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The article is devoted to the prediction of mechanical properties on the study of the microstructure of the cross section of cardboard. The results of the work in the future can be used as an addition to standard methods for evaluating the mechanical properties of cardboard. On the basis of images of the microstructure of the cross sections of the two-layer test liner cardboard and their graphic processing using modern computer programs, the lengths of fiber contacts were determined. Guided by the fact that the most significant indicator of all geometric parameters of the microstructure is the length of fiber contacts, the main mechanical properties of cardboard were determined (bursting strength and compression resistance, breaking length, bending stiffness, interlayer strength)produced according to various technologies (conventional method of preparing recovered paper stock, dry defibration of recovered paper with aerodynamic formation of the top layer, dry defibration of recovered paper with subsequent supply of fibers to the stock and dry defibration of recovered paper with subsequent grinding in the stock). Each of the technologies allows to obtain cardboard with different mechanical parameters. It has been established that almost all mechanical indicators depend directly proportionally on the length of the fiber contact lines. The obtained dependencies can be used to predict the mechanical properties of cardboard in its production at industry enterprises., Статья посвящена прогнозированию механических свойств по исследованию микроструктуры поперечного среза картона. Результаты работы в перспективе могут быть использованы как дополнение к стандартным методам оценки механических свойств картона. На основе изображений микроструктуры поперечных срезов двухслойного картона тест-лайнера и их графической обработки с помощью современных компьютерных программ были выделены протяженности контактов волокон. Руководствуясь тем, что наиболее значимым показателем из всех геометрических параметров микроструктуры является протяженность контактов волокон, были определены основные механические свойства картона (сопротивление продавливанию и сжатию на коротком расстоянии, разрывная длина, жесткость на изгиб, межслоевая прочность), произведенного по различным технологиям (традиционный мокрый способ подготовки макулатурной массы, сухое диспергирование макулатуры с аэродинамическим формованием покровного слоя, сухое диспергирование макулатуры с последующей подачей волокон в массу и сухое диспергирование макулатуры с последующим размолом в водной среде). Каждая из перечисленных технологий позволяет получить картон с различными механическими показателями. Установлено, что практически все механические показатели зависят прямо пропорционально от протяженности линий контактов волокон. Полученные зависимости могут быть использованы для прогнозирования механических свойств картона при его производстве на предприятиях отрасли.

Os hospitais são impressionantes geradores de resíduos, inerente à diversidade de atividades que são desenvolvidas dentro destas empresas. Dependendo do tipo de resíduo hospitalar, podemos eleger diferentes alternativas de tratamento e grande aproveitamento para a reciclagem. O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a relação entre a implementação de um programa de intervenção para o manejo de resíduos e a efetividade produzida com a mudança a partir de sua distribuição adequada. Trata-se de um estudo analítico/explicativo de causa-efeito, com análise estatística descritiva comparando o antes e depois da intervenção por meio da pesagem dos resíduos. Como resultado, verificou-se 13.298,37 kg em na primeira pesagem, referente a um mês de coleta, destes 17% foram classificados como infectantes e 83% como comuns. A partir da implementação do programa de intervenção, foi realizada nova pesagem por trinta dias e o total de resíduos apresentou uma redução de 3,75% (12.799,44 kg) mesmo havendo um número maior de atendimento que no mês da pesagem anterior. Destes 17% permaneceu como infectante, 42% como comum e 41% como reciclável, o que equivale a mais de 5.200 kg de resíduos reaproveitados. As estatísticas foram analisadas através de teste t (p=0.0294), o que comprova a redução. O programa de intervenção obteve alta efetividade, sendo a cozinha o setor com maior potencial para reciclagem, seguida da farmácia. Os resíduos orgânicos foram os mais reaproveitados com base no peso, seguidos por papelão. Os ganhos por meio deste programa são educativos, econômicos, sociais e ambientais. Palavras-chave: Gerenciamento de Resíduos. Reciclagem. Resíduos Hospitalares.

We determined the amount of starch by the enzymatic method in different samples of corrugated cardboard, including the sample produced of primary semi-finished products and corrugated cardboard made of 100 % waste paper. For starch enzymatic degradation, it is necessary to extract it from the corrugated board structure, since the processes of compression and keratinization of pulp fibers reduce the availability of starch for extraction. Enzymatic treatment requires the use of a complex amylolytic preparation for complete hydrolysis of starch to glucose. We were able to determine, respectively, 70 and 84 % of starch obtained from primary semi-finished products by mechanical methods, such as defibrillation in water and degradation in a liquid nitrogen medium, and added at the production stage of corrugated cardboard. It was shown that extraction with alkaline agents was necessary for more complete extraction of starch from corrugated cardboard. The influence of alkaline treatment on the characteristics of fibers of waste paper fractions obtained at the Sukhonsky Cardboard and Paper Mill has been analyzed. The fibers swell in alkali, resulting in an increase in fiber width and its shortening, as well as a decrease in crystallinity, which can be a positive opportunity for more complete starch extraction. Fiber swelling and crystallinity reduction are more intensive for the short fiber fraction compared to the long fiber fraction. When determining starch in corrugated cardboard using the standard method SCAN-P 91:09 SСAN-W 13:09 it was not possible to detect all the starch added at the production stage of corrugated cardboard from primary semi-finished products. Also the processing conditions of this methodology lead to degradation of the partially hydrolyzed starch. The most complete extraction of starch from corrugated cardboard was achieved by two stages of alkaline extraction under the following conditions: 5 % NaOH, temperature of 20 °C, the duration of each extraction – 2 h. Under these processing conditions it was possible to determine all the starch (22.8 kg/t) in the corrugated cardboard produced of primary semi-finished products with known consumption of starch; the starch content in the corrugated cardboard produced of 100 % waste paper was 48.2 kg/t.For citation: Khadyko I.A., Novozhilov E.V., Chukhchin D.G. Influence of Cardboard Pretreatment on the Determination of Starch Content by the Enzymatic Method. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 5, pp. 150–162. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-150-162Funding: The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of the research project No. 20-04-00457 “Pits in the Anatomical Elements of the Xylem of Higher Plants: Formation, Morphology and Functions”.Acknowledgements: The studies with the use of electron microscopy and X-ray structure analysis were carried out using the equipment of the Core Facility Center “Arktika”, NArFU. The studies with the use of L&W Fiber Tester were carried out using the equipment of the Innovative facilities Engineering and Innovation Center “Advanced Northern Bioresources Processing Technologies”, NArFU.

If we think of the human body as the origin and end of architecture (origin as the starting point of the needs that we have to cover in our relationship with the environment, and end as the receiver of the environmental and functional conditions that we create in response to these needs) , we cannot ignore the need to project from our bodies (project from the fact of living). That is why we proposed to the students of introduction to architectural projects an exercise initially planned in two phases: a first work of recognition, learning and drawing of the body, to then ask them to build an intermediary artifact between their body -any part of it- and the environment in which they live, based on a function, invented or not, and if possible not exempt from playful aspects, where the designer himself would be the user. The question to answer was: how do we complete our body in response to a new need? Si pensamos en el cuerpo humano como origen y final de la arquitectura (origen como punto de partida de necesidades que hemos de cubrir en nuestra relación con el entorno, y final como receptor de las condiciones ambientales y funcionales que creamos en respuesta a dichas necesidades), no podemos dejar de lado la exigencia de proyectar desde nuestros cuerpos (proyectar desde el hecho de habitar). Es por ello que propusimos a los estudiantes de introducción a proyectos arquitectónicos un ejercicio inicialmente planteado en dos fases: un primer trabajo de reconocimiento, aprendizaje y dibujo del cuerpo, para luego pedirles que construyesen un artefacto intermediario entre su cuerpo –cualquier parte del mismo– y el entorno en que habitan a partir de una función, inventada o no, y a ser posible no exenta de aspectos lúdicos, donde el propio proyectista sería el usuario. La pregunta a responder era: ¿cómo completamos nuestro cuerpo ante una nueva necesidad? Queremos agradecer al Convent de les Arts de Alcover y a Aleix Antillach Tarafa, comisario del ciclo PARLEM CONTEMPORANI, que nos hayan permitido formar parte de la sesión 22, inaugurada el sábado 2 de abril de 2022, con el montaje titulado EL COS, el resultado final de la experiencia docente que hemos expuesto en el presente escrito.

The use of waste paper as a fibrous semi-finished product in the production of paper and paperboard products makes it possible to somewhat reduce the consumption of cellulose. However, waste paper contains a number of water-polluting components of mineral and organic nature, which were introduced into its composition at the stage of production. One of the issues that may arise in the design of technological systems for the production of a given type of paper or cardboard or in the reconstruction of existing production to reduce losses of fibrous semi-finished products and ensure their optimal use or reduce fresh water consumption is to calculate the pollution and also to determine the impact of cardboard and paper production tanks and treatment plants on the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution. To study and analyze the paper and cardboard production processes, which belong to the class of complex technological systems, a methodology was developed that, using computer technology, allows assessing the state of a technological system until its implementation in action. However, from a practical point of view, methods still should be developed that will allow the designer to find solutions to problems that may arise at the design stage of the technological system for production of a given type of paper or cardboard or in the reconstruction of existing production. These problems are related to the calculation of the pollution level and the determination of impact from cardboard and paper production tanks and treatment facilities. The purpose of this article is to conduct research and forecast calculations based on mathematical models to determine the patterns of influence exerted by tanks on the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution in the production of paper and cardboard. The generalized technological system of cardboard production, which is presented in the form of a material flow graph, is taken as an object for research. Water-soluble contaminants of mineral and organic nature enter the production system together with fibrous raw materials, partly with fresh water, and with chemical additives used to impart certain qualities to the product at the stage of its production and at the stage of mechano-chemical water purification. In order to study their impact, it is necessary to conduct at least two stages of calculations on a personal computer using pre-designed models for the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution. At the first stage, the dynamic characteristics of each element of the technological system were equated to elements that do not have a dynamic delay and for which the passage of all watercourses is subject to the speed at which the cardboard web is cast on the mesh. The number of cycles before equilibrium is 99. In the second stage of calculations, it was taken into account that the four tanks in the technological system of production are characterized by a moment of delay and, therefore, the values ​​of delay factors were chosen based on water reserves that accumulate in these basins. The number of cycles before equilibrium in the second stage increased to 264. The main conclusion from the analysis of two options: the technological system in both cases goes to equilibrium at equal values ​​for all components of water-soluble mineral and organic components. However, there are often situations when, in the process of developing (designing) a complex technological system for the production of paper or cardboard, developers are interested in the weighted average concentration of water-soluble mineral components that most affect the state of water flows, and then the technological system can be simplified and presented as a single container linked to the environment. Analysis of the calculation formula of the time for the technological system to reach equilibrium shows that the time value is largely determined by the ratio of the water capacity (W) of the process system to the amount of water (BS) removed from the system. The greater the water capacity of the technological system and the smaller the BS, the longer the time the technological system reaches equilibrium. The next step of the study is to verify the results obtained on the basis of adequate mathematical models in actual production conditions.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to reveal the usability of waste paper sludge on the production of composite materials and the printability of their surfaces were investigated. Design/methodology/approach First, composite plates were produced by using dried and milled waste sludge together with polyester resin and epoxy. Screen printing using water, solvent and UV-based inks were carried out. Findings It was determined that UV and solvent-based inks in both resin groups were permanently attached to the surface of composite plates produced using paper mill waste sludge, while it was found that the adhesion was not achieved sufficiently in cardboard factory waste sludge. Originality/value The unique aspect of this study is obtained the composite plates from paper mill and cardboard mill waste sludge and improved the printability of them.

The rapid growth in solar PV construction means a concurrent growth in used solar panels and end of life packaging materials. The current study assesses the risks in an integrated manner, from applying shredded end of life packaging materials (EOLPM) to soil at a utility-scale solar energy (USSE) plant. Its aim and purpose is to determine if the EOLPM would pose a potential risk to human health and/or the environment if placed as a soil amendment incorporated into the surface soil (as a surface-incorporated mulch). An integrated risk assessment, drawing upon existing chemical and phytotoxicity data and introducing carbon emissions impacts (including social cost of carbon emissions) from treatment options, was undertaken confirming effective controls and risk treatments from on-site application as a soil amendment (soil improver). Landfilling (30 t CO2e per MW) was estimated to cost $AUD6.8k per MW, compared to the most appropriate and selected on-site option of mulching (0.5 t CO2 per MW and $UAD7.1k per MW). There is broad application of this approach to other remote USSE construction projects where solar PV construction growth is occurring exponentially globally.

Comminution plays an essential role in waste preparation. Most wastes can be classified as non-brittle and heterogeneous materials. The breakage behavior of the components and the individual particles strongly influences the comminution of such materials, so it is necessary to understand each component's breakage behavior under different stresses to develop heterogeneous materials' comminution. Therefore, single-particle comminution tests of real wastes– PET bottle, cardboard, textile, detergent (HDPE) bottle- in a swing-hammer shredder and axial gap rotary shear were carried out. The breakage probability was used to describe the effect of the stress type and stress velocity on the different material types. The applicability of the results in the shredders' operation and design was introduced. In swing-hammer shredder, the PET, HDPE, and textile are complicated, while cardboard is easy to break. The rotor velocity has a strong influence on the breakage probability of all three materials in the hammer shredder; the higher the velocity, the lower the stress number for a certain breakage probability, while in the axial gap rotary shear, no clear correlation was observed.

As estruturas de pergolados são leves e vazadas, formadas pelos apoios, pilares e vigas, podendo ser ou não cobertas. Essas estruturas, geralmente, são construídas com materiais convencionais como, por exemplo, madeira, concreto ou aço, entretanto devido à tipologia da estrutura tem-se com uma das possibilidades a utilização de materiais não-convencionais como, bambu, tubos de papelão etc. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor a utilização de tubos de papelão para a construção de pergolados em praças públicas, promovendo construções mais sustentáveis e servindo como medida prática para a conscientização ambiental da população. Para isso, foi feito um estudo do local para a implantação de um projeto piloto e todo o desenvolvimento do projeto foi feito com o auxílio das ferramentas computacionais AutoCAD, SketchUp e Lumion. Nos resultados apresenta-se o projeto do pergolado com todos os elementos construtivos, dimensões dos tubos de papelão, além de uma análise de viabilidade econômica, comparando a construção do pergolado com tubos de papelão à construção com a utilização de um material convencional. Com este estudo pode-se concluir que os tubos de papelão têm propriedades satisfatórias de durabilidade e resistência para a construção de pergolados, além de apesentarem viabilidade técnica, ambiental e econômica.

Sampah dapat didefinisikan sebagai buangan yang dihasilkan dari aktifitas manusia dan hewan yang berupa padat, yang dibuang karena sudah tidak berguna atau diperlukan lagi. Dili adalah sebuah ibukota di Timor Leste yang memiliki jumlah penduduk yang cukup banyak. Jumlah penduduk di Dili yang cukup banyak ini menyebabkan sampah yang dihasilkan juga cukup banyak. Hal ini menjadi kendala dalam pengelolaan sampah di kota Dili yang mana masyarakat belum sadar akan kebersihan lingkungan. Pengelolaan sampah skala rumah tangga dapat dilakukan dengan konsep zero waste. Prinsip nol sampah atau zero waste merupakan konsep pengelolaan sampah yang didasarkan pada kegiatan daur ulang (recycle). Pengelolaan sampah dilakukan dengan melakukan pemilahan, pengomposan dan pengumpulan barang layak dijual. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengelolaan sampah di Kota Dili dan Mengurangi timbulan sampah dengan program zero waste pada skala rumah tangga secara mandiri di Komplek Delta 3, Kota Dili. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan Wawancara dan Observasi Lapangan (data primer), serta Data Arsip BPS Kota Dili dan Data Arsip SAS Kota Dili (data sekunder). Penelitian dilakukan selama 14 hari di Komplek Delta 3 Dili. Sampah dipilah dan disisihkan untuk sampah jenis kertas, kardus, sampah organik, botol atau wadah plastik. Setelah dipilah, sampah akan ditimbang sesuai dengan jenisnya dan dicatat setiap hari. Dari pemilahan yang dilakukan selama 14 hari bersama masyarakat tersebut didapat hasil total 365,1 kg sampah dapat disisihkan untuk selanjutnya sampah organik dibuat kompos dan untuk sampah botol dan wadah plastik di lakukan daur ulang berupa ecobrick oleh masyarakat. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah Pengelolaan sampah di Kota Dili dilakukan oleh Dinas Persampahan dengan memberlakukan sistem angkut buang yang mana sampah setelah diangkut dari sumber sampah langsung di buang ke TPA dan dibakar secara manual. Pengelolaan sampah dengan zero waste di Komplek Delta 3 Dili dapat mengurangi penumpukan sampah sebesar 55,68% yang sebelum terpilah dari 365,1 kg menjadi 161,8 kg.

Se caracterizó y cuantificó los residuos sólidos en la comunidad rural, distrito de Vitis, en la provincia de Lima, Perú con el objetivo de determinar la producción per cápita del distrito, densidad, composición y humedad de residuos domiciliarios y no domiciliarios para una planificación adecuada de la gestión. En la primera categoría se registró una generación per cápita de 0,39 kg/hab/día, densidad 241,61 kg/m, composición RA (residuos aprovechables) (77%), RNA (residuos no aprovechables) (23%), RO (residuos orgánicos) (69%), RI ((residuos orgánicos) (8%) y plástico (1,86%) del total recolectado, seguido por vidrio, papel, cartón, textiles, empaques, cauchos y metales), con humedad (72,10%). Y en la segunda categoría se registró una generación per cápita de 0,29 kg/hab/día, densidad 213,62 kg/m, composición RA (66%), RNA (34%), RO (44%), RI (22%) y plástico (4,5%) del total recolectado, seguido por vidrio, papel, cartón, empaques, textiles y metales, con humedad (69.29%).

The recent emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to the drastic production and use of healthcare and personal protective equipment, leading to the release of a huge quantity of hazardous medical and solid wastes in the environment. Meanwhile, these solid wastes may contribute to the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 viral particles when disposed of without proper treatment and care. Since SARS-CoV-2 could persist on different material surfaces including plastic, steel, paper, cardboard, cloth, and wood, proper management of these hazardous solid wastes has become a challenging task during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, an overview of the consumption of COVID-19-related healthcare and personal protective equipment along with the production of hazardous solid waste is presented. The efficient management of these wastes is necessary to prevent the entering of SARS-CoV-2 in various environmental compartments. Therefore, some preventive measures including the use of biodegradable materials for manufacturing personal protective equipment, minimizing the use of non-biodegradable materials, efficient pre- and-post planning, careful segregation, and disposal are, therefore, proposed for their sustainable management. The findings reported in this paper contribute to tackling the problems associated with hazardous solid waste management, particularly for low- and middle-income countries.

PT. Intan Ustrix that's placed at Jl. Raya Roomo No.425, Sekarsore, Roomo, Kec. Manyar, Kabupaten Gresik Indonesia is a company engaged in the paper and cardboard business, and has many machines used in the manufacturing process. The load of the induction motor will make the cost lower, thereby increasing the current cost through the device inside the carton production unit. Fixing the cost of cos is a great way to solve this problem. In this case, it is very important to install a capacitor bank to recover the charge. By installing a capacitor bank will affect the overall performance of the motor used. The cause of this research is the increasing cost of boarding at the cardboard production unit of PT. Intan Ustrix. As an evaluation, capacitor banks are installed on the H200, AFG, 6PA, FM, and 6PS buses so that low cos costs can be increased. The final result of this charge shows that increasing the cos cost at full load of 325 KW from 0.716 to 0.872 can reduce the actual power cost (S) from 396 KVA to 329 KVA, which can maintain 65 KVA and today's decrease (I) from 498 A to 410 A, the lower the current consumption price of the motor used can increase the resistance of the device to the carton production unit.

Post-use corrugated packaging cardboard is commonly known as old corrugated containers (OCC). They are complex and heterogeneous materials composed of various sources of unbleached cellulose pulp derived from several raw material processes which must be revalued due to its functionality, recyclability, and biodegradability. Besides, as recovered pulp have a greater composition of long fiber than short fiber because are mainly manufactured from softwood pulp by the kraft process. OCC are the main category of recovered paper; however, due to their high lignin content and hemicelluloses, additives, pollutants, hornification and degradation of fibers and other problems resulting from the pulp to cardboard conversion processes, their physical properties decrease with each recycling or reprocessing, which justifies evaluating a set of technologies to improve it. The objective of this work was to obtain improved unbleached and bleached OCC pulp more ecologically and economically justifiable than derived from wood chips for higher grade papers using sustainable processes evaluated in pilot scale tests. Mixed OCC were collected as waste from a landfill, cleaned, repulped, and treated with extended delignification with the alkaline soda process, obtaining a pulp with significant physical–mechanical improvements in relation to the original material, such as tensile strength, tearing resistance, bursting strength and folding endurance. The OCC soda pulp was bleached by a sequence totally free of chlorinated compounds (TCF), obtaining bleached pulp with optical and mechanical properties comparable to virgin pulps of annual plants such as bagasse but with improved drainage properties and lower processing costs. According to their properties, it is a competitive pulp obtained with emerging and existing technologies, available for use in various grades of printing and writing paper replacing totally or partially bleached wood pulp.

This qualitative study explores how play informs the making process in a media arts environment. Drawing on Dewey’s ([1938]1998). Concepts of experience, purpose, and freedom, we explore how play a...

The complaint from MSME entrepreneurs, especially residents of Banyumanik District, Semarang City, is that customers do not increase even though they have a culinary business for quite a long time. The sale of these culinary products only uses plain plastic or cardboard packaging, which makes the product not interesting customers. The purpose of this community service is to provide awareness to the public regarding the function of packaging which is currently developing not only as a protector of their products, but also as a medium for advertising and promoting its products to potential consumers. This activity provides training to MSME entrepreneurs on how to provide various information needed as well as colors and dimensions on product packaging so that it becomes something interesting. The results of the training carried out received a positive response from the participants to apply it in the sale of culinary products. In addition, MSME entrepreneurs hope that there will be further training on branding and the application of typography in packaging

A mathematical model describing the goal function is suggested. Its arguments are the geometric parameters of a particular type of cardboard packaging. The goal function is studied to the extreme to determine their optimal values at the lowest cardboard consumption. The optimal geometric parameters for prismatic packages of a given volume have been found. The unification of components of this prismatic packaging is performed. The dependence of the packaging material area on the values of geometric parameters of a specific prismatic package is numerically analyzed.

Nowadays, the products of domestic enterprises of the pulp and paper industry are 80% made from secondary raw materials – recycling paper, which negatively affects its quality, narrows the range and limits the scope of use. This state of the industry connected with the lack of domestic production of cellulose fibrous products. The raw material problem of the pulp and paper industry of Ukraine can be solved by using annual plants and wastes of crop processing for the production of fibrous materials for various purposes. Rapeseed stalks can be considered as a promising raw material to meet the needs of the pulp and paper industry. The aim of the work is to study the physical and mechanical properties of writing paper and cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard, which contain cellulose fibers of rapeseed stalks. This paper presents the results of research of sizes of elementary cellulose fibers from rapeseed stalks. Studies of the fractional composition showed that 70% of cellulose fibers from rapeseed have a length in the range of 0.02 to 0.81 mm and only 30% have a length exceeding 1 mm. To study the effect of cellulose content from rapeseed stalks in the composition of writing paper, paper samples of 80 g/m2 were prepared at different ratios of cellulose from non-wood raw materials to coniferous cellulose. Studies have shown that the surface of paper made of non-wood pulp has a high smoothness and uniform lumen and is more elastic compared to paper made of bleached coniferous sulfate pulp. According to the results of physical and mechanical tests, it can be concluded that the increase in the content of non-wood pulp from rapeseed stalks in the composition of writing paper leads to a decrease in all physical and mechanical properties of the paper. To study the effect of non-wood pulp from rapeseed stalks in a cardboard composition for flat layers of corrugated cardboard, cardboard samples of 175 g/m2 were made. Recycling paper of MS-6B was used as a bottom layer, and non-wood pulp as a surface layer of cardboard. The ratio of recycling paper to non-wood pulp in laboratory samples of cardboard was 80:20 mass %. According to the results, it can be concluded that the use for the surface layer of non-wood pulp from rapeseed stalks allows to obtain cardboard with strength values that fully meet the requirements for cardboard of K-1 type. In general, it was shown that non-wood rapeseed pulp can be used to replace more expensive sulfate bleached coniferous pulp in the production of writing paper and cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard as a surface layer.

The formation number of multilayer fibrous composite materials such as paper and cardboard comprises an important indicator for evaluating product quality, ensuring a degree of perfection in the mass preparation technology, as well as determining forming equipment and the quality of raw materials. The main disadvantages of the existing methods for determining the formation number involve the impossibility of separately evaluating the variations in the formation of each layer and the limitations inherent to instruments for testing thick materials. These disadvantages can be eliminated by the proposed method for analyzing the microstructure of the cross-sectional cut of a multilayer fibrous composite material. According to this method, formation quality is evaluated by an indicator inversely proportional to the look-through index representing the result of a statistical analysis of the vertical-plane size distribution of floccules (fiber clusters) in the cross section of each layer and the board as a whole. By analogy with the diagrams of the distribution of the brightness of the light transmitted through a fibrous material, uniformity diagrams of the floccule size distribution in the vertical plane are applicable for evaluating the quality of formation of each layer separately as well as the board as a whole.

Even in these challenging times, cardboard packaging industry is increasing its revenue with stable annual increase prediction, but customers are increasing demands on the packaging with respect to environmental protection, attractiveness, and branding. This article aims to determine the influence of image processing in terms of gray component replacement and overprint varnishing on the color reproduction on a cardboard packaging material. A test chart with tertiary colors was defined and modified by different gray component replacement levels. It was printed in accordance with ISO norm on coated and uncoated cardboard and finished by overprinting water based , offset, and UV varnish. The prepared samples were evaluated by measuring surface coverage, tone value increase (dot gain) of primary colors and calculating dE00 of defined tertiary colors. The results showed that gray component replacement application reduces ink consumption. Higher gray component replacement applied results in lower ink surface coverage, but the decrease is also dependent on the image content. The TVI (dot gain) is significantly influenced only by applying UV varnish, resulting with higher TVI. The color differences of the tertiary colors showed that increased level of the gray component replacement applied did not cause significant color differences, even decreased color difference in some cases. Additionally, applying gray component replacement decreased color differences in “reddish” part of the gamut. This research proved that lowering the ink consumption due to the gray component replacement will not cause significant differences in the color reproduction. Further-more, varnishing with commercial offset or water-based varnish will not cause higher deviations in color reproduction, but use of the UV varnish would.

The problem of utilizing and processing cellulose and mineral fibrous waste contained in sludge obtained following mechanical treatment of wastewater from the production of paper and cardboard from recyclable materials is analyzed. A technology for producing a cellulose-mineral sorbent from this type of waste to mitigate emergency spills of oil and oil products is described. It is shown that an affordable, fast-acting and convenient sorbent can be produced from these wastes, having sufficient sorption capacity and the ability to retain oil products. The contaminated material can be safely and economically reclaimed or destroyed following use. Mechanisms for activating sorption properties, along with the composition, properties, and options for practical application of the sorbent, are considered.

It has been shown that the mould fungus Aspergillus carbonarius, which synthesizes extracellular melanin, is able to develop due to the degradation of cellulose inside the cardboard under conditions of low water availability. The maximum yield of melanin was noted in a slightly alkaline medium, but in the presence of copper ions, a high level of pigmentation of the medium is also observed at low pH values. Melanized mycelium and exomelanin are characterized by a high sorption capacity in relation to heavy metal ions present in printing pigments of waste paper. In the process of growth A. carbonarius decreases acidity from neutral values to pH 2.8–3.1, increases the mobility of heavy metals immobilized on cellulose fibers and binds them by functional groups via ionic or chelating pathways. The sorption capacity of biomass with respect to copper, zinc, and nickel ions increased in the order of viable mycelium < inactivated mycelium < exomelanin. Lead ions were most actively bound by inactivated mycelium. The extracellular pigment accumulated copper better than other metals. The distribution coefficient in the system melanin – Cu2+ reached 1390 ml/g.

Cone calorimeter and controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter experiments were conducted on various samples. The intent of the tests was to examine the behavior of uniform and composite samples in a range of thicknesses, irradiances, and oxygen concentrations. Single, uniform layers of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were compared to a composite mix, comprising of ABS with a surface layer of cardboard and a secondary layer of polyethylene bubble wrap (intended to represent a potential storage arrangement). The horizontal samples have been tested at irradiances of 25 and 50 kW/m2 and oxygen concentrations of 20.95%, 17%, and 15% to examine a range of significant variables. Results for the uniform arrangement indicated various correlations, previously observed in the works of others, such as the relationships typically described between applied heat flux, ignitability, heat release rate and the effect of the introduction of hypoxic conditions. However, results were shown to change significantly when samples were arranged to feature composite layers. A hypothesized cause of the behavioral change, namely the soot and char residual introduced from the incomplete combustion of the cardboard layer, highlights further important variables that require consideration in material testing under hypoxic conditions. Such variables, namely specific material behaviors and sample orientation, must be sufficiently captured in the design methodologies of systems reliant upon the introduction of hypoxic conditions. It is concluded that sufficiently capturing a wider range of variables in burning materials under hypoxic conditions will introduce further design resilience and help optimize fire protection/prevention methods. (Less)

As the main component of the municipal waste, waste cardboard has caused a host of environmental problems. Therefore, the reasonable disposal of waste cardboard is of great significance to global sustainable development and green economics. Herein, using waste cardboard as the raw material, a superhydrophobic aerogel has been developed with a unique three-dimensional porous network structure, which exhibits excellent selective oil absorption capacities. The aerogel was made by combining Ca2+ cross-links and postmodification with stearic acid. Superhydrophobic aerogels can absorb various organic solutions and its maximum absorption capacity can reach 47 times its own weight. Meanwhile, the size of aerogels has been further expanded, with a diameter of 21.2 cm and a height of 3.2 cm, which can absorb 34 times its own weight of kerosene. More importantly, the aerogel can also absorb oil droplets in oil/water emulsions with an adsorption efficiency of over 98.5%. Moreover, the aerogel can be employed multiple times without significantly reducing the adsorption capacity via distillation or squeezing, depending upon the type of pollutions. Consequently, we believe that these facile and inexpensive superhydrophobic aerogels can effectively adsorb oily wastewater, which matches well with the requirement for environmentally friendliness from the perspective of practical application.

The main raw material of paper and cardboard used in packaging is cellulose. Cardboard packages made of cardboard, which can be produced in much different quality and weight, are obtained in numerous shapes and appearances 1, 2 . Paper and cardboard packaging are among the most economical packaging types. Using less raw materials, more durable but thin, light, economical cardboard is produced 2, 3 . In this study, under equal printing conditions, test prints were made on cardboard substrates (for cardboard packaging) with mineral oil based, vegetable oil (soy oil) based and UV cured inks used for the printing of the same images. After these prints, the properties of mineral oil, vegetable oil and UV ink; the effect on the print results was measured from different ways (Chroma*, Print density, unprinted surface Gloss 75°, Print Gloss 60°). At the same time, the visual differences between the print results were determined by the optical imaging (SEM) method and were examined by the elemental analysis method.

Introduction.The need for a more efficient and varied use of waste from the pulp and paper industry dictates the need to search for new directions for the use of such waste in construction materials science technologies.Materials and methods.In the studies the fibre waste of the Perm Cardboard LLC company with a moisture content after washing of 300% by weight was used. Currently, many issues of theory and practice the production of materials from the fibre waste are not entirely solved, resulting in a number of provisions borrowed from the theory of the production of concrete mineral aggregates, as well as the production of pulp and paper industry.Results.Due to its chemical and material composition, the possibility of using the fibre waste in construction materials science technologies as an independent air binder is shown. The studies have established that the initial moisture content of the fibre waste as a binder affects the final quality indicators of a dry material. Thus, the lowest dry material density of 350 kg/m3 is observed at the initial humidity of the mixture in the range of 650% by weight. At a density of 350 kg/m3, the hygroscopicity of the material is 4.3%, the shrinkage from 10 to 25%. The drying time of the product is within 11 hours. A leveling high shrinkage is achieved by introducing light aggregates with a rough surface during the molding process.Discussion and conclusions.The obtained data on the structure, the composition of the fibre waste, as well as the dependence and regularities of the behavior of a highly concentrated dispersed system of the ‘fibre waste-water’ type show the possibility of using the fibre waste for the production of thermal insulation materials, both as a main component and in a composition with aggregates as an independent air binder. At the same time, the final density indicators of thermal insulation products are within the limits established by regulatory documents.

Objective Identify types of food packaging used in school nutrition programs and competing priorities, barriers, and facilitators for sustainable packaging waste use and recovery. Design Qualitative interviews (n = 20) and structured kitchen observations were conducted. Setting Data were collected from 3 school districts in Northern Colorado. Participants Three nutrition program directors, 14 kitchen managers, and 3 sustainability staff. Phenomenon of Interest Barriers and facilitators for sustainable food packaging waste practices among school nutrition programs. Analysis Interviews were recorded and transcribed, followed by inductive content analysis to identify themes. Results Commonly used food packaging included cardboard, aluminum, paper, plastic, and styrofoam. Four competing priorities were identified as impacting school nutrition programs’ ability to reduce or recover food packaging: serving line speed, labor, food quality, and cost. One key barrier was that school staff had difficulty understanding the total system impact of their food packaging use and recovery decisions. Conclusions and Implications Food packaging is commonly used in school nutrition programs, and participants felt that its use offered key benefits, such as facilitating faster serving lines. More research is needed to quantify the direct and indirect impacts of packaging waste reduction and recovery in school nutrition programs.

This article explores the Instagram activities of Agnès Varda and her Visages Villages (Faces Places, France, 2017) codirector JR to consider the role of social media in the film's theatrical release and awards campaign, which led to the film's nomination for Best Documentary Feature—Varda's first and only Academy Award nomination. Through analysis of Varda's posts and her appearances on JR's Instagram, the author argues that social media complemented the film's conventional promotion while extending Varda's aesthetic practices and interests, offering one of the final examples of her consistent, enthusiastic experiments with new forms of media. On Instagram, Varda recycled and recontextualized the strategies of self-presentation and formal play seen in her documentaries for a different format, as she posted images and videos involving premieres, special events, and press coverage from her perspective. Throughout the film's release and awards campaign, social media began to function as an atypical way to draw attention to the film and its directors, especially for a low-budget documentary. The Visages Villages team merged traditional methods of achieving visibility with an unusual and intentional online presence, culminating in substantial coverage from new types of outlets when JR traveled to the Academy Awards luncheon with cardboard cutouts of Varda.

The sanitary and hygienic safety of modern packaging is determined by the layer of packaging material in direct contact with the food product. This layer in most cases is a synthetic polymer of the polyolefin class — low density polyethylene. This material is used as a stand-alone packaging and in multilayer and combined packaging materials. During thermal and photooxidation, compounds can form in it that negatively affect the safety of the package, which can migrate into the product. Food technologies use methods of disinfecting packaging materials and packaging before filling or bottling products. These methods include ultraviolet irradiation of the surface, which has a bactericidal effect. Using spectral methods of analysis, researches have been carried out on changes in the polyethylene layers structure in the film’s composition, multilayer films and combined packaging materials when exposed to pulsed ultraviolet radiation in a wide spectral range (irradiation with a pulsed xenon lamp). Deformations of polyethylene macromolecules chemical bonds on the surface and boundary layers under the influence of pulsed UV-irradiation have been revealed. The IR spectra of ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) were obtained, the analysis of which showed that the monofilm is subject to the greatest destructive effect, as evidenced by the appearance of characteristic absorption bands responsible for the formation of aldehyde, ketone groups, as well as for the polymer chain termination. It is shown that the use of food soot in the composition of multilayer packaging films blocks their photo destruction. Upon irradiation of a combined material based on cardboard intended for bottling milk, an absorption band was found in the spectra, which is responsible for the onset of the destruction process with the formation of aldehyde and carboxylate groups with the formation of aldehyde and carboxylate groups.Comparison of changes in structure in three different packaging objects containing a polyethylene layer shows the feasibility and necessity of using combined and multilayer materials for food products packaging, in which, even under extreme UV-irradiation, there are practically no photo destruction processes, which is confirmed by spectral researches.

Salak fruit is generally considered to have a short storage life, because it is perishable fruit. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of packaging material on the quality of salak fruit cultivar pondoh. In this research salak fruits were packaged in the three types of packaging materials: polyethylene plastic bags (PE), cardboard (CB), and bamboo baskets (BB), and it were stored at 26oC. Parameters of the research were considered in mass loss, water content, total soluble solid, and titratable acidity. The result of the research showed that packaging salak pondoh with polyethylene plastic bag has better quality than other packaging materials and can prolong its shelf life.

Cardboard factory wastewater is usually known by high chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, phenols, lignin, and its derivatives, and usual treatment techniques are not able to treat such wastewaters. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of ozone-assisted electrocoagulation process (EC/O3) for the treatment of real cardboard wastewater. The parameters influencing COD removal in the EC/O3 process were optimized using response surface methodology. Regard to the statistical model, the optimum conditions were obtained at current density 9.6 mA/cm2, time 20 min, and pH 12. At optimal condition, EC/O3 process removed 74.7% and 97.5% of COD and color, which was higher compared to ozonation and EC processes separately. The COD removal followed pseudo-first-order kinetic with the coefficient correlation of 0.97 and the reaction rate constant of 0.073 1/min. To sum up, the combined electrocoagulation process with ozonation could be used satisfactorily for removing pollutants from real cardboard wastewater.

Technological parameters of receiving composites from Tetra Pak packaging waste are determined in the work. Physical - mechanical characteristics of the received composites are defined. The analysis of the received results showed that composites from Tetra Pak packaging waste have loose structure and lower strength properties, in comparison with cardboard. Introduction of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) suspension leads to an increase in density of composites and strength properties. Tensile strength increases by 1,9 times, but doesn't reach the level of tensile strength of cardboard composites. Application of hot pressing results in formation of denser composite, thus, tensile strength of a sample increases by 2,8 times. Cumulative effect of PVA glue and hot pressing leads to an increase of composite tensile strength by 5,9 times. It becomes significantly higher than the similar characteristic for a packing cardboard. According to the realized complete factorial (CF), the adequate regression equation was received. It shows that the strength of Tetra Pak wastes composites, in a greater degree, depends on the concentration of PVA suspension.

Non-woody plant raw materials are of scientific interest in the effective processes of their chemical processing into fibrous semi-finished products and the properties of the finished product. A feature is the study of local species of annual plants that are among the most cultivated. Therefore, scientists are increasingly experimenting with corn waste for the possibility of their use in the manufacture of paper or cardboard, the study of their properties, but the results are not always stable. Our work focuses on the use of corn waste in the form of cob wrappers and obtaining from them fibrous semi-finished products by the soda-soda method. The restraining factor of obtaining cellulose from this raw material is the variability of chemical composition, features of morphological structure, the insufficient study of delignification depending on the cost of active alkali, the influence of impregnation on this process, its duration, and temperature. Wraps in the form of chaff were boiled with a solution at the consumption of active alkali 6 %, 10 %, and 14 % in units. Na2O by mass abs. dry. raw materials for impregnation for 15 min or without impregnation and subsequent cooking at a final temperature in the range of 100 0C - 160 0C for 15 or 30 min. The semi-finished products obtained as a result of cooking were ground, samples were made and their strength indicators were determined. It should be noted that the wrappers contain about twice less lignin, about 7.5-14 %, compared to wood – 23-28 %, which led to the choice of the minimum duration of cooking. However, the semi-finished products obtained from them are difficult to grind. This pattern is partly explained by the location of fibrils in the secondary wall of the middle layer S2 at an angle of 45-500 to the fiber axis, and the direction of fibrils in adjacent layers S1 and S3 of the cell wall is opposite, which inhibits splitting into individual fibrils. It is shown that impregnation has a positive effect on the quality of raw material digestion and physical and mechanical properties. At a temperature of 130 0C for only 15 and 30 minutes of cooking with impregnation and the consumption of active alkali 14 % in units. Na2O achieved high strength of semi-finished products. Increasing the cooking temperature to 160 0C and the maximum consumption of active alkali to 14 % per unit. Na2O leads to a sharp decrease in the yield and strength of semi-finished products. This pattern is logically explained by theoretical provisions on the processes of delignification of raw materials. At the same time, the temperature and the consumption of alkali increase the destruction of the carbohydrate part, primarily its low-molecular fractions, which are responsible for the formation of strong hydrogen bonds between the fibers. The optimal conditions for delignification at a temperature of 160 0C can be considered the consumption of active alkali 10 % per unit. Na2O with impregnation and cooking time of 15 minutes and obtaining high yield cellulose. The proposed raw materials for corn cob wrappers and technological modes of its chemical processing provide the production of fibrous semi-finished products with high strength.

Household waste recycling is a significant challenge for society. Cities worldwide have been exploring how to reduce waste through recycling. Incentive mechanism is one of the promising measures to improve the participation of residents in waste recycling activities. However, several defects have been observed in the incentive-based waste recycling systems: (1) inefficient allocation of resources in recycling services, (2) deficient systems lacking future planning, and (3) limitations in circulating responsive feedback amongst stakeholders. For overcoming these defects, a smart incentive-based recycling system is designed using the Internet of Things and data analysis technologies. Four key components in the designed system-namely, amount pattern discovery, price adjustment suggestion, waste-collection amount forecasting, and information sharing amongst stakeholders-assist in constructing a smarter system to enhance waste recycling. A basic incentive-based recycling system in Shanghai, with data on 19 specific recyclable items from 21 August 2018 to 20 March 2019, was improved to demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed system. For the case of a pilot community, the recyclable waste-collection amount increased 229.3%, but the weekly pattern of collection amount got imbalanced, especially at weekends. The weekly pattern analyses suggested adjusting the pricing for cardboard, strawboard, plastic bottles, and old clothing amongst the six identified items (i.e. taking ~80.0% by weight) to balance the collection amount and allocate resources better for waste-collection operations. The two-month trend analysis and fortnight forecasting help to make plans rationally for recycling businesses. Under the new information-sharing platform, stakeholders could collaborate smoothly in household waste recycling and reduction.

Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the bioremediation [chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal] of the effluent from the cardboard recycling industry in Yazd, central province of Iran, using mixed fungal culture. Design/methodology/approach First, the effluent samples from the cardboard recycling industry were cultured on potato dextrose agar medium to isolate native fungal colonies. The grown colonies were then identified using morphological macroscopic and microscopic characteristics to choose the dominant fungi for bioremediations. The mixed cultures of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium digitatum were finally used for bioremediation experiments of the cardboard recycling industry. A suspension containing 1 × 106 CFU/ml of fungal spores was prepared from each fungus, separately and their homogenous mixture. Sewage samples were prepared and sterilized and used at 25%, 50% and 90% dilutions and pH levels of 5, 7 and 8 for bioremediation tests using mixed fungal spores. Following that, 10 ml of the mixed fungal spores were inoculated into the samples for decolorization and COD removal and incubated for 10 days at 30°C. The amount of COD removal and decolorization were measured before incubation and after 3, 6 and 10 days of inoculation. In this research, the color was measured by American Dye Manufacturer Institute and COD by the closed reflux method. The results of the present study were analyzed using SPSS 21 statistical software and one-way ANOVA tests at p-value < 0.05. Findings The results of this research showed that the mean decolorization by mixed fungal culture over 10 days at pH levels of 5, 7 and 8 were 44.40%, 45.00% and 36.84%, respectively, and the mean COD removal efficiency was 71.59%, 73.54% and 16.55%, respectively. Moreover, the mean decolorization at dilutions of 25%, 50% and 90% were 45.00%, 31.93% and 30.53%, respectively, and the mean COD removal efficiency was 73.54%, 62.38% and 34.93%, respectively. Therefore, the maximal COD removal and decolorization efficiency was obtained at dilution of 25% and pH 7. Originality/value Given that limited studies have been conducted on bioremediation of the effluent from the cardboard recycling industry using fungal species, this research could provide useful information on the physicochemical properties of the effluent in this industry.

Cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water and reinforcing bar are the materials to make a reinforced concrete beam. The waste paper has been dumped as waste and causes environmental pollution behind mill or landfill. The industry paper wastage for every year is increasing gradually. More spaces are being needed for landfills, uses energy loss of natural resources and increase of expenditure and various types of pollutions. Utilizing waste paper as an addition in reinforced concrete beam production will reduce environmental pollutions. This research is conducted to investigate the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beam containing 10% shredded mixed and cardboard waste paper as additions in concrete with three types of reinforcements such as full shear reinforcement with stirrup spacing (SS=100 mm) and reduced shear reinforcements with stirrup spacing (SS=150 mm) and (SS=200 mm). All specimens are subjected to air curing at 28 days. The results of load-deflection behaviour and ultimate load-bearing capacity are better with 10% shredded mixed and cardboard waste paper at 28 days of air curing with full and reduced shear reinforcements. The finding shows that reinforced concrete beam with full and reduced shear reinforcements containing 10% addition of shredded cardboard waste paper in concrete exhibits the highest load at yield (Py), ultimate load (Pu), maximum load (Pmax) representing the load-carrying capacity, load at first crack (P1) and the lowest yield deflection (δy), ultimate deflection (δu), maximum deflection (δmax) compared to 10% SCPWP and 0%. This study indicates that shredded mixed and cardboard waste paper can be used as additional materials in reinforced concrete beam production.

We evaluated the environmental impacts of the peach transportation process using life cycle assessment with the damage area ratio as an indicator to assess both food loss and the environmental burden. A hot spot analysis was also conducted to identify the most relevant impact categories and processes in the peach life cycle. The environmental burden of the peach life cycle was assessed by using a mass-based functional unit (kg of undamaged peaches). The environmental impact of the packaging scenario (using plastic packaging and cardboard during transportation) in the peach life cycle was compared with that of the nonpackaging scenario (using cardboard only). Vibration tests for transportation were performed for several transportation distances to determine the damage area ratios. An impact assessment of the characterization and a calculation of single score results were followed by LIME2, and 15 impact categories were investigated. The packaging scenario had lower environmental impacts than the nonpackaging scenario, and the climate change (CC), resource consumption (RC), and urban air pollution (UAP) impacts in the packaging scenario were reduced by up to 94.1% compared with those in the nonpackaging scenario. Packaging decreased food losses related to injury during transportation; in turn, it also mitigated the environmental burden of additional peach cultivation to compensate for food losses. The results of the hot spot analysis indicated that cultivation, package production, peach waste (due to food loss), and transportation from a fruit sorting facility to the wholesale market stage largely formed the life cycle, with the cultivation stage accounting for the largest portion of the cycle (contribution ratios 36.4 to 89.4%). This study shows that packaging can potentially reduce the environmental impacts of peach production; notably, using packaging for peaches effectively decreases the environmental burden of the peach life cycle. This finding suggests that considering the trade-offs between food loss and the environmental burden associated with the peach life cycle is important for achieving a sustainable postharvest process for peaches from an environmental perspective.

The excessive use of plastics, in addition to the limitative capacities available for plastic waste disposal or recycle increased the interest in degradable polymers. Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) are among the most studied biobased polymers for packaging applications. However, their biodegradability in real environment is questionable. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the biodegradation behavior of PLA/PHB blend films and their sandwich-structured composites containing a cellulose paper interlayer, in natural soil environment, exposed to humidity and temperature conditions specific to different seasons. The study was conducted for 8 months and the biodegradation process was evaluated by measuring the morphological changes, weight loss and tensile properties of the samples. The weight loss data showed that materials were able to degrade under the action of soil microorganisms, water and heat. Moreover, the cellulose layer favored the water retention and enhanced the degradation. SEM images highlighted traces of erosion and biodegradation in the case of the buried samples and FTIR spectra revealed the scission of the ester bonds, which proved the degradation of the aliphatic polyesters. The XRD studies showed that the samples recovered from compost soil were more crystalline than those stored at room temperature, which indicates the degradation of the amorphous phase in the samples. In addition, DMA measurements showed a strong reinforcing effect of the cellulose interlayer on the PLA/PHB matrix. In conclusion, PLA/PHB blend is suitable for long packaging application, but the addition of a cellulose paper interlayer is beneficial to accelerate the decomposition rate.

In 1994 the German artist Wolfgang Tillmans created the work social fabric (1993–94), a color photocopy of an eighteen-centimeter piece of cardboard on which he had handwritten the words “social fa...

The paper introduces the idea of consumer-centered carton packaging for pharmaceutical products, as well as an implemented by means of CAD its design and a 3D-model. The engineering solution proposed by the authors implements the "untouchable" principle consisting in meeting completely the information needs of the potential consumer as to the selected pharmaceutical product maintaining the integrity of its industrial packaging. Statistical analysis of the results of consumer surveys on the feasibility of using the proposed design of consumer-oriented packaging is carried out taking into account the views of potential audiences, eco-trends and gender equality. The developed design can be used by large pharmaceutical companies for simple, cheap and effective promotion of pharmaceuticals that use cardboard for secondary packaging.

Malang Regency produced 690,136 tons banana in 2016. The banana production is in line with the waste (banana stalks). Banana stalks contain 83.3% cellulose and 2.97% lignin, of which can be used as raw material for paperboard making. However, the banana leaf paper has a low tensile strength of 7.45 N/mm2, so additional fibers to strengthen the paper is necessary, such as coconut coir which has a tensile strength of 46.67 N/mm2. This research aimed to formulate the material for paper making, such as the fiber source (banana fronds and coconut coir), filler (tapioca), and water to produce paperboard with minimal costs. The research was conducted using a linear programming method with LINDO software. The formulation of a sheet of cardboard produced was 34.79 g of dry banana stalks, 19.20 g of coconut coir, 6.00 g of tapioca, 136.08 g of NaOH, 2080 mL of distilled water, and 1000 mL of water with manufacturing cost of IDR 6,931.15. The paper characteristics has gramature of 323.8 g/m2, moisture content of 19.75%, water absorption test of 743.2 g/m2, tensile resistance of 1.4 kN/m, and stiffness of 5.7 mN.m.

Objective: To 1) characterize the decay curve of infective SARS-CoV-2 over time on the surface of cardboard packaging and plastic mailer packaging; 2) characterize the transferability over time of virus-inoculated cardboard packaging and plastic mailer packaging to skin. Methods: We inoculated samples of plastic and cardboard packaging with a titer of SARS-CoV-2 > 106 TCID50/ mL to evaluate the survivability and transferability to the skin (pig skin) over time. A cell culture-based infectivity assay (TCID50) was used to determine viral titers. Regression analysis was used to characterize decay curves. Results: The time that SARS-CoV-2 remained transferable to skin was reduced on both packaging substrates compared to the total time of survivability, though cardboard demonstrated a substantially larger reduction. Virus inoculated plastic substrates continued to transfer the virus to the skin after 7 hours of holding time and regression analysis predicts this transferability would remain detectable up to 9.5 hours of holding time. Inoculated cardboard substrates demonstrated detectable transfer at 15 minutes of holding time, but no viable virus could be detected on the skin after 30 minutes of holding time. Conclusions: The type of material used as a packaging substrate substantially modifies the potential for SARS-CoV-2 fomite transmission. The use of materials that limit fomite transmission from packaging should be considered among strategies to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Future research should investigate the generalizability of these findings for other viral pathogens that potentially transmit via fomite.

The use of chemical and energy intensive delignification processes in industrial pulping generates cellulosic fibres that are hydrophilic, hygroscopic and functionally restricted to paper and cardboard applications. Here, we propose a bio-based alternative to chemical pulping utilising herbivores to harvest and grind lignocellulosic materials followed by natural fungal growth to delignify and hybridise them to generate hierarchical composite papers with altered, water-repelling surface properties. These papers comprise cellulose and fungal biopolymers produced by cultivation of T. versicolor and P. ostreatus on elephant manure. Papers with considerably more hydrophobic surfaces were obtained at glucosamine contents as low as 0.1 wt%. Paper tensile strengths and elastic moduli were improved with longer fungal growth periods, spanning several weeks, resulting in comprehensive interfacing of cellulose microfibrils through tough nanoscale fungal chitin-β-glucan networks within the papers. Papers produced from lignocellulosic material colonised with P. ostreatus for 16 weeks exhibited the highest tensile strengths and more hydrophobic surfaces than T. versicolor. Hybridisation of lignocellulose with fungal biopolymers resulting in improved surface and mechanical properties highlights the extended opportunities of fungal delignification bioprocessing and demonstrates the considerable potential of the fungal biorefinery as an economical, and as of yet underexploited technology.

The success of any waste management system requires accurate and up-to-date data on quantity, composition of waste. Waste generation data from household are needed to address issues relating to municipal solid wastes such as management method, performance improvement, policy, regional and local planning, administrative, cost accounting, design and operation of landfill facilities and environmental quality. This study was conducted to provide empirical data on generation rates, quantity and composition, management practices, challenges and strategies from urban household. Waste collection, weighing, questionnaires survey and field observation were methods used during the study. Waste was collected and weighed from 60 households using multi-stage sampling technique for seven days. Questionnaires were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 and Excel. A total of 1125.2 kg of waste was recorded. The average household waste generation was 3 kg per day with per capita generation rate of 0.41 kg/cap/day. The compositional analysis showed that Organic (53%), Plastic (11%), Textile (6%), Metal (2%), Glass (1%), Paper and Cardboard 4% and others (22%). Solid waste management practices are very rudimentary. Burning (53.7%) and Open Dumping (30%) were found to be the most commonly used method of disposal with very limited collection service (33.3%) and segregation. The most challenges faced by households were communal disposal area (66.7%) and waste service providers (21.7%) storage bins (11.6%). Waste to energy (48.3%) and compositing (23.3%) were the most considered option for waste management by the respondents.

In this article, the methods of organizing lessons in the process of working with paper and cardboard in technology lessons highlight the main features of the technology lesson and its differences from other lessons in primary school. Demonstration of processing techniques is accompanied by an explanation, during this process questions and instructions should force students to find the correct solution to practical problems themselves. Children begin to perceive their surroundings early, but so that they can appreciate what they see, distinguish the really beautifulfrom the diversity, this must be taught, and the sooner the better.