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OBJECTIVE: There is limited evidence about the cross-cultural validity of autistic symptoms in school-aged children in Brazil. We used data from a large school survey to evaluate the factor structure of autism symptoms in community-dwelling children and adolescents. METHODS: We translated the Childhood Autism Spectrum Test to Brazilian Portuguese and performed factor analyses to investigate the factor structure of parent-reported autistic symptoms in a large sample (n=8,571) of children/adolescents from a school survey in the metropolitan area of São Paulo. RESULTS: Autistic symptoms were best conceptualized under a correlated-factors model with two factors: one predominantly characterized by social-communication symptoms and the other by symptoms of inflexible/restricted language, behaviors, and interests. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence that the structure of autistic symptoms in Brazil is similar to that described in other countries, indicating the cross-cultural validity of autism in Brazil.

The transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 high entropy alloy (HEA) with 2 at% C and 1 at% Mo microalloying was prepared by non-consumable vacuum arc melting furnace. The as-casted alloy was then rolled at 70% and then annealed at 1000 °C for different times. The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the C and Mo alloyed TRIP-HEA were systematically investigated. The results showed that with the increase of annealing time, the strength of the C2Mo1 HEA increases, but the plasticity increases first and then decreases. Spuriously, when C2Mo1 HEA was annealed for 5 min at 1000 °C after 70% cold rolling, the total elongation was 121%, the tensile strength was 816 MPa, and its product of tensile strength and plasticity was 99.23 GPa, which is much better than the majority of HEAs. In the process of tensile deformation, + //TD double texture are formed, and dislocation slip and twin mechanism competed by each other, which affect the microstructure evolution in the process of plastic deformation, and finally as the great contribution to the product of tensile strength and plasticity.

Aim. To study the polymorphism of the genes calpastatin (CAST), somatotropin (GH) and differential growth factor (GDF9) of sheep of the Dagestan mountain breed.Material and Methods. Studies on the genetic typing of Dagestan mountain sheep according to CAST, GH and GDF9 genes were carried out in conditions of distant pasture farming in the Republic of Dagestan by the Genetics and Breeding Laboratory of the Federal Agrarian Scientific Centre of the Republic of Dagestan, an accredited laboratory of immunogenetics and DNA technologies of the All-Russian Research Institute of Sheep and Goat Breeding and a branch of the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Agrarian Centre. These investigations were undertaken by the PCR-RFLP method (polymyrase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism) on a Tersik four-channel programmable thermal cycler from DNA-Technologia (Russia) using specific primers synthesized in the SYNTHOL research and production laboratory (Moscow).Results. Carrying out PCR-RFLP revealed breed-specific alleles with different frequency of occurrence, which was: in the locus of the CAST gene - allele CASTN - 0.03; allele CASTM - 0.97; at the GH gene locus - GHA allele - 100.0, GHB allele - 0; in the locus of the GDF9 gene - the GDF9A allele - 0.25, the GDF9G allele - 0.75, which determined the frequency of occurrence of the homo- and heterozygous genotypes: CASTNN, CASTMM and CASTNM - 93.0; 0 and 7.0%; GHAA, GHBB and GHAB - 100.0 and 0%; GDF9AA, GDF9GG and GDF9АG- 16.0, 66.0 and 19.0%, respectively.Conclusion. The regularity revealed can be considered as an ecological factor that optimizes the adaptive functions of the sheep's organism, on the one hand, an evolutionary selection process that contributes to the creation of a specific way of genetic structures in the population, on the other. The assumption is made that the information obtained can serve as the beginning of a more in-depth study of the unique gene pool of sheep of the Dagestan rock breed for its further improvement. Variants of genetic marker profiles of parental pairs are proposed for accumulation in breeding herds bred in different ecological-geographical zones and genotypes of carriers of selection-significant genetic structures.

The effects of volume fraction, size, and type of reinforcement particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Si–Cu–(Fe) alloy matrix composites were investigated and an analytical model was modified to predict the yield strength of the particle-reinforced nanocomposites. Nano- and micro-particle-reinforced Al–Si–Cu-(Fe) matrix composites (N-AMCs and M-AMCs) were manufactured by adding two different types and sizes of reinforcement particles to Al–Si–Cu–(Fe) alloys at different volume fractions using a two-step stir casting method combined with a high-energy ball milling process and a high-pressure die-casting method. Microstructural analyzes of N-AMCs and M-AMCs were performed using SEM, EDX, and XRD. The Brinell hardness test and the tensile test were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the N-AMCs and M-AMCs. The hardness of the N-AMCs and M-AMCs was continuously enhanced by increasing the volume fraction of the reinforcement particles, while the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the N-AMCs and M-AMCs were improved up to 1.5 vol.% and 4 vol.% of nano-particles and micro-particles, respectively. An analytical model was modified to predict the yield strength of N-AMCs by integrating the effective volume ratio of nano-particles into each strengthening mechanism. The results predicted by the modified model reached nearly 98% agreement with the experimental results up to 1.5 vol.% of the reinforcement particles. Nano-particles had a much greater effect on strengthening mechanisms compared to micro-particles.

Background and objective: The accelerated protocol of Ponseti method was suggested to shorten the period of treatment of the conventional one for the cases of talipes equinovarus deformity. This study aimed to compare the accelerated protocol of Ponseti method in the treatment of clubfoot deformity with the conventional one. Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted for infants less than six months with congenital talipes equinovarus deformity. The patients were randomized to either Group 1 (casts changed every week, conventional protocol of Ponseti method) or Group 2 (twice weekly, accelerated one). Pirani score was used to assess the severity of the deformity at presentation, at time of last cast removal, and at the last follow up visit (6th months). Results: The patients included were 48 cases with 79 feet. Group 1 (39 clubfeet) had a mean Pirani score of 5.6 (± 1.15) at presentation, which dropped to 0.47 (± 0.41) when the last cast was removed. In Group 2 (40 clubfeet), it dropped from 5.57 (± 0.83) to 0.77 (± 0.01). The result of each treatment protocol was significant, but the difference between them was not significant. Five cases (three patients aged more than three months) of Group 2 needed eight casts to reach an acceptable position of correction. The difference between the mean number of casts applied in Group 1 (5.09) and Group 2 (5.82) was statistically not significant. However, the difference between the mean number of days spent in the cast was significant. The complications occurred in 12 out of 79 feet, with no statistically significant difference between both groups. Conclusion: The accelerated protocol of Ponseti method for treating clubfoot deformity is as effective and as safe as the conventional one. It shortens the time required to complete the treatment program. Those who present lately (beyond the age of three months) may require an additional number of casts. Keywords: Clubfoot; Congenital talipes equinovarus; Ponseti; Accelerated; Cast.

Air transport is considered to be the safest means of transport. However, if an accident occurs, it often ends in catastrophe. Thus, significant efforts have been paid to sustain successful operations in aviation. Several studies have been carried out to understand the underlying reasons for accidents. This study used Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Causal Analysis based on Systems Theory (CAST) methods to analyse Tenerife aircraft accident and to compare the findings of different methods. The findings showed that while all three methods provided some overlapping findings, the CAST method led to the identification of all causes that were identified by other methods. Considering the nature of the causal factors, FMEA provided more causal factors that are related to organisation and technology than FTA. This study indicates that CAST has a significant value to identify all causes that can be identified by the use of traditional methods.

Background Pressure offloading treatment is critical for healing diabetes-related foot ulcers (DFU). Yet the 2011 Australian DFU guidelines regarding offloading treatment are outdated. A national expert panel aimed to develop a new Australian guideline on offloading treatment for people with DFU by adapting international guidelines that have been assessed as suitable to adapt to the Australian context. Methods National Health and Medical Research Council procedures were used to adapt suitable International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) guidelines to the Australian context. We systematically screened, assessed and judged all IWGDF offloading recommendations using best practice ADAPTE and GRADE frameworks to decide which recommendations should be adopted, adapted or excluded in the Australian context. For each recommendation, we re-evaluated the wording, quality of evidence, strength of recommendation, and provided rationale, justifications and implementation considerations, including for geographically remote and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. This guideline, along with five accompanying Australian DFU guidelines, underwent public consultation, further revision and approval by ten national peak bodies (professional organisations). Results Of the 13 original IWGDF offloading treatment recommendations, we adopted four and adapted nine. The main reasons for adapting the IWGDF recommendations included differences in quality of evidence ratings and clarification of the intervention(s) and control treatment(s) in the recommendations for the Australian context. For Australians with plantar DFU, we recommend a step-down offloading treatment approach based on their contraindications and tolerance. We strongly recommend non-removable knee-high offloading devices as first-line treatment, removable knee-high offloading devices as second-line, removable ankle-high offloading devices third-line, and medical grade footwear as last-line. We recommend considering using felted foam in combination with the chosen offloading device or footwear to further reduce plantar pressure. If offloading device options fail to heal a person with plantar DFU, we recommend considering various surgical offloading procedures. For people with non-plantar DFU, depending on the type and location of the DFU, we recommend using a removable offloading device, felted foam, toe spacers or orthoses, or medical grade footwear. The six new guidelines and the full protocol can be found at: https://diabetesfeetaustralia.org/new-guidelines/. Conclusions We have developed a new Australian evidence-based guideline on offloading treatment for people with DFU that has been endorsed by ten key national peak bodies. Health professionals implementing these offloading recommendations in Australia should produce better DFU healing outcomes for their patients, communities, and country.

Purpose Forearm and distal radius fractures are among the most common fractures in children. Many fractures are definitively treated with closed reduction and casting, however, the risk for re-displacement is high (7% to 39%). Proper cast application and the three-point moulding technique are modifiable factors that improve the ability of a cast to maintain the fracture reduction. Many providers univalve the cast to accommodate swelling. This study describes how the location of the univalve cut impacts the pressure at three-point mould sites for a typical dorsally displaced distal radius fracture. Methods We placed nine force-sensing resistors on an arm model to collect pressure data at the three-point mould sites. Sensory inputs were sampled at 15 Hz. Cast padding and a three-point moulded short arm fibreglass cast was applied. The cast was then univalved on the dorsal, volar, radial or ulnar aspect. Pressure recordings were obtained throughout the procedure. Results A total of 24 casts were analyzed. Casts univalved in the sagittal plane (dorsal or volar surface) retained up to 16% more pressure across the three moulding sites compared with casts univalved in the coronal plane (radial or ulnar border). Conclusion Maintaining pressure at the three-point mould prevents loss of reduction at the fracture site. This study shows that univalving the cast dorsally or volarly results in less pressure loss at moulding sites. This should improve the chances of maintaining fracture reductions when compared with radial or ulnar cuts in the cast. Sagittal plane univalving of forearm casts is recommended.

Distal radius fractures represent one of the most fre-quent injuries in children. The treatment of choice is a closed reduction followed by immobilisation in plaster cast; the immediate recourse to osteosynthesis with Kirschner wires is only reserved for certain cases. The displacement rate reported in the literature is 21-39%. The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the risk factors for a secondary displacement of metaphyseal radius fractures in a paediatric population treated in three different centres.The initial treatment for all 360 patients examined was a closed reduction under general anaesthesia and im-mobilisation in an above elbow cast for 4 weeks. The pre-operative displacement, residual post-reduction displacement and possible di-splacement at 7 and 14 days of follow-up were all assessed clinically and radiographically.A loss of reduction was reported in 102 cases; 51 under-went an additional reduction procedure - some followed by osteo-synthesis - while in the remaining 51 cases, the loss of reduction was acceptable in relation to the expectation of remodelling. The most statistically significant variable for the occurrence of a secondary displacement is a severe primary displacement. The association with the ulna fracture is not significantly correlated. The quality of the plaster cast is important for maintaining the reduction. There are a few things to consider as indicators for a second procedure: age, time elapsed from moment of fracture, fracture site and the absence of an acceptable reduction.In our experience, a reduction followed by osteo-synthesis with Kirschner wires should be considered the treatment of choice in fractures with a high risk of secondary displacement, namely those with severe initial displacement or unsatisfactory reduction.

Vehicle emission regulations in Europe and many Asian countries include a particle number limit. The number concentration is measured, typically, with condensation particle counters (CPCs). For research purposes, the size distributions provide useful information. Scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPSs) accurately provide the size distribution but are not suitable for transient aerosol. Engine (fast) exhaust particle sizers (EEPSs) cover this gap, but with less accuracy. Fast size distribution instruments are commonly used in the research and development of engines. In the last few years, instrument algorithms have been improved, but studies assessing the improvements are limited, in particular in their lower size range, around 10–20 nm, and for soot-like aerosol. In this paper, we compared the three instruments using salt, silver, diffusion flame soot (CAST), and spark discharge graphite particles. Moreover, vehicle exhaust number concentration measurements with EEPSs over a seven-year period were presented. In terms of particle concentration, EEPS overestimated, on average, 25% compared to CPC, in agreement with previous studies. Its accuracy for mean particle size determination was better than 5 nm compared to SMPS. The agreement between the instruments was satisfactory but the uncertainty increased at low concentrations and larger particle sizes, showing that there is still room for further improvements. Experimental challenges, such as low concentration levels of modern vehicles, losses in the diluters, use of photometric mode by the CPCs, and the material impact, are also discussed.

The need to use a natural alternative for disinfecting dental impression materials, which should be biocompatible and effective, led us to evaluate the efficacy of Aloe vera as a disinfectant by immersion and spray method on alginate impression material and its effect on the dimensional stability of the resultant gypsum cast.The efficacy of the disinfection procedures against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans was evaluated by determining the number of colony-forming units (CFU) recovered after disinfection of alginate discs inoculated with 1x106 CFU for defined intervals with aloe vera solution (99.96%). Dimensional stability was determined from the mean percentage deviation of three measurements that were taken between the fixed points on the casts using a traveling microscope and compared with corresponding measurements from the master model and controls. Statistical analysis of data was determined by analysis of variance.We found out that there is a mean percentage reduction in colony count of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans after 3 minutes of immersion in aloe vera and after 3 minutes spray disinfection. Complete elimination of all the microorganism cells after 7 min immersion and spray disinfection. There was a statistically significant difference in the increase of the mean anteroposterior (AP) and cross arch (CA) dimension after 3 and 7 minutes immersion in aloe vera.Spraying with aloe vera for 7 minutes was proved to be the most effective disinfection procedure without altering dimensional stability.

Emergency management research is used to deal with the increasing number of extreme weather threats in urban areas. This paper uses causal analysis based on systems theory (CAST) to review the subway water ingress accident and the government’s emergency management actions in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, during the heavy rainstorm disaster on 20 July 2021. The aims of this article are to establish safety control structures at both the enterprise level and the government level, and to systematically analyze the problems in emergency management in Zhengzhou City. Our analysis found that the construction of disaster prevention facilities restricted emergency management. Therefore, we suggest that enterprises and governments not only pay attention to emergency management, but also to the construction of disaster prevention facilities. This article also points out that the system of chief executive responsibility that is implemented in China is becoming a double-edged sword in emergency management. Our study makes recommendations for enhancing the capacities of emergency management, points out the shortcomings of the existing emergency management structure, and provides knowledge gained for future emergency management research.

This study investigated the impact of the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) combined with heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg alloys fabricated via selective laser melting (SLM) and gravity casting. Special attention was directed towards determining the effect of post-fabrication heat treatments on the microstructural evolution of AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated using two different routes. Three initial alloy conditions were considered prior to ECAP deformation: (1) as-cast in solution treated (T4) condition, (2) SLM in T4 condition, (3) SLM subjected to low-temperature annealing. Light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction line broadening analysis, and electron backscattered diffraction analysis were used to characterize the microstructures before and after ECAP. The results indicated that SLM followed by low-temperature annealing led to superior mechanical properties, relative to the two other conditions. Microscopic analyses revealed that the partial-cellular structure contributed to strong work hardening. This behavior enhanced the material’s strength because of the enhanced accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations during ECAP deformation.

Background Postoperative management regimes vary following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of unstable ankle fractures. There is an evolving understanding that extended periods of immobilisation and weight-bearing limitation may lead to poorer clinical outcomes. Traditional non-weight-bearing cast immobilisation may prevent loss of fixation, and this practice continues in many centres. The purpose of this trial is to investigate the safety and efficacy of immediate weight-bearing (IWB) and range of motion (ROM) exercise regimes following ORIF of unstable ankle fractures with a particular focus on functional outcomes and complication rates. Methods A pragmatic randomised controlled multicentre trial, comparing IWB in a walking boot and ROM within 24 h versus non-weight-bearing (NWB) and immobilisation in a cast for 6 weeks, following ORIF of all types of unstable adult ankle fractures (lateral malleolar, bimalleolar, trimalleolar with or without syndesmotic injury) is proposed. All patients presenting to three trauma units will be included. The exclusion criteria will be skeletal immaturity and tibial plafond fractures. The three institutional review boards have granted ethical approval. The primary outcome measure will be the functional Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS). Secondary outcomes include wound infection (deep and superficial), displacement of osteosynthesis, the full arc of ankle motion (plantar flexion and dorsal flection), RAND-36 Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) scoring, time to return to work and postoperative hospital length of stay. The trial will be reported in accordance with the CONSORT statement for reporting a pragmatic trial, and this protocol will follow the SPIRIT guidance. Discussion Traditional management of operatively treated ankle fractures includes an extended period of non-weight-bearing. There is emerging evidence that earlier weight-bearing may have equivocal outcomes and favourable patient satisfaction but higher wound-related complications. These studies often preclude more complicated fracture patterns or patient-related factors. To our knowledge, immediate weight-bearing (IWB) following ORIF of all types of unstable ankle fractures has not been investigated in a controlled prospective manner in recent decades. This pragmatic randomised-controlled multicentre trial will investigate immediate weight-bearing following ORIF of all ankle fracture patterns in the usual care condition. It is hoped that these results will contribute to the modern management of ankle fractures. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN76410775. Retrospectively registered on 30 June 2019.

Ces réflexions sur la terminologie s’inscrivent dans nos travaux sur la sculpture de l’Allemagne, des anciens Pays-Bas et du nord de la France aux XVe et XVIe siècles. Le terme polychromie désigne désormais le revêtement recouvrant le matériau de la sculpture, qui est constitué de l’ensemble des couches, y compris les feuilles métalliques (or, argent, or parti, étain…) et les décors rapportés. À la place de l’expression allemande Pressbrokat ou Pressbrokat-Applikationen (« brocarts appliqués »), créée au XXe siècle en référence à des étoffes improprement appelées brocarts, nous proposons l’expression décors moulés et appliqués, plus juste et explicite. Ces décors en relief évoquent souvent des velours de soie italiens avec fils et bouclettes d’or. These thoughts on terminology are part of our studies of sculpture in Germany, the Early Netherlands and Northern France of the XVe and XVIe centuries. The term polychromy now refers to that which covers the material of the sculpture. It concerns all of the layers, including metal leaves (gold, silver, Zwischgold leaf, tin…) and applied decoration. In place of the German terms Pressbrokat or Pressbrokat-Applikationen (« applied brocade »), created in the XXe century in reference to textiles improperly called brocades, we propose décors moulés et appliqués, « cast and applied decorations », more correct and explicit. These relief decorations often evoke Italian silk velvets with gold threads and small curls.

Bacterial transposons propagate through either non-replicative (cut-and-paste) or replicative (copy-and-paste) pathways, depending on how the mobile element is excised from its donor source. In the well-characterized E. coli transposon Tn7, a heteromeric TnsA-TnsB transposase directs cut-and-paste transposition by cleaving both strands at each transposon end during the excision step. Whether a similar pathway is involved for RNA-guided transposons, in which CRISPR-Cas systems confer DNA target specificity, has not been determined. Here, we apply long-read, population-based whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to unambiguously resolve transposition products for two evolutionarily distinct transposon types that employ either Cascade or Cas12k for RNA-guided DNA integration. Our results show that RNA-guided transposon systems lacking functional TnsA primarily undergo copy-and-paste transposition, generating cointegrate products that comprise duplicated transposon copies and genomic insertion of the vector backbone. Finally, we report natural and engineered transposon variants encoding a TnsAB fusion protein, revealing a novel strategy for achieving RNA-guided transposition with fewer molecular components. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13100-021-00242-2.

Objective To analyze the association between positive urinary casts on microscopic examination and urinary microprotein concentration in the case of negative urinary protein test results. This study also investigated the diagnostic value of urinary microprotein examination. Subjects A total of 949 samples that were analyzed with a UF‐1000i Urine Analyzer and returned cast alarm results were categorized into two groups, a positive and negative group, according to qualitative urinary protein sulfosalicylic acid test results. Then, 54 samples with negative protein test results but positive cast results according to microscopic examination were selected as the study group; 60 normal people with healthy physical examination results were selected as the control group. Both groups underwent urinary microprotein tests, including urinary microalbumin (mAlb), α1‐microglobulin (A1M), transferrin (TRU), and immunoglobulin G (IgG). T tests were used to evaluate mean differences between groups and chi‐square tests were used to calculate ratio differences between groups. Results (a) Microscopic examinations of the positive and negative protein groups revealed no statistically significant difference in cast detection rate (P = .421). (b) Among the 54 samples in the study group, 37 were found to have abnormal casts, while in the remaining 17 samples, only hyaline casts were detected. (c) The detection levels of mAlb, A1M, and IgG in the study group were significantly higher than the control group (P values, Our study shown microscopic examinations of the positive and negative protein groups revealed no statistically significant difference in cast detection rate, in the case of negative dry chemical urinary protein results, the diagnosis of the presence of casts has a certain value. So urinary microprotein test should be included in the reexamination rules for routine tests for patients with negative protein results and positive casts under microscopic examination. This would improve the detection rate of casts and reduce delays in appropriate treatment.

Pediatric fractures are a common injury, and treatment often includes cast immobilization. For pediatric patients being treated in a cast, cast damage is among the most common reasons patients return to the emergency room. The figure-of-eight wrapping technique interdigitates layers of fiberglass which may create a stronger cast. The aim of this study was to assess the strength of the figure-of-eight wrapping technique in comparison to the spiral wrapping technique. A total of 10 casts were wrapped with a three-inch fiberglass using the spiral technique and 10 casts were wrapped using the figure-of-eight technique. Each cast was then subjected to a three-point bending test and loaded until failure using an Instron machine. The figure-of-eight technique had an average load to failure of 278.2 + 27.6 N/mm which was similar to the spiral technique's load to failure of 281.2 + 25.4 N/mm (p=0.795). Prior to normalizing for thickness, the load to failure of the figure-of-eight technique was 949.8 + 109.5 N, which was significantly higher than the spiral technique of 868.2 + 65.1 N (p=0.038). The figure-of-eight casts were slightly thicker than the spiral casts (average 0.3 mm, p=0.004). This suggests that the thickness of the fiberglass cast may improve the strength. The figure-of-eight wrapping technique had similar biomechanical characteristics to spiral wrapping techniques. Providers should wrap in whichever technique they feel most comfortable performing as there is no difference in strength of the cast. If a stronger cast is desired, then thickness of the cast can be increased.

The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) has published evidence-based guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease since 1999. This guideline is on the use of offloading interventions to promote the healing of foot ulcers in people with diabetes and updates the previous IWGDF guideline. We followed the GRADE methodology to devise clinical questions and critically important outcomes in the PICO format, to conduct a systematic review of the medical-scientific literature, and to write recommendations and their rationale. The recommendations are based on the quality of evidence found in the systematic review, expert opinion where evidence was not available, and a weighing of the benefits and harms, patient preferences, feasibility and applicability, and costs related to the intervention. For healing a neuropathic plantar forefoot or midfoot ulcer in a person with diabetes, we recommend that a nonremovable knee-high offloading device is the first choice of offloading treatment. A removable knee-high and removable ankle-high offloading device are to be considered as the second- and third-choice offloading treatment, respectively, if contraindications or patient intolerance to nonremovable offloading exist. Appropriately, fitting footwear combined with felted foam can be considered as the fourth-choice offloading treatment. If non-surgical offloading fails, we recommend to consider surgical offloading interventions for healing metatarsal head and digital ulcers. We have added new recommendations for the use of offloading treatment for healing ulcers that are complicated with infection or ischaemia and for healing plantar heel ulcers. Offloading is arguably the most important of multiple interventions needed to heal a neuropathic plantar foot ulcer in a person with diabetes. Following these recommendations will help health care professionals and teams provide better care for diabetic patients who have a foot ulcer and are at risk for infection, hospitalization, and amputation.

В статье автором проводится исследование актерского состава фильмов режиссера Василия Шукшина, составляется и ранжируется сводная таблица актеров с их количеством ролей, сводная таблица со списком актеров «одной роли» (в контексте режиссерского творчества В. Шукшина), сводная таблица со списком «повторных актеров», которые снимались в фильмах В. Шукшина больше одного раза. В заключение, на основании данных таблиц, делается вывод об особенностях актерского состава и актерских предпочтениях режиссера.

Distal forearm fracture is the most common fracture in childhood. Patients with this type of injury suffer from meaningful pain after Emergency Department (ED) discharge. Previous studies demonstrated that short arm (below-the-elbow) casts perform as well as long arm (above-the-elbow) casts for maintaining the reduction of distal forearm fractures, with a similar rate of complications. Consequently, short casts are the commonly used method of immobilization after closed reduction of a distal forearm fractures in children older than 4 years. However, short casts carry a potential disadvantage; since they cannot prevent supination in a wrist that is held in pronation, and vice versa, their use might be associated with pain.We initiated this study to examine the effect of the type of casting on post discharge pain. We will conduct an open-label randomized, controlled trial comparing short cast immobilization with long cast immobilization in children who had a reduction of distal forearm fracture in the ED. Our hypothesis is that children with distal forearm fractures who are treated with a long cast, experience less pain during the first 48 h after ED discharge than children who are treated with a short cast. Keywords: Pain, Children, Fracture, Cast

Purpose To investigate paediatric orthopaedists’ cast practices for early onset scoliosis regarding patient selection, cast application, radiographic evaluation, treatment cessation and adjunctive bracing. Methods A casting survey was distributed to all paediatric orthopaedists in Children's Spine and Growing Spine Study Groups (n = 92). Questions included physician and patient characteristics, technique, treatment, outcomes, radiographic measurements and comparison to other treatments. A total of 55 orthopaedists (60%) responded, and descriptive statistics were calculated on the subset who cast (n = 45). Results A majority of respondents use cast treatment for idiopathic and syndromic scoliosis patients, but not for neuromuscular or congenital scoliosis patients. Major curve angle ranked most important in orthopaedists’ decision to commence cast treatment, in comparison with rib-vertebra angle difference or clinical observations. The major curve angle threshold to initiate casting was a median of 30° (20° to 70°), and the minimum patient age was median ten months (3 to 24). First in-cast and out-of-cast radiographs are taken standing, supine, awake, under anesthesia and/or in traction. In all, 58% consistently cast over or under the arm, while 44% vary position by patient. Respondents were divided about the use of a brace after cast treatment: 22% do not prescribe a brace, 31% always do and 36% do in some patients. Conclusions Future multicentre research studies must standardize radiographic practices and consider age and major curve angle at cast initiation and termination, scoliosis aetiology, shoulder position and treatment duration. Practices need to be aligned or compared in these areas in order to distinguish what makes for the best cast treatment possible. Level of Evidence V, Expert opinion

RESUMEN: Históricamente el oro ha sido usado debido a las especiales propiedades que posee, entre las que se pueden resaltar su resistencia a medios agresivos (por ser altamente inerte), su buena conducción térmica y eléctrica, y porque además presenta un color llamativo. Sus principales aplicaciones se han dado en áreas como la economía (en el uso de monedas), en joyería, en electrónica y en odontología. Con el fin de mejorar las propiedades que presenta el oro, se fabrican aleaciones de éste con otros metales. Dentro de las nuevas aleaciones que se están desarrollando, se encuentra el sistema de aleaciones Au-Fe. En esta investigación se pretende profundizar en el estudio de la microestructura de las aleaciones Au-Fe y Au-Fe-Co, para lo cual, se fabricaron aleaciones base oro aleadas con 25% (p/p) Fe y se han comparado a nivel de estructura y conformabilidad con la aleación Au-24.5Fe-0.5Co (% p/p), con el fin de determinar la influencia de este último aleante (el cobalto). Las aleaciones se obtuvieron en horno de inducción con atmósfera controlada de argón, utilizando crisoles conductores revestidos con silicato de zirconio. Las muestras se caracterizaron en tres diferentes procesos: as-cast con tratamiento térmico a temperaturas de 900°C a una y tres horas respectivamente y as-cast centrifugada. Los resultados de conformabilidad al finalizar el proceso son 62% de deformación (en laminador) para la aleación Au-24.5Fe-0.5Co contra el 23% para el sistema Au-25Fe para las muestras obtenidas as-cast y con tratamiento térmico a 900°C por 1 hora. Las muestras as-cast centrifugadas presentaron una deformación de 75% con fractura dúctil en Au-25Fe y de 82% sin fractura en Au-24.5Fe-0.5Co. El anterior resultado es satisfactorio para el sistema con adición de cobalto, lo cual es altamente benéfico para diversas aplicaciones, sobretodo la joyería. ABSTRACT: Since ancient times, gold has been used due to its especial properties. Among those properties are the resistance to corrosion (for being noble), its high electrical and thermal conductivity, and also its conspicuous coloration. Gold has been applied in a diversity of subjects such as economy, jewelry, electronic circuits and odontology. The fascinating properties of gold are likely to improve with the preparation of alloys; among those, the Au-Fe alloys constitute some of the most studied nowadays. In this research, we present our results concerning the microstructure of the Au-Fe and Au-Fe-Co alloys. We fabricated gold based alloys with 25% (weight) Fe and then compared their structure and formability to Au-24.5Fe-0.5Co (% weight) to determine the role of cobalt in the alloy. An induction furnace with controlled atmosphere (argon) and conductor crucibles coated with zirconium silicate was used. The samples were characterized by three processes: as-cast, with heat treatment (HT) at T=900°C (1h and 3h) and as-cast centrifuged. The formability results for the as-cast samples revealed a 23% deformation (rolling mill) for the Au-25Fe versus a 62% for the Au-24.5Fe-0.5Co alloy (HT-1h; T=900°C), whilst for the as-cast centrifuged sample revealed a 75% deformation with ductile fracture for the Au-25Fe versus an 82% without fracture for the Au-24.5Fe-0.5Co alloy. This result is particularly promissory for the applications in jewelry, showing that the addition of cobalt increases the formability of Au-Fe alloys.

The Tuva Republic is one of the main sheep breeding centers in the Russian Federation. The Tuvan short-fat-tailed sheep is a unique local breed of the Tuva Republic. The studied breed has sheep of steppe type and mountain type. Each type of sheep was having formed according to relief of the ground and environment features. The breed originated in different parts from steppe and mountains. This study aim was to show the genetic polymorphism of calpastatin gene (CAST) in ram populations of two main breeding centers for tuvan short-fat-tailed sheep. Genomic DNA was isolated from 51 animals from Municipal unitary enterprise "Despen" (steppe type of sheep), and 100 animals from State unitary enterprise "Malchyn" (mountain type of sheep). Genomic DNA was extracted using the commercial kits. The detection was done using the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the polymerase chain reaction products (PCR-RFLPs). We used a pair of primers: F: 5’-TGGGGCC CAATGACGCCATCGATG-3’ and R: 5’-GGTGGAGCAGCACTTCTGATCACC-3’ to get 622 b.p. fragment of CAST gene. The PCR products are having digested with MspI restriction enzyme. Calpastatin locus digested with MspI has shown three genotypes: MM, MN and NN. The frequency of MM, MN and NN genotypes were 80.39%, 17.65% and 1.96% in steppe type of breed and 77.00%, 22.00% and 1.00% in the mountain type of breed. The highest allelic frequency was for allele M (0.89 in MUE "Despen" rams and 0.88 in SUE "Malchyn" rams). Allelic frequency of allele N had lower values of 0.11 in steppe type and 0.12 in mountain type.

ΔΕΝ ΔΙΑΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ, This study was designed to evaluate the effects of calpastatin (CAST) MspI polymorphism on some growth and reproduction traits, including birth weight, first breeding weight, litter size, and average daily weight gain in Saanen goats. In this sense, blood samples obtained from 73 purebred female Saanen goats were used for genotyping. Genomic DNA was isolated by the phenol-chloroform method and used to determine CAST genotypes, including MM, MN, and NN, by means of the PCR-RFLP method. The population genetic parameters were estimated based on allelic distribution and the data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) using a general linear model (GLM). Results revealed that N allele frequency was remarkably high (0.64) and the MM genotype was not present. The frequency of the heterozygous genotype was 59.62%. Concerning ANOVA results, significant differences were found between genotypes of the CAST locus concerning birth weight (P

Flecainide is an IC antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) that received in 1984 Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) and subsequently for rhythm control of atrial fibrillation (AF). Currently, flecainide is mainly employed for sinus rhythm maintenance in AF and the treatment of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (IVA) in absence of ischaemic and structural heart disease on the basis of CAST data. Recent studies enrolling patients with different structural heart diseases demonstrated good effectiveness and safety profile of flecainide. The purpose of this review is to assess current evidence for appropriate and safe use of flecainide, 30 years after CAST data, in the light of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the field of ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart disease.

With chlorinated solvents unlikely to be permitted for use in solution-processed organic solar cells in industry, there must be a focus on developing nonchlorinated solvent systems. Here we report high-efficiency devices utilizing a low-bandgap donor polymer (PffBT4T-2DT) and a nonfullerene acceptor (EH-IDTBR) from hydrocarbon solvents and without using additives. When mesitylene was used as the solvent, rather than chlorobenzene, an improved power conversion efficiency (11.1%) was achieved without the need for pre- or post-treatments. Despite altering the processing conditions to environmentally friendly solvents and room-temperature coating, grazing incident X-ray measurements confirmed that active layers processed from hydrocarbon solvents retained the robust nanomorphology obtained with hot-processed chlorinated solvents. The main advantages of hydrocarbon solvent-processed devices, besides the improved efficiencies, were the reproducibility and storage lifetime of devices. Mesitylene devices showed better reproducibility and shelf life up to 4000 h with PCE dropping by only 8% of its initial value.

The name Keelamattiyan is originated from two Tamil words 'Kila' meaning the lower and 'Mattiyan' means the place. The village is in the southern part of India in the state of Tamin Nadu at Madurai district of Vadipatti block of Melakkal Panchayet. Keelamattiyan south Indian is much more developed in compare to the villages of Jharkhand north Indian , India. But their believes about the casts and superstations are very rigid till now. Cast is a serious issue in the village. Cast believes of the village is one of the barriers in positive growth of the village. Saswatik Tripathy | Aditi Khan "A Case Study on the Village Keelamattiyan and its Believes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18580.pdf

Background and Aim: Dimensional accuracy of impressions is crucial to the quality of fixed restorations. This accuracy can be highly affected by the type of core and impression materials. This study aimed to assess the effect of different core materials on dimensional accuracy of two silicone impression materials. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, three master core models were fabricated of amalgam, composite resin, and nickel–chromium. Of each model, 30 impressions were taken; 15 with additional and 15 with condensational silicone impression material. The accuracy of impressions of the three core materials was assessed by measuring two linear dimensions and one vertical dimension on the stone casts. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc test (α = 0.05). Results: Accuracy of the three measured dimensions was significantly affected by both the impression and core materials (P < 0.05). Additional silicone was significantly more accurate in linear dimensions, and impressions of the amalgam core were significantly more accurate than other cores in linear dimensions. Conclusion: Additional silicone impression material had more detail reproduction, and the impressions of amalgam core were more accurate than the composite and nickel–chromium core materials.

Çetin, Serkant Ali (Dogus Author) -- Arık, Metin (Dogus Author) -- Yıldız, Süleyman Cenk (Dogus Author) Although they have not yet been detected, axions and axion-like particles (ALPs) continue to maintain the interest (even increasingly so) of the rare-event searches community as viable candidates for the Dark Matter of the Universe but also as a solution for several other puzzles of astrophysics. Their property of coupling to photons has inspired different experimental methods for their detection, one of which is the helioscope technique. The CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) is the most sensitive helioscope built up to date and has recently published part of the latest data taken with the magnet bores gradually filled with He-3, probing the mass range up to 1.17 eV. The International AXion Observatory (IAXO) is being proposed as a facility where different axion studies can be performed, with the primary goal to study axions coming from the Sun. Designed to maximize sensitivity, it will improve the levels reached by CAST by almost 5 orders of magnitude in signal detection, that is more than one order of magnitude in terms of gay. Here we will summarize the most important aspects of the helioscopes, and focus mainly on IAXO, based on the recent papers [1, 2].

Background Bone fractures are one of the most common injuries in the USA. Fiberglass tape is a commonly used casting material, and many medical professionals apply adjuvants including liquid hand soap, foam sanitizers, and ultrasound gel in the hopes of improving outcomes relating to ease of molding and eventual strength, lamination, and smoothness of cast material. However, the efficacy of these agents to improve fiberglass cast mechanics has not been scientifically evaluated. The purpose of this study was to assess the mechanical effects of commonly used adjuvants on fiberglass cast materials. Methods Studies compared regularly shaped samples of water-activated, untreated fiberglass tape (Ossur Techform Premium) to water-activated fiberglass tape treated with one of three commonly used adjuvants (liquid soap, foam hand sanitizer, or ultrasound gel) during lamination. Material stiffness, yield stress, and ultimate load were measured by 3-point bending. Results These studies demonstrated that that liquid soap and ultrasound gel did not affect fiberglass tape mechanical properties, but alcohol-based foam sanitizer significantly reduced stiffness (− 32.8%), yield stress (− 33.6%), and ultimate load (− 31.0%) of the cast material as compared to the control group. Regression slopes were not significantly different between groups, suggesting that no adjuvants improved material curing time. Conclusions These data suggest that the application of adjuvants is not beneficial and potentially harmful to fiberglass cast behavior. Despite the widespread practice of adjuvant application by medical professionals during casting, results from the current study suggest that use of these agents for structural enhancement of fiberglass casts is not beneficial and should largely be discouraged. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13018-019-1202-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Although dental caries is a globally widespread disease, there is no consensus regarding the method that should be used for their detection. In recent decades, a variety of new methods have been proposed for measuring caries in a population. Three caries detection methods, the decayed, missing and filled (DMF) index, the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and the Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST), were compared to provide information to guide future method choices. Methods This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study in which three methods were used to measure caries in students, staff and their dependents at UNEB (State University of Bahia), Salvador, Brazil. We compared the mean application time of each method and the frequencies obtained by each method using the following indicators: the most severe caries lesion per individual; the mean number of missing, filled and decayed teeth; and the disease extent. Results The mean time taken to apply the DMF was 3.8 min; for ICDAS, it took 8.9 min, and for CAST, 4.7 min. When calculating the indicator the most severe caries lesion per individual, the prevalence rates were as follows: 28.1% for DMF, 84.0% for ICDAS and 75.0% for CAST. The mean numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth were 6.0 according to the DMF, 6.2 according to ICDAS and 5.9 according to CAST. When the disease extension indicator was used, the following percentages of teeth were affected by caries: DMF 22.12%, ICDAS 49.11% and CAST 33.2%. Conclusions The DMF underestimated the occurrence of caries lesions in individuals but was the fastest method to apply. ICDAS obtained detailed information regarding lesion severity, but it was a time-consuming method and difficult to analyse. CAST described disease distributions very well and identified lesion severities and preventive and curative needs in the examined group, and the time required to apply CAST was similar to that of the DMF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12903-018-0583-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neuro-degenerative disorder in the elderly that leads to dementia. The hallmark of AD is senile lesions made by abnormal aggregation of amyloid beta in extracellular space of brain. One of the challenges in AD treatment is to better understand the mechanism of action of key proteins and their related pathways involved in neuronal cell death in order to identify adequate therapeutic targets. This study focuses on the phenomenon of aggregation of amyloid beta into plaques by considering the signal transduction pathways of Calpain-Calpastatin (CAST) regulation system and Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing pathways along with Ca2+ channels. These pathways are modeled and analyzed individually as well as collectively through Stochastic Petri Nets for comprehensive analysis and thorough understating of AD. The model predicts that the deregulation of Calpain activity, disruption of Calcium homeostasis, inhibition of CAST and elevation of abnormal APP processing are key cytotoxic events resulting in an early AD onset and progression. Interestingly, the model also reveals that plaques accumulation start early (at the age of 40) in life but symptoms appear late. These results suggest that the process of neuro-degeneration can be slowed down or paused by slowing down the degradation rate of Calpain-CAST Complex. In the light of this study, the suggestive therapeutic strategy might be the prevention of the degradation of Calpain-CAST complexes and the inhibition of Calpain for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.

Casting is routinely used for acute andpost-operative immobilization and remains a cornerstone in the non-operative management of fractures and deformities. Theapplication of a properly fitted and well-molded cast, especially for a trainee, can bechallenging. We present a simple method ofprolonging cure time of fiberglass cast — placing ice in the dip water. Eight-ply, five-inch fiberglass cast was circumferentially applied to an aluminum-wrapped cardboard cylinder. An electronic, 2-channel temperature sensor (TR-71wf Temp Logger, T&D Corporation, Matsumoto, Japan), accurateto 0.1ºC and accurate to ±0.3ºC, was placed between the fourth and fifth layers of fiberglass. Thirty total casts were tested using 9±1ºC (cold), 22±1ºC (ambient), and 36±1ºC (warm) dip water. Room temperature was maintained at 24±1ºC. Cast temperatures were measured during theexothermic reaction generated by the castcuring. Peak temperatures and cure timeswere recorded. Cure time was defined as the point of downward deflection on the time-temperature curve immediately after peak. Cure and peak temperatures were compared among groups using analysis of variance. Mean cure time was 3.5±0.1 minutes forwarm water, 5.0±0.4 minutes for ambient water and 7.0±0.5 minutes for cold water. Peak temperature, measured between layers 4 and 5 of the cast material, was 36.6±0.8ºC for warm water, 31.1±1.4ºC for ambient water and 25.2±0.5ºC for cold water. Cold afforded, on average, an additional 2 minutes (40% increase) in cure time compared to ambient water and an additional 3.5 minutes (100% increase) compared to warm water. Cure time differences were significant (P

Previous studies reported that the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) in mainland China is much lower than estimates from developed countries (around 1%). The aim of the study is to apply current screening and standardized diagnostic instruments to a Chinese population to establish a prevalence estimate of ASC in an undiagnosed population in mainland China. We followed the design development used previously in the UK published in 2009 by Baron-Cohen and colleagues. The Mandarin Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST) was validated by screening primary school pupils (n = 737 children age 6-10 years old) in Beijing and by conducting diagnostic assessments using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. The prevalence estimate was generated after adjusting and imputing for missing values using the inverse probability weighting. Response was high (97%). Using the UK cutoff (≥15), CAST performance has 84% sensitivity and 96% specificity (95% confidence interval [CI]: 46, 98, and 96, 97, respectively). Six out of 103 children, not previously diagnosed, were found to the meet diagnostic criteria (8.5 after adjustment, 95% CI: 1.6, 15.4). The preliminary prevalence in an undiagnosed primary school population in mainland China was 119 per 10,000 (95% CI: 53, 265). The utility of CAST is acceptable as a screening instrument for ASC in large epidemiological studies in China. Using a comparable method, the preliminary prevalence estimate of ASC in mainland China is similar to that of those from developed countries. Autism Res 2015, ●●: ●●-●●. © 2015 The Authors. Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research.

Use of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in external layers (A-layers) of ABA-trilayer polypropylene films was investigated, with the purpose of determining intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could lead to antistatic behavior of transparent films. The incorporation of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 wt % of MWCTNs in the A-layers was done by dilution through the masterbatch method. Masterbatches were fabricated using isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with different melt flow indexes 2.5, 34, and 1200 g/10 min, and using different ultrasound assist methods. It was found that films containing MWCNTs show surface electrical resistivity of 1012 and 1016 Ω/sq, regardless of the iPP melt flow index (MFI) and masterbatch fabrication method. However, electrostatic charge was found to depend upon the iPP MFI, the ultrasound assist method and MWCNT concentration. A percolation electron transport mechanism was determined most likely responsible for this behavior. Optical properties for films containing MWCNTs do not show significant differences compared to the reference film at MWCNT concentrations below 0.1 wt %. However, an enhancement in brightness was observed, and it was attributed to ordered iPP molecules wrapping the MWCNTs. Bright transparent films with low electrostatic charge were obtained even for MWCNTs concentrations as low as 0.01 wt %.

Casting is routinely used for acute and post-operative immobilization and remains a cornerstone in the non-operative management of fractures and deformities. The application of a properly fitted and wellmolded cast, especially for a trainee, can be challenging. We present a simple method of prolonging cure time of fiberglass cast — placing ice in the dip water. Eight-ply, fiveinch fiberglass cast was circumferentially applied to an aluminum-wrapped cardboard cylinder. An electronic, 2-channel temperature sensor (TR-71wf Temp Logger, T&D Corporation, Matsumoto, Japan), accurate to 0.1ºC and accurate to ±0.3ºC, was placed between the fourth and fifth layers of fiberglass. Thirty total casts were tested using 9±1ºC (cold), 22±1ºC (ambient), and 36±1ºC (warm) dip water. Room temperature was maintained at 24±1ºC. Cast temperatures were measured during the exothermic reaction generated by the cast curing. Peak temperatures and cure times were recorded. Cure time was defined as the point of downward deflection on the timetemperature curve immediately after peak. Cure and peak temperatures were compared among groups using analysis of variance. Mean cure time was 3.5±0.1 minutes for warm water, 5.0±0.4 minutes for ambient water and 7.0±0.5 minutes for cold water. Peak temperature, measured between layers 4 and 5 of the cast material, was 36.6±0.8ºC for warm water, 31.1±1.4ºC for ambient water and 25.2±0.5ºC for cold water. Cold afforded, on average, an additional 2 minutes (40% increase) in cure time compared to ambient water and an additional 3.5 minutes (100% increase) compared to warm water. Cure time differences were significant (P

Objetivo: Se realizó el tamizaje de niños y adolescentes estudiantes de Bucaramanga y Medellín con el fin de identificar manifestaciones del Síndrome de Asperger (SA). Método: Luego de la firma del consentimiento informado por parte de los padres, se escogió en forma aleatoria 1.600 padres de niños y adolescentes de instituciones educativas de Bucaramanga y Medellín. Se excluyeron los estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual. Las escalas CAST y ASSQ, útiles para la identificación de indicadores de riesgo para la presencia de SA, fueron aplicadas en diferente orden, considerándose positivos para SA los puntajes superiores o iguales a 15 para CAST y 22 para ASSQ. Para el análisis estadístico se usó Stata SE 12.1. Resultados: Se encontraron manifestaciones del SA en el 9,1 % de la muestra con la escala ASSQ (IC95 % 7,7 % a 10,6 %) y un 8,8 % con la escala CAST (IC95 % 7,2 % a 10,7 %). No se encontraron diferencias significativas por ciudad, estrato o edad; pero sí por sexo, siendo más frecuente en varones que en mujeres tanto en la escala CAST (ZW=-3.569, p

Aim: To assess the physical and mechanical properties of plaster of Paris (POP) bandage cast used as a splinting and casting materials. Materials and Methods: POP casts were divided into three Groups A, B and C with 2, 3 and 8 layer for POP bandage, respectively (n=6 in each group). Handling characters, technical easiness or difficulties, setting time, weight, diameter and thickness of the casts were recorded for different groups. The casts were mounted on universal testing machine and axial load was applied @ 10 mm/min until failure. The load deflection graphs were plotted. The maximum force at which failure of the casts occurred was recorded. Stress, strain, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and stiffness of casts were calculated. Result: Construction of POP bandage cast was messy and required 45-60 min for hardening. 8 layer POP cast was comparatively heavier in weight and thicker in cross section than 3 layer cast followed by 2 layer cast. Under axial compression, the load bearing capacity of 8 layer POP casts was more than 2 and 3 layer cast. Conclusion: The values of load bearing capacity, stress, stiffness and MOE of cast were the highest for 8 layer POP cast followed by 2 and 3 layer cast. Use if splints with POP cast is recommended due to its poor mechanical properties.

First we looked for putative causative mutations in the CAST and CAPN1 genes associated with meat tenderness and found a total of 31 and 7 polymorphisms, respectively, in the Parda de Montaña and Pirenaica breeds. Tenderness was not affected by mutations in CAPN1. However, three SNPs located at intron 5 (BTA7 g.98533962C>G on UMD 3.0), exon 7 (g.98535683A>G) and intron 12 (g.98545188T>A) of the CAST gene were significantly associated with meat tenderness at 7days post-mortem in the Parda de Montaña breed. The haplotypes h2 and h5 showed significant associations with meat toughness being consistent with the SNP association results, which showed that the g.98535683A>G SNP in CAST might be the causative mutation of the effect found in this study. This mutation changes the amino acid sequence at position p.Thr182Ala (NM_174003). This amino acid substitution could affect the interacting regions between the calpastatin L-domain and calpain, and then could generate a more stable union between calpain and calpastatin. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

The aim of this study was to perform the CAST gene polymorphism genotyping and to verify its possible influence on the quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing carcass value in pigs. The study found a significant effect of the CAST gene on carcass value. In the case of alelle A present in the CAST/HinfI gene there was a higher lean meat share (i.e. lower fat content) and therefore the detected quality of pork meat was lower. The significant differences were found between the homozygotes AA and heterozygotes AB, mainly in the amount of fat content (P?0.05). Concerning the CAST/MspI gene, it was found that genotype CD caused higher lean meat share due to the higher shares of muscles in the main meat parts. However higher lean meat share does lead to lower quality of the meat. Another discovered influence was that of the allele D, which was associated with the intramuscular fat content (IMF) in the neck (P?0.05). Our results also show signifiant influence (P?0.05) of the allele C on the qualitative indicators of pork meat (MS EC50). Concerning the CAST/RsaI polymorphism, the study proved that this polymorphism doesn?t influence any of the monitored qualitative parameters.

This article’s aim is to publish a cast Istrian ‘wheel coin’ found at the Koshary site. The site is located on the northern shore of the Black Sea on the right bank of the Tiligulskii Liman and consists of a settlement, a sacral zone around an open air altar (eschara) and a necropolis. The settlement existed between the end of the 5th and the middle of the 3rd centuries BC. Among other artifacts, 55 coins have been found at the site during regular archaeological excavations. Apart from a bronze coin of Tyras and the discussed Istrian piece, all the other coins found at Koshary are Olbian. The ‘wheel coin’ was discovered in a dugout located in the southern part of the sacral area around the eschara. The cast ‘wheel coins’ were produced in the 5th-4th centuries BC in Istros and were in circulation in a wide area covering a great part of the western and northwestern Black Sea shore. The find at Koshary, when combined with other finds in Luzanivka and Ochakov, marks a trade route between Istros, Nikonion and Olbia. As it was found in the eschara area, one can suppose that the Istrian coin was not used as currency, but possessed a sacral nature instead.

The stress corrosion cracking of the sand cast magnesium alloys, Elektron 21 (ASTM-EV31A) and AZ91E, was studied using compact tension specimens in distilled water and in Mg(OH)(2) saturated 0.1 M NaCl solution under constant load. EV31A showed a higher K-ISCC than AZ91E, but exhibited a higher stage II crack growth rate than the latter. Fractography showed transgranular cracking for AZ91E and EV31A in distilled water, whereas mixed intergranular and transgranular cracking was observed for EV31A in the chloride environment. The crack propagation involved hydrogen embrittlement. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper presents the development of thermal expansion model for casted aluminium silicon carbide. Thermal expansion in the casting process is one of the most important parameters that influence the casting quality. The thermal expansion model for casted aluminium silicon carbide is developed by the squeeze casting method. A model of numbers evolved for the prediction of the unidirectional fibre and matrix reinforced composites was presented. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTEs) of aluminium silicon carbide fibres reinforced material was significantly influenced by the thermal stresses and interfaces between matrix and fibres. The thermal expansion behaviour of the casted aluminium silicon carbide fibres reinforced composite relies on the thermal expansion of the fibres, and influenced by the onset of interfacial strength and residual stress state. The validation shows a good agreement among the model and experimental result of LM6 alloys silicon reinforces. As the result, the thermal expansion model for casted aluminium silicon carbide could predict the surface roughness of the casting product.

Dans le contexte de l’atelier d’un artiste, le terme de moulage doit être réservé à la désignation de l’opération qui consiste à fabriquer un moule ; l’objet que l’on en tire est une épreuve, étape ou résultat final dans le processus de création d’une œuvre. Partant des pratiques de moulage et de tirage d’épreuve traditionnellement utilisées en sculpture, Rodin a développé, avec l’aide de ses mouleurs, des usages nouveaux, faisant preuve d’une grande liberté (multiplication des exemplaires et des variantes, changement de matériau, assemblage d’épreuves diverses…). In the context of an artist’s studio, the term ‘moulding’ (moulage) should be limited to the operation which involves making a mould. The object produced from this mould is a ‘proof’ or ‘test’ (épreuve), a stage, or the result in a process of creating a work of art. Using the moulding and proof casting techniques traditionally employed by sculptors, Rodin with the help of his moulders, developed a range of new practices, showing great freedom of inspiration: multiplying copies and variations, using different materials, assembling different test casts...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in porcine calpastatin (CAST) gene on performance and carcass traits in Italian Large White (ILW) pigs. Seven SNPs located from promoter to exon 17 of CAST gene were genotyped by the Illumina GoldenGate genotyping assay in 280 ILW pigs and seven haplotypes were inferred from four informative SNPs. Association analyses were performed for SNPs and haplotypes with performance and carcass estimated breeding values in the ILW population. Significant association (P

The Mechanism of the Surface Alloy Layer Creation for Cast Steel The paper presents a detailed description of the process of creation of a surface alloy layer (using high-carbon ferrochromium) on the cast steel casting. The mechanism of the surface alloy layer is based on the known theories [5,6]. The proposed course of formation of the layers has been extended to decarburization stage of steel. The research included proving the presence of carbon-lean zone. The experiment included the analysis of the distribution of elements and microhardness measurement.

Yıldız, Süleyman Cenk (Dogus Author) Micromegas detectors have been taking data in the CAST experiment since 2002, occupying one opening (out of the two looking for sunrise axions) of the magnet and showing good performance and stability. Currently, three of the four X-ray detectors used in the experiment are micromegas. The new detectors are of the Microbulk technology, which have attracted a lot of attention because of the advantages they present, among them the low-material construction, high radiopurity and good energy resolution. Here, their performance during the last year will be commented. In particular, the low background levels reached in some detectors have triggered a set of studies in order to understand the effect.

Aim. To evaluate effectiveness of unloading immobilization bandages manufactured from Soft Cast and Scotchcast materials. Materials and methods. The study included all patients (n=39) with diabetic foot ulcers treated with the use of total-contact cast technology (TCC)from 01.10.2007 to 01.03.2009. 31 patients presented with neuropathic foot ulcers and 8 with neuroischemic ulcers (in the absence of critical foot ischemia).26 and 13 were managed using non-removable and removable casts respectively. All were given standard local treatment of ulcers, supplementedby antibacterial therapy in 20 patients. Results. Treatment resulted in the healing of ulcers in 31 (79%) patients during 40.5?32.9 days (M?SD) (median 27, min 7, max 11 days). In 28(72%) of them, healing required 12 weeks to complete. TCC had to be removed in 8 (21%) patients because of low efficiency or complications. Newulcers or abrasions related to the use of TCC developed in 10 patients but treatment was discontinued only in one of them. We distinguished a subgroupof 12 patients comparable in terms of major characteristics (plantar stage 1A and 2A neuropathic ulcers according to Texas University classification)and unloading method (non-removable cast throughout the treatment period) with patients included in earlier randomized studies. In this subgroup,healing of 100% ulcers was completed within 12 weeks (median 22 (13-74) days). Conclusion. 1. Efficiency of TCC in our practice is comparable with that in earlier publications. 2. The use of TCC is indicated not only for thetreatment of uninfected plantar neuropathic ulcers but also in some cases of neuroischemic and non-plantar ulcers. 3. Skin lesions from TCC is oflittle clinical significance and can be avoided by specialized education of the medical personnel involved in TCC manufacture.

Two genes ( PRKAG3 and CAST ) were screened for genotype incidence and their effect on green ham traits in pigs suitable for dry-cured ham production from three commercial crosses (in three countries France, Slovenia and Spain). Hams were genotyped for PRKAG3 Ile199Val , CAST Lys249Arg and CAST Ser638Arg polymorphisms and the traits of interest (green ham weight and fat thickness, pH in M. semimembranosus (SM), M. gluteus medius (GM) colour) were measured. The genotype frequencies as well as the effect of the studied genes varied according to the country, which used different genetic crosses and selection criteria for dry-cured ham processes. Regarding the association with traits of interest, we observed a significant effect of PRKAG3 Ile199Val polymorphism on green ham weight and colour grade in the French cross, on green ham fat thickness, colour grade and GM Minolta L ⁎ and a ⁎ values in the Slovenian cross, and on SM pH in the Spanish cross. The CAST Lys249Arg polymorphism affected green ham weight in Slovenian cross, whereas CAST Ser638Arg affected green ham colour grade in French cross. No effect of CAST polymorphisms on the traits of interest was found in Spanish cross. According to our results, PRKAG3 gene seems to be more influential on green ham traits important for dry ham production than CAST gene. However the results were different for each country, indicating possible interaction with other genetic or environmental factors.