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PURPOSE The COVID-19 pandemic created an imperative to re-examine the role of telehealth in oncology. We studied trends and disparities in utilization of telehealth (video and telephone visits) and secure messaging (SM; ie, e-mail via portal/app), before and during the pandemic. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of hematology/oncology patient visits (telephone/video/office) and SM between January 1, 2019, and September 30, 2020, at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. RESULTS Among 334,666 visits and 1,161,239 SM, monthly average office visits decreased from 10,562 prepandemic to 1,769 during pandemic, telephone visits increased from 5,114 to 8,663, and video visits increased from 40 to 4,666. Monthly average SM increased from 50,788 to 64,315 since the pandemic began. Video visits were a significantly higher fraction of all visits ( P < .01) in (1) younger patients (Generation Z 48%, Millennials 46%; Generation X 40%; Baby Boomers 34.4%; Silent Generation 24.5%); (2) patients with commercial insurance (39%) compared with Medicaid (32.7%) or Medicare (28.1%); (3) English speakers (33.7%) compared with those requiring an interpreter (24.5%); (4) patients who are Asian (35%) and non-Hispanic White (33.7%) compared with Black (30.1%) and Hispanic White (27.5%); (5) married/domestic partner patients (35%) compared with single/divorced/widowed (29.9%); (6) Charlson comorbidity index ≤ 3 (36.2%) compared with > 3 (31.3%); and (7) males (34.6%) compared with females (32.3%). Similar statistically significant SM utilization patterns were also seen. CONCLUSION In the pandemic era, hematology/oncology telehealth and SM use rapidly increased in a manner that is feasible and sustained. Possible disparities existed in video visit and SM use by age, insurance plan, language, race, ethnicity, marital status, comorbidities, and sex.

To determine the importance of blood sugar control, blood pressure, and other key systemic factors on the risk of progression from no retinopathy to various stages of diabetic retinopathy.Restrospective cohort analysis of patients (N = 99, 280) in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California healthcare system with a baseline retina photographic screening showing no evidence of retinopathy and a minimum follow-up surveillance period of 3 years from 2008 to 2019. We gathered longitudinal data on diabetic retinopathy progression provided by subsequent screening fundus photographs and data captured in the electronic medical record over a mean surveillance of 7.3 ± 2.2 (mean ± SD) years. Progression from an initial state of no diabetic retinopathy to any of four outcomes was determined: (1) any incident retinopathy, (2) referable (moderate or worse) retinopathy, (3) diabetic macular edema, and (4) proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Multiple predictors, including age, race, gender, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (SBP), cholesterol, chronic renal disease, and type of diabetes were investigated.Among modifiable risk factors, the average HbA1c had the strongest impact on the progression of diabetic retinopathy, followed by average SBP control and total cholesterol. Patients with an average HbA1c of 10.0% or greater (≥ 97 mmol/mol) had a risk ratio of 5.72 (95% CI 5.44-6.02) for progression to any retinopathy, 18.84 (95% CI 17.25-20.57) for referable retinopathy, 22.85 (95% CI 18.87-27.68) for diabetic macular edema, and 25.96 (95% CI 18.75-36.93) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy compared to those with an average HbA1c of 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) or less. Non-white patients generally had a higher risk of progression to all forms of diabetic retinopathy, while Asian patients were less likely to develop diabetic macular edema (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.66-0.87).We confirm the critical importance of glucose control as measured by HbA1c on the risk of development of diabetic retinopathy.

Little is known about possible differences in advance directive completion (ADC) based on ethnicity and language preference among Chinese Americans on a regional level.To understand the association of ethnicity and language preference with ADC among Chinese Americans.Retrospective cohort analysis with direct standardization.A total of 31,498 Chinese and 502,991 non-Hispanic White members enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Northern California during the entire study period between 2013 and 2017 who were 55 or older as of January 1, 2018.We compared the proportion of ADC among non-Hispanic White and Chinese patients, and also analyzed the rates according to language preference within the Chinese population. We calculated ADC rates with direct standardization using covariates previously found in literature to be significant predictors of ADC such as age and utilization.Among Chinese members, 60% preferred English, 16% preferred another language without needing an interpreter, and 23% needed an interpreter. After standardizing for age and utilization, non-Hispanic Whites were more than twice as likely to have ADC as Chinese members (20.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 20.5-20.7%) vs. 10.0% (95% CI: 9.6-10.3%), respectively). Among Chinese members, there was an inverse association between preference for a language other than English and ADC (13.3% (95% CI: 12.8-13.8%) if preferring English, 6.1% (95% CI: 5.4-6.7%) if preferring non-English language but not needing an interpreter, and 5.1% (95% CI: 4.6-5.6%) if preferring non-English language and needing an interpreter).Chinese members are less likely to have ADC relative to non-Hispanic White members, and those preferring a language other than English are most affected. Further studies can assess reasons for lower ADC among Chinese members, differences in other Asian American populations, and interventions to reduce differences among Chinese members especially among those preferring a language other than English.

Background The relationship between outpatient systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes remains unclear and has been complicated by recently revised guidelines wit...

To evaluate the risk factors for retinal tear (RT) or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) associated with acute, symptomatic posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) in a large comprehensive eye care setting.Retrospective cohort study.A total of 8305 adult patients in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Healthcare System (KPNC) during calendar year 2018 who met inclusion criteria.The KPNC electronic medical record was queried to capture acute, symptomatic PVD events. Each chart was reviewed to confirm diagnoses and capture specific data elements from the patient history and ophthalmic examination.Presence of RT or RRD at initial presentation or within 1 year thereafter.Of 8305 patients who presented with acute PVD symptoms, 448 (5.4%) were diagnosed with RT and 335 (4.0%) were diagnosed with RRD. When considering variables available before examination, blurred vision (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; confidence interval [CI], 2.2-3.3), male sex (OR, 2.1; CI, 1.8-2.5), age60 years (OR, 1.8; CI, 1.5-2.1), prior keratorefractive surgery (OR, 1.6; CI, 1.3-2.0), and prior cataract surgery (OR, 1.4; CI, 1.2-1.8) were associated with higher risk of RT or RRD, whereas symptoms of flashes were mildly protective (OR, 0.8; CI, 0.7-0.9). Examination variables associated with a high risk of RT or RRD included vitreous pigment (OR, 57.0; CI, 39.7-81.7), vitreous hemorrhage (OR, 5.9; CI, 4.6-7.5), lattice degeneration (OR, 6.0; CI, 4.7-7.7), and visual acuity worse than 20/40 (OR, 3.0; CI, 2.5-3.7). Late RTs or RRDs occurred in 12.4% of patients who had vitreous hemorrhage, lattice degeneration, or a history of RT or RRD in the fellow eye at initial presentation but only 0.7% of patients without any of these 3 risk factors. Refractive error had an approximately linear relationship with age at presentation of PVD, with myopic patients presenting at a younger age (r = 0.4).This study, based in a comprehensive eye care setting, found the rate of RT and RRD associated with acute PVD to be lower than rates previously reported by retina subspecialty practices. Several patient features strongly predicted the presence of initial and late complications of acute PVD.

Systolic and diastolic hypertension independently predict the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. It remains unclear how systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and other patient characteristics influence the initial diagnosis of hypertension. Here, we use a cohort of 146,816 adults in a large healthcare system to examine how elevated systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure measurements influence initial diagnosis of hypertension and how other patient characteristics influence the diagnosis. Thirty-four percent of the cohort were diagnosed with hypertension within 1 year. In multivariable logistic regression of the diagnosis of hypertension, controlling for covariates, isolated systolic hypertensive measures (odds ratio [OR] 0.42 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.41 to 0.43]) and isolated diastolic hypertensive measures (OR 0.32 [95% CI 0.31 to 0.33]) were less likely to lead to hypertension diagnosis when compared with combined hypertensive measures. Higher levels of systolic blood pressure had a greater impact on hypertension diagnosis (OR 1.77 [95% CI 1.75 to 1.79] per Z-score) than did higher levels of diastolic blood pressure (OR 1.34 [95% CI 1.32 to 1.36] per Z-score). Older age, non-white race/ethnicity, and medical comorbidities all predicted the establishment of a diagnosis of hypertension. Isolated systolic and isolated diastolic hypertension are underdiagnosed in clinical practice, and several patient-centered factors also strongly influence whether a diagnosis is made. In conclusion, our findings uncover a care gap that can be closed with increased attention to the independent influence of systolic and diastolic hypertension and the various patient-centered factors that may impact hypertension diagnosis.

Background/objectives Hispanics have lower advance directive (AD) completion than non-Hispanic Whites. Few studies have assessed the role of language preference in end-of-life planning. We investigated whether language preference and needing an interpreter affected AD completion among older adults in an integrated health system. Design Retrospective cohort investigation of electronic medical records. Setting Northern California integrated health system. Participants A total of 620,948 Hispanic and non-Hispanic White patients, aged 55 years and older, between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2017. Measurements Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were performed to compare AD completion among non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, and Hispanic subgroups by language preference (English speaking, Spanish speaking, and needed interpreter). We conducted multivariable logistic regression to determine the relationship between language preference and having an AD while controlling for demographic, clinical, and utilization factors. Results We found 20.3% of non-Hispanic Whites (n = 512,577) and 10.9% of Hispanics (n = 108,371) had completed an AD. Among Hispanics, after controlling for demographic, clinical, and utilization factors, compared with Spanish speakers requiring an interpreter, English speakers had nearly two-fold increased odds of completing an AD (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.4-2.9), whereas Spanish speakers not requiring an interpreter had 20% increased odds (aOR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.1-1.3). Additional predictors of successful AD completion were being female, being older, having more comorbidities, having more hospital and emergency department visits, and having higher socioeconomic status. There were no differences associated with primary care provider characteristics. Conclusion These findings indicate the need for a tailored outreach to Hispanics, particularly among those subgroups who require the need of an interpreter, to reduce AD completion disparities.

Background: Risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CA-CDI) following antibiotic treatment specifically for urinary tract infection (UTI) has not been evaluated. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2007–2010, to assess antibiotic prescribing and other factors in relation to risk of CA-CDI in outpatients with uncomplicated UTI. Cases were diagnosed with CA-CDI within 90 days of antibiotic use. We used matched controls and confirmed case-control eligibility through chart review. Antibiotics were classified as ciprofloxacin (most common), or low risk (nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim), moderate risk, or high risk (e.g. cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone, clindamycin) for CDI. We computed the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationship of antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated UTI and history of relevant gastrointestinal comorbidity (including gastrointestinal diagnoses, procedures, and gastric acid suppression treatment) with risk of CA-CDI using logistic regression analysis. Results: Despite the large population, only 68 cases were confirmed with CA-CDI for comparison with 112 controls. Female sex [81% of controls, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 6.3, CI 1.7–24), past gastrointestinal comorbidity (prevalence 39%, OR 2.3, CI 1.1–4.8), and nongastrointestinal comorbidity (prevalence 6%, OR 2.8, CI 1.4–5.6) were associated with increased CA-CDI risk. Compared with low-risk antibiotic, the adjusted ORs for antibiotic groups were as follows: ciprofloxacin, 2.7 (CI 1.0–7.2); moderate-risk antibiotics, 3.6 (CI 1.2–11); and high-risk antibiotics, 11.2 (CI 2.4–52). Conclusions: Lower-risk antibiotics should be used for UTI whenever possible, particularly in patients with a gastrointestinal comorbidity. However, UTI can be managed through alternative approaches. Research into the primary prevention of UTI is urgently needed.

Objective Despite studies showing a positive correlation between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), a modifiable risk factor, and various cancer types, the link remains controversial in the setting of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In this study, we assessed whether DM2 and DM2-associated factors were associated with a higher risk of developing GBM and also determined if DM2 affected the survival of patients with GBM. Methods A cross-sectional case-control study of 1144 GBM cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2013 of which 969 patients matched for age and sex was performed to assess the association between DM2, hyperlipidemia, and obesity with the incidence of GBM. A longitudinal study of the patients with GBM was also performed to assess the association between the effect of DM2 and GBM survival. Results No association was seen between DM2, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and GBM. DM2 was associated with poorer survival in univariate testing yet not in multivariate testing. Diabetic patients with GBM had good glycemic control. Older patients had poorer survival and overall survival improved over years of study. Conclusions DM2, hyperlipidemia, and obesity were not associated with increased risk of developing GBM, and DM2 itself does not seem to influence survival among these patients. This finding might be related to good glycemic control in this cohort. Survey of the literature consistently shows that hyperglycemia is associated with poorer survival. Our findings suggest that rather than the presence or absence of DM2, glycemic control seems to be more important in the survival of patients with GBM, which warrants future investigation.

Background and Purpose— Outpatient statin use reduces the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke among patients with stroke of atherothrombotic cause. It is not known whether statins have similar effects in ischemic stroke caused by atrial fibrillation (AFib). Methods— We studied outpatient statin adherence, measured by percentage of days covered, and the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with or without AFib in a 21-hospital integrated healthcare delivery system. Results— Among 6116 patients with ischemic stroke discharged on a statin over a 5-year period, 1446 (23.6%) had a diagnosis of AFib at discharge. The mean statin adherence rate (percentage of days covered) was 85, and higher levels of percentage of days covered correlated with greater degrees of low-density lipoprotein suppression. In multivariable survival models of recurrent ischemic stroke over 3 years, after controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, medical comorbidities, and hospital center, higher statin adherence predicted reduced stroke risk both in patients without AFib (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.97) and in patients with AFib (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.43–0.81). This association was robust to adjustment for the time in the therapeutic range for international normalized ratio among AFib subjects taking warfarin (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.89). Conclusions— The relationship between statin adherence and reduced recurrent stroke risk is as strong among patients with AFib as it is among patients without AFib, suggesting that AFib status should not be a reason to exclude patients from secondary stroke prevention with a statin.

To determine the association between resident involvement and operative time for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for endometrial cancer.A retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2).An integrated health care system in Northern California.A total of 1433 women who underwent MIS for endometrial cancer and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia from January 2009 to January 2014.Resident participation in 430 of 688 laparoscopic cases (62%) and 341 of 745 robotic cases (46%).The primary outcome was the impact of resident involvement on surgical time. When residents were involved in laparoscopic and robotic surgery, there was an increase of 61 minutes (median operative time, 186 vs 125 minutes; p .001) and 31 minutes (median operative time, 165 vs 134 minutes; p .001), respectively. Resident participation was associated with increased operative times in all levels of surgical complexity from hysterectomy alone to hysterectomy with pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection. Resident participation was also associated with increased major intraoperative complications (3.4% vs 1.8%, p = .02) as well as major postoperative complications (6.4% vs 3.8%, p = .003).The presence of a resident was associated with a 32% increase in operative time for minimally invasive cases in gynecologic oncology for endometrial cancer. Because of the retrospective nature, we cannot infer causality of operative outcomes because residents were also involved in more high-risk patients and complex cases. For health care systems using surgical metrics, there may be a need to allocate more time for resident involvement.

To summarize the effects of centralization of diabetic fundus photograph interpretation into a virtual reading center. In 2016 Kaiser Permanente Northern California, a large, membership-based health plan with an ethnically and racially diverse population, centralized diabetic retinopathy screening into a virtual reading center. Retina screens were based on single field, 45-degree fundus photographs. We compared the accuracy of photography interpretation the year before centralization to the year after using masked reads performed by retina specialists of 1000 randomly selected screens from each time period. In all, 1902 patient screens with adequate quality images were included in the primary analysis. Images from pre-centralization screens were largely read by ophthalmologists (76.2%), while screens post-centralization were mainly read by optometrists (84.6%). Despite being interpreted by readers with lower levels of professional training, the sensitivity of screening increased from 43.9% (95% CI 38.0–49.8%) to 66.0% (95% CI 60.5–71.4%). A move to a centralized virtual reading center was associated with improved accuracy of diabetic retinopathy screening.

1506 Background: The COVID-19 pandemic created an imperative to re-examine the role of telehealth in oncology. Herein we report trends and demographic disparities in utilization of telehealth and secure messaging (SM; i.e., email via portal/app), before and during the pandemic, at a large integrated healthcare system. Methods: This population-based retrospective cohort study examines utilization of various patient-provider visit types (office, video, telephone) and SM from 1/1/2019-9/30/2020 at 22 Kaiser Permanente Northern California Hematology and Oncology practices. We explored changes associated with the pandemic (i.e., since 03/2020, when stay home orders were introduced) as well as demographic differences, using Chi-square for categorical and the Mann-Whitney U Test for non-parametric comparisons. Results: During the study period, there were 334,666 visits and 1,161,239 SM sent between patients and providers. Since the pandemic, total monthly average of visits declined only slightly by 4.1%, but monthly average office visits decreased by 80% from 11,001 to 2,170, monthly average video visits increased from 40 to 4,666, and monthly average telephone visits increased by 69% from 5,114 to 8,663. The monthly average SM increased by 26% from 50,788 to 64,315. The trend of increasing telehealth utilization was sustained and stabilized between 07-09/2020. New consultations initially decreased from a mean of 1,995 per month (12.4% of all visits) in 2019, to a minimum of 1,179 (8.6%) by 05/2020, returning to 1,619 (11.7%) by 09/2020. Pandemic era video visits were a significantly higher fraction of all visits (p < 0.01) in: (1) younger patients (Gen Z 48%, Gen Y/Millennials 46%; Gen X 40%; Baby Boomers 34.4%; Pre-Boomers 24.5%); (2) patients with commercial insurance (39%) compared to those with Medicaid (32.7%) or Medicare (28.1%); (3) Primary English speakers (33.7%) compared to those who require an interpreter (24.5%);(4) Asians (35%) and non-Hispanic Whites (33.7%) compared to Blacks (30.1%) and Hispanic Whites (27.5%); (5) married/ domestic partner patients (35%) compared to single/divorced/widowed patients (29.9%); (6) patients with a Charlson comorbidity index ≤3 (36.2%) compared to > 3 (31.3%); and (7) males (34.6%) compared to females (32.3%). Similar statistically significant SM utilization patterns were also seen. Conclusions: In the pandemic era, utilization of telehealth and SM rapidly increased in all demographic categories, shifting the landscape and resource allocation of hematology/oncology practices in a manner that is feasible and sustained. New consultations decreased early in pandemic with return to pre-pandemic levels by 09/2020. Utilization of video visits and SM significantly differ between various demographic populations with disparities seen by age, insurance plan, English proficiency, race/ethnicity, marital status, comorbidities, and gender.

Objective To determine the rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among women undergoing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for endometrial cancer. Methods Women undergoing robotic or laparoscopic hysterectomy for endometrial carcinoma or complex hyperplasia with atypia were identified between January 2009 and 2014 in a community based health care system. Patient data including age, race, cancer stage, grade, procedure type, length of hospital stay, use of prophylaxis, and diagnosis of VTE were collected retrospectively. The primary outcome was the rate of VTE within 30days following surgery. Fischer's exact tests were performed to evaluate factors associated with VTE. Results During the study period, 1433 patients underwent MIS for endometrial cancer, with 20 excluded due to known thrombophilia, VTE history, or long-term anticoagulation. A total of 1413 patients were included (739 robotic and 674 laparoscopic cases). All women received mechanical prophylaxis per hospital policy and 61% had additional pharmacologic prophylaxis. The rate of VTE was 0.35% (5/1413), which did not differ among those who received pharmacologic compared to mechanical prophylaxis (0.23% [2/865] versus 0.55% [3/548] respectively, p =0.38). No factors were associated with increased risk of VTE due to the low event rate. Conclusion VTE in patients undergoing MIS for endometrial cancer was very low irrespective of the mode of prophylaxis received in this large cohort. National guidelines for VTE prophylaxis need to differentiate the low risk associated with MIS surgery from the risk associated with laparotomy for endometrial cancer. We recommend mechanical prophylaxis is sufficient for these women undergoing MIS.

Risk of community-acquiredWe conducted a nested case-control study at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2007-2010, to assess antibiotic prescribing and other factors in relation to risk of CA-CDI in outpatients with uncomplicated UTI. Cases were diagnosed with CA-CDI within 90 days of antibiotic use. We used matched controls and confirmed case-control eligibility through chart review. Antibiotics were classified as ciprofloxacin (most common), or low risk (nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim), moderate risk, or high risk (e.g. cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone, clindamycin) for CDI. We computed the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationship of antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated UTI and history of relevant gastrointestinal comorbidity (including gastrointestinal diagnoses, procedures, and gastric acid suppression treatment) with risk of CA-CDI using logistic regression analysis.Despite the large population, only 68 cases were confirmed with CA-CDI for comparison with 112 controls. Female sex [81% of controls, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 6.3, CI 1.7-24), past gastrointestinal comorbidity (prevalence 39%, OR 2.3, CI 1.1-4.8), and nongastrointestinal comorbidity (prevalence 6%, OR 2.8, CI 1.4-5.6) were associated with increased CA-CDI risk. Compared with low-risk antibiotic, the adjusted ORs for antibiotic groups were as follows: ciprofloxacin, 2.7 (CI 1.0-7.2); moderate-risk antibiotics, 3.6 (CI 1.2-11); and high-risk antibiotics, 11.2 (CI 2.4-52).Lower-risk antibiotics should be used for UTI whenever possible, particularly in patients with a gastrointestinal comorbidity. However, UTI can be managed through alternative approaches. Research into the primary prevention of UTI is urgently needed.

Systolic hypertension is believed to have a greater influence than diastolic hypertension on adverse cardiovascular events. We tested this hypothesis using data from an integrated healthcare system, with 36.8 million measures from 1.3 million adults. Increasing SBP was associated with risk of a composite outcome of MI, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke (Fig A). DBP showed a very different relationship with outcomes, with higher risk at the lowest and highest levels of DBP (Fig B). We examined the impact of systolic and diastolic pressures in multivariable survival analysis controlling for age, sex, race, and comorbidities using two different approaches. We first used the burden of systolic (SBP>=140) and diastolic (DBP>=90) hypertension as predictors. Both systolic burden (hazard ratio [HR] 1.17 for z-score, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.18, P133) or DBP (>78). Again, both SBP (HR 1.39 for z-score, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.41, P

To compare the safety and effectiveness of three methods of reversing coagulopathic effects of warfarin in patients with potentially life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage.A retrospective electronic medical record review of 63 patients with warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhage between 2007 and 2010 in an integrated health care delivery system was conducted. The three methods of rapid warfarin reversal were fresh-frozen plasma (FFP), activated factor VII (FVIIa; NovoSevenRT [Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark]), and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC; BebulinVH [Baxter, Westlake Village, California, USA], ProfilnineSD [Grifols, North Carolina, USA]), each used adjunctively with vitamin K (Vit K, phytonadione). We determined times from reversal agent order to laboratory evidence of warfarin reversal (international normalized ratio [INR]) in the first 48 hours and compared INR rebound rates and complications in the first 48 hours.Reversal with FFP took more than twice as long compared with FVIIa or PCC. To reach an INR of 1.3, mean (±SD) reversal times were 1933 ± 905 minutes for FFP, 784 ± 926 minutes for FVIIa, and 980 ± 1021 minutes for PCC (P0.001; P0.01 between FFP and FVIIa, P0.05 between FFP and PCC). INR rebound occurred in 0 of 31 patients for FFP, 4 of 8 for FVIIa, and 0 of 7 for PCC (P = 0.001). Complications were uncommon. FVIIa was 15 and 3.5 times as expensive as FFP and PCC, respectively.As an adjunct to Vit K for rapid warfarin reversal, FVIIa and PCC appear more effective than FFP. Either FVIIa or PCC are reasonable options for reversal, but FVIIa is considerably more expensive and may have greater risk of INR rebound.

Outpatient statin use is known to reduce the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke of atherothrombotic etiology, but it is not known whether statins have similar effects in ischemic stroke associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). We examined the relationship between outpatient statin adherence and the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with or without AF in a large integrated healthcare delivery system. Among 6,283 patients with ischemic stroke discharged on a statin over a 5 year period, 1,486 (23.7%) had a diagnosis of AF at discharge. Statin adherence rates, measured as percentage of days covered (PDC), averaged 85% (88% for AF patients and 84% for non-AF patients). We observed up to three years after the initial stroke, with an average of two years follow up. In multivariable survival models, after controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and key medical comorbidities, higher statin adherence was found to strongly predict a reduced risk of recurrent ischemic stroke (Figure). In the second year post-stroke, the hazard ratio (HR) associated with a 10% increase in PDC was 0.93 (95% C.I. 0.89-097). The relationship between statin adherence and reduced stroke rates was similar in AF patients (HR 0.94, 95% C.I. 0.84-0.98) and non-AF patients (HR 0.93, 95% C.I. 0.88-0.98). These findings support the use of outpatient statins in all ischemic stroke patients, irrespective of stroke etiology (atherothrombotic vs. atrial fibrillation).

To compare intraoperative and postoperative surgical complications and outcomes between robotic-assisted and laparoscopic surgical management of endometrial cancer using a standardized classification system.A retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2).An integrated health care system in Northern California.One thousand four hundred thirty-three women with a diagnosis of complex atypical hyperplasia and endometrial cancer managed by minimally invasive hysterectomy and surgical staging from January 2009 to January 2014.Seven hundred forty-five robotic-assisted and 688 laparoscopic hysterectomies were evaluated.The primary outcome was intraoperative and postoperative complications within 30 days. All complications were categorized using the Clavien-Dindo classification system. Secondary outcomes included total operative time, estimated blood loss, transfusion rates, length of stay, conversion to laparotomy, and number of pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes retrieved. The modality of hysterectomy was not associated with either overall intraoperative complications or major postoperative complications (p .1). However, there were significantly fewer minor postoperative complications with robotic surgery (16.6% vs 25.6%, p .01). Statistically significant differences were also noted in the following outcomes: decreased median operative time, length of stay, estimated blood loss, conversion to laparotomy, and median number of lymph nodes retrieved in the robotic group when compared with the laparoscopic group.There was no difference in the rate of major complication between robotic and laparoscopic surgery using the Clavien-Dindo system of categorizing surgical complications; however, there were clinically significant differences favoring the robotic approach, including a lower rate of minor complications and conversion rate to laparotomy.

Background Statin administration early in ischemic stroke may influence outcomes. Our aim was to determine the clinical impact of increasing statin administration early in ischemic stroke hospitalization. Methods and Results This is a retrospective analysis of a multicenter electronic medical record ( EMR ) intervention to increase early statin administration in ischemic stroke across all 20 hospitals of an integrated healthcare delivery system. A stroke EMR order set was modified from an “opt‐in” to “opt‐out” mode of statin ordering. Outcomes were mortality by 90 days, discharge disposition, and increase in stroke severity. We examined the relationship between intervention and outcome using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time‐series modeling. The EMR intervention increased both overall in‐hospital statin administration (from 87.2% to 90.7%, P P P diff ]=0.02, P =0.016) and discharge to home or rehabilitation facility ( P diff =0.04, P =0.034) associated with the intervention. The increase in statin administration P diff =0.17, P =0.033) and rate of discharge to home or rehabilitation ( P diff =0.29, P =0.011), as well as a decreased rate of neurological deterioration in‐hospital ( P diff =−0.14, P =0.026). Conclusions A simple EMR change increased early statin administration in ischemic stroke and was associated with improved clinical outcomes. This is, to our knowledge, the first EMR intervention study to show that a modification of an electronic order set resulted in improved clinical outcomes.

Background and Purpose— Statins reduce infarct size in animal models of stroke and have been hypothesized to improve clinical outcomes after ischemic stroke. We examined the relationship between statin use before and during stroke hospitalization and poststroke survival. Methods— We analyzed records from 12 689 patients admitted with ischemic stroke to any of 17 hospitals in a large integrated healthcare delivery system between January 2000 and December 2007. We used multivariable survival analysis and grouped-treatment analysis, an instrumental variable method that uses treatment differences between facilities to avoid individual patient-level confounding. Results— Statin use before ischemic stroke hospitalization was associated with improved survival (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79–0.93; P P P 60 mg/day) statin use (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.34–0.53; P P P Conclusions— Statin use early in stroke hospitalization is strongly associated with improved poststroke survival, and statin withdrawal in the hospital, even for a brief period, is associated with worsened survival.

Purpose Statin therapy has been reported to reduce the incidence of vascular events in patients with atherosclerosis, but adherence to statins may be suboptimal. The aims of this study were to quantify the rate of statin use among individuals with a history of coronary revascularization in a large, integrated health care system and to determine which demographic characteristics and clinical factors are associated with statin use. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study using database programming and chart review. The study included adult members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California with a history of coronary revascularization. The study outcome was off-statin status, defined as a ≥1-year gap between filled prescriptions. The predictor variables included age, race, body mass index, dyslipidemia, liver disease, kidney disease, and history of statin allergy. Multivariable logistic regression was used to quantify the associations between the predictor variables and statin status. A chart review of a randomly selected subset was performed to identify reasons why individuals were not taking statins. Findings The study population included 17,869 Kaiser Permanente Northern California members, of which 18.3% had off-statin status. The following variables were associated with off-statin status: statin allergy (odds ratio [OR] = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.89−2.52), end-stage renal disease (OR = 1.55; 95% CI, 1.26−1.91), liver disease (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.08−1.93), African-American race (OR = 1.55 vs white; 95% CI, 1.32−1.81), and Latino race (OR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05−1.33). The chart review found that off-statin status typically reflects patient (79%) rather than provider (21%) preference. Implications A significant minority of patients with a history of coronary revascularization are not taking statins. Off-statin status is associated with kidney disease, liver disease, African-American race, and Latino race. At an individual level, off-statin status was usually driven by patient preference, due to minor or undefined reasons. These findings may be useful in guiding strategies to increase statin use in individuals with atherosclerosis.

Objective Characterize current management of osteoporosis risk in BRCA carriers following risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO). Methods Women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation who underwent RRSO were identified from a community-based health system in Northern California from 1995 to 2012. Retrospective chart review using the electronic medical record was performed. The primary outcome was the number of women who had a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan post-RRSO. Secondary outcomes included new diagnoses of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fracture. Information on the following risk factors was also recorded: calcium and vitamin D use, history of breast cancer, chemotherapy, use of aromatase inhibitors, and use of hormone replacement therapy. Results Two hundred and twenty five women tested positive for a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation and underwent RRSO. Median follow-up was 41months from testing. Ninety-nine (44.0%) had at least one DXA scan following testing. The median time from RRSO to a diagnosis of bone disease was 29months (range 1–170). Seventy-two percent had only one DXA scan (range 1–7) following testing. Thirty-two percent had normal results, 55.6% had osteopenia and 12.1% had osteoporosis. Four percent of women had an atraumatic fracture after surgery. Age, breast cancer history, prior chemotherapy, and tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor (AI) use were not associated with having osteoporosis or osteopenia. Conclusions Women with BRCA mutations who undergo RRSO have many risk factors for bone loss. The majority of these women are not being screened for bone loss. A clear guideline for screening needs to be established to improve detection of post-RRSO bone disease.

Abstract 42 Background: Cervical cancer disproportionately affects women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and cytology-based programs are not feasible for use in these settings. This has prompted a search for alternative cervical-cancer screening or surveillance methods that can be adopted in LMICs to address the high disease burden. In this study, we seek to evaluate the performance and reliability of cervical p16INK4a biomarker as measured by an ELISA assay among a group of HIV-positive women in a low-resource setting who had normal screening results by gold standard at baseline and at 12-month follow-up. Methods: This prospective study took place at the Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES) clinic in Kisumu, Kenya. Participants underwent cervical cancer screening using VIA, colposcopy and collection of cervical HPV p16INK4a samples. Women with negative colposcopies were rescreened at 12-months, and cervical p16INK4a samples were collected. Among women with negative colposcopies at both baseline and follow-up, we investigated the reproducibility of p16INK4a biomarker levels within the same woman between the two visits. Biomarker levels were determined using an ELISA-based biochemical assay. We compared median p16INK4a levels between baseline and follow-up using the paired t-test. We also examined correlation using correlation coefficients and a Bland-Atman plot of differences versus average. A multivariate regression model was fit to identify demographic and clinical variables associated with absolute change in p16INK4a levels. Results: Among the ninety-three women who had normal cervical exams, mean p16INK4a levels increased significantly between baseline and follow-up period, at 20.2 U/ml vs 30.1 U/ml (pConclusion: Our results suggest that there is variability in levels of p16INK4a biomarker as measured by ELISA in HIV-positive women in low-resource settings with normal screening as determined by colposcopy over a 12-month follow-up period. Biomarker levels varied significantly more among older women and those who were HPV positive at baseline, despite normal cervical exams. These data suggest that elevations in p16INK4a biomarker levels may not be a reliable marker of dysplasia in this group of women. Further research in this population as well as replication of these results will be important. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Chemtai Mungo No relationship to disclose Carol Conell No relationship to disclose May Maloba No relationship to disclose Elizabeth Bukusi No relationship to disclose Craig Cohen Consulting or Advisory Role: Symbiomix Inc. Megan Huchko No relationship to disclose

Introduction: In-hospital statin use is associated with improved ischemic stroke outcomes. Here we examine the impact of an electronic order set change to increase statin use during stroke hospitalization. Methods: An electronic order set for ischemic stroke admission across 20 hospitals was changed from an ‘opt-in’ mode of statin ordering to an ‘opt-out’ mode of statin ordering. We performed interrupted time series analysis (2 years before and after), examining the impact on in-hospital statin use and on patient outcomes. We examined features of inpatient statin use as well as death by 90 days and discharge to home or inpatient rehabilitation. We examined two subpopulations: severe stroke (mNIHSS 21-42) and less severe stroke (mNIHSS 1-20). We ruled out seasonality, autoregressive effects, and moving average effects for in each of the time series. Findings: We analyzed electronic records for 8993 patients. Measures of inpatient statin use increased when the order set change went live: high dose statin use increased by a factor of 2.5 (2.0-3.1) and statins within 8 hours by a factor of 1.8 (1.5-2.0) (P Discussion: A simple change in an electronic medical record system led to a significant increase in statin prescription during ischemic stroke hospitalization, particularly among patients with more severe stroke. This increase in statin prescription was associated with improved post-stroke outcomes.

Background & Aims: Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) is recommended for mass screening for colorectal cancer (CRC), yet little is known about the risk of adverse events when FS is used in general clinical practice. We aimed to determine the incidence of gastrointestinal complications and acute myocardial infarction (MI) after screening FS. Methods: Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program members of average risk for CRC (n = 107,704) who underwent screening FS during 1994 to 1996 (109,534 FS), as part of the Colorectal Cancer Prevention (CoCaP) program. The main outcome measure was hospitalization for gastrointestinal complications or acute MI within 4 weeks of FS. Results: The mean age of subjects was 61 years, and 48.8% were female. Nongastroenterologist physicians, nurses, or physician assistants performed 72% of FS. Overall, 24 persons were hospitalized for a gastrointestinal complication. Of these, 7 were serious (2 perforations, 2 episodes of diverticulitis requiring surgery, 2 cases of bleeding requiring transfusion, and 1 episode of unexplained colitis). In multivariate models, complications were significantly more common in men than in women (odds ratio, 3.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34–10.13). MI occurred in 33 persons within 4 weeks of FS, but the incidence for this period was similar to that in the subsequent 48 weeks (rate ratio, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6–1.2). Conclusions: The risk of serious complications after screening FS in this setting appears to be modest. Although MI occurs after FS, the risk during the 4 weeks after the procedure appears to be similar to expectations for persons of screening age. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;123:1786-1792

Background Hematoma expansion confers excess mortality in intracerebral haemorrhage, and is potentially preventable if at-risk patients can be identified. Contrast extravasation on initial computed tomographic angiography strongly predicts hematoma expansion but is not very sensitive, and most centers have not yet integrated computed tomographic angiography into acute intracerebral haemorrhage management. We therefore asked whether other presentation variables can predict hematoma expansion. Methods We searched the electronic medical records of a large integrated healthcare delivery system to identify patients with a hospitalization discharge diagnosis of intracerebral haemorrhage between the years 2008 and 2010. Hematoma expansion was defined as radiographic increase by 1/3 or by 12·5 ml within 48 h of presentation. Pre-specified patient demographic and clinical presentation variables were extracted. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression was performed to model hematoma expansion. Because some patients may have died from hematoma expansion without a second head computed tomography, we constructed a separate model including patients that died without a second head computed tomography in 48 h, hematoma expansion or death. Results Ninety-one of 257 patients (35%) had hematoma expansion. Antithrombotic use (odds ratio = 1·9, P = 0·04) and initial mNIHSS (modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; odds ratio = 1·06, P = 0·001) were significant predictors in the hematoma expansion model (area under the Receiver–Operator Characteristics curve, AUROC = 0·6712, pseudo- r2 = 0·0641). 163 of 343 patients (48%) had hematoma expansion or death. Age (odds ratio = 1·02, P = 0·02), initial mNIHSS (odds ratio = 1·07, P < 0·001), and initial hematoma volume (odds ratio = 1·01, P = 0·03) were significant predictors of hematoma expansion or death (AUROC = 0·7579, pseudo- r2 = 0·1722). Conclusion Clinical and noncontrast radiographic variables only weakly predict hematoma expansion. Examination of other indicators, such as computed tomographic angiography contrast extravasation (the ‘spot sign’), may prove more valuable in acute intracerebral haemorrhage care.

Objective To examine the rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) following a negative screening sigmoidoscopy. Design Cohort study. Setting An integrated healthcare delivery organisation in California, USA. Participants 72 483 men and women aged 50 years and above who had a negative screening sigmoidoscopy between 1994 and 1996. Those at elevated risk of CRC due to inflammatory bowel disease, prior polyps or CRC, or a strong family history of CRC were excluded. Main outcome measures Incidence rates of distal and proximal CRC. Standardised Incidence Ratios were used to compare annual incidence rates of distal and proximal CRC in the cohort to expected rates based on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data. Additionally, rate ratios (RR) and rate differences (RD) comparing the incidence rate of distal CRC in years 6+ postscreening with that in years 1–5 were calculated. Results Incidence rates of distal CRC were lower than those in the San Francisco Bay area population at large during each of the first 10 years postsigmoidoscopy screening. However, the incidence of distal CRC rose steadily, from 3 per 100 000 in the first year of follow-up to 40 per 100 000 in the 10th year. During the second half of follow-up, the rate of distal CRC was twice as high as in the first half (RR 2 .08, 95% CI 1.38 to 3.16; RD 14 per 100 000 person-years, 95% CI 6 to 22). Conclusions Though still below population levels, the incidence of CRC during years 6–10 following a negative sigmoiodoscopy is appreciably higher than during the first 5 years.

This article describes drinking patterns and examines the prevalence of heavy drinking and alcohol problems, and their association with other behavioral and social problems within the membership of a health maintenance organization, a setting in which increasing numbers of Americans receive services.The sample is representative of the stably insured membership of the Northern California Region of Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program; i.e., those who have been insured continuously under that plan for 30 months or longer. A telephone survey of the adult membership (N = 10,292) was conducted between June 1994 and February 1996.As in other studies, health and mental health status and smoking were related to drinking levels, with symptoms higher for those in the heaviest drinking group. However, in contrast to studies of those using medical services, demographic characteristics (e.g., young age) were not associated with heavy drinking in this population. When controlling for drug use and drinking, however, women and those reporting any mental health symptom were more likely to report alcohol problems.Findings suggest that in private managed care populations, particular behavioral indicators may be more important than demographic characteristics in screening for problem drinkers. The identification of individuals who report a mental health symptom, who drink a large number of drinks occasionally or who report any drug use may be important in a health maintenance approach to prevention and case finding.

This study shows the role of imitation in producing social protests. Resource mobilization theories tend to underestimate workers' need for information. The fact that conditions are right for striking needs to be communicated through news of other strikes. Thus (a) strikes stimulate other strikes, net of objective bargaining conditions, (b) unionization increases the rate of strike imitation, (c) successful strikes generate more imitation than unsuccessful strikes, (d) unionization changes the locus of strike imitation from strike beginnings to endings, and (e) long average strike length changes the locus of imitation from endings to beginnings. These predictions are supported by evidence on Third Rupublic French coal mine strikes.

To determine whether statin use is associated with improved discharge disposition after ischemic stroke.We used generalized ordinal logistic regression to analyze discharge disposition among 12,689 patients with ischemic stroke over a 7-year period at 17 hospitals in an integrated care delivery system. We also analyzed treatment patterns by hospital to control for the possibility of confounding at the individual patient level.Statin users before and during stroke hospitalization were more likely to have a good discharge outcome (odds ratio [OR] for discharge to home = 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-1.52, p0.001; OR for discharge to home or institution = 2.08, 95% CI 1.72-2.51, p0.001). Patients who underwent statin withdrawal were less likely to have a good discharge outcome (OR for discharge to home = 0.77, 95% CI 0.63-0.94, p = 0.012; OR for discharge to home or institution = 0.43, 95% CI 0.33-0.55, p0.001). In grouped-treatment analysis, an instrumental variable method using treatment patterns by hospital, higher probability of inpatient statin use predicted a higher likelihood of discharge to home (OR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.71-3.85, p0.001). In last prior treatment analysis, a novel instrumental variable method, patients with a higher probability of statin use were more likely to have a good discharge outcome (OR for each better level of ordinal discharge outcome = 1.19, 95% CI 1.09-1.30, p = 0.001).Statin use is strongly associated with improved discharge disposition after ischemic stroke.

Objective: To determine whether statin use is associated with improved discharge disposition after ischemic stroke. Methods: We analyzed 12,689 patients with ischemic stroke over a 7 year period at 17 hospitals in Kaiser Permanente Northern California. We used multivariable generalized ordinal logistic regression and instrumental variable analysis of treatment patterns by hospital to control for the possibility of confounding. Results: Statin users before and during stroke hospitalization were more likely to be discharged home (54.9% for statin users, 46.3% for statin non-users) and less likely to die in hospital (5.3% for statin users, 10.3% for statin non-users). Patients who underwent statin withdrawal in-hospital were less likely to be discharged home (39.1% for statin withdrawal, 54.9% for statin continuation) and more likely to die in hospital (22.3% for statin withdrawal, 5.3% for statin continuation). Users of higher statin doses (>60 mg / day) were even more likely to be discharged home (62.5% for high dose statin, 56.5% for usual dose statin, and 47.4% for no statin) and less likely to die in hospital in-hospital (3.5% for high dose statin, 5.6% for usual dose statin, and 10.6% for no statin). These results were confirmed by multivariable analysis. The association of statin use and improved outcomes was also confirmed by instrumental variable analysis of treatment patterns by hospital, and thus this association cannot be explained by confounding at the individual patient level. Conclusions: Statin use is associated with improved discharge disposition after ischemic stroke, particularly at higher doses.

Information about colonoscopy complications, particularly postpolypectomy bleeding, is limited.To quantify the magnitude and severity of colonoscopy complications.Retrospective cohort.Kaiser Permanente of Northern California.16, 318 members 40 years of age or older undergoing colonoscopy between January 1994 and July 2002.Electronic records reviewed for serious complications, including hospital admission within 30 days of colonoscopy for colonic perforation, colonic bleeding, diverticulitis, the postpolypectomy syndrome, or other serious illnesses directly related to colonoscopy.82 serious complications occurred (5.0 per 1000 colonoscopies [95% CI, 4.0 to 6.2 per 1000 colonoscopies]). Serious complications occurred in 0.8 per 1000 colonoscopies without biopsy or polypectomy and in 7.0 per 1000 colonoscopies with biopsy or polypectomy. Perforations occurred in 0.9 per 1000 colonoscopies (CI, 0.5 to 1.5 per 1000 colonoscopies) (0.6 per 1000 without biopsy or polypectomy and 1.1 per 1000 with biopsy or polypectomy). Postbiopsy or postpolypectomy bleeding occurred in 4.8 per 1000 colonoscopies with biopsy (CI, 3.6 to 6.2 per 1000 colonoscopies). Biopsy or polypectomy was associated with an increased risk for any serious complication (rate ratio, 9.2 [CI, 2.9 to 29.0] vs. colonoscopy without biopsy). Ten deaths (1 attributable to colonoscopy) occurred within 30 days of the colonoscopy.99.3% (16 204) of colonoscopies were nonscreening examinations. The rate of complications may be lower in a primary screening sample. The small number of observed adverse events limited power to detect risk factors for complications.Colonoscopy with biopsy or polypectomy is associated with increased risk for complications. Perforation may also occur during colonoscopies without biopsies.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the degree to which physicians use clinical factors to focus use of Cox-2 selective NSAIDs within an arthritis population. METHODS: Diagnostic codes in the medical records of a large group-model HMO in northern California with approximately 3 million members were examined to identify patients with either rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or non-RA (osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease). RA and non-RA patients were stratified in deciles of relative risk for gastrointestinal (GI) complications according to patient characteristics identified on the Standardized Calculator of Risk for Events (SCORE) that were associated with use of Cox-2 selective NSAIDs. (The SCORE tool stratifies patients by risk of serious GI complications using patient characteristics that are assigned points during an office visit, including age, health status, diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, corticosteroid use, and history of GI ulcer or bleed.) The second stage of analysis examined the percentage of arthritis patients in each SCORE-risk decile who received a Cox-2 selective NSAID, lower-risk NSAID, or traditional NSAID during calendar year 1999. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 144,360 members with an arthritis diagnosis, approximately 4.8% of members in this HMO. The mean age was 62.8 years (SD = 14.1), 61% were female, 10,449 (7%) had rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 133,911 (93%) had nonrheumatoid arthritis. A diagnosis of RA was the most significant predictor of Cox-2 NSAID use (OR=2.4; 95% CI=1.6-3.5), followed by a history of GI problems (OR=1.5; 95% CI=1.41.6). Female gender, chronic steroid use, and age each increased the odds of receiving a Cox-2 selective NSAID by about 35% (P

Statin use during hospitalization is associated with improved survival and a better discharge disposition among patients with ischemic stroke. It is unclear whether inpatient statin use has a similar effect among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).To determine whether inpatient statin use in ICH is associated with improved outcomes and whether the cessation of statin use is associated with worsened outcomes.Retrospective cohort study of 3481 patients with ICH admitted to any of 20 hospitals in a large integrated health care delivery system over a 10-year period. Detailed electronic medical and pharmacy records were analyzed to explore the association between inpatient statin use and outcomes.The primary outcome measures were survival to 30 days after ICH and discharge to home or inpatient rehabilitation facility. We used multivariable logistic regression, controlling for demographics, comorbidities, initial severity, and code status. In addition, we used instrumental variable modeling to control for confounding by unmeasured covariates at the individual patient level.Among patients hospitalized for ICH, inpatient statin users were more likely than nonusers to be alive 30 days after ICH (odds ratio [OR], 4.25 [95% CI, 3.46-5.23]; P .001) and were more likely than nonusers to be discharged to their home or an acute rehabilitation facility (OR, 2.57 [95% CI, 2.16-3.06]; P .001). Patients whose statin therapy was discontinued were less likely than statin users to survive to 30 days (OR, 0.16 [95% CI, 0.12-0.21]; P .001) and were less likely than statin users to be discharged to their home or an acute rehabilitation facility (OR, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.20-0.35]; P .001). Instrumental variable models of local treatment environment (to control for confounding by unmeasured covariates) confirmed that a higher probability of statin therapy was associated with a higher probability of 30-day survival (with an increase in probability of 0.15 [95% CI, 0.04-0.25]; P = .01) and a better chance of being discharged to home or an acute rehabilitation facility (with an increase in probability of 0.13 [95% CI, 0.02-0.24]; P = .02).Inpatient statin use is associated with improved outcomes after ICH, and the cessation of statin use is associated with worsened outcomes after ICH. Given the association between statin cessation and substantially worsened outcomes, the risk-benefit balance of discontinuing statin therapy in the acute setting of ICH should be carefully considered.

The objective of this study was to examine the association of medical care use (outpatient visits and hospitalization) with alcohol drinking patterns in a large health maintenance organization (HMO). Data were gathered from a random sample of 10,292 adult respondents through a telephone survey conducted between June 1994 and February 1996. Findings indicate that current nondrinkers with no past history of drinking had higher rates of outpatient visits and hospitalizations than current drinkers. Among current drinkers, medical care use declined slightly as drinking levels increased. Among nondrinkers, those with a drinking history exhibited significantly higher use of outpatient visits and hospital care than nondrinkers with no drinking history and current drinkers. Controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors, health status, and common medical conditions in multivariate analyses suggests that nondrinkers with a drinking history use more services because they are sicker than other nondrinkers or current drinkers.

ContextIndications are not well defined for follow-up colonoscopy for all patients with distal colonic tubular adenomas (TAs) found at screening sigmoidoscopy.ObjectiveTo determine whether distal adenoma size, number, and villous histology, along with family history and age, are predictors of advanced proximal colonic neoplasia.DesignCross-sectional analysis conducted between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1995.SettingLarge group-model health maintenance organization in northern California.PatientsA total of 2972 asymptomatic subjects aged 50 years or older undergoing colonoscopy as follow-up to a screening sigmoidoscopy.Main Outcome MeasureBased on sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and pathology reports, occurrence of advanced proximal neoplasia, defined as adenocarcinoma or TAs 1 cm or larger or with villous features or severe dysplasia located beyond sigmoidoscopic view.ResultsThe prevalence of advanced proximal neoplasia was similar among patients with no TAs at sigmoidoscopy, those with TAs less than 1 cm in diameter, and those with TAs 1 cm in diameter or larger (prevalence, 5.3%, 5.5%, and 5.6%, respectively). Of patients with a distal tubulovillous or villous adenoma, 12.1% had advanced proximal neoplasia. In multivariate analyses, having a distal tubulovillous adenoma or villous adenoma was the strongest predictor of advanced proximal neoplasia (odds ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.69-3.14). Age of 65 years or older, having more than 1 adenoma, and a positive family history of colorectal cancer were also significant predictors. Distal adenoma size was not a significant predictor in any multivariate analyses.ConclusionsAdvanced proximal neoplasia is not uncommon in subjects with or without distal TAs, but subjects with advanced distal histology and those older than 65 years are at increased risk. Age-specific screening using sigmoidoscopy starting at ages 50 to 55 years and colonoscopy after age 65 years may be justified.

This paper asks how an existing field offormal organizations influences the formation of social movements around new interests. Data on the Knights of Labor are used to examine how craft organization in the iron and steel industry affected the incorporation of industrial workers into the labor movement. We find that even in the absence of ideological opposition to class-based organization, building on craft associations tended to create a divided and limited labor movement. This study suggests that pre-existing organization can simultaneously help emerging interest groups organize and reinforce the traditional divisions that segment these emerging interest groups.

A preliminary study of factors associated with incorporation into the program and retention during the first 4 months of treatment among women entering mixed-sex and all-women demonstration drug abuse treatment programs. Prostitution, parents’ deviance, and entering while under legal jeopardy are among the more important characteristics of women less likely to stay in treatment, although these vary across different programs? One relatively small demonstration therapeutic community proved exceptionally able to retain more difficult clients.