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To assess outcomes of pre-stenting versus non-pre-stenting in children undergoing retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for intrarenal stones.Children/adolescent with kidney stones undergoing RIRS in 9 centers between 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed.ureteral lithotripsy, bilateral procedures. Stone-free status was evaluated at 3-month and defined as a single residual fragment (RF) ≤2 mm/absence of multiple fragments. Patients were divided into two groups (Group 1 no-prestenting; Group 2 prestenting). Student's, Chi-square and Fisher's exact test was used to assess difference between groups. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to predict RF. Statistical significance: P-value0.05.Three hundred eighty-nine children/adolescents were included (192 patients in Group 1). Prestented patients were younger compared with non-prestented (mean age 8.30 ± 4.93 vs 10.43 ± 4.30 years, P0.001). There were no differences in stone characteristics (number, size, locations). Lasing and total surgical time were similar. Urinary tract infections were more prevalent in Group 2 (10.7%) compared to Group 1 (3.7%, P = 0.016). Sepsis occurred in 2.1% of patients in Group 2 and no patient in Group 1 (P = 0.146). 30.7% patients in Group 1 and 26.4% in Group 2 had RF (P = 0.322). In univariate logistic regression analysis, stone size was associated with RF (OR 1.12 95%CI 1.06-1.18, P0.001), whereas Thulium fiber laser with a lower incidence (OR 0.24 95%CI 0.06-0.69, p=0.020). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that stone size was associated with RF (OR 1.20 95%CI 1.08-1.36, P = 0.001).RIRS showed similar stone-free rate in pre and non-prestented children/adolescents, although prestented patients were younger. A higher risk of post-operative infections was reported in prestented patients.

Aim We previously reported that some urodynamic parameters change with repetitive filling in children with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). In this study, we aimed to search if three-times repeated filling cystometries (FC) and pressure-flow studies (PFS) would change the urodynamics parameters in children with non-neurogenic LUTD. Materials and Methods All children with three repeated FC and PFS between June 2017 and December 2018 were included in the study. Urodynamic reports and charts were evaluated retrospectively. The first sensation of bladder filling (FSBF), maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), detrusor pressure at the FSBF (P-det.first.sens), maximum detrusor pressure during filling (P-det.fill.max), presence of detrusor over activity, compliance, maximum urine flow (Qmax), detrusor pressure at the maximum urine flow (PdetQmax), residual urine and presence of detrusor sphincter dyssynergy (DSD) were compared among three-times repeated urodynamic studies. Results Forty children were included in the study. 27 (67.5%) were girls and 13 (32.5%) were boys. Median age was 9 (3.4-17) years. Indications were LUTD with low grade vesicoureteral reflux in 19 (47.5%), LUTD refractory to conservative management in 13 (32.5%), urinary tract infection with LUTD in 6 (15%) and secondary enuresis in 2 (5%). P-det.first.sens, presence of DO, MCC, Qmax, PdetQmax, residual urine, flow pattern, and presence of DSD were comparable in all three repeated tests. The third FC may show decreased filling detrusor pressures and increased compliance with no change on capacity. Conclusion In children with non-neurogenic LUTD, three-times repeated FC and PFS present comparable results except FSBF, P-det.fill.max,P- and compliance at the third test.

In this review, it is aimed to illuminate the place of testicular sparing surgery in childhood testicular tumors in the light of current literature. The importance of organ-sparing surgery is highlighted because a significant portion of childhood testicular tumors are benign and organ-sparing surgery reduces morbidity without affecting disease-related survival. Testis sparing surgery can be considered as an alternative to radical inguinal orchiectomy in synchronous bilateral testicular tumors, metachronous contralateral tumors, and in the presence of normal solitary testis if preoperative testosterone level is normal and the tumor size is less than 30% of the testicular volume. However, definite recommendations could not be determined due to the lack of literature data.

Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of flouroscopy-free retrograde intrarenal surgery (ffRIRS) and to investigate the factors that may affect stone-free rate. Materials and methods: The charts of patients who underwent ffRIRS between January 2017 and August 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with missing preoperative imaging and patients with kidney anomalies were excluded from the study. Age, gender, stone size, stone localization, stone density, laterality, operation time, stone-free rate, complications and auxiliary procedures were recorded and analyzed. Results: Study group involved 44 (43.1%) female and 58 (56.8%) male patients. Stone-free rate in a single-session ffRIRS were found to be correlated with stone localization (p = 0.003), stone volume (p = 0.004), and stone density (p = 0.009) but not with age (p = 0.950). Patients with multiple calyceal stones and a stone burden over 520 mm3 were found to be less stone-free. The complication rate in female gender (n = 7) was significantly higher compared to male (n = 1) (p = 0.011). No major complications such as ureteral injury or avulsion were observed. Overall, 13 patients (12.7%) needed auxiliary procedures. The operation time seemed to be affected by stone size and gender (p = 0.005; p = 0.044, respectively). Conclusions: Stone-free rate in ffRIRS were found to be affected by stone density, size, and localization. Patients with multiple caliceal stones and high stone burden (< 520 mm3) have been found to have low stone-free rate, so one can speculate that having fluoroscopy assistance in RIRS might help us to improve surgical success.

Objective Biofeedback is an effective treatment in children with standard urotherapy-resistant dysfunctional voiding (DV). However, the duration of the session intervals is not standardized. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of daily and weekly sessions of biofeedback treatments. Methods The data of children who received biofeedback due to DV between March 2018 and May 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. The children were divided into two groups, one with daily and the other with weekly sessions. The voiding patterns in uroflowmetry (UF), maximum flow rate (Qmax), electromyography activity, postvoid residual volume (PVR), the ratio of voided volume to expected bladder capacity (EBC) (%), and Dysfunctional Voiding and Incontinence Scoring System (DVISS) were compared between the two groups. Results A total of 45 children (39 girls [86.6%] and 6 boys [13.3%]) were included in the study. The daily group consisted of 27 (60%) children and the weekly group of 18 (40%). Qmax, PVR, number of abnormal UF patterns, voiding volume/EBC, and DVISS scores were similar between the two groups before treatment. Voiding parameters improved statistically significantly in both groups following biofeedback, but there was no difference between the two groups. A statistical difference was found between the results of DVISS after treatment (P = .03). Conclusion Both types of biofeedback treatment (daily and weekly) are effective methods that improve voiding parameters and DVISS values in children with DV. Therefore, the duration between sessions can be determined according to the suitability of the patient and the biofeedback unit.

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of kidney stones (KSs) on critically ill older adults (CIOA) staying longer than 24 hours in the ICU. Sepsis is one of the leading causes of mortality for ICU patients. KS disease is a well-known risk factor for bacteriuria and urinary tract infection.A total of 256 CIOA were initially evaluated from April 2017 through February 2019. Patients who had urinary ultrasonography and computed tomography within 12 months prior to ICU admission were included. Patients with an additional urological pathology, under the age of 65 years, and with ICU stays of 24 hours or less were excluded. Consequently, 151 patients were eligible and constituted the study group. These patients were divided into 2 subgroups, according to the presence or absence of KSs. These 2 groups were compared with regard to urine culture (UC) results, presence of urosepsis, and septic shock.The mean age was 80.66 (±7.76) years. There were 18 patients with KSs and 133 without KSs. A total of 71 patients had a positive UC. Repeat UC positivity (p = 0.002) and resistant microorganisms (p = 0.034) were significantly more frequent in the KS group. The incidences of both urosepsis (p0.001) and septic shock (p0.001) were also significantly higher in patients with KSs.The presence of KSs in CIOA is frequently associated with urosepsis and septic shock. Large prospective trials are required to evaluate the impact of KSs on the prognosis of patients in the ICU.

The purpose of this study, is to find out the most accurate cut-off level for the detrusor leak point pressure (DLPP) in terms of upper urinary tract (UUT) protection in a cohort of children with myelodysplasia.One hundred and ninety-three children with myelodysplasia were included in the study based on the availability of urological evaluation at age of 3 years. Children were assigned to one of two groups-those who had UUT damage at age 3 (group 1, n: 70) and those without UUT changes (group 2, n: 123), and compared.Urological follow-up data revealed higher incidences of febrile urinary tract infections and secondary tethering of the spinal cord in group 1. No statistically significant difference was determined between group 1 and group 2 in terms of DLPP values (median 42.5 vs. 39.5 cm HPresent study showed that more than half of the children with myelodysplasia had normal UUT function even with a DLPP of 40 cm H

Purpose To analyse and report the practice, outcomes and lessons learnt from a global series of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in a paediatric multicentre series. Methods A retrospective review of anonymized pooled data gathered globally from 8 centres in paediatric patients ( 10 years (Group C). Overall, post-operative complication rate was 13.7%. Chi-square comparisons were used for categorical variables; analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for continuous variables. Results 314 patients were analysed. The mean age was 9.54 +/- 4.76 years. Groups A, B and C had 67 (21.3%), 83 (26.4%) and 164 (52.2%) patients, respectively. Mean stone size was 10.7 +/- 4.62 mm. Pre-stenting was performed in 155 (49.4%) of patients, ureteral access sheaths (UAS) was used in 54.5% of patients with majority (71%) utilizing holmium laser for stone fragmentation. All complications were minor (Clavien-Dindo grade 1 and 2). SFR was 75.5%. Conclusions RIRS is acceptable as a first-line intervention in the paediatric population with reasonable efficacy and low morbidity. Complications are slightly higher in patients < 5 years of age, which should be taken into account while counselling patients.