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This short essay presents a number of unpublished 17th century documents from the Sharīʿa court records of Aleppo pertaining to the rather sensitive, both morally and socially, issue of how to deal with cases of legally married women permanently deserted and abandoned by their absent husbands. In Aleppo, as elsewhere in the Ottoman realm, this frequently occurring phenomenon had its causes in widespread regional and interregional mobility patterns. For once, the Ottoman judiciary found itself incapable to come up with a practical solution and had to look for answers outside of the officially recognized Ḥanafite school. The Shāfiʿite madhhab, the leading juridical school in Syria up until the arrival of the Ottomans in early 16th century, could and did in fact offer a much more pragmatic way out to the predicament of a relevant number of married women (including non-Muslim ones) who were allegedly experiencing hardship and privation.

Poverty in childhood is associated with an increased risk of being marginalised and socially excluded, which is also the case in the Swedish welfare state. Poor parents often strive for their children to fit in among same‐aged children, which is difficult for the poorest to accomplish. As the last resort for the poor, the welfare state offers the opportunity to apply for financial aid, but applications may be rejected. Parents can then appeal the rejections to an administrative court. In these decisions, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child could be applied or referred to. The convention has been incorporated into Swedish law since 2020. This article is grounded in childhood sociology and aims to show how poor children, their needs, and rights are processed in the legal system, which sets the framework for the children’s access to material conditions needed for inclusion in a welfare state such as Sweden. The presentation is based on a qualitative content analysis of administrative court records concerning financial aid appeals. The results show that the appeal process confirms the adult orientation of financial aid and that a child rights perspective is, with few exceptions, missing in these records. When children are mentioned, a care perspective dominates and their right to participation is neglected.

[spa] Los Comentarios del gobernador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (1555) ofrecen una mirada desde un caso concreto a un macro contexto indivisible de la empresa colonial e incluso de su tiempo, una incipiente modernidad que muy pronto haría emerger la imagen de una ‘civilización papelera’. El asunto de esta obra es una rebelión contra el representante del rey en el Río de la Plata, Cabeza de Vaca, que acabará preso y desterrado de su jurisdicción. Se trata de una discordia política entre conquistadores que esta vez no se resolverá por medio de las armas, sino de la tinta y el papel. Como es lógico, en el Nuevo Mundo, las escrituras, los papeles escritos, son el medio de comunicación privilegiado con la metrópoli y, por tanto, constituyen la fórmula básica de dominio colonial. En consecuencia, también son campo de batalla, posibilidad de generar verdad, suma estrategia y movimiento político en sí: versiones encontradas sobre unos mismos hechos de las que depende toda decisión del poder central. Al otro lado del Atlántico, ese río de papeles seguirá dos cauces distintos, dos modulaciones sucesivas y contrapuestas: un largo pleito contra el gobernador derrocado (y una nefasta sentencia judicial como corolario) y una obra historiográfica avalada por la oficialidad política y cultural de la corte castellana. Las redes clientelares y la imprenta habilitaron la conversión interesada de esos archivos de la discordia en historia ejemplar: una disciplina valiosa que permitió presentar el libro como servicio público, tejiendo sus fines particulares a otros, superiores, para generar una lectura oficial sobre las Indias Occidentales. Núñez debió ajustar su escrito a esa oficialidad que lo legitima y subvenciona; de manera que la perspectiva legal, política y cultural será perfectamente diseñada tanto en el cuerpo del relato, como en su fundamental proemio. Despojado de toda mácula, el impreso pudo circular por un poderoso itinerario humanista, creado en torno a la pujante cultura libresca de mediados del siglo XVI. Esta tesis doctoral propone un recorrido de largo aliento por la historia política, cultural y textual de esta segunda y olvidada obra del famoso autor de los Naufragios., [eng] The Comentarios of Governor Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (1555) provides a look from a particular case to an entire macro context of the colonial enterprise and its time —an incipient modernity that very soon would trigger the image of a 'paper civilization'. The subject matter of this work is a rebellion against Cabeza de Vaca, the king's representative in Río de la Plata, who will be imprisoned and banished from his jurisdiction. This time, the political dispute among conquerors won’t be solved by weapons, but by ink and paper. As it is logical, in the New World, the writings, the written papers, are the privileged communication means with the metropolis and, therefore, constitute the basic formula of colonial domination. Consequently, they are also a battlefield, the chance of build a true story, and both tactical and political movement in itself: conflicting versions of the same facts that will determine every central power decision. On the other side of the Atlantic, that Flow of papers will follow two different channels, two successive and opposed modulations: a long lawsuit against the overthrown governor (and a disastrous judicial sentence as a corollary) and a historiographic work endorsed by the political and cultural officialdom of the Castilian court. The clientele networks and the printing press enabled the interested conversion of these archives of discord into exemplary history: a valuable discipline that allowed the book to be presented as a public service, weaving its particular purposes into others, superior ones, to generate an official reading of the West Indies. Núñez had to adjust his writing to that official status that legitimizes and subsidizes it; so that the legal, political and cultural perspective will be perfectly designed both in the body of the story and in its fundamental proeminence. Stripped of all stain, the print could circulate through a powerful humanist itinerary, created around the thriving book culture of the mid-sixteenth century. This doctoral thesis proposes a long journey through the political, cultural and textual history of this second and forgotten work of the famous author of the Naufragios.

El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las relaciones laborales construidas en torno al proceso de producción de las industrias cementeras de la ciudad de Olavarría. Partiremos de conflictos laborales, ocurridos en tres empresas, tomando los expedientes judiciales que detallan, entre otras cosas, las causas y formas que adoptaron dichos conflictos. Consideramos de fundamental importancia, rescatar el valor de las fuentes judiciales y de sus aportes para el estudio de ciertas conductas obreras y patronales, en relación a las pautas disciplinarias aplicadas por la empresa. This study focuses on the significance to analyze the relations built around the process of producing cement industries of the city of Olavarría. Based on labour disputes arising at three companies, the research centres on the court records which describe in detail, among other things, the causes and forms adopted by such dispute. We consider the recovery of the value of judicial sources of the utmost importance as well as their respective contributions to the study of some types of labour-management behavior associated with disciplinary directives applied by the company. Fil: Lemiez, Griselda. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. CONICET; Argentina

This article asks what we can know of historical individuals in pre-Reformation England. While recognizing the challenges of writing medieval biography, it points to the opportunities offered by a range of under-utilized sources for engaging both with medieval individuals and the pre-modern world more generally. Using the records of numerous property disputes and related cases litigated at the Westminster equity courts, it examines the actions and attitudes of one individual: Sir Robert Constable of Flamborough (c. 1478–1537), a Yorkshire landowner who was frequently brought before the courts for his involvement in local property disputes and ultimately implicated in the Pilgrimage of Grace. It explores Constable's activities through the multiple and often contradictory versions of events presented to the king, his advisors and the law courts, assessing his motivations and character while also recognizing that the fragmentary nature of the evidence means that Constable will always be an uncertain subject. In focussing on Constable and his connections to the lives and landscapes around him, the article also highlights much about the experiences and agency of the medieval men and women who shared his world. It considers the local personalities and community politics surrounding episodes of enclosure, building on recent work by social historians, archaeologists and historical geographers in order to draw attention to the roles played by ordinary and not-so-ordinary individuals in shaping the landscape. The paper not only underlines the importance of thinking geographically about the pre-modern world, but also goes some way towards ‘peopling’ the medieval countryside, conceptualizing it as a landscape brought into being through the attitudes and actions of those living and working within it.

This thesis concerns the differences in court punishments between early modern England and colonial Virginia in the 17th century. It analyzes why court punishments differed greatly between the two areas. This was accomplished by researching and analyzing years of court records of both regions in order to show their differences. It concludes that there were divergences in the ultimate goals of the court systems, particularly when it came to labor. This work builds off the work of other historians but is significant in its scope, which focuses on the legal system and specifically its court ordered punishments.

Con autorización de la editorial para este capítulo. "Publisher will continue to exercise all rights transferred in the original agreement with the Contributor. © Eisenbrauns", The files stored in the archives of the governor of the Umma province in the Ur III period include compilations of various court cases, known today as Sammelurkunden. These wew very concise accounts that only provided the main conclusions of a lawsuit or some brief information about its interim stages. One of these text, first studied by Adam Falkenstein (NSGY 214), IS tcl 5, 6047, a collection of ten court cases dealing with the estate of a certain Abī-ati. This compilation was based on litigations that presumably had been recorded in more detailed court records. In fact, one of them is now in the British Museum (BM 105339) and is published here for the first time. The analysis of both these texts provides a more comprehensive picture of lawsuits and the court inquiries the implied, a better understanding of the roles of the people involved, and new insights into the relationship between the royal and the provincial administrations in respect of legal matters., This research has been made possible thanks to the financial support granted by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad the project FFI2011-23981.

Violence was both a hallmark of social and political order, when rightly exercised, and a corruptor of this order, when inappropriately perpetrated, in medieval and early modern society. The perceived line between legitimate and illegitimate violence shifted throughout the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. Social attitudes towards violence within the family is the focus of this thesis. Rightly exercised, the correction of wives, children, wards, servants, and apprentices guaranteed the hierarchical order of society. Wrongly implemented, household violence had the potential to undermine the social and political basis of society, which was the family. The proper place for every person in medieval and early modern society was within a family, either under the control of a paterfamilias or being the head of a household. In England throughout the late-fifteenth and sixteenth centuries social attitudes towards the perpetrators of intra-familial violence hardened and levels of violence previously accepted by the community became increasingly unacceptable. On the basis of records from common law, equity, and ecclesiastical courts social attitudes towards acceptable and unacceptable household violence can be discerned. The legal evidence increasingly suggests that people were taking cases of household violence to a variety of courts and jurisdictions and therefore were expecting legal involvement and solutions on matters that had previously been familial concerns resolved through informal dispute resolutions. Litigants involved in suits alleging unacceptable levels of intra-familial violence believed that the courts were an appropriate avenue to address these issues and that the court personnel would share their understandings of acceptable/unacceptable violence. The structure of the court systems gave significant discretion to juries, for common law civil and criminal cases, presiding officers, for Church court cases, and the chancellor or council, for equity court cases, when making their decisions. This allowed social attitudes towards household violence to influence both the types of cases brought before a court and the way decisions were made in cases alleging unacceptable family violence. Excessive intra-familial violence undermined the claims to authority made by men who controlled households. Household violence had the potential to disrupt social and political structures which used the hierarchical nature of the family to validate hierarchies embedded in society. Thus enforcing appropriate levels of chastisement was a way of ensuring social and political stability.