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Recentemente, os jogos digitais e a tecnologia de realidade virtual vêm sendo utilizados como um recurso complementar para a reabilitação. É importante destacar que diversos fatores devem ser levados em consideração ao desenvolver um artefato digital para auxiliar na reabilitação virtual de idosos. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse artigo foi propor um checklist para auxiliar no desenvolvimento e avaliação de jogos digitais em realidade virtual para a reabilitação virtual de idosos. A metodologia foi dividida em quatro etapas: revisão sistemática de literatura, proposição do checklist, coleta e análise de dados. A pesquisa pode ser classificada como um estudo quanti-qualitativo. Foi feito um grupo focal confirmatório com dois participantes para validar o checklist proposto. O instrumento para a coleta de dados foi a entrevista semiestruturada. Como resultado, foi feita uma revisão de literatura a fim de levantar um conjunto de diretrizes para a reabilitação virtual de idosos. Foi aplicada a atividade de card sorting para sistematizar esse conjunto de diretrizes. A partir disso, foi apresentado um checklist que visa orientar o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de um artefato digital para auxiliar na reabilitação virtual dos idosos. O checklist proposto inclui 29 itens, organizados nas seguintes categorias: terapia, motivação, interação e segurança. Foram sugeridas duas versões do checklist. A primeira é voltada para os desenvolvedores e visa orientar a construção do artefato digital. Já a segunda pode ser aplicada na etapa de avaliação para verificar se o jogo digital em realidade virtual atende às necessidades e preferências do público sênior.

Este artículo de revisión se basó en el examen de los informes y anexos reportados durante la ejecución del proyecto: “Prestación del servicio de apoyo pedagógico para la inclusión de estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales de los municipios no certificados de Santander”, el cual fue realizado durante el 2020 con miras a implementar el Decreto 1421 de 2017 (MEN, p. 1) que establece las directrices para la educación inclusiva. Así pues, el artículo busca identificar los hallazgos para la implementación de la educación inclusiva en entornos virtuales. Se empleó entonces una metodología cualitativa, apoyada en la observación y la revisión documental, signada por muestras diversas o de máxima variación (Álvarez, 2008; Hernández, Fernández y Baptista, 2014). Se identificaron, además, las situaciones expuestas dentro de los documentos anexos, ya que estas se han convertido en reto para los docentes y padres de familia en el desarrollo de las labores académicas y laborales durante la pandemia.

RESUMEN Introducción: La malnutrición está relacionada con una disminución de las capacidades funcionales en personas adultas mayores. Estudios en población adulta mayor han demostrado asociación directa entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y las limitaciones funcionales. Objetivo: Determinar la relación existente entre el nivel de autovalencia y el estado nutricional en población de adultos mayores chilenos. Metodología: Este estudio de carácter cuantitativo descriptivo transversal, analizó una muestra de 837 sujetos de la comuna Los Andes en Chile, a través de una base de datos anonimizada con las atenciones realizadas el año 2017. Para análisis estadístico se aplicó la prueba Chi-cuadrado con un nivel de confianza del 95%, y se determinó el OR para observar el tipo de asociación. Resultados: Según los resultados estadísticamente significativos, existe una asociación negativa entre el “estado nutricional normal” y la “autovalencia con riesgo” (OR= 0,62 p= 0,0012), comportándose como factor protector. Por otra parte, existe una asociación negativa entre el “estado nutricional de obesidad” y la “autovalencia sin riesgo” (OR= 0,51 p= 0,0001) y una asociación positiva con la “autovalencia con riesgo” (OR= 1,54 p= 0,0067) y la dependencia (OR= 1,68 p= 0,001). Conclusión: Un estado nutricional normal se asoció a un menor riesgo de dependencia en la población adulta mayor. La malnutrición por exceso podría ser un factor de riesgo de dependencia.

Este artículo de investigación tiene como objetivo, exponer la manera en la que los derechos fundamentales de las personas del Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga se ven protegidos a través del mecanismo jurídico denominado «derecho de petición de atención prioritaria», con el fin de identificar su eficacia. Para ello, se utilizó como base de análisis los casos presentados en el Consultorio Jurídico de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana Seccional Bucaramanga, durante el periodo comprendido entre el segundo semestre de 2018 y primer semestre de 2019. En el desarrollo de este trabajo se aplicó un método investigativo de tipo cuantitativo, el cual se vio materializado en el análisis de los diferentes documentos presentados durante el desarrollo de casos en el Consultorio Jurídico de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana Seccional Bucaramanga. En ese sentido, se realizó un estudio de derechos de petición con atención prioritaria y las acciones de tutela, en los casos en que fue necesario acudir ante la jurisdicción para la protección de los derechos fundamentales del usuario de Consultorio Jurídico. Lo anterior, con el fin de establecer la eficacia del mecanismo sujeto a estudio. Como se evidenció en los resultados, al derecho de atención prioritaria no se le está dando el tratamiento jurídico especial consagrado en la ley, tanto por las entidades públicas como las privadas. Como conclusiones, observamos que, la figura es usada en su mayoría para la protección del derecho a la salud y aun haciendo uso de este derecho de petición las entidades no responden en los términos legales.

O objetivo desse artigo foi sistematizar um conjunto de diretrizes, recomendações e princípios de design para a reabilitação virtual de idosos por meio da atividade de card sorting. A metodologia incluiu quatro etapas. Na primeira etapa, foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico para a reabilitação virtual de idosos. Na segunda etapa, foi realizada a atividade de card sorting para classificar um conjunto de diretrizes conforme os grupos já definidos. Na terceira etapa, foi feita a análise estatística dos dados coletados. Na etapa final, as diretrizes foram reagrupadas conforme os resultados encontrados na pesquisa. A aplicação do card sorting possibilitou sistematizar um conjunto de 60 diretrizes para a reabilitação virtual de idosos em quatro grupos, sendo eles: terapia, motivação, interação e segurança.

Glycaemic response (GR) to starch-based meals depends on their food composition and microstructure. We studied the effect of palm and soybean oils on the microstructure of a solid starch-oil-gluten matrix, on the starch gelatinisation and

Predation is a major evolutionary force in animal ecology. Mechanisms by which prey coloration provides camouflage has been widely studied. However, predator response to prey camouflage and concealment has received less attention. Understanding vegetation structure effect on depredation success could help managers design strategies to mitigate the depredation of managed species (e.g., threatened or hunted). We aimed to investigate the relationship between depredation rate, nest camouflage and concealment in ground-nesting birds of farmlands, and their predators. We set up an experiment of 2576 artificial ground nests to assess the role of egg coloration (white, light green, and dark green), egg size (small, medium, and large), and vegetation structure (vegetation height and land use) in nest survival rates. We also explored the role of predator searching strategies by analysing clumped depredation and multiple depredation events. Of the nests, 34.0% were depredated, with corvids as the predators 78.5% of the time. Corvid depredation decreased by 40-60% in grasslands and spring crops above a vegetation height of 30 cm. In contrast, vegetation height and land use may be of far less importance in avoiding depredation by other predators. The probability of depredation was spatially clumped, suggesting that predators increase search effort in areas where a nest was previously encountered. Neighboring depredation and depredation repetition were more frequent in corvids than in other predators. Our study indicates that nests in vegetation higher than 30 cm had a drastic reduction in depredation rates by corvids. Management of vegetation structure is a key tool to mitigate depredation risk, and improving the availability of alternative food resources may be a complementary tool.

Introducción: En el mundo se pierden cerca de un tercio de todos los alimentos producidos para consumo humano en el mundo, mientras que en Jalisco sólo 68.5% de la población tiene seguridad alimentaria. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar a los beneficiarios socio-demográficamente y evaluar seguridad y pobreza alimentaria. Material y método: Se obtuvieron datos del proyecto “Modelo logístico para el aprovechamiento, conservación y manejo de alimentos: plataforma de alimentos (JAL 2016-01-02-279011)” muestreo a conveniencia de familias atendidas por Banco de Guadalajara, Zapotlanejo y Tepatitlán (n=311). Se evaluó el grado de seguridad y pobreza alimentaria, escolaridad, ingreso familiar comparado con la línea de bienestar mínimo, gasto en alimentación; variables cuantitativas en mediana y rango intercuartilar; cualitativas en frecuencia y porcentaje. Resultados: El 97.4% son mujeres, solo 10% de ellas concluyó preparatoria, 75% presentaron sobrepeso u obesidad. Únicamente 7.4% se clasificó como seguridad alimentaria,Guadalajara tuvo el mayor porcentaje con inseguridad alimentaria moderada y severa (29.7% y 4.7%), y Tepatitlán leve (73.5%), 60% del ingreso se destina a alimentación, 78% muestran pobreza alimentaria. Conclusiones: La pobreza alimentaria coexiste con desnutrición y la obesidad, las mujeres son las encargadas del hogar y la alimentación, por lo que debe intervenirse con enfoque de género y la inseguridad alimentaria leve debe considerarse un problema a atender.

High plasma lactate levels have been associated with reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity and increased type 2 diabetes risk, while mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number has been proposed as a biomarker of mitochondrial function linked to glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between circulating lactate levels and leukocyte mtDNA copy numbers with insulin secretion/sensitivity indexes in 65 Chilean non-diabetic women. mtDNA copy numbers were measured in leukocytes using qPCR and digital-droplet PCR. A 75-g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was performed to calculate systemic and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity indexes, as well as insulin secretion surrogates based on plasma c-peptide. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT; 0.3 g/kg) was also carried out. Disposition indexes were calculated as the product of insulin secretion × sensitivity. Plasma levels of leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α, MCP-1, and non-esterified fatty acids were also determined. Fasting plasma lactate shows a significant association with a wide range of insulin sensitivity/resistance indexes based on fasting plasma samples (HOMA-S, adipose IR index, Revised-QUICKI, leptin-adiponectin ratio, TyG index, McAuley index and TG-to-HDL-C ratio), as well as OGTT-based measures such as the Matsuda index, the hepatic insulin resistance index, and the disposition index. Fasting plasma lactate was also positively associated with the circulating adipokines TNF-α and MCP-1. We also detected a direct association between fasting plasma lactate with leukocyte mtDNA copy numbers. The above results support the use of fasting plasma lactate, and possibly leukocyte mtDNA copy numbers, as biomarkers of reduced oxidative mitochondrial capacity, decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity, and future diabetes risk.

Background: Diets combine food types according to some trade-offs, as for example maximising nutrients and minimising toxins. But some diets include elements because of their activity against the host parasites and other pathogens. This so-called medicinal role of food is under-reported in the literature, either because toxic elements in diets of livestock and wildlife are infrequent, or because their activity against parasites and pathogens has not been fully documented. We contribute to fill this knowledge gap by testing the activity of extracts and essential oils from Papaver rhoeas and Echium plantagineum against a selection of laboratory pathogens. These plants are strongly selected by great bustards Otis tarda during the mating season. Results: During this season we found a significantly higher frequency of P. rhoeas in male than in female faeces. The activity of different extracts of these plants against some laboratory models including a flagellated protozoan (Trichomonas gallinae), a nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and a fungus (Aspergillus niger) was evaluated. We found activity against nematodes and trichomonads in non-polar and polar extracts of the aerial parts of P. rhoeas, especially the extracts of flowers and capsules, and E. plantagineum, especially the extracts of leaves and flowers.Conclusions: Both plants showed anti-parasitic activity, a result compatible with the hypothesis that great bustards eat plants for non-nutritional purposes, likely to assist them in coping with parasites and other pathogens, and P. rhoeas could be especially helpful for males during the mating season, when their immune system is weakened by the investment in secondary sexual characters and sexual display. The self-medication properties of plants and animals included in diets should be considered in studies of foraging behaviour, habitat selection, and even conservation biology of wildlife.

espanolObjetivo: analizar los retos y oportunidades que enfrentan las instituciones en la implementacion del Decreto 1421 de 2017 del Ministerio de Educacion de Colombia, mediante acompanamiento tecnico-pedagogico, el cual se desarrollo en un colegio publico rural de Santander. El problema aborda la exclusion escolar desde las dificultades para implementar la normativa que orienta la atencion de personas con discapacidad en el marco de la educacion inclusiva. Metodo: investigacion cualitativa, de alcance descriptivo y experimental, de tipo investigacion-accion practica. Estrategias: realizando el analisis del discurso con base en las dimensiones para el mejoramiento institucional de politicas, practicas y cultura. Originalidad: el proceso permitio la identificacion de factores que facilitan y dificultan la provision de un servicio de calidad para todos, minimizando el problema de la exclusion y facilitando la construccion y actualizacion de procesos institucionales. Conclusiones: los resultados permitieron identificar los retos y oportunidades que se presentan en el camino de la educacion inclusiva, los procesos de acompanamiento sistematizados y adaptados al contexto, desarrollados con tiempos suficientes y liderados por los miembros de la comunidad impactan directamente en el sistema educativo, generando dinamicas y reformas que favorecen el acceso, la permanencia y la calidad educativa de todos los estudiantes. EnglishTaking into account the importance of the processes of inclusive education in the Colombian context and how the incorporation of new practices preceded by the diffusion of the norm, can generate conflicts within the educational community, the objective of this work was to analyze the challenges and opportunities that the institutions face in the implementation of Decree 1421 of 2017 of the Ministry of Education of Colombia, it was developed in a rural public school in the department of Santander through a technical-pedagogical support. The problem addresses the school exclusion regarding the difficulties of implementing the norm that guide the care of people with disabilities within the framework of inclusive education. The research was carried out under the qualitative methodological approach, descriptive and experimental, of a research-practical action type. There was applied the discourse analysis based on the dimensions for the institutional improvement of policies, practices, and culture. The process allowed the identification of factors that can facilitate or can hinder the provision of a quality of service for all, minimizing the problem of exclusion and making easier the construction of institutional processes in an updated way. This research concludes that to face the challenges and opportunities that arise on the path of inclusive education, the systematized accompanying processes and adapted to the context, developed during enough period of time and lead for the members of communities impact directly in the educational system, developing new dynamics and reforms to be part of, the stay and quality of all students. portuguesConsiderando a importância dos processos da educacao inclusiva no contexto colombiano e como a implementacao de novas praticas precedidas pela difusao da norma podem gerar tensoes dentro da comunidade educacional, o objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em analisar os desafios e possibilidades que enfrentam as instituicoes na implementacao do Decreto 1421 de 2017 do Ministerio da Educacao da Colombia, mediante acompanhamento tecnico-pedagogico, o qual se desenvolveu em um colegio publico rural do estado de Santander. O problema aborda a exclusao escolar desde as dificuldades para implementar a normativa que orienta a atencao de pessoas com deficiencia no marco da educacao inclusiva. A pesquisa se desenvolveu sob o enfoque metodologico qualitativo, de forma descritiva e experimental, de tipo pesquisa-acao pratica, realizando a analise do discurso com base nas dimensoes para aprimoramento institucional de politicas, praticas e cultura. O processo permitiu a identificacao de fatores que facilitam e dificultam a prestacao de um servico de qualidade para todos, minimizando o problema da exclusao e facilitando a construcao e atualizacao de processos institucionais. Essa pesquisa conclui que para afrontar os desafios e possibilidades que se apresentam no caminho para a construcao de uma educacao inclusiva, os processos de acompanhamentos sistematizados e adaptados ao contexto, desenvolvidos com tempos suficientes e liderados pelos membros das comunidades, impactam diretamente no sistema educativo, gerando novas dinâmicas e reformas que favorecem o acesso, a permanencia e a qualidade educativa de todos os estudantes.

[Aims]: Seed dispersal by endozoochory is an important process in plant regeneration and the establishment of new populations. Seeds with dormancy may especially benefit after disperser gut passage. However, the ways in which gut passage affect the germination of plant species with physiological dormancy remain unclear. Here, we experimentally assessed the mutualistic interaction between the Austral parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus) as a disperser of calafate (Berberis microphylla), a thorny bush inhabiting the understory of the Austral temperate forests of South America with seeds that are characterized by deep physiological dormancy., [Methods]: Germination success and viability of calafate seeds obtained from faeces and from intact fruits were tested under four treatments: (i) digested seeds, (ii) digested seeds with faecal extract, (iii) intact seeds from fruit and (iv) intact seeds from fruit with pulp., [Important]: Findings About 65% of the Austral parakeet droppings contained calafate seeds. Viability of seeds did not differ between treatments. However, germination was significantly higher in digested seeds than in intact seeds from fruits, while no difference was found between faecal and pulp extracts. Neither faecal matter nor fruit pulp provided seeds with any ecological advantages derived from enhancing germinability, but did confer some disadvantage in germination time. Faecal matter is expected to be completely lacking around seeds after several months under snow before germinating in the following spring, given intense washing due to persistent rain and the spring thaw in the Patagonian Andes. The higher germinability along with faster germination of digested seeds supports the hypothesis of a legitimate mutualistic interaction between Austral parakeets and calafate. We hypothesized that the passage through the disperser digestive tract might break physiological dormancy as differences in germinability between ingested and non-ingested seeds. Our results highlight the relevant role of endozoochory in plant species with physiological dormancy living in highly seasonal environments., K.S. and S.A.L. were funded by the projects PICT 2015-2072 and PICT 2018-1623.

Establishing whether herb seed endozoochory is accidental or has evolved independently or in combi-nation with other dispersal mechanisms may be valuable in the study of plant–animal interactions, but it remains unexplored for birds. We tested whether an Australian cockatoo, the galah (Eolophus roseicapilla), swallows entire seeds when feeding on other tissues without subsequent seed digestion, thus enhancing seed dispersal (the ‘foliage is the fruit’ hypothesis). Our preliminary sampling provides strong evidence supporting that this seed predator also acts as a legitimate endozoochorous disperser. A large proportion of droppings contained numerous seeds of six herb species of three plant families, surviving gut passage to be dispersed as viable propagules. The wide range in the number of seeds found in combinations with up to five species in particular droppings suggests both simultaneous and sequential passive ingestion without seed digestion and/or focused seed predation and digestion. As expected for inadvertent ingestion and inefficient digestion, our findings suggest that seed number and richness of dispersed plants are associated traits in this particular mutualistic interaction. This relationship can have important implications in community-wide processes, favouring herbs whose seeds are disseminated in a viable state over those predated or negatively affected by gut transit., We thank J. Griffith and the owners of Artemis Station for help in the fieldwork and Fundacion Repsol for funding. Adam Lovas-Kiss was supported by the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and by the New National Excellence Programme of the Ministry of Human Capacities (UNKP-19-4-DE-172).

Intra-specific coloration polymorphism coupled with an ancient process of lineage differentiation in Berberomeloe majalis (Linnaeus, 1758) offers the opportunity to analyse the temporal scenario in which the correlation between toxicity and coloration might have evolved. Based on phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses, we identified the timing for the split between red-striped and entirely black morphotypes of B. majalis. To evaluate whether coloration patterns and toxicity are related in this species, we quantified the concentration of cantharidin across morphotypes and phylogeographic lineages. Phylogenetic analyses based on cox1 mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered three major clades where both morphotypes were intermingled, indicating a multiple homoplastic origin for the entirely black coloration. Our analyses showed that cantharidin content did not differ between morphs of B. majalis; however, it significantly increased in haemolymph in females kept isolated from males, which reveals the females’ ability either to concentrate cantharidin towards haemolymph or to synthesize cantharidin themselves. Lack of monophyly and absence of genetic isolation in both morphotypes favour the hypothesis of a recent homoplastic phenomenon to explain the loss of the striped pattern. Our phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses show that changes in coloration are recent, suggesting that the ancient pressures that fixed and maintained red-striped colorations are no longer acting today on B. majalis. The absence of change in cantharidin content (i.e. entirely black and red-striped specimens are equally poisonous) suggests that the evolution of colour polymorphisms in B. majalis is probably decoupled from toxicity., CGL2010-15786, CGL2008-02567, CGL2012-36345, y CGL2015-66571-P

Hyperglycaemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with impaired insulin secretion and/or insulin action. Since few studies have addressed the relation between DNA methylation patterns with elaborated surrogates of insulin secretion/sensitivity based on the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between DNA methylation and an insulin sensitivity index based on IVGTT (calculated insulin sensitivity index (CSi)) in peripheral white blood cells from 57 non-diabetic female volunteers. The CSi and acute insulin response (AIR) indexes, as well as the disposition index (DI = CSi × AIR), were estimated from abbreviated IVGTT in 49 apparently healthy Chilean women. Methylation levels were assessed using the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450k BeadChip. After a statistical probe filtering, the two top CpGs whose methylation was associated with CSi were cg04615668 and cg07263235, located in the catenin delta 2 (CTNND2) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) genes, respectively. Both CpGs conjointly predicted insulin sensitivity status with an area under the curve of 0.90. Additionally, cg04615668 correlated with homeostasis model assessment insulin-sensitivity (HOMA-S) and AIR, whereas cg07263235 was associated with plasma creatinine and DI. These results add further insights into the epigenetic regulation of insulin sensitivity and associated complications, pointing the CTNND2 and LPL genes as potential underlying epigenetic biomarkers for future risk of insulin-related diseases.

High plasma lactate levels have been associated with reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity and increased type 2 diabetes risk, while mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number has been proposed as a biomarker of mitochondrial function linked to glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between circulating lactate levels and leukocyte mtDNA copy numbers with insulin secretion/sensitivity indexes in 65 Chilean non-diabetic women. mtDNA copy numbers were measured in leukocytes using qPCR and digital-droplet PCR. A 75-g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was performed to calculate systemic and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity indexes, as well as insulin secretion surrogates based on plasma c-peptide. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT; 0.3 g/kg) was also carried out. Disposition indexes were calculated as the product of insulin secretion × sensitivity. Plasma levels of leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α, MCP-1, and non-esterified fatty acids were also determined. Fasting plasma lactate shows a significant association with a wide range of insulin sensitivity/resistance indexes based on fasting plasma samples (HOMA-S, adipose IR index, Revised-QUICKI, leptin-adiponectin ratio, TyG index, McAuley index and TG-to-HDL-C ratio), as well as OGTT-based measures such as the Matsuda index, the hepatic insulin resistance index, and the disposition index. Fasting plasma lactate was also positively associated with the circulating adipokines TNF-α and MCP-1. We also detected a direct association between fasting plasma lactate with leukocyte mtDNA copy numbers. The above results support the use of fasting plasma lactate, and possibly leukocyte mtDNA copy numbers, as biomarkers of reduced oxidative mitochondrial capacity, decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity, and future diabetes risk.

La cefalea constituye uno de los principales síntomas de consulta en el servicio deurgencias y constituye un desafío para el médico. Objetivo: Determinar los factoresclínicos que están asociados con la presencia de masa cerebral en pacientes que debutancon cefalea. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles. Se definió como caso cada paciente que consultó por cefalea con evidencia imagenológica por tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) o resonancia nuclear magnética (RMN)de masa cerebral. Los controles fueron pacientes con cefalea sin evidencia imagenológica de masa cerebral. El tamaño de muestra fue de 272 pacientes (62 casos y 210 controles).Para determinar los factores asociados al desenlace se realizó un análisis de regresión logística binaria, incluyendo variables plausibles con p < 0,2 en el análisis bivariado y aquellas biológicamente plausibles. Se calcularon los odds ratio ajustados (ORA) y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza. Se consideró significativo un valor de p < 0,5. Resultados: Las variables clínicas asociadas con la presencia de masa cerebral fueron: 1) antecedente de cáncer fuera del sistema nervioso central, 2) cefalea que empeora con las maniobras de Valsalva, 3) alteraciones en el examen motor y 4) cefalea que despierta al paciente en la noche. Conclusiones: Se encontró que las variables mencionadas constituyen signos de alarma predictivos de la presencia de cefalea secundaria a masa cerebral y son importantes en la evaluación de todo paciente que consultapor cefalea en el servicio de urgencias y pueden orientar para la toma de decisiones.

[EN]: In sexually size-dimorphic species, physiological constraints derived from differences in body size may determine different food requirements and thus a trophic niche divergence between males and females. These relationships between sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and dietary overlap are not well understood in birds. We analyzed differences between the sexes in diet composition, dietary diversity, diet selection, and volume and density of droppings, as well as the dietary overlap between sexes, in the Great Bustard (Otis tarda), the species showing the highest SSD among birds. We discuss the differences that we found in relation to various predictions derived from ecological and physiological differences between the sexes, under the hypothesis that these differences are ultimately determined by the strong SSD of this species. As expected, our best linear mixed-effects food selection models included sex as a main factor explaining differences in diet composition and dietary diversity of Great Bustards throughout the annual cycle. Both sexes were mostly herbivorous, consuming legumes when they were available. Males consumed fewer arthropods, but of significantly larger size, than females. The droppings of males were larger, heavier, and slightly denser than those of females. Males showed higher dietary diversity than females, except during the postmating season. The mean dietary overlap between the sexes was 0.7, one of the smallest values among birds. Overall, our results suggest that the species' extreme SSD along with the distinct reproductive role of each sex might explain the trophic niche divergence in the Great Bustard., [ES]: En las especies con dimorfismo sexual de tamaño, las limitaciones fisiológicas derivadas de las diferencias en el tamaño corporal pueden determinar diferentes requerimientos alimentarios y por ende una divergencia del nicho trófico entre los machos y las hembras. Estas relaciones entre el dimorfismo sexual de tamaño corporal (DST) y el solapamiento de la dieta no están bien entendidas en las aves. Analizamos las diferencias sexuales en la composición de la dieta, la diversidad de la dieta, la selección de la dieta, y el volumen y la densidad de las heces, así como el solapamiento de la dieta entre sexos en Otis tarda, la especie con mayor DST entre las aves. Las diferencias encontradas fueron analizadas con relación a varias predicciones derivadas de las diferencias ecológicas y fisiológicas entre los sexos, bajo la hipótesis de que estas diferencias están determinadas en última instancia por el fuerte DST en esta especie. Como esperábamos, nuestros mejores modelos lineales de efectos mixtos de selección de alimentos incluyeron al sexo como el factor principal que explica las diferencias en la composición y en la diversidad de la dieta en O. tarda a lo largo del ciclo anual. Ambos sexos fueron principalmente herbívoros, consumiendo legumbres cuando estaban disponibles. Los machos consumieron menos artrópodos pero de tamaño significativamente más grande que las hembras. Las heces de los machos fueron de mayor tamaño y más pesadas, y levemente más densas que las de las hembras. Los machos mostraron una mayor diversidad en la dieta que las hembras, excepto durante la estación post reproductiva. El solapamiento promedio de la dieta entre los sexos fue 0.7, uno de los valores más pequeños entre las aves. En conjunto, nuestros resultados sugieren que el enorme DST en esta especie, junto con el rol reproductivo distintivo de cada sexo, podrían explicar la divergencia del nicho trófico en O. tarda., This study was financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through projects CGL2005-04893, CGL2008-02567, and CGL2012- 36345. N

Increase in nest predation has been identified as a major cause of decline of farmland birds. However, the interactions between agricultural intensification and predation are still poorly understood, particularly after the introduction of agri-environmental schemes (AES). We used an artificial nest predation experiment and camera trapping to examine how AES measures (vetch, organic cereal, and long-term fallows) can affect nest predation in a dry cereal farmland area in central Spain. We found that 66% of nests were predated, and 6% were run over by tractors during the traditional spring works to eliminate weeds in plowed fields. Nests surrounded by tall vegetation suffered lower predation rates, cereal crops being the safest substrate. In contrast, the highest predation rate was found in plowed fields, where nests were more exposed and vulnerable. Nest predation was higher near field edges, where mammals concentrate their predation effort, as shown by camera trapping. Predation was also high in long-term fallows and organic cereal crops, where prey are more abundant than in other field types, thus attracting predators. This was confirmed by the higher mammal predation events recorded by wildlife cameras in fallow fields compared to other substrates. To minimize this predation increase, we recommend that AES-promoted fields should be dispersed, in order to prevent an accumulation of high-quality patches which might attract predators. Finally, it is crucial to establish some restrictions on tractor works in plowed fields in spring to decrease the remarkably high rate of nest destruction (one of every four nests in this substrate)., Compensatory payments to farmers were financed through an AES funded by the construction of the highway Madrid-Guadalajara and managed through a contract CSIC-HENARSA awarded to JCA. CP and CB were supported by the contract CSIC-HENARSA. IS was supported by a Junta de Ampliación de Estudios (JAE) predoctoral fellowship from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Additional funding was provided by the General Directorate for Scientific Research of the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (projects CGL2005-04893 and CGL2008-02567).

Fresh Chilean blueberries take in average 20-50 days to reach overseas markets, so a better knowledge of their postharvest behavior would help maintaining their quality for longer periods. Quality of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Duke’ and ‘Brigitta’) was assessed at six stages based on color: 100% green (100G), 75% green + 25% pink (25P), 50% green + 50% pink (50P), 25% green + 75% pinkblue (75B), 90-100% blue (100B), 100% blue+5 extra days on plant (100B+5). Also, 75P, 100B and 100B+5 fruit were evaluated after storage at 2°C for 45 days + 1 d at 18°C. Over berry maturation from 100G to 100B, color developed steadily while firmness and TA decreased. Respiration and ethylene production rates peaked early, at 25P and 50P, respectively, and were higher for ‘Duke’ than for ‘Brigitta’. After harvest, cultivar- and maturity-related differences were found. ‘Brigitta’ fruit retained higher firmness and had lower weight loss than ‘Duke’. In general, 100B+5 fruit were over-ripe and showed low quality. Additional physiological, morphological and biochemical studies for a wider range of cultivars will be needed. This work was supported by the National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) of Chile (grants FONDECYT 11130539 and PCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2013-63130042), and by the research program “Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change (A2C2)”, from Universidad de Talca, Chile. The work in Spain was supported partially by “Fundación Carolina” and “Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia y Tecnologı́a Agraria y Alimentaria”, from Universitat de Lleida, Spain.

Studies evaluating agri-environmental schemes (AES) usually focus on responses of single species or functional groups. Analyses are generally based on simple habitat measurements but ignore food availability and other important factors. This can limit our understanding of the ultimate causes determining the reactions of birds to AES. We investigated these issues in detail and throughout the main seasons of a bird's annual cycle (mating, postfledging and wintering) in a dry cereal farmland in a Special Protection Area for farmland birds in central Spain. First, we modeled four bird response parameters (abundance, species richness, diversity and "Species of European Conservation Concern" [SPEC]-score), using detailed food availability and vegetation structure measurements (food models). Second, we fitted new models, built using only substrate composition variables (habitat models). Whereas habitat models revealed that both, fields included and not included in the AES benefited birds, food models went a step further and included seed and arthropod biomass as important predictors, respectively, in winter and during the postfledging season. The validation process showed that food models were on average 13% better (up to 20% in some variables) in predicting bird responses. However, the cost of obtaining data for food models was five times higher than for habitat models. This novel approach highlighted the importance of food availability-related causal processes involved in bird responses to AES, which remained undetected when using conventional substrate composition assessment models. Despite their higher costs, measurements of food availability add important details to interpret the reactions of the bird community to AES interventions and thus facilitate evaluating the real efficiency of AES programs.

Las transformaciones asumidas por la mujer, le han permitido trascender en distintas ocupaciones y suplir sus necesidades a partir del contexto histórico-cultural en el que participa. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar el Sentido y el Significado que tienen las ocupaciones para las mujeres del municipio de Inzá, Cauca. Para ello se usó la metodología de Investigación Acción Participativa como alternativa que favorece la construcción colectiva de conocimiento. El proceso permitió encontrar conclusiones alrededor de la dinámica necesaria entre los determinantes y los componentes planteados. A partir de esto se dan recomendaciones encaminadas al conocimiento de diversos usos del tiempo libre. Se rescata la participación como ocupación importante para las mujeres, ya que genera sentido de pertenencia y autovaloración, convirtiéndose en un escenario que favorece la re-significación de la vida.

In this paper we Will address the experience of childbifth experienced by a significant number of women who chose to, at one point of the pregnancy state or already started the 'labor, 'give birth' at the San Agustin maternal and child Hospital of Valparaiso, leaving behind support provided by the "empirical" midwife; bearer of a socio-cultural heritage accepted and still endorsed by the authorities and institutions of the period. Rather than delve into details of the epochal context, we Will focus on showing the results obtained from the analysis of information provided by the studied sources (Clinical and Statistical Bulletins of Motherhood). Results that Will show us the physical condition presented by the newborn, number of pregnancies and bitths experienced by pregnant women before the current attention, precedence of the parturients, among others descriptive considerations. That is how the medical records Will send us to the medical care of over 5000 women that accepted, one kind of professional help, found only when it involved a maternity ward as the built in San Agustin at the end of 1880, at the beginning of the medicalization of childbitth

Introducción: las poblaciones de esquizofrénicos, homosexuales, presidiarios y trabajadores sexuales, están expuestas a factores de riesgo que afectan su morbimortalidad.Objetivo: revisar la literatura indexada en PubMed para tratar de cuantificar el incremento del consumo de tabaco en estos grupos.Materiales y métodos: se diseñó una estrategia de búsqueda sensible para cada uno de los grupos de interés. Dos integrantes del equipo revisaron títulos y resúmenes independientemente para excluir los irrelevantes. Luego de conseguir los textos completos se tabuló la información de cada estudio.Resultados: de 1.894 referencias, se excluyeron 1.365 en un primer filtro, 91 no se consiguieron y 206 estudios, provenientes de 31 países, aportaron información (101 de esquizofrenia, 68 de población homosexual, 31 de presidiarios y 6 de trabajadores sexuales). Las razones de disparidad (IC 95 %) contra grupo control fueron: esquizofrénicos 3,34 (2,95 - 3,78); población homosexual 2,03 (1,84 – 2,26); presidiarios hombres 6,60 (5,15 - 8,46), mujeres 9,72 (5,95 - 15,90) y trabajadoras sexuales 26,3 (6,7 – 103,2).Discusión: el consumo de tabaco es consistentemente elevado en estos grupos estigmatizados. Unido a otros estilos de vida poco saludables explican por qué sus riesgos en salud son mayores. Es necesario diseñar estrategias de intervención específicas para cada grupo.

7 paginas, 3 figuras y 1 table, For many years anticoagulant rodenticides have been used in vole control campaigns, in spite of the proven risk of secondary poisoning of non-target predators and scavengers. In this paper we analyse for the first time great bustard exposure and intoxication by anticoagulant rodenticides in Spain, based on residues found in the livers of 71 bustard carcasses collected during 1991–2010. Ten individuals contained chlorophacinone and one flocoumafen. Chlorophacinone level was significantly correlated with the pathogen and parasite burden of intoxicated birds. Moreover, through the last 12 years the annual number of great bustards that present chlorophacinone in liver collected in our study areas was correlated with vole peaks at a nearby area, suggesting that the ingestion of rodenticide was proportional to the amounts spread in the fields. We conclude that rodenticide consumption is a regular event among great bustards when baited cereal is spread on fields, and that this may cause chronic weakening of intoxicated individuals, possibly affecting their survival. Future rodent control actions should consider these negative side effects on non target granivorous steppe and farmland species, particularly when they are globally threatened., Financial support was provided by project CGL2008-02567 of the Dirección General de Investigación, Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation

SummaryThe effect of 1-MCP and CA storage on aroma production and consumer acceptance were investigated during storage of ‘Royal Gala’ apples. Fruit was harvested 132 d (Harvest 1) and 144 d (Harvest 2) after full bloom (DAFB), and stored under refrigerated air (RA; 0oC; 90 – 95% RH), or in a controlled atmosphere (CA; 2.0 – 2.5 kPa CO2, 1.8 – 2.0 kPa O2), or treated at harvest with 625 nl l–1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) ) followed by RA storage. Ripening indices, aroma volatile production, and sensory quality were determined after 2, 4 and 6 months of storage, plus 7 d of simulated shelf-life. Butyl acetate and hexyl acetate were the most abundant esters produced by ‘Royal Gala’ apple, and hexanol, butanol, and 2-methyl butanol were the most abundant alcohols. Hexyl acetate, 2-methyl butyl acetate and butyl acetate were found to be major contributors to aroma. CA storage and 1-MCP-treatment reduced ethylene production, softening and acidity loss. Storage of apples under RA conditions gave the highest le...

Use of mobile health (mHealth) tools has expanded rapidly but little research has been done on its acceptability by low-income, diverse, older patient populations.To assess the attitudes of a diverse group of underserved women on the acceptability and usability of mHealth tools in a clinical setting using a breast health questionnaire application (app) at a public hospital mammography clinic.Semi-structured interviews were conducted in a breast-imaging center of an urban safety net institution from July-August 2012. Interviews included pre- and post-questions. Women completed the Athena breast health questionnaire app on an iPad and were asked about their experience and ways to improve the tool.Fifteen women age 45-79 years from diverse ethnic and educational backgrounds were interviewed. The majority of women, 11 of 15, preferred the Athena app over a paper version and all the women thought the app was easy to use. Two Spanish-speaking Latinas preferred paper; and two women, with limited mobile phone use, did not have a preference. Many women indicated that it would be necessary to have staff available for instruction and assistance if the app were to be implemented.mHealth tools are an acceptable, if not preferred, method of collecting health information for diverse, older, low-income women. Further studies are required to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of data collection using mHealth tools in underserved populations. mHealth tools should be explored as a novel way to engage diverse populations to improve clinical care and bridge gaps in health disparities.

[ES]La Constitución Española de 1978 (CE) consagró, en su Art. 24, el derecho fundamental a la tutela judicial efectiva. Dicho precepto, en su apartado primero, estableció el llamado derecho al recurso o acceso al juez, el cual se manifiesta, entre otros, mediante el derecho a la tutela cautelar, instrumento garante de la efectiva tutela jurisdiccional. En esta interpretación del contenido de la tutela judicial efectiva fue pionero el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) y, por su influencia, devino en el ordenamiento contencioso-administrativo Español una ampliación del modelo originario y tradicional de medidas cautelares basado en la excepcionalísima y única medida de suspensión del acto administrativo. Este derecho fundamental obligó a compatibilizar el privilegio de autotutela de la administración y su principal efecto: la ejecutividad y ejecutoriedad del acto administrativo con la utilización, por parte del juzgador, de las medidas cautelares necesarias y adecuadas para garantizar la finalidad legítima al recurso o la efectividad de la sentencia.

The effects of 1-MCP and CA storage in aroma production and consumer acceptance, were investigated during the long-term storage of ‘Packham‘s Triumph’ pears. Pears were harvested 144 (Harvest 1) and 157 days (Harvest 2) after full bloom. The fruit were stored under cold storage (0 °C, 90–95% R.H.), controlled atmospheres (CA, 2.0–2.5 kPa O 2 and 1.0–1.5 kPa CO 2 ) or treated at harvest with 1-MCP (0.2 μL L −1 ) followed by cold storage. Ripening indices and aroma volatile production (using SPME technology) were determined after 2, 4 and 6 months of storage plus 5 days of shelf life, in addition to sensory evaluations. Butyl and hexyl acetate, followed by pentyl acetate and butyl butanoate, were the most abundant esters produced by the pears, and butanol and hexanol the most abundant alcohols. Their abundance increased during the development of ripening. Hexyl acetate with fruity notes was found to be the main contributor to the aroma of the pears, followed by butyl acetate and pentyl acetate, while alcohols showed a poor contribution. After 2 months of storage, pears stored under regular cold storage developed the highest content of volatile compounds and also the highest odour value, being preferred by sensory panelists. CA storage and 1-MCP treatment reduced the production of aromatic volatiles by the fruit. Nevertheless, after a longer storage period, pears treated with 1-MCP or stored under CA conditions, recovered capacity for volatile production with odour activity, and the panelists preferred 1-MCP treated over CA stored fruit. Pears treated with 1-MCP from the late harvest date were capable of producing higher amounts of volatile compounds during storage than those harvested at the commercial peak. The treatment of pears with 1-MCP followed by cold storage maintained textural characteristics preferred by the consumers and the capacity of volatile production, and therefore this technology could be used for maintaining fruit quality during long-term storage.

Predictive species' distribution models may answer ecological questions about habitat selection, co-occurrence of species and competition between them. We studied the habitat preferences and segregation of two sympatric species of declining sandgrouse, the black-bellied sandgrouse (Pterocles orientalis) and the pin-tailed sandgrouse (Pterocles alchata), during the breeding season. We developed predictive models that related sandgrouse presence to environmental variables at three different spatial levels: large geographical, landscape and microhabitat scales. At the large geographical scale, differences between sandgrouse distributions, in the Iberian Peninsula, seem to be explained mainly in terms of bioclimatology: pin-tailed sandgrouse appear to be a more thermophilous species and occupy warmer sites usually located in flatter areas. At the landscape spatial level, in those areas that exhibit environmental conditions allowing for both species' co-existence at a large geographical scale, black-bellied sandgrouse appear to be more tolerant to environmental variation than pin-tailed sandgrouse. At the microhabitat level, however, differences between species could be related to different flocking behaviour as a consequence of different sensitivities to vegetation structure and predators. Thus, the observed spatial distribution patterns are the result of different ecological factors that operate at different spatial levels. Conservation guidelines for these species should therefore consider their habitat preferences at large geographical, landscape and microhabitat scales. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

8 paginas, 2 figuras y 1 table, Faecal sexual steroids have been used in field studies evaluating the relationships between gender and the multiple factors influencing endocrine status of individuals. The determination of faecal steroids has been also proposed as an alternative, non-invasive sexing method when other methods were deemed impractical or risky for the health of birds. In this study, we quantified sexual steroid hormones in faeces of the great bustard (Otis tarda), a large and sexually dimorphic polyginic bird species that it is threatened and subjected to intense wildlife management. We evaluated differences between captivity and wild conditions, flocks and sexes, and used faecal steroids to develop sex determination procedures. We found similar steroid levels in captive and wild bustards, no differences between unisexual wild flocks and clear between-sexes differences in testosterone but not estradiol. Faecal steroids accurately discriminated gender in both captive and wild known-sex great bustards. Total testosterone concentration was always higher than estradiol concentration in faecal samples from males, but estradiol was not always higher than testosterone in females. Faecal steroids failed to reveal the presence of young males in female flocks during winter, despite faecal testosterone levels increased with age in a small sample of captive males. Our results show that faecal steroid measurement for both sexing and characterizing the endocrine status of great bustards is feasible, and therefore it should be valuable in wildlife management, especially in combination with additional information obtained from faeces as diet, We thank J. Caldera and C. Giner-Abati (Centro de Recuperación Los Hornos, Junta de Extremadura) for providing faeces of captive bustards. The Dirección General de Investigación of Spain provided funding through research projects CGL2009-12753-C02-01 and CGL2008-02567.

Introduction: Mobile health (mHealth) tools may offer an opportunity for breast cancer screening and prevention especially among minority populations who are known to access the internet at higher rates with mobile devices. However, the use of mHealth applications (apps) has not been well studied in older, low-income, minority populations. This study sought to determine the usability of an mHealth Breast Health Risk Assessment Questionnaire app for older, low-income women. Methods: We performed fifteen semi-structured interviews of women with diverse backgrounds who used the Athena Breast Health Questionnaire iPad app, which was available in Spanish and English. The app was developed by the Athena Breast Health Network, a breast cancer screening collaboration of the five University of California medical centers. Women were recruited during their screening mammography visit at the San Francisco General Hospital Avon Mammography Center. Results: Fifteen women were interviewed; five Hispanic, five non-Hispanic white, three African American and two Filipina women. Four women were Spanish speaking only. The median age of women was 61 (range, 45-79). The women's level of education ranged from third grade to graduate school. Fourteen women owned a mobile phone, three owned a smart phone, and three had previously used an iPad. The average time to complete the questionnaire for all women was 16.4 minutes (range, 6.6-35 minutes). The subgroup of Spanish speaking women took longer, averaging 24.5 minutes. The majority of women needed initial instruction regarding scrolling and free text entry. All fifteen women interviewed thought the Athena Breast Health Questionnaire app was easy or very easy to use. Eleven women preferred answering the iPad questionnaire compared to the pen-and-paper form previously completed for their mammogram. Two women preferred pen-and-paper, both Spanish speaking; and two women had no preference, including one who started using a mobile phone within the past month and another woman who did not own one. Three of the four women who did not prefer the app had lower than a tenth grade education. All four that did not prefer the app were concerned that a clinic would not be able to offer the initial instruction needed or to provide assistance for questions though they thought the app was easy to use. Conclusion: Older, low-income, minority women easily used a mHealth app to answer a breast health risk assessment questionnaire. Particular formats of questions, such as the use of scrolling, were initially difficult but participants easily overcame such difficulties and learned the skills of using a touchscreen. Spanish speaking women had a lower preference for the app, but this finding may be confounded with education level. Further evaluation of the validity of women's responses using the app in a clinical setting is needed. Citation Format: Cristina M. Thorsen, Celia P. Kaplan, Natasha Brasic, Laura J. Esserman, Judith A. Luce, Rebecca Howe, Laura J. van 't Veer, Carolina Bravo, Alyse Wheelock, Elissa M. Ozanne, . Athena Breast Health Network Investigators. Can “mHealth” improve risk assessment? A usability study of older, low-income women answering the Athena Breast Health Questionnaire app. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B81.

El debate sobre la utilización de instituciones privadas por parte de los poderes públicos para la participación e intervención en la actividad económica, nos sitúa dentro de la denominada huída al derecho privado por parte de las Administraciones Públicas. Este fenómeno ha ido decantando problemas en torno a la naturaleza jurídica real de las figuras jurídicas importadas del derecho privado utilizadas por la Administración y a su correspondiente normativa reguladora pública, privada o mixta. En el presente artículo, se pretende analizar las posibilidades constitucionales y legales de las que dispone la Administración Pública, dentro de un estado social de derecho, para realizar sus fines a través del uso de instrumentos propios del derecho privado. Afirmado lo anterior, se definirán en primer lugar, las pautas que debe tener en cuenta la Administración Pública para elegir entre instrumentos de carácter público o privado. En segundo lugar, se hará lo propio con los criterios conforme a los cuales se debe determinar la naturaleza jurídico-pública o jurídico-privada de un ente utilizado por la Administración. Finalmente, se abordará la problemática inherente a la naturaleza jurídica de la Sociedad Anónima Pública y al carácter público o privado de su regulación.AbstractThe debate about the use of private institutions by the public administration to participate and intervene in the economy, place us within the so called “flight” of the Public Administration to the private law. The main problems generated by these phenomenon’s deal with the legal nature of these instruments regulated by private law but used by the Administration and, therefore, the confusion of its regulation (public law, private law or mixed). In this paper, it will be defined, first of all, the steps (and the criteria) that the Administration has taken into account in order to choose between private or public law regulated instruments. After that, it will be necessary to discuss the criteria according to which the effectiveness of public-law o private-law nature of an entity used by the Administration will be determined. Finally, it will be briefly analyzed the problem related to the juridical nature of a public corporation regarding its public or private regulation.

Foraging strategies and diet selection play an essential role in individual survival and reproductive success. The study of feeding ecology becomes crucial when it concerns endangered species such as the Little Bustard (Tetrax tetrax), whose populations are suffering strong declines as a consequence of agricultural intensification. Despite the fact that several populations are overwintering in areas affected by agricultural transformation, nothing is known about how feeding behavior responds to these changes. We studied for the first time the winter diet composition of the Little Bustard in Spain and compared it between areas with two different farming systems: dry and irrigated farmland. Diet was studied through the micro-histological analysis of 357 droppings collected in 16 locations across the wintering range of the Little Bustard in Spain. Up to 62 plant species were identified. Most consumed species were cultivated legumes (46.7%) and dicotyledon weeds (45.6%), while monocotyledons were scarcely consumed (7.7%). Diet composition differed significantly between dry and irrigated farmland areas. In irrigated areas, diet was mainly composed of legumes, in particular alfalfa (Medicago sativa). In contrast, in dry farmland areas diet was more diverse, composed mainly of weeds (Compositae, Papaveraceae, and Cruciferae) and also cultivated legumes, particularly vetch (Vicia sativa). These results suggest that legume crops could be an effective measure to improve habitat quality in areas with scarce food resources. However, in the case of irrigated areas, the strong reliance on alfalfa could make the Little Bustard more vulnerable to changes in land use. This study is the first step to understand the winter trophic requirements of the endangered Little Bustard, but further research is necessary to understand the food requirements of this species during the entire annual cycle.