brazilian coast. Zootaxa 4455 (2): 363. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4455.2.6","Bensemhoun J., Bombarda I., Aknin M., Faure R., Vacelet J. & Gaydou E. M. 2008. Marine bifunctional sphingolipids from the sponge Oceanapia ramsayi. Molecules 13 (4): 772 - 778. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / molecules 13040772","Schleyer M. H., Heikoop J. M. & Risk M. J. 2006. A benthic survey of Aliwal Shoal and assessment of the effects of a wood pulp effluent on the reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52: 503 - 514. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2005.09.038"]}

Phoriospongia mozambiquensis Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 95AFED42-6EA0-471E-95BE-B805C4A31B27 Fig. 19, Table 3 Diagnosis A red species of Phoriospongia characterized by styles with stepped tips, C and S-shaped sigmas, and isochelae. Etymology The specific name is derived from type locality. Material examined Holotype PONTA DO OURO • fragment about 2× 2× 2 cm; 26°49′50.408″ S, 32°53′45.97″ E; Doodle; 17 m deep; 7 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; MSNG 61420. Description The live sponge (Fig. 19A) is irregularly massive, bright red and covered by algal turf. The fragment preserved in alcohol changed the color to grey, with an uneven surface. It is very hard and friable and rich in sediments. SKELETON. The ectosome and the choanosome are almost completely constituted by columns of grains, with scattered spicules among the foreign bodies. SPICULES. Styles (Fig. 19 B–C) with stepped tips, 260–(294.5, 24.2)–340 μm×2.5–(2.8, 0.8)–5 μm; C- and S-shaped sigmas (Fig 19D), 28–(37.2)–42 μm; arcuate isochelae (Fig. 19E), 9–(12.5)–14 μm. Remarks This sponge belongs to the genus Phoriospongia, which is characterized by “skeletal columns cored by styles and foreign material [...]; sigmas usually present” (Van Soest 2002). The genus Phoriospongia Marshall, 1880 includes 13 species, all with an Indo-Pacific Ocean distribution, mainly from Australia (Van Soest et al. 2019). Due to the nature of the skeleton and to the capacity of the sponge to incorporate foreign bodies, it is difficult to clearly detect the skeleton organization, and most of the original descriptions are inadequate (Table 3). Phoriospongia arenifibrosa (Dendy, 1896) differs from this new species due to the absence of megascleres and to the morphology (erect, palmo-digitate sponge). Phoriospongia argentea (Marshall, 1880) has shorter styles (80 μm) and does not have any microscleres. Phoriospongia canaliculata Lendenfeld, 1889 has oxeas instead of styles. Phoriospongia reticulum (Marshall, 1880) and P. solida Marshall, 1880 differ in the possession of tylostyles. Phoriospongia flabellopalmata (Carter, 1885) shows a smooth and even surface, with longer styles and raphides as microscleres. Phoriospongia carcinophila (Lendenfeld, 1889), P. levis Lendenfeld, 1888, P. mammillata (Lendenfeld, 1888) and P. syringiana (Whitelegge, 1906) have different megascleres, i.e., strongyles instead of styles. The description of P. papillosa (Lamarck, 1815) is inadequate and neither megascleres nor microscleres are reported. Phoriospongia poni (De Laubenfeld, 1950), described from the Hawaii Islands, has three kinds of megascleres, i.e., oxeas, strongyles and styles. In the original description, P. squalida Lendenfeld, 1888, spicules are not described and, moreover, the sponge is reported as erect and tubular. Considering the affinities between Phoriospongia and Chondropsis, the species of the latter genus have been used for a comparison, but none was found to fit the new species from Mozambique (Table 2).

Clathria (Thalysias) hirsuta Hooper & Levi, 1993 Fig. 21 Clathria hirsuta Hooper & Levi, 1993: 1259, figs 19–20. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 1 very small sample covering a hydroid; 26°49′29.579″ S, 32°53′51.072″ E; Blacks; 19.2 m deep; 4 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO10 • 1 small fragment; 26°49′16.561″ S, 32°53′52.979″ E; Tea Garden; 19.7 m deep; 6 Mar. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO78. Description The sponge is massive (Fig. 21 A–B), digitiform and arborescent (Fig. 21C). The exhalant channels converge in numerous, large oscula (Fig. 21 A–B). The color may vary from bright orange to vivid red (Fig. 21 A–C). Both samples preserved in alcohol changed their color to beige. The surface is verrucose and the consistence is elastic. SKELETON. The ectosome consists of a layer of small styles. The choanosome is formed by an irregular reticulation from pauci- to multispicular primary fibers, 52–73 µm in section, and secondary unispicular fibers, 24–41 µm. Both are spongin rich and are cored by smooth styles. Echinating acanthostyles are present on the primary fibers (Fig. 21D). SPICULES. Smooth and straight styles (Fig. 21E), sometimes modified in subtylostyles, 82.5–(93.25, 11.8)– 137.5 µm × 4–(5.2, 0.7)– 6 µm; smooth and slightly curved styles (Fig. 21F), 70–(109.5, 23.4)– 147 µm × 4.5–(5.2, 0.7)– 6.1 µm; straight acanthostyles (Fig. 21G) with sharp spines on the terminal parts, close to the tips and scattered on the head, 40–(56.3, 10.3)– 72 µm; raphidiform toxas (Fig. 21H) slightly curved in the middle, 100–(104.5)– 120 µm ×4.75–(6)– 7.5 µm; palmate chelae (Fig. 21I) 5–7.5 µm. Remarks Clathria (Thalysias) hirsuta Hooper & Levi, 1993 was exclusively known from New Caledonia and Australia (Great Barrier Reef); this is the first record in the Indian Ocean. The spicule shape, size and the morphology fit the original description of the species. However, Hooper & Levi (1993) recognized two distinct populations, with some morphological differences, one from Queensland and one from New Caledonia. The morphological characters (especially spicule size) make the specimens, here examined, closer to the population from New Caledonia. On the specimen PO78 the hydroid Zyzzyzus warreni Calder, 1988 (Class Hydrozoa, Phylum Cnidaria) was detected.

Hyattella pedunculata Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5D86D9AC-962D-48A7-BF1D-12879B09E573 Fig. 5 Diagnosis A species of Hyattella characterized by a globular body, supported by a short stalk; small-sized fibers and free of inclusion. Etymology The species is named ‘ pedunculata ’ due to its characteristic stalk, in Latin ‘ pedunculus ’. Material examined Holotype PONTA DO OURO • fragment about 7 ×3× 2.5 cm; 26°46′38.829″ S, 32°54′17.381″ E; Waynes; 40.6 m deep; 17 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; MSNG 61418. Paratype PONTA DO OURO • 2 fragments, the biggest, preserved dry, is 3× 2× 1.5 cm; Cloud break; 18 May 2015; Torsani leg; MSNG 61419. Description The sponge is pedunculate and the massive, globular body is supported by a short stalk (Fig. 5 A–B). The color is reddish-pink, but in alcohol it turns creamy. The reddish color is still preserved in the dried state. The paratype (MSNG 61419) presents irregular short and thick digitations (Fig. 5A, C) while in the holotype (MSNG 61418) the surface is more even (Fig. 5B). At a microscopic observation, the surface is smooth and appears cribrous; the consistence is firm but compressible. The body is cavernous, completely perforated by large lacunae (Fig. 5C). SKELETON. It consists of a network of long primary fibers, 10–25 µm, linked by very short secondary fibers, 7.5–20 µm in diameter, forming irregular meshes, around 250 µm wide (Fig. 5D); fibers are free from inclusions. Presence of rounded foreign bodies 100–200 µm in section on superficial cuticle (Fig. 5E). Remarks The specimens belong to the genus Hyattella Lendenfeld, 1888, showing a lacunose body, an unarmoured surface and a skeleton composed by common primary fibers linked by secondary fibers. This species is characterized by the small size of its primary and secondary fibers compared to the size of the fibers in the other species of the genus; moreover, the pedunculate shape is rare among species of the genus Hyattella; only Hyattella globosa Lendenfeld, 1889 partially fits the studied specimens in the general morphology (spherical sponge, attached by a small base) and in its cribrose surface. The principal differences are in the larger dimensions of the fibers (up to 100 µm) and in the presence of compound meshes creating ‘perforated plates’ in H. globosa.

Cliona grandis Samaai, Pillay & Janson, 2019 Fig. 15 Cliona grandis Samaai, Pillay & Janson, 2019: 12, fig. 3a–g. Material examined PONTA DO OURO • 1 rounded fragment of about 3cm, preserved dry; 26°46′39.864″ S, 32°55′25.392″ E; Cloud break; 36 m deep; 22 May 2015; Torsani leg.; IMG0830 • 1 small flat, rounded portion, preserved dry, of about 3 cm; 26°49′29.579″ S, 32°53′50.819″ E; Blacks; 18 m deep; 24 May 2015; Torsani leg.; IMG0913 • 5 fragments, preserved dry; the larger about 5×2 × 2 cm; 26°49′29.579″ S, 32°53′50.819″ E; Blacks; 17 m deep; 11 Nov. 2015; Cerrano leg.; PdO2 • 1 rounded fragment of 5 cm preserved dry; 26°45′41.04″ S, 32°54′7.138″ E; Texas; 11 m deep; 15 Nov. 2015; Cerrano leg.; PdO19 • 1 single fragment 5× 3× 2 cm, preserved dry; 26°49′50.408″ S, 32°53′45.974″ E; Texas; 11 m deep; 15 Nov. 2015; Cerrano leg.; PdO22 • 3 fragments alcohol preserved; 26°45′41.04″ S, 32°54′7.141″ E; Doodles; 17 m deep; 7 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO22 • dried and alcohol preserved fragments; 26°49′50.408″ S, 32°53′45.977″ E; Doodles; 17 m deep; 7 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO23 • 3 alcohol preserved fragments, the larger about 7×3 × 1 cm; 26°49′50.408″ S, 32°53′57.659″ E; Close; 18.6 m deep; 9 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO27 • very small fragments, alcohol preserved; 26°49′55.65″ S, 32°53′13.413″ E; Three sisters; 23.9 m deep; 21 Feb. 2017; Cerrano leg.; PO64. Description Sponge in encrusting stage (β) (IMG0830, PdO19, PdO22, PO22, PO23 and PO64) and massive stage (γ) (IMGO913 and PO23). Two main chromatic varieties, shifting from ochre to orange (Fig. 15 A–B) to pale or light yellow (Fig. 15 C–D). Specimens, dried and alcohol preserved, are brown in color. The consistence of the papillae and of the γ-stage forms is firm and incompressible. The body of the γ-stage is cavernous. The sponges in the γ-stage are full of foreign material, also derived by their erosion and engulfing activity. SKELETON. In the papillae, long and slim tylostyles are organized in palisade, in other parts the skeleton is more confused. SPICULES. Tylostyles (Fig. 15E) with a prominent head (Fig. 15F); in numerous tylostyles the axial canal and the vesicle in the tylo are evident. They measure 295–(307.87)–345 μm×2.5–(6.7)–7.5 μm. Remarks This species was recently described by Samaai et al. (2019) from South Africa; it is widespread in the studied area where it develops a sort of biogenic fence up to 50 cm high., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Belfiore, Giuseppe, Pica, Daniela, Torsani, Fabrizio, Palma, Marco & Cerrano, Carlo, 2020, Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique), pp. 1-56 in European Journal of Taxonomy 698 on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.698, http://zenodo.org/record/3978511, {"references":["Samaai T., Pillay R. & Janson L. 2019. Shallow-water Demospongiae (Porifera) from Sodwana Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. Zootaxa 4587 (1): 1 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4587.1.1"]}

Second Annual Meeting Marine Ecosystem Restoration in Changing European Seas (MERCES), 23-25 May 2018, Barcelona

The main goal of Deliverable 3.1. is to synthetize the information available on key eco-evolutionary processes and factors to guide the development of novel and efficient restoration actions to be planned, developed and performed within WP3. We focused on macroalgae and mesophotic coralligenous habitats since i) there are increasing evidences of relevant changes and lost of these two habitats across the whole Europe and ii) they are featured by the presence of species that are considered critical for the functioning of the coastal marine systems. In addition, these habitats display contrasted characteristics in terms of dominant groups (macroalgal species vs. macroinvertebrate), driving processes (trophic interactions-physical factors vs. competition), dynamics (fast vs. low turnover) and environmental conditions (shallow-light vs. deep-dim light habitats). [...], Grant agreement n. 689518

Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima (Dendy, 1905) (Fig. 22 A���H) Examined material. Sample HL 168: Vietnam, Hang Trai Island, Hang Du II Lake, intertidal, 26 April 2004. Comparative material: holotype of Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima Dendy, 1905 BMNH 1907.2. 1.56 (Fig. 22 J-O); holotype of Mycale (Aegogropila) pectinicola Hentschel, 1911 ZMB Por 4404 (Fig. 31 A-I). Description. The sponge is rounded, irregularly cushion-shaped, about 20 cm 2 and covers three branches of a colony of Carijoa riisei as a thick mass (Fig. 22 A). Numerous parts of the branches of the octocoral are free from the sponge, but where the sponge is present it completely covers the octocoral and also the polyp openings. The surface is reticulated and the consistency is firm. The sponge is yellow in situ (Fig. 22 A) and beige when preserved in ethanol. Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton consists of an irregular reticulum of single mycalostyles and tracts of spicules with limited spongin (Fig. 22 B) and scattered microscleres. In the choanosome ascending tracts of mycalostyles open into fans (Fig. 22 C). Numerous chelae in rosettes are in the upper part of the tracts. Spicules. Mycalostyles: slightly curved, with a slightly swollen head and a constricted neck; the axis of the mycalostyles increases in thickness in the middle part of the spicule, which ends with a hastate tip (Fig. 22 D), 428 ��� (464.1 �� 23.8) ��� 495 x 10 ��� (15 �� 1.3) ��� 20.5 ��m. Anisochelae in two size classes: anisochelae I of usual shape, with upper alae well developed (Fig. 22 E), 50 ��� (67.7 �� 6.2) ��� 75 ��m; anisochelae II with reduced alae at one end and a small frontal ala, hook-like, with a small tooth (Fig. 22 F), 15 ��� (18 �� 1.1) ��� 35 ��m. This character is clearly visible with SEM. Sigmas ���C��� shaped (Fig. 22 G) very thin, 20 ��� (41.2 �� 8.6) ��� 52.5 ��m. Raphides very abundant, often in trichodragmas (Fig. 22 H), 22.5 ��� (24.7 �� 1.8) ��� 27.5 ��m long. Microxeas, smooth, very small (visible only with SEM), up to 2.5 ��m long (Fig. 22 I). Distribution and remarks. Ceylon (Dendy 1905), Aru Island (Hentschel 1912), Nicobar and Andaman Archipelagos and Indonesia (Hooper et al. 2000); this species was previously recorded in Vietnam by Dawydoff (1952) and Azzini et al. (2007). Samples were recorded at the intertidal level in a dark tunnel connecting a marine lake in Ha Long Bay to the open sea. Only three species belonging to the subgenus Aegogropila with raphides are present in the Indo-Pacific area (van Soest et al. 2011): Mycale (A.) pectinicola Hentschel, 1911, M. (A.) pellucida (Ridley, 1884) and M. (A.) crassissima (Dendy, 1905). The re-examination of the holotype of M. (A.) pectinicola confirmed the presence of isochelae, so that this species has to be moved to the subgenus Zygomycale (see M. (Z.) parishi). Mycale (A.) pellucida is characterised by very large chelae (about 100 ��m) and raphides (60 ��m). The spicule complement of our specimen is consistent with Dendy���s (1905) description of M. (A.) crassissima both in shape and size: Dendy (1905) described and illustrated the mycalostyles (490 x 16 ��m) with ���developed oval heads narrower than the middle of the shaft, from which they are separated by a well marked constriction���. The size of the sigmas and raphides is also similar (36 and 20 x 3.6 ��m respectively). The main difference compared to our specimen is in the anisochelae that Dendy (1905) described as belonging to a single category of about 60 x 2.4 ��m. The reexamination of its holotype revealed the presence of a second category of anisochelae (Fig. 22 J) and also of very small microxeas (Fig. 22 K), both overlooked by Dendy (1905). These anisochelae II (about 14 ��m long) are clearly characterized by reduced alae and by a small frontal ala, with a small tooth; the microxeas are smooth and very small (up to 2 ��m long). Additional spicules are mycalostyles (470���520 ��m) (Fig. 22 L), anisochelae I (50���95 ��m) (Fig. 22 M), sigmas (20���45 ��m) (Fig. 22 N) and raphides in trichodragmas (25 ��m) (Fig. 22 O) as reported and illustrated by Dendy (1905)., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 35-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar Royal Society, London, 3 (18), 57 - 246.","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905 Vol. 10, Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 34 (3), 293 - 448.","Dawydoff, C. (1952) Inventaire des animaux benthiques recoltes par moi dans le domaine maritime Indochinois. Poriferes. In: Contribution a l'etude des invertebres de la faune marine benthique de l'Indochine. Supplements au Bulletin Biologique de France et de Belgique, 37, 46 - 51.","Azzini, F., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C., Bavestrello, G. & Pansini, M. (2007) Sponges of the marine karst lakes and of the coast of the islands of Ha Long Bay (North Vietnam). In: Custodio, M. R., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Rio de Janeiro: Museu National, pp. 157 - 164.","Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011).","Ridley, S. O. (1884) Spongiida. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. British Museum of Natural History: London, 366 - 482, 582 - 630."]}

Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp. (Fig. 34 A–F) (Tab. 15) Examined material. Sample YO- 257: Hawai’i, O’ahu Island, 30 m, 0 3 May 2005; YO- 257 - 4, YO 257 - 5: Hawai’i, O’ahu Island, depth ~ 30 m, 5 July 2007. Description. Elastic and compressible sponge, about 3 mm thick, covering three fragments (about 7 cm long) of Carijoa riisei (Fig. 34 A), but not the anthocodiae (Fig. 34 B). Surface smooth, with incorporated sand. The sponge is deep orange (Fig. 34 A), and gray-pale yellow in ethanol. Skeleton. The ectosome consists of a regular reticulation of polygonal meshes (Fig. 34 C, D) of primary, paucispicular fibres (about 20 μm in diameter), secondary paucispicular fibres (about 15 μm in diameter) and tertiary fibres often aspicular (5–10 μm in diameter). The choanosome is a regular reticulum of primary and secondary fibres producing polygonal meshes (Fig. 34 E). Primary fibres are plurispicular, about 45–65 μm in diameter, running to the surface and creating small conules (Fig. 34 D). Secondary, paucispicular fibres (about 20–35 μm) connect the primary fibres (Fig. 34 D). Spicules. Vestigial oxeas, fusiform and slightly curved (Fig. 34 F), with black axial canal visible with microscopic examination, 47.5 – 87 x 2 µm. No microscleres. Remarks. This species of Callyspongia is characterised by the reduced thickness of the oxeas, always 2 μm. No species belonging to the subgenus Callyspongia has been recorded from Hawai’i (van Soest et al. 2011). Callyspongia (C.) serpentina Lamarck, 1814 is very similar to our Hawaiian specimens but the thickness of its oxeas is more variable (up to 6 μm) and primary and secondary fibres of the choanosome are very thin (about 25 μm in diameter) (Wiedenmayer 1989). Oxeas YO- 257 58 – (78.2 ± 7.1) – 87 x 2 YO- 257 - 4 47.5 – (59.7 ± 8.3) – 75 x 2 YO- 257 - 5 50 – (60.5 ± 7.8) – 75 x 2

Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867 (Fig. 21 A���L) (Tab. 9) Examined material. Sample HK 9: Hawai���i, O���ahu Island, Hawai���i Kai, depth between 0.5���3 m, 31 May 2007. Description. The sponge, about 1 cm thick, grew around the basal portion of a colony of Carijoa riisei (Fig. 21 A). The examined fragment is a small portion of the colony, 3 cm long (Fig. 12 B). Consistency is compact, but compressible. The surface is smooth with rare, small, scattered oscules (In situ the sponge is vivid red (Fig. 21 A), grey-beige in formalin (Fig. 21 B). Skeleton. Ectosomal skeleton consisting of tangential, intersecting megascleres and scattered microscleres (Fig. 21 C). Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate of multispicular ascending tracts of mycalostyles, opening upon reaching the sponge surface; scarce spongin and scattered microscleres in between (Fig. 21 D, E). Spicules. Mycalostyles straight 445 ��� (537.2 �� 77.8) ��� 650 x 5 ��� (11.9 �� 6.9) ��� 20 ��m, slightly curved or sinuous (Fig. 21 F) without the typical subterminal constriction and sharp pointed extremities. Anisochelae in three size classes. Anisochelae I (Fig. 21 G), with very long and straight shaft and different extremities, 140 ��� (146 �� 4.7) ��� 155 x 10 ��� (12.2 �� 0.9) ��� 13.7 ��m. The upper alae are arcuate with three teeth (two lateral longer than the frontal); at the other end, only one frontal ala is well developed, while the lateral alae are reduced. Anisochelae II palmate (Fig. 21 H) with long upper alae and short shaft, 22.5 ��� (30.1 �� 5.3) ��� 45 x 2.5 ��� (2.6 �� 0.8) ��� 5 ��m. Anisochelae III palmate (Fig. 21 I) with reduced basal alae and a spur, 15 ��� (18.4 �� 1.5) ��� 20 ��m. Sigmas in two size classes; sigmas I ���C��� and ���S��� shaped (Fig. 21 J), 42.5 ��� (52.7 �� 5.4) ��� 62.5 ��m; sigmas II ���C��� shaped (Fig. 21 K), 7.5 ��� (16.5 �� 3.2) ��� 22.5 ��m. Raphides in trichodragmas (Fig. 21 L), 27.5 ��� (56.3 �� 13.1) ��� 72.5 ��m. Distribution and remarks. Red Sea, Indian Ocean (van Soest et al. 2011) and Hawai���i (Coles et al. 1999). Because of the brevity of the original description, numerous authors considered M. grandis a senior synonym of M. armata Thiele, 1903 (see van Soest et al. 2011). Thiele (1903) did not describe raphides and anisochelae III with the typical spur (Tab. 9); in contrast, our specimen and previous records of M. grandis possess these features. For example Hentschel (1912) described a specimen of M. grandis from Aru Islands (Indonesia) with a third category of anisochelae, bearing a characteristic spur, that he defined as anisochelae of Iophon (Tab. 9). Pulitzer- Finali (1993) described M. grandis from Kenya with the same spicule complement that was comparable in size to that of the present specimen (Tab. 9). Anisochelae Sigmas Raphides Mycalostyles I II III I II This species was probably introduced to Hawai���i, where it was discovered in 1996 in Pearl Harbor (Coles et al. 1999). Later it was recorded in other localities of Hawai���i (as Mycale armata, Coles et al. 2006); recently Coles & Bolick (2007) noted it is able to aggressively overgrow and smother native Hawaiian corals., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 33-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558.","Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011).","Coles, S. L., DeFelice, R. C., Eldredge, L. G. & Carlton, J. T. (1999) Historical and recent introductions of nonindigenous marine species into Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Marine Biology, 135, 147 - 158. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002270050612","Thiele, J. (1903) Kieselschwamme von Ternate. II. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 25, 933 - 968.","Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 34 (3), 293 - 448.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1993) A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia naturale ' Giacomo Doria', 89, 247 - 350.","Coles, S. L., Kandel, F. L. M., Reath, P. A., Longenecker, K. & Eldredge, L. G (2006) Rapid Assessment of Nonindigenous Marine Species on Coral Reefs in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science, 60 (4), 483 - 507. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1353 / psc. 2006.0026","Coles, S. L. & Bolick, H. (2007) Invasive introduced sponge Mycale grandis overgrows reef corals in Kane'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Coral Reefs, 26, 911. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 007 - 0295 - x"]}

Subgenus Halichondria Fleming, 1828 Halichondria (Halichondria) cf. melanadocia de Laubenfels, 1936 a (Fig. 32 A���C) Examined material. Sample HK 1: Hawai���i, O���ahu Island, 1 m, 22 June 2005. Description. Encrusting sponge, about 2 mm thick, covering a small fragment (about 4 cm in length) of a colony of Carijoa riisei (Fig. 32 A). In ethanol the specimen is brownish (Fig. 32 B). Skeleton. Difficult to study due to the bad condition of the sample. The ectosome consists of uni- or paucispicular tracts of tangential oxeas. The choanosome consists of an irregular reticulation of oxeas; the hispid surface is due to the vague ascending tracts beneath the sponge surface (Fig. 32 B). Spicules. Oxeas slightly curved, 160 ��� (404.5 �� 133.6) ��� 610 x 2.5 ��� (8.9 �� 5.9) ��� 20 ��m, with gradually pointed tips (Fig. 32 C). Distribution and remarks. West Indies (de Laubenfels 1936 a), North Carolina (Wells et al. 1960), Florida (Little 1963), Jamaica (Hechtel 1965) and Hawai���i (Bergquist 1967). This sample fits the description of the Hawaiian (Bergquist 1967) and Jamaican specimens (Hechtel 1965) in terms of spicule features. Hechtel described oxeas straight to curved, with gradually pointed of 134 ��� 802 x 3 ��� 20 ��m while, later, Bergquist reported oxeas of 200 ��� (403) ��� 512 x 2 ��� (9) ��� 13 ��m. The main difference with the previous descriptions is in the ectosomal skeleton that was re-described by Hechtel as a tangential reticulation of spicule tracts. Moreover, the peculiar and diagnostic colour of the live specimen, reported by Laubenfels (grey-blackish in the exterior and yellow-green in the interior) does not match that of the Hawaiian specimen here described. The species was described from the Caribbean, but later Bergquist (1967) reported it from Hawai���i, suggesting that it was probably introduced through fouling., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936 a) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467), 30, 225 pp.","Wells, H. W., Wells, M. J. & Gray, I. E. (1960) Marine sponges of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 76 (2), 200 - 245.","Little, F. J. Jr. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11 (2), 31 - 71.","Hechtel, G. J. (1965) A Systematic Study of the Demospongiae of Port Royal, Jamaica. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 103.","Bergquist, P. R. (1967) Additions to the Sponge Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica, 3 (2), 159 - 174."]}

Family Esperiopsidae Hentschel, 1923 Genus Amphilectus Vosmaer, 1880 Amphilectus sp. (Fig. 20 A���F) Examined material. Sample Bugor 327: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Siladen Island, Siladen Barat, 5 m, January 2007. Description. The sponge encrusts several branches of Carijoa riisei (up to 12 cm long) as a thin film of about 0.5 mm thick (Fig. 20 A); on some branches the sponge becomes thicker and massively encrusting (Fig. 20 A); in all the branches the anthocodiae are free to expand and retract (Fig. 20 B). Consistency is gelatinous, surface smooth. Light yellow in ethanol (Fig. 20 A, B). Numerous larvae and eggs are dispersed in the tissue (Fig. 20 B). Skeleton. The skeleton organisation is difficult to determine, due to the consistency of the sponge. Scattered, tangential styles are present on the sponge surface; sinuous tracts of styles, vaguely interconnecting and running without a clear direction, are present in the inner part of the sponge. Scattered spicules among tracts (Fig. 20 C). Spicules. Straight, smooth styles (Fig. 20 D), 167.5 ��� (180.8 �� 9.1) ��� 195 x 2 ��� (2.4 �� 0.2) ��� 2.5 ��m. Sigmas ���C��� shaped (Fig. 20 E), 15 ��� (22.3 �� 8.5) ��� 40 ��m. Anchorate isochelae with three narrow teeth and a groove along the dorsal margin of the spicule, forming a crest (Fig. 20 F), 12.5 ��� (13 �� 1.1) ��� 15 ��m. Remarks. The species here described has chelae that remind of the arcuate, often unguiferate chelae typical of the genera Strongylacidon and Chondropsis (family Chondropsidae). However, Strongylacidon is characterised by strongyles as megascleres and by an ectosomal skeleton consisting of brushes of strongyles deriving from the choanosomal tracts (van Soest, 2002 b). Moreover, sand grains and foreign material are conspicuous in this genus and have a structural role in the fibres. These features do not seem to characterise the present specimen. On the other hand, the skeleton is not clearly interpretable. The presence of an ectosomal skeleton of tangential styles, absent in species of Chondropsis, is here detectable but structural sand or foreign material (typical of Chondropsis) are not present. On the basis of these considerations we prefer to attribute this specimen to Amphilectus, taking choanosomal architecure as a better performing character than microsclere shape (Hajdu & van Soest, 1996). The presence of styles, isochelae and sigmas characterizes the genera Esperiopsis and Amphilectus. Amphilectus is very close to Esperiopsis and the main discriminating characters are the size of the styles (Amphilectus (van Soest & Hajdu 2002 a). However, at least one species of Amphilectus was described with sigmas (A. glaber Br��ndsted, 1924) and at least two species of Esperiopsis have styles Amphilectus with regularly isodictyal, anisotropic skeleton, and Esperiopsis with irregularly anastomosing spicule tracts. Amphilectus glaber (Br��ndsted, 1924), A. munitus Whitelegge, 1907, and A. unciger (Topsent, 1928) are all reported from the Indo-Pacific (van Soest et al. 2011). Amphilectus munitus and A. unciger do not have sigmas. Amphilectus glaber has larger styles (200 ��� 370 x 10 ��m) and the choanosomal skeleton consists of a regular network of rectangular meshes. Numerous species of Esperiopsis are known from the Indo-Pacific (van Soest et al. 2011), but only two of these species have styles that are E. diasolenia L��vi, 1993 and E. magnifolia L��vi, 1993 (250���300 ��m and 350���450 ��m, respectively); nevertheless these species are devoid of sigmas, and chelae are longer (28���40 ��m in E. diasolenia and 30 ��m, and 40���60 ��m in E. magnifolia). These species are clearly different from our Indonesian specimen, which is characterised by short styles (Amphilectus. Unfortunately the small size of the sample prevents a clear interpretation of the skeleton, and therefore we refrain from formally describing a new species from this material., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Hajdu, E., van Soest, R. W. M. (1996) Choosing among Poriferan morphological characters within the cladistic paradigm. In: Willenz, Ph. (Ed.), Recent Advances in Sponge Biodiversity Inventory and Documentation. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 66 (supplement), pp. 81 - 88.","Soest, R. W. M. van & Hajdu, E. (2002 a) Family Esperiopsidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 656 - 664. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 71","Brondsted, H. V. (1924) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XV. Sponges from the Auckland and Campbell Islands. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, 75, 117 - 167.","Whitelegge, T. (1907) Sponges. Part I. - Addenda. Part II. Monaxonida continued. In: Scientific Results of the Trawling Expedition of H. M. C. S. ' Thetis' off the Coast of New South Wales in February and March, 1898. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 4 (10), 487 - 515.","Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 74, 376 pp.","Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011).","Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le ' Jean Charcot'. Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. In: Crosnier, A. (Eds.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, Vol. 11. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (A, Zoologie), 158, 9 - 87."]}

Mycale (Zygomycale) parishi (Bowerbank, 1875) (Fig. 30 A���M) (Tab. 14) Examined material. Samples Port Allen 1, Port Allen 2, Port Allen 3: Hawai���i, Kaua���i Island, Port Allen Harbour, depth between 1���10 m, 0 2 June 2005; sample HK 10: Hawai���i, O���ahu Island, Hawai���i Kay, depth between 0.5���3 m, 31 May 2007; sample Carrambali 01: Indonesia, Bali Island, Garden eels I, 17 m, 18 October 2007. Comparative material: holotype of Mycale (Aegogropila) pectinicola Hentschel, 1911 ZMB Por 4404 (Fig. 31 A-I). Description. Pulpy sponge, about 2���3 mm thick, covering branches of Carijoa riisei up to the anthocodial bases and sometimes joining branches of the octocoral (Fig. 30 A, B). Consistency elastic and with macroscopically smooth surface (Fig. 30 B); with stereo-microscope examination, the surface is microhispid due to protruding mycalostyles. Beige alive (Fig. 30 A), in ethanol pinkish (Fig. 30 B). The Hawaiian specimens are nine ramified fragments of the octocoral, ~ 10 cm in length (Fig. 30 A); the Indonesian specimens are two fragments, up to 10 cm, joined by the sponge tissue. Skeleton. Tracts of mycalostyles forming an ectosomal reticulum with triangular meshes (Fig. 30 C). Choanosome consisting of plumoreticulate, ascending, interconnecting tracts, irregularly arranged (Fig. 30 D). Anisochelae I arranged in rosettes in the choanosome. Spongin scarce. Spicules. Mycalostyles often flexuous and with a slightly ovoid head (Fig. 30 E, L), 230 ��� 360 x 5 ��� 10 ��m. Sigmas in two size classes: sigmas I ���C��� or ���S��� shaped (Fig. 30 F), 45 ��� 107.5 x 2.5 ��� 7.5 ��m; sigmas II ���C��� shaped (Fig. 30 G, L), 14���43 ��m. Palmate anisochelae in two size classes: anisochelae I are arranged in rosettes with straight shaft and short alae (Fig. 30 H), 40���62.5 ��m; anisochelae II slightly curved (Fig. 30 I), 12���27.5 ��m. Isochelae with very short lateral alae (Fig. 30 J), 7���15 ��m. Toxas in a large size range (Fig. 30 K), 27.5���145 ��m. Raphides arranged also in trichodragmas (Fig. 30 M), 20���50 ��m. Refer to Tab. 14 for complete measurements. Distribution and remarks. Malacca Strait (Bowerbank 1875), Mergui Archipelago (Carter 1887), Australia (Ridley 1884), Philippines (Ridley & Dendy 1887), Indonesia and Palau (Hooper et al. 2000), Vietnam (Azzini et al. 2007) and Hawai���i (Bergquist 1967). According to van Soest et al. (2011) three species belong to this subgenus: M. (Z.) angulosa (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864), M. (Z.) parishi (Bowerbank, 1875) and M. (Z.) ramulosa Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2010. Mycale (Aegogropila) pectinicola Hentschel, 1911 was described with mycalostyles, additional isochelae, two classes of anisochelae, two classes of sigmas and microxeas (Fig. 31 A���I); the examination of its holotype confirmed the presence of isochelae (Fig. 31 F), but also of numerous toxas (Fig. 31 G) and micracanthoxeas (Fig. 31 I) not originally observed by Hentschel (1911). Because of the presence of isochelae, this species has to be moved to the subgenus Zygomycale. Mycale (Z.) pectinicola differs from our specimens by: i) the shape of the isochelae, which are characterised by a tooth on the central ala, variable in length (Fig. 31 F, Hentshel 1911: 300 Fig. 8 d); ii) microxeas instead of raphides; iii) the presence of micracanthoxeas. The dimensions of toxas in M. (Z.) pectinicola are slightly smaller (Tab. 14). The Atlantic species M. (Z.) angulosa (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) is quite similar to M. (Z.) parishi; the latter shows a large variation in spiculation, which is not reported for M. (Z.) angulosa (van Soest 1984). Mycale (Z.) ramulosa differs from M. (Z.) parishi mainly in the presence of micracanthoxeas. Our specimens are similar to M. (Z.) parishi in skeletal organisation and spicule complement. No differences in general morphology or in spiculation were recorded between the Hawaiian and Indonesian specimens (Tab. 14). Mycale (Z.) parishi is a thinly encrusting species, known to grow over other organisms (molluscs, bryozoans). In Hawai���i it was recorded mainly in the fouling communities of harbours (see Carlton & Eldredge 2009). The re-examination of the type of M. (A.) hentscheli (see M. (A.) furcata) and of M. (Z.) pectinicola revealed the existence of other two species of Mycale with micracanthoxeas, besides the six species known thus far (Carballo & Cruz-Barraza 2010): M. (C.) micracanthoxea, M. (C.) urizae, M. (A.) bamfieldensis, M. (A.) escarlatei, M. (A.) lilianae and M. (Z.) ramulosa. Four of these (M. (A.) hentscheli , M. (Z.) ramulosa, M. (Z.) pectinicola and M. (A.) bamfieldensis are described in the Indo-Pacific ocean. It is interesting to note that micracanthoxeas are not a character restricted to genera Carmia and Aegogropila (Carballo & Hajdu 1998), but are also present in two species of Zygomycale. This subgenus is mainly based on the presence of isochelae, but some authors considered it synonymous with Aegogropila, recognizing the character ���isochelae��� as plesiomorphic (see comments in van Soest & Hajdu 2002 b). The discovery of micracanthoxeas in two species of Zygomycale adds further controversy to the currently accepted subgeneric classification of Mycale, stressing the need for clarification of these phylogenetic relationships., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 46-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Bowerbank, J. S. (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 281 - 296.","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905 Vol. 10, Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Carter, H. J. (1887) Report on the Marine Sponges, chiefly from King Island, in the Mergui Archipelago, collected for the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. John Anderson, F. R. S., Superintendent of the Museum. The Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 21 (127 - 128), 61 - 84.","Ridley, S. O. (1884) Spongiida. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. British Museum of Natural History: London, 366 - 482, 582 - 630.","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger', 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 20 (59), i - lxviii, 1 - 275, pls I - LI, 1 map.","Azzini, F., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C., Bavestrello, G. & Pansini, M. (2007) Sponges of the marine karst lakes and of the coast of the islands of Ha Long Bay (North Vietnam). In: Custodio, M. R., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Rio de Janeiro: Museu National, pp. 157 - 164.","Bergquist, P. R. (1967) Additions to the Sponge Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica, 3 (2), 159 - 174.","Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011).","Carballo, J. L. & Cruz-Barraza, J. A. (2010) A revision of the genus Mycale (Poecilosclerida: Mycalidae) from the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Contributions to Zoology, 79 (4), 165 - 191.","Soest, R. W. M. van (1984) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 112. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 62 (191), 1 - 173.","Carlton, J. T. & Eldredge, L. (2009) Marine bioinvasions of Hawai'i: the introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Cultural and Environmental Studies, 4, 1 - 202.","Carballo, J. L. & Hajdu, E. (1998) Micromorphology in Mycale taxonomy (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) with the description of two new micracanthoxea-bearing species. Contributions to Zoology, 67 (3), 187 - 195.","Soest, R. W. M. van & Hajdu, E. (2002 b). Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 73"]}

Strongylacidon zanzibarense Lendenfeld, 1897 (Fig. 8 A���F) Examined material. Sample Raja 071: Indonesia, Raja Ampat, Goss Over, 15 m, 2006. Description. Massively encrusting sponge, about 2 mm thick; growing on Carijoa riisei colonies up to anthocodiae that remain free to expand and retract (Fig. 8 A, B). The examined sample consists of a single portion of coral that is 6 cm long. Surface smooth, pierced by groups of pores visible without magnification (Fig. 8 A���C). The sponge is mustard coloured in situ, with transparent subectosomal canals converging on elevated oscules (Fig. 8 A). In ethanol the colour is uniformly light yellowish (Fig. 8 B). Skeleton. No specialized ectosomal skeleton, only a membranous peel covering the pulpy body. The choanosomal skeleton is plumose, with strongyles organized in multispicular tracts (25 ��� (66.8 �� 32.0) ��� 140 ��m thick) reinforced with spongin (Fig. 8 D). Numerous chelae and strongyles are also scattered among the tracts. Sand is present in low quantities in the sponge tissue and in the spicule tracts. Spicules. Strongyles straight or slightly curved (Fig. 8 E), 130 ��� (173.8 �� 38.3) ��� 225 x 2 ��� (2.4 �� 0.2) ��� 2.5 ��m. Unguiferate anisochelae with three teeth splayed outwards and different in size on the two extremities (Fig. 8 F), 10 ��� (12.3 �� 0.7) ��� 12.5 ��m. Distribution and remarks. This is the first record for Indonesia and the second after the original description from Zanzibar. The species was also observed in the Bunaken National Park (North Sulawesi) growing on pergamentaceous tubes of polychaetes (C.B. pers. observ.). Strongylacidon zanzibarense was originally described as an epibiont on the carapace of a crab (Lendenfeld 1897) with a crust about 5���8 mm thick (van Soest 2002 b). Van Soest (2002 b) noted that the holotype of S. zanzibarense possessed a reticulation of tracts of strongyles, reinforced by spongin, straight strongyles (160 ��� 260 x 3 ��� 4 ��m) and peculiar unguiferate chelae (about 9 ��m, from the image reported in van Soest 2002 b: 526) that may be considered anisochelae, with different teeth on the opposite extremities. The Indonesian specimen fits with the species described by Lendenfeld especially in the size of the spicules and in the peculiar shape of the chelae. In our specimen the skeleton consists of strongyles organized in multispicular, plumose tracts; this organisation, different from that reported by van Soest (2002 b) for the holotype, is probably due to the slenderness of our specimen (only 2 mm). It has been noted that the plumose, choanosomal skeleton of encrusting Strongylacidon specimens becomes reticulate in massive ones (van Soest 2002 b)., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Lendenfeld, R. Von (1897) Spongien von Sansibar. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 21, 93 - 133."]}

Genus Gelliodes Ridley, 1884 Gelliodes hamata Thiele, 1903 (Fig. 33 A���I) Examined material. Sample Bugor Onong: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Siladen Island, Siladen Onong, 28 m, 27 January 2007. Description. The sponge covers about 7 cm of the colony of Paratelesto rosea, starting from the basal stolons (Fig. 33 A); the rest of the colony is covered by Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata n. sp. Surface microhispid. In ethanol the sponge is purple with whitish shadings (Fig. 33 A, B). Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton consists of an irregular, tangential network of spongin fibres containing single oxeas (Fig. 33 C, D) and scattered sigmas. The choanosomal skeleton is similar to the ectosome but more irregular (Fig. 33 E, F). Ascending fibres of the choanosome pierce the surface making it slightly shaggy (Fig. 33 D). Spicules. Oxeas in a single size class (Fig. 33 G), 200 ��� (265.3 �� 35.2) ��� 305 x 2 ��� (7 �� 3.8) ��� 12.5 ��m. Sigmas of two kinds: sigmas I flabellate (Fig. 33 H), 95 ��� (112.5 �� 9.5) ��� 125 ��m; sigmas II (Fig. 33 I), 17.5 ��� (25.3 �� 4.3) ��� 30 ��m. Distribution and remarks. Indonesia. This is the second record of the species in Indonesia since its first description. Flabellate sigmas are also present in Gelliodes flagellifera Vacelet, Vasseur & L��vi, 1976. The latter and G. h a m a t a are very similar in terms of spicule complement and dimensions, and both can incorporate sand grains and foreign material. In G. flagellifera oxeas are 250 ��� 300 x 7.5 ��� 10 ��m, sigmas flabellate are 100 ��� 120 x 1.2 ��� 2 ��m and regular sigmas are 30 ��� 40 x 1.2 ��� 2 ��m (Vacelet et al. 1976). Vacelet et al. (1976) reported G. flagellifera from Madagascar (as Gelliodes flagellifer (Ridley & Dendy, 1886), originally described by Ridley & Dendy as Gellius flagellifer). According to van Soest et al. (2011), to date Ridley & Dendy���s species is considerd as Haliclona (Gellius) flagellifera and the specimen of Vacelet et al. (1976) is elevated to specific status (as Gelliodes flagellifera). As consequence of the previous considerations G. flagellifera Vacelet et al. 1976 is likely a junior synonym of G. hamata Thiele., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 51-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Ridley, S. O. (1884) Spongiida. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. British Museum of Natural History: London, 366 - 482, 582 - 630.","Thiele, J. (1903) Kieselschwamme von Ternate. II. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 25, 933 - 968.","Vacelet, J., Vasseur, P. & Levi, C. (1976) Spongiaires de la pente externe des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 49,1 - 116.","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger'. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459982","Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011)."]}

Mycale (Aegogropila) cf. lilianae Carballo & Hajdu, 1998 (Fig. 23 A���L) (Tab. 10) Examined material. Sample HK 3: Hawai���i, O���ahu Island, Hawai���i Kay, 1 m, 31 August 2003; sample HK 8: Hawai���i, Oahu Island, Hawai���i Kay, depth between 0.5���3m, 31 May 2007. Comparative material: Mycale (Aegogropila) lilianae Carballo & Hajdu, 1998, paratypes MNRJ 296, MNRJ 369 (two slides). Description. The sponge is very thin (about 1 mm) and completely envelops a colony of Carijoa riisei (Fig. 23 A), with the exception of anthocodiae that are free from the sponge cover. The examined specimens consist of several fragments of coral colonies, up to 8 cm long (Fig. 23 B). The surface is macroscopically smooth, but mycalostyles protrude from the surface making it microhispid. In situ red (Fig 23 A), beige in ethanol (Fig. 23 B). Skeleton. The ectosome is well defined and consists of paucispicular tracts of mycalostyles (4���5 spicules) creating a reticulum with triangular or polygonal meshes (Fig. 23 C). Sigmas, toxas and anisochelae I in rosettes are located in the tracts, while anisochelae II and III are scattered in the tissue. Due to the extreme thinness of the sponge, the choanosome can not be clearly determined; nevertheless ascending tracts of mycalostyles, with sigmas and toxas are visible; these tracts run towards the surface making it hispid (Fig. 23 D). Spicules. Straight mycalostyles slightly constricted beneath the elongated head (Fig. 23 E), 240 ��� 280 x 5 ��� 10 ��m. Centrally the shaft is slightly swollen (Fig. 23 E). Sigmas ���C��� shaped, sometimes ���S��� shaped, in two size classes: sigmas I (Fig. 23 F), 92.5 ��� 117.5 x 5 ��� 11.5 ��m; sigmas II (Fig. 23 G), 17.5���27.5 ��m. Anisochelae palmate, in three size classes, similar in shape: anisochelae I (Fig. 23 H), 42.5���50 ��m; anisochelae II (Fig. 23 I), 22.5���27.5 ��m; anisochelae III (Fig. 23 J), 12.5���17 ��m. Toxas in wide dimensional range (Fig. 23 K), 17.5���380 ��m. Micracanthoxeas generally curved with numerous spines (Fig. 23 L), 5���10 ��m. Refer to Tab. 10 for complete measurements. Distribution and remarks. Brazil. Micracanthoxeas are present in six species of Mycale belonging to subgenera Aegogropila and Carmia (Carballo & Cruz-Barraza 2010): M. (C.) micracanthoxea Buizer & van Soest, 1977; M. (C.) urizae Carballo & Hajdu, 1998; M. (A.) bamfieldensis Reiswig & Kaiser, 1989; M. (A.) escarlatei Hajdu, Zea, Kielman & Peixinho, 1995; M. (A.) lilianae Carballo & Hajdu, 1998; M. (C.) hentscheli Hooper & Wiedenmayer, 1994 (see M. (A.) furcata). Among these, M. (A.) lilianae is the only species close to the Hawaiian specimens in the shape and size of the spicules. The study of the paratypes of M. (A.) lilianae confirmed that the Hawaiian and the Brazilian specimens are morphologically very similar. The measurements of spicules from Carballo & Hajdu (1998) are reported in Tab. 10. In the type locality M. (A.) lilianae was also found living on C. riisei. It is unlikely that the Hawaiian and the Brazilian specimens are conspecific with such a disjunct distribution but in the absence of molecular evidence we can not elucidate their cryptogenic nature., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 37-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Carballo, J. L. & Hajdu, E. (1998) Micromorphology in Mycale taxonomy (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) with the description of two new micracanthoxea-bearing species. Contributions to Zoology, 67 (3), 187 - 195.","Carballo, J. L. & Cruz-Barraza, J. A. (2010) A revision of the genus Mycale (Poecilosclerida: Mycalidae) from the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Contributions to Zoology, 79 (4), 165 - 191.","Buizer, D. A. G. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (1977) Mycale micracanthoxea nov. spec. (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) from the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 11 (3 / 4), 297 - 304. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0077 - 7579 (77) 90010 - 2","Reiswig, H. M. & Kaiser, H. (1989) Description of Mycale bamfieldense n. sp. (Porifera. Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from Vancouver Island. British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67 (3), 674 - 677. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 89 - 097","Hajdu, E., Zea, S., Kielman, M. & Peixinho, S. (1995) Mycale escarlatei n. sp. and Mycale unguifera n. sp. (Demospongiae) from the Tropical-Western Atlantic. Beaufortia, 45 (1), 1 - 16.","Hooper, J. N. A. & Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (Ed), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 12. CSIRO, Melburne, pp. 1 - 620."]}

Chondropsis subtilis n. sp. (Fig. 6 A���H) (Tab. 3) Holotype material. MSNG 56260: sample Bugor 504: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Manado Tua Island, Negeri, 15 m, September 2007. Paratype material. MSNG 56261: sample Siladen Village: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Siladen Island, 10 m, October 2008. Comparative material: Chondropsis wilsoni Dendy, 1895 holotype material BMNH, 1902.10.18.155- 156-157 (three slides). Diagnosis. Chondropsis subtilis is characterised by a surface that is covered by a reticulated pattern of fine sand, a main skeleton of longitudinal, ascending tracts of sand, strongyles and foreign spicules embedded in spongin; spicules are thin strongyles (2 ��m) as megascleres and small sigmas as microscleres. Description. The sponge (holotype) encrusts a colony of Carijoa riisei as a pellicle up to 0.5 mm thick (Fig. 6 A, B), leaving only the polyp openings free. The holotype occurs on several branches of the coral, up to 14 cm long (Fig. 6 C). The paratype occurs on several inter-crossing branches of C. riisei covered by numerous other epibionts (bryozoans, vermetids, foraminifera). Consistency soft and compressible. Surface microconulose due to protruding choanosomal bundles; in some portions of the sponge surface sand and spicules create a fine network (Fig. 6 D). In the paratype the surface is collapsed, the conules are more prominent and the sponge surface is strongly shaggy. The colour is pink salmon in situ (Fig. 6 A, B), whitish in ethanol (Fig. 6 C). Skeleton. Ectosomal skeleton of scattered, tangential strongyles, sand and abundant foreign spicules. A regular network of polygonal to circular meshes, about 100 ��m in diameter, is evident on the sponge surface (Fig. 6 D); in some parts of the sponge, the surface consists of an homogeneous layer of sand, foreign spicules and strongyles (Fig. 6 E) and the regular pattern of sand is not evident. Choanosomal skeleton of longitudinal, ascending tracts of spongin (70���125 ��m in diameter), embedded sand grains, strongyles and foreign spicules connected by debris and transverse strongyles; they sometimes branch dichotomously reaching the ectosome (Fig. 6 F). Strongyles from the longitudinal tracts extend beyond the surface thus making it microhispid (Fig. 6 F). Spicules. Abundant strongyles, straight and very thin, (Fig. 6 G), with a central black canal, 142.5 ��� 180 x 2 ��m. Sigmas (Fig. 6 H) ���C��� shaped very thin, abundant and ���S��� shaped rare, 13.5 ��� 18.5 ��m. Refer to Tab. 3 for complete measurements. Remarks. The in situ photograph of the holotype shows a massive sponge with scattered oscules close to the colony of Carijoa riisei (Fig. 6 B) and spreading over the octocoral. The massive sponge has the same colour as the epibiontic one described above. They also share similar surface features. We collected only the epibiontic portion but it is very likely that the species is also able to grow in a massive form. All species of Chondropsis have been described from the Indo-Pacific (van Soest et al. 2011). Among these, the species with spicular complement similar to C. subtilis n. sp. (strongyles and sigmas as the unique type of microscleres) are C. ceratosus Kirkpatrick, 1900, C. chaliniformis Lendenfeld, 1889, C. columnifera Dendy, 1895, C. confoederata (Lamarck, 1814), C. kirkii (Bowerbank, 1841), C. lamella (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lev��, 1976) and C. wilsoni Dendy, 1895. Chondropsis australis (Dendy, 1896) differs in having isochelae in addition to sigmas. The remaining species lack microscleres. Chondropsis ceratosus, C. chaliniformis and C. columnifera differ from the new species mainly in having larger sigmas (30���50 ��m, 30 ��m and 35 ��m respectively). Chondropsis kirkii has very small sigmas (5 ��m). Chondropsis lamella differs in having two size categories of sigmas (25���30 ��m and 12 ��m). The examination of the holotype of C. wilsoni reveals that it differs from the new species in having: i) strongyles or tylotes, with irregular extremities, as megascleres (180 x 2.5 ��m), ii) the distribution on the surface of small, scattered exogenous material, without a sandy dermal reticulation, and iii) tracts of strongyles in the choanosome being perpendicular to the surface without tangential, connecting strongyles; these tracts of spicules end in tufts. Chondropsis confoederata differs in having flexuous or bent strongyles (140 ��� 160 x 1 ��� 3 ��m) and a choanosomal skeleton of spongin fibres without clear orientation. Etymology. Named after the latin ��� subtilis ���, meaning thin; referring to its very thin strongyles., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 12-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1895) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (New Series), 7, 232 - 260.","Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011).","Kirkpatrick, R. (1900). Description of Sponges from Funafuti. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 6 (34), 345 - 362.","Lendenfeld, R. Von (1889) A Monograph of the Horny Sponges. Trubner and Co., London, 936 pp.","Lamarck, J. B. P. de Monet, Comte de (1814) Sur les polypiers empates. Annales Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 20, 370 - 386, 432 - 458.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1841) Descriptions of three species of sponge, containing some new forms of organization. Microscopical Journal London, 1, 161 - 162.","Vacelet, J., Vasseur, P. & Levi, C. (1976) Spongiaires de la pente externe des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 49,1 - 116.","Dendy, A. (1896) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (New Series), 8, 14 - 51."]}

Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata n. sp. (Figs. 25 A���F; 26 A���F; 27) (Tabs. 11; 12) Holotype material. MSNG 56265: sample Bugor 307: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Siladen Island, Siladen Barat, depth not stated, January 2007. Paratype material. MSNG 56266: sample Bugor 332: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Siladen Island, Siladen Barat, depth not stated, January 2007. MSNG 56436: sample Bugor Onong: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Siladen Island, Siladen Onong, depth not stated, 27 January 2007 Comparative material: holotype of Mycale (Carmia) hentscheli Hooper & Wiedenmayer, 1994, new name for Mycale macilenta var. australis Hentschel, 1911 ZMB Por 4402 (see van Soest et al. 2011 for details) (Fig. 26 G- N). Diagnosis. Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata n. sp. is characterised by two categories of sigmas, the larger one often with one bifurcate extremity, by two categories of chelae and by toxas similar to raphidotoxas. Description. Very thin encrusting sponge, about 1 mm thick, covering the axis of a colony of Paratelesto rosea (Fig. 25 A, B) up to the bases of anthocodiae (Fig. 25 C). Surface macroscopically smooth but microhispid due to the mycalostyles of the choanosomal tracts. Consistency soft. In some areas transparent, branching canals converging towards elevated oscules. In situ whitish or transparent, with the red colour of the octocoral visible underneath (Fig. 25 A���C). White in ethanol (Fig. 25 B, C). The holotype consists of a small colony of P. ro s ea about 16 cm long, and of two detached fragments (Fig. 25 A, B); the paratype is a colony of about 13 cm that is reproductive and contains numerous larvae (Fig. 25 C). Skeleton. Ectosomal skeleton of tangential mycalostyles organized in tracts and connected by single mycalostyles (Fig. 25 D, E); numerous scattered microscleres. Choanosomal skeleton of plumoreticulate tracts of mycalostyles running towards the surface where they open in fans, making it hispid (Fig. 25 F). Anisochelae I arranged in rosettes over the tracts, beneath the surface. All microscleres are scattered in the tissue. Spicules. Mycalostyles generally straight with a slight constriction beneath the head and with hastate tips (Fig. 26 A), 140 ��� 190 x 2 ��� 3.7 ��m. Anisochelae in two size classes as confirmed by Bhattacharya analysis (Figs. 26 B, C; 27; Tab. 11). The smaller extremity frequently bears fused alae with a space in between. Anisochelae I, more numerous, with the frontal ala shorter than the dorsal one (Fig. 26 B), 17.5���35 ��m; anisochelae II with the smaller extremity characterised by a short tooth on the small, frontal ala (Fig. 26 C), 10���17.5 ��m. Numerous intermediate forms are present. Sigmas numerous, ���C��� or ���S��� shaped in two size classes: sigmas I often with one bifurcate extremity (Fig. 26 D), 52.5 ��� 87.5 x 2 ��� 5 ��m; sigmas II very thin (Fig. 26 E), 25���36 ��m. Toxas very similar to raphidotoxas, with a slight central flexion, variable in length but in a single size class (Fig. 26 F), 51���222.5 ��m. Refer to Tab. 12 for complete measurements. Remarks. The species of the subgenus Aegogropila that are similar to this new species for their spicular complement are M. (A.) lilianae (Carballo & Hajdu, 1998), M. (A.) escarlatei Hajdu, Zea, Kielman & Peixinho, 1995 and M. (A.) plumosa Hoshino, 1981. M. (A.) lilianae and M. (A.) escarlatei were described from the Brazilian coasts, while M. (A.) plumosa is known from Japan. Mycale (A.) lilianae has longer and thicker mycalostyles, anisochelae in three classes, toxas of classical shape and micracanthoxeas (Tab. 10). Mycale (A.) escarlatei differs from the new species in spicule dimensions and in the presence of micracanthoxeas; mycalostyles are longer (254���350 ��m), anisochelae are in three categories and toxas (in two categories) are shorter (up to 77 ��m). Mycale (A.) plumosa has longer and gently sinuous mycalostyles (215 ��� 278 ��� 310 x 4 ��� 6 ��� 7 ��m), as well as three categories of sigmas (sigmas III, 10 ��m). The species belonging to the subgenus Carmia (as it is considered likely polyphyletic (van Soest & Hajdu 2002 b)) were also compared to this new species. In particular M. (C.) macilenta (Bowerbank, 1866), M. (C.) hentscheli Hooper & Wiedenmayer, 1994 and M. (C.) tasmani Bergquist & Fromont, 1988 show the spicular complement close to the new species (with subtylostyles and anisochelae in two or three size classes, sigmas in two size classes and a single category of toxas). Mycale (C.) macilenta and M. (C.) tasmani have bigger mycalostyles (198���265 ��m and 175���242 ��m in length, respectively) and sigmas I (85���102 ��m and 65���104 ��m in length, respectively). The comparison with the holotype of M. (C.) hentscheli (Fig. 26 G���N) highlighted differences in the shape of sigmas II and toxas, and in the length of mycalostyles (232���306 ��m). SEM observations revealed the presence of micracanthoxeas in M. (C.) hentscheli (about 4 ��m long) (Fig. 26 N), which had not been reported by previous authors. Etymology. Named after the bifurcate extremities of sigmas., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Hooper, J. N. A. & Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (Ed), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 12. CSIRO, Melburne, pp. 1 - 620.","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905 Vol. 10, Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011).","Carballo, J. L. & Hajdu, E. (1998) Micromorphology in Mycale taxonomy (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) with the description of two new micracanthoxea-bearing species. Contributions to Zoology, 67 (3), 187 - 195.","Hajdu, E., Zea, S., Kielman, M. & Peixinho, S. (1995) Mycale escarlatei n. sp. and Mycale unguifera n. sp. (Demospongiae) from the Tropical-Western Atlantic. Beaufortia, 45 (1), 1 - 16.","Hoshino, T. (1981) Shallow-Water Demosponges of Western Japan, 1. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, (B) 29 (1), 47 - 205.","Soest, R. W. M. van & Hajdu, E. (2002 b). Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 73","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae Vol. 2. London, Ray Society, pp. 1 - 388.","Bergquist, P. R. & Fromont, P. J. (1988) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 4 (Poecilosclerida). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 96, 1 - 197."]}

Hymedesmia (Stylopus) perlucida n. sp. (Fig. 15 A���G) Holotype material. MSNG 56264: sample Bugor 511: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Nain Island, Jalan Masuk, 17 m, 9 September 2007. Diagnosis. Hymedesmia (Stylopus) perlucida n. sp. is characterised by a single category of acanthostyles and by fusiform isotornotes. Description. Very thin encrusting sponge (about Paratelesto rosea (Fig. 15 A���C); only the anthocodiae are free from sponge cover (Fig. 15 C). The holotype covers a portion of a Paratelesto colony that is about 8 cm long (Fig. 15 B). Surface is macroscopically smooth. The consistency is gelatinous. Transparent in situ (Fig. 15 A) and in ethanol (Fig. 15 B), so that the red colour of the octocoral is visible through the sponge tissue; white in dried state (Fig. 15 C). Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton consists of confused plurispicular tracts and scattered tornotes. The choanosomal skeleton consists of single acanthostyles erect on the coral surface and paucispicular tracts of tornotes (Fig. 15 D, E). Spicules. Isotornotes straight, fusiform, gradually thinner towards the extremities (Fig. 15 F), 147.5 ��� (156.5 �� 7.8) ��� 170 x 2.5 ��m. Acanthostyles with small spines concentrated on the head and scarce along the shaft (Fig. 15 G), 110 ��� (131.7 �� 14.7) ��� 155 x 2.5 ��� (3.3 �� 1) ��� 5 ��m. Remarks. Among the nine species of Hymedesmia (Stylopus) of the Indo-Pacific area (van Soest et al. 2011), those closest to this new species are H. (S.) parvispicula Burton & Rao, 1932 and H. (S.) australiensis (Hentschel, 1911), both of which also have tornotes and acanthostyles in a single category. The other known species differ in the larger size of the spicules: H. (S.) acerata (Topsent, 1904) has tornotes of 460���480 ��m, and acanthostyles of 140���380 ��m; H. (S.) dendy Burton, 1930 has tornotes of 700 x 16 ��m and tylostyles of 2 mm and acanthostyles of 120���240 ��m; H. (S.) indivisa Topsent, 1928 has tylotes of 420���540 ��m and acanthostyles of 210���595 ��m; H. (S.) obtusa Topsent, 1904 has acanthostyles of 130���230 ��m and polytylote tylotes of 280 ��m. H. (S.) australis (Bergquist & Fromont, 1988), H. (S.) lissostyla (Bergquist & Fromont, 1988) and H (S.) oculifera (Hentshel, 1911) have two categories of acanthostyles. In H. (S.) parvispicula tornotes vary in shape from strongylote to amphytylotes; their size is also bigger (210 x 3 ��m). Hymedesmia (S.) australiensis differs from the new species especially in the shape of the tornotes, which are characterised by swollen extremities, and in their size (176 ��� 192 x 2 ��m). Etymology. Named after the transparent colour of living tissues., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011).","Burton, M. & Rao, H. (1932) Report on the shallow-water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part I. Records of the Indian Museum, 34, 299 - 358.","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905 Vol. 10, Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 280 pp.","Burton, M. (1930) Additions to the Sponge Fauna at Plymouth. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 16 (2), 489 - 507. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400072891","Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 74, 376 pp.","Bergquist, P. R. & Fromont, P. J. (1988) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 4 (Poecilosclerida). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 96, 1 - 197."]}

Spirastrella cf. cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868 (Fig. 4 A���G) Examined material. Sample HL 162: Vietnam, Hang Trai Island, Hang Du II Lake, 5 m, 26 April 2004. Description. The sponge, about 1 mm thick, covers the basal stolons and the proximal portion of a colony of Carijoa riisei, as well as a bivalve shell (24 cm 2) where the octocoral colony is settled (Fig. 4 A). The surface is smooth, slightly pink in ethanol, with evident subectosomal canals. Skeleton. Spirasters II are concentrated in the ectosome forming a thick superficial crust (Fig. 4 B). Choanosome with scattered spirasters I and II; tylostyles are grouped in multispicular tracts with tyles towards the substrate (Fig. 4 C) and tips protruding beyond the surface. Spicules. Straight tylostyles with hastate tips and generally rounded heads (Fig. 4 D, G), 225 ��� (341.5 �� 66.9) ��� 450 x 5 ��� (8.5 �� 2.3) ��� 10 ��m, with evident axial canal starting from the head. Spirasters in two categories: spirasters I large, with thick, slightly bent axis and conical large spines (Fig. 4 E, G), 30.5 ��� (46.3 �� 6.9) ��� 60.5 x 5 ��� (7.5 �� 1.3) ��� 10 ��m, numerous spicules have a straight and thin axis; spirasters II small, with spiralled axis or rabd-like with straight axis; numerous intermediate forms (Fig. 4 F, G), 5 ��� (8.7 �� 1.4) ��� 12.5 ��m. Distribution and remarks. The spicule shape of the Vietnamese sample and the skeletal organisation are very similar to S. cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868 as described and illustrated by R��tzler (2002) (see Fig. 5: 223). The holotype has tylostyles with oval or rounded heads, 480 x 8 ��m in length on average; small spirasters of 10 ��� 25 x 5 ��� 23 ��m and large spirasters of 28 ��� 50 x 23 ��� 35 ��m (R��tzler, 2002) slightly larger than those of the Vietnamese specimen. Spirastrella cunctatrix was originally described from the Mediterranean Sea, and later recorded also in the Indo- Pacific area (Mergui-Burma Archipelagos (Carter 1887), Hong Kong (van Soest 1982), Madagascar (Vacelet & Vasseur 1971), the Red Sea (L��vi 1965), and Vietnam (Azzini et al. 2007)) but its distribution has to be considered restricted to the Atlanto-Mediterranean area (van Soest et al. 2011). Further molecular studies could clarify its cryptogenic nature. The species was always described as a thin encrusting sponge, with the exception of the massive sponge record from the Red Sea (L��vi 1965)., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Schmidt, O. (1868) Die Spongien der Kuste von Algier. Mit Nachtragen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 44 pp.","Rutzler, K. (2002) Family Spirastrellidae Ridley & Dendy, 1886. In Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 220 - 223. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 23","Carter, H. J. (1887) Report on the Marine Sponges, chiefly from King Island, in the Mergui Archipelago, collected for the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. John Anderson, F. R. S., Superintendent of the Museum. The Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 21 (127 - 128), 61 - 84.","Soest, R. W. M. van (1982) A small collection of sponges (Porifera) from Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. S. & Tseng, C. K. (Eds.), The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China (Proceedings 1 st International Marine Biolology Workshop), 85 - 95.","Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1971) Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, Supplement 1, 51 - 126.","Levi, C. (1965) Spongiaires recoltes par l'expedition israelienne dans le sud de la Mer Rouge en 1962. In: Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962, Report 13. Bulletin Sea Fisheries Research Station, Israel, 39, 3 - 27.","Azzini, F., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C., Bavestrello, G. & Pansini, M. (2007) Sponges of the marine karst lakes and of the coast of the islands of Ha Long Bay (North Vietnam). In: Custodio, M. R., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Rio de Janeiro: Museu National, pp. 157 - 164.","Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011)."]}

Mycale (Carmia) sp. (Fig. 29 A���F) Examined material. Sample Bugor 310: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Siladen Island, Siladen Barat, 7 m, 28 January 2007. Description. Gelatinous, very thin encrusting sponge (about 1 mm thick) on Carijoa riisei (Fig. 29 A, B). Brownish-orange in situ (Fig. 29 A), yellow-whitish in ethanol (Fig. 29 B). The collected specimens consist of six fragments of a colony of Carijoa, up to 14 cm in length (Fig. 29 B). Skeleton. No specialized ectosomal skeleton. Plumose tracts of mycalostyles, reinforced by toxas, without evident direction (Fig. 29 C). Anisochelae scattered in the tissue. Spicules. Thin mycalostyles generally straight, with oval, needle-shaped heads and blunt tips (Fig. 29 D), 125 ��� (194.8 �� 25.8) ��� 212.5 x 2 ��m. Anisochelae with a characteristic tooth on the frontal basal ala (Fig. 29 E), 12.5 ��� (13.6 �� 1.7) ��� 17.5 ��m. Toxas with a well pronounced central flexion (Fig. 29 F), 62 ��� (174.0 �� 82.4) ��� 380 ��m. Remarks. The attribution to the subgenus Carmia is uncertain due to the bad preservation of the specimen. The presence of an ectosomal skeleton is doubtful. Mycale (C.) toxifera (Dendy, 1896) is very close to Mycale (Carmia) sp. especially in the shape of mycalostyles, but the microscleres are different in shape and dimensions (see M. (C.) cf. toxifera description)., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1896) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (New Series), 8, 14 - 51."]}

Monanchora enigmatica (Burton & Rao, 1932) (Fig. 9 A���E) Examined material. Sample Bugor 410 (bis 1): Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Siladen Island, 27 m, September 2007. Description. Fleshy, thin sponge, about 1 mm thick, covering the body wall of Carijoa riisei (Fig. 9 A). The sample occurs on two fragments of the octocoral, about 6 cm in length, which are branched and covered by additional epibionts (Fig. 9 A). Macroscopically smooth surface, yellowish in ethanol (Fig. 9 A). Skeleton. Without a definite ectosome. Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular tracts of strongyles, partially embedded in spongin, running towards the surface, and interconnecting, in a confused way, in the interior parts (Fig. 9 B). These tracts are echinated by styles (Fig. 9 C). Spicules. Strongyles straight (Fig. 9 D), 172.5 ��� (186.8 �� 9.8) ��� 207.5 x 2 ��� (2.5 �� 0.3) ��� 2.5 ��m. Styles slightly constricted beneath the rounded extremity and with a pointed tip (Fig. 9 E), 77.5 ��� (140 �� 25.4) ��� 162 x 2.5 ��� (6.3 �� 1.8) ��� 7.5 ��m. No microscleres. Distribution and remarks. This is a new record for the Indonesian Archipelago and the second after its original description from the Nicobar Islands. In his revision of Monanchora, van Soest (2002 c) stated that the assignment to this genus is uncertain for species having only reduced and modified megascleres. This is the case for M. enigmatica, which lacks microscleres and possesses modified megascleres (strongyles). Nevertheless the species is well characterised by its spicular complement of strongyles and styles with a characteristic ���constricted neck��� (177.2 x 2.6 and 128.9 x 5.6 ��m, respectively) and by a ���plumose dendritric skeleton of bundles of thin strongyles��� echinated by styles (van Soest 2002 c). The skeleton arrangement previously described (Fig. 9 B, C) and the spicular features of our specimen (Fig. 9 D���F) fit with those of the Indian species of Burton & Rao (1932), re-described by van Soest (2002 c). This species was also recorded in massive form, incorporating and overgrowing vermetid tubes, close to the sampling locality (B.C. pers. observ.)., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Burton, M. & Rao, H. (1932) Report on the shallow-water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part I. Records of the Indian Museum, 34, 299 - 358.","Soest, R. W. M. van (2002 c) Family Crambeidae Levi, 1963. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 547 - 555. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 58"]}

Biemna fistulosa (Topsent, 1897) (Fig. 19 A���I) (Tab. 8) Examined material. Sample HK 11: Hawai���i, O���ahu Island, Hawai���i Kai, depth between 0.5���3 m, 31 May 2007; sample HK 12: Hawai���i, O���ahu Island, Hawai���i Kay, depth not stated, 31 May 2007; sample HK 13: Hawai���i, O���ahu Island, Hawai���i Kai, depth not stated, 31 May 2007. Description. The HK 11 specimens grew in massive forms around the axis of seven small portions of Carijoa riisei, up to 5 cm long. Specimen HK 13 consists of a small fragment that is very badly preserved, covering a colony of C. riisei. Specimen HK 12 produced long fistules, encrusting the axis of the coral (Fig. 19 A, B). Only a small portion of this specimen was examined. It covers a small colony of C. riisei about 7 cm long, with a small portion of a fistula. The fistula has a thin wall and smooth surface. The sponge is fragile and breaks easily. In situ the sponge is yellow (Fig. 19 A), pale yellowish when preserved. Skeleton. Ectosomal skeleton absent, only a thin membrane with detritus and pigmented cells. Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate with multispicular tracts running towards the surface (Fig. 19 C); groups of raphides are visible scattered in the choanosome. Specimen HK 11 has a more regular reticulum. Spicules. Styles, with a slight curve in the basal part of the axis, and with regular head (Fig. 19 D), 295 ��� 370 x 5 ��� 12.5 ��m. Microxeas in two categories: microxeas I smooth and with different extremities (Fig. 19 E), 82.5 ��� 117.5 x 2.5 ��m; microxeas II with one smooth extremity and the other microspined (Fig. 19 F), 20���43.7 ��m. Raphides with spines oriented towards one extremity (Fig. 19 G), 87.5���125 ��m. Sigmas ���C��� and ���S��� shaped with spined extremities and in a single category (Fig. 19 H), 12.5���50 ��m. Commas rare, sinuous and microspined, with spines directed towards the larger extremity (Fig. 19 I), 22.5���37.5 ��m. Refer to Tab. 8 for complete measurements. Distribution and remarks. Ambon (Topsent 1897; Desqueyroux-Fa��ndez 1981), Hong Kong (Pulitzer-Finali 1982), East Africa (Pulitzer-Finali 1993) and Hawai���i (Coles et al. 1999). This species is well characterised by its spicule complement with commas and two kinds of microxeas. The specimen recorded from Hawai���i agrees with the previous records of this species in the size and the shape of spicules. Topsent (1897) described B. fistulosa as a fragile sponge with reticulate skeleton; spicules are styles, more or less curved, especially in the apical part (300 ��� 330 x 8 ��m), sigmas very numerous, in two sizes (58 x 2 ��m and 15 x 1 ��m), two kinds of microxeas (33 x 1 ��m and 105 x 3 ��m) and raphides (110 ��m). Commas were not originally described, but later recorded by the same author (Topsent 1913) in the type material., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Topsent, E. (1897) Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 4, 421 - 487.","Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. (1981) Revision de la collection d'eponges d'Amboine (Moluques, Indonesie) constitue par Bedot et Pictet et conservee au Museum d'histoire naturelle de Geneve. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 88 (3), 723 - 764.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1982) Some shallow-water sponges from Hong Kong. In: B. S. Morton & C. K. Tseng, (Eds). The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. Proceedings 1 st International Marine Biolology Workshop, pp. 97 - 110.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1993) A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia naturale ' Giacomo Doria', 89, 247 - 350.","Coles, S. L., DeFelice, R. C., Eldredge, L. G. & Carlton, J. T. (1999) Historical and recent introductions of nonindigenous marine species into Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Marine Biology, 135, 147 - 158. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002270050612"]}

Genus Batzella Topsent, 1893 Batzella aurantiaca (L��vi, 1958) (Fig. 5 A���C) Examined material. Sample SC 1: Hawai���i, O���ahu Island, Shark���s Cove, depths between 9���15 m, 11 June 2007. Description. Encrusting sponges Carijoa riisei of about 2 cm in length. The anthocodiae are free to expand and retract (Fig. 5 A). Yellow in situ (Fig. 5 A) and whitish in formalin. Skeleton. No ectosomal skeleton. Choanosomal skeleton of small bundles of strongyles, not bound by spongin (Fig. 5 B). Spicules. Straight and very thin strongyles, sometimes with slightly different extremities (Fig. 5 C) and with a black axial canal evident microscopically, 180 ��� (194.5 �� 2.3) ��� 205 x 2.5 ��m. Distribution and remarks. Red Sea. This is a new record for Hawai���i. Like B. aurantiaca (L��vi, 1958), the congeneric species B. frutex Pulitzer-Finali, 1982 and B. melanos (de Laubenfels, 1954) were also described from the Indo-Pacific. Batzella frutex is an erect sponge, composed of numerous branches, with a minutely spined surface. The skeleton consists of spongin fibres of 35 ��m in diameter and strongyles of two kinds (regular strongyles 230 ��� 280 x 3 ��m, strongyles with a blunt or mucronate extremity 125 ��� 175 x 3 ��m). Batzella melanos from Marshall Islands is a black, encrusting species, with skeleton confusedly arranged and straight strongyles (227 ��m). L��vi described B. arauntiaca (as Prianos) from the Red Sea as encrusting, orange-brownish in colour, with irregular tracts of straight strongyles (180 ��� 190 x 1.5 ��m) often characterised by an evident central canal. Later, Vacelet & Vasseur (1971) found other specimens of B. aurantiaca encrusting massive corals in Tulear (South West of Madagascar), with larger strongyles (230 ��� 290 x 2.5 ��� 4 ��m). The specimens from Tulear vary in colour from orange to mauve. The specimen growing on C. riisei fits well with these previous descriptions of B. aurantiaca; in particular, strongyles have the same shape and comparable size, and the skeletal organisation is similar. Several hypotheses may explain this record from Hawai���i, geographically distant from the type locality of the species. Batzella aurantiaca may be a new introduction to Hawai���i much like many other recent records in the archipelago (Carlton & Eldredge 2009). Alternatively, it may have been overlooked by previous surveys (de Laubenfels 1950 a; 1951; 1957; Bergquist 1967; 1977). Great help in clarifying the cryptogenic nature of species with such a wide geographical distribution could come from molecular studies, as already happened for Cliona celata (Xavier et al. 2010; Paula et al. 2012) and Chondrilla nucula (Usher et al. 2004)., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Levi, C. (1958) Resultats scientifiques des Campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne 1951 - 1952 en Mer Rouge (suite). 11. Spongiaires de Mer Rouge recueillis par la ' Calypso' (1951 - 1952). Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, 34 (3), 3 - 46.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1982) Some shallow-water sponges from Hong Kong. In: B. S. Morton & C. K. Tseng, (Eds). The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. Proceedings 1 st International Marine Biolology Workshop, pp. 97 - 110.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1954) The sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology, 7, 1 - 306.","Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1971) Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, Supplement 1, 51 - 126.","Carlton, J. T. & Eldredge, L. (2009) Marine bioinvasions of Hawai'i: the introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Cultural and Environmental Studies, 4, 1 - 202.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1950 a) The Sponges of Kane'ohe Bay, O'ahu. Pacific Science, 4 (1), 3 - 36.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1951) The Sponges of the Islands of Hawai'i. Pacific Science, 5, 256 - 271.","Bergquist, P. R. (1967) Additions to the Sponge Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica, 3 (2), 159 - 174.","Bergquist, P. R. (1977) Porifera. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge L. G. (Eds.), Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, pp. 53 - 69.","Xavier, J. R., Rachello-Dolmena, V., Parra-Velandia, F., Schonberg, C. H. L, Breeuwera, J. A. J. & van Soest, R. W. M. (2010) Molecular evidence of cryptic speciation in the \" cosmopolitan \" excavating sponge Cliona celata (Porifera, Clionaidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56, 13 - 20. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.03.030","Paula, T. S. de, Zilberberg, C., Hajdu, E. & Lobo-Hajdu G. (2012) Morphology and molecules on opposite sides of the diversity gradient: Four cryptic species of the Cliona celata (Porifera, Demospongiae) complex in South America revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, 529 - 541. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.11.001","Usher, K. M., Sutton, D. C., Toze, S. Kuo, J., Fromont J. (2004) Biogeography and phylogeny of Chondrilla species (Demospongiae) in Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 270, 117 - 127. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 270117"]}

Mycale (Carmia) cf. toxifera (Dendy, 1896) (Fig. 28 A���G) (Tab. 13) Examined material. Sample SC. O���ahu: Hawai���i, O���ahu Island, Shark���s Cove, 14 m, 28 March 2005; sample SC 2: Hawai���i, O���ahu Island, Shar���s Cove, depth between 9���15 m, 11 June 2007. Description. Thinly encrusting sponge, about 1 mm thick, covering two fragments of Carijoa riisei, up to 5 cm long. Consistency gelatinous. In situ dull orange or ochre (Fig. 28 A), brownish in ethanol (Fig. 28 B). Skeleton. No specialized ectosome. Choanosome made of small tracts of mycalostyles running to the surface and scattered microscleres (Fig. 28 C). Spicules. Mycalostyles straight and very thin, with a well pronounced head (Fig. 28 D), 130 ��� 245 x 2 ��� 2.5 ��m. Palmate anisochelae; the upper part with a well-formed frontal ala, and the basal portion with a single frontal ala and two basal spur-like projections, visible with SEM (Fig. 28 E), 10���16.2 ��m. Sigmas very rare, regular in shape and very thin (Fig. 28 F), 17.5���32.2 ��m. Toxas with a slight central flexion and bent tips (Fig. 28 G), 45���212.5 ��m. Refer to Tab. 13 for complete measurements. Distribution and remarks. Australia. The only two Indo-Pacific species of this subgenus that have a similar spicule complement (mycalostyles, sigmas, anisochelae and toxas in a single category) are M. (C.) suezza (Row, 1911) and M. (C.) toxifera. Mycale (C.) suezza has larger spicules: mycalostyles (320 ��� 330 x 4 ��m), sigmas (70 ��m), anisochelae (40 ��m), and toxas (210���310 ��m). The spicule sizes of M. (C.) toxifera (mycalostyles 200 x 4 ��m, anisochelae about 10 ��m, toxas about 95 x 1.7 ��m and very rare sigmas of about 12 ��m) are close to those of our specimens. Dendy (1896) described this species as a massive sponge with a very lax and irregular main skeleton of sinuous, branching and multispicular fibres. Our specimens mainly differ in the thickness of the mycalostyles (very thin). The bad conservation status of the Hawaiian specimens did not allow us to examine the organization of the skeleton, thereby preventing a conclusive species assignment., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 44-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1896) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (New Series), 8, 14 - 51.","Row, R. W. H. (1911) Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., B. Sc., F. Z. S. XIX. Report on the Sponges collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part II. Non-Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 31 (208), 287 - 400."]}

Strongylacidon meganese (de Laubenfels, 1951) (Fig. 7 A���F) Examined material. Sample Carramba 8 sp. 3: Indonesia, Ambon Island, Depan Tupa, depth not stated, 2008. Description. The sponge encrusts a Carijoa riisei (Fig. 7 A) colony partially covering the polyp calyces (Fig. 7 B). The sample occurs on two branches of the coral, up to 14 cm long. The thickness of the sponge is about 0.5 mm, the surface is smooth, pale yellow in ethanol preserved specimens (Fig. 7 B). Skeleton. No specialized ectosomal skeleton; the main skeleton is a confused arrangement with strongyles organized in tracts without clear orientation and numerous scattered microscleres (Fig. 7 C). Spicules. Strongyles straight and thin (Fig. 7 D), 135 ��� (189.8 �� 29.6) ��� 225 x 1.2 ��� (2.3 �� 0.6) ��� 3.7 ��m. Isochelae (Fig. 7 E), 12.5 ��� (14.9 �� 1.8) ��� 18.7 ��m, frequently with a cutting on the frontal ala. Distribution and remarks. This is a new record for Indonesia and the second record of the species since its original description from Hawai���i. Our specimen fits with the original description of de Laubenfels (1951) who reported this species as a paper-thin incrustation with strongyles of 210 ��� 240 x 3 ��m and chelae 16 ��m long. The species is the only Strongylacidon from the Indo-Pacific area, characterised by arcuate chelae (not unguiferate), by the lack of sigmas and by a single category of strongyles., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Laubenfels, M. W. de (1951) The Sponges of the Islands of Hawai'i. Pacific Science, 5, 256 - 271."]}