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ImportanceLittle is known about the long-term economic and social outcomes for children with longitudinally assessed comorbid externalizing and internalizing symptoms, especially compared with children with externalizing symptoms or internalizing symptoms only.ObjectiveTo examine the association between childhood trajectories of externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid symptoms and long-term economic and social outcomes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA 32-year prospective cohort study linked with administrative data was conducted in school-aged participants aged 6 to 12 years in the Québec Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Children (N = 3017) followed up from 1985 to 2017. Data analysis was conducted between August 1, 2021, and March 31, 2022.ExposuresTeacher-rated behavioral symptoms were used to categorize children from age 6 to 12 years into developmental profiles using group-based trajectory modeling.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMultivariable regression models were used to test the association between childhood symptom profile group and adult employment earnings, welfare receipt, intimate partnership status, and having children living in the household. Participant sex, IQ, and socioeconomic background were adjusted for.ResultsOf 3017 participants in this sample, 1594 (52.8%) were male and 1423 (47.2%) were female. Per confidentiality rules established by Statistics Canada, income variables were rounded to base 100 and count variables were rounded to base 10; the mean (SD) age was 37 (0.29) years at follow-up. Four symptom profiles were identified: no/low (n = 1369 [45.4%]), high externalizing (882 [29.2%]), high internalizing (354 [11.7%]), and comorbid (412 [13.7%]) symptoms. Compared with the no/low symptom profile, participants in the high externalizing–only profile earned $5904 (95% CI, −$7988 to −$3821) less per year and had 2.0 (95% CI, 1.58-2.53) times higher incidence of welfare receipt, while participants in the high internalizing group earned $8473 (95% CI, −$11 228 to −$5717) less per year, had a 2.07 (95% CI, 1.51-2.83) higher incidence of welfare receipt, and had a lower incidence of intimate partnership (incident rate ratio [IRR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-0.99). Participants in the comorbid profile fared especially poorly: they earned $15 031 (95% CI, −$18 030 to −$12 031) less per year, had a 3.79 (95% CI, 2.75-5.23) times higher incidence of annual welfare receipt, and were less likely to have an intimate partner (IRR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.63-0.79) and children living in the household (IRR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80-0.92). Estimated lost earnings over a 40-year working career were $140 515 for the high externalizing, $201 657 for the high internalizing, and $357 737 for the comorbid profiles.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, children exhibiting sustained childhood high externalizing, high internalizing, or comorbid symptoms were at increased risk of poor economic and social outcomes into middle age. These findings suggest that children exhibiting comorbid problems were especially vulnerable and that early detection and support are indicated.

Additional file 2. Eating disorder symptom level trajectories from 12 to 20 years, including both sex (without the weight loss item).

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jbd-10.1177_01650254221113472 for Psychometric properties of the Social Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) in a longitudinal population-based sample by Ophélie A. Collet, Massimiliano Orri, Richard E. Tremblay, Michel Boivin and Sylvana M. Côté in International Journal of Behavioral Development

Additional file 1. Model fit statistics and group membership for each retained trajectory model.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Linear Mixed Models Linking Intervention Conditions to Disruptive and Prosocial Behaviors in Pre-intervention.

JBD769376_supplementary_material for Harsh parenting practices mediate the association between parent affective profiles and child adjustment outcomes: Differential associations for mothers and fathers by Massimiliano Orri, Lisa-Christine Girard, Jean-Baptiste Pingault, Alexandra Rouquette, Catherine Herba, Bruno Falissard, Sylvana M. Côté, and Sylvie Berthoz in International Journal of Behavioral Development

Supplemental material, REVIEW2_Supplementary_material_corrections for Longitudinal and Sex Measurement Invariance of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales by Massimiliano Orri, Alexandra Rouquette, Jean-Baptiste Pingault, Caroline Barry, Catherine Herba, Sylvana M. Côté, Sylvie Berthoz in Assessment

Supplemental material, REVIEW2_Supplementary_material_clear for Longitudinal and Sex Measurement Invariance of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales by Massimiliano Orri, Alexandra Rouquette, Jean-Baptiste Pingault, Caroline Barry, Catherine Herba, Sylvana M. Côté, Sylvie Berthoz in Assessment

Additional file 1: Table S1. Skills taught in the Minipally program by workshops.

Background Parental educational expectations have been associated with children’s educational attainment in a number of long-term longitudinal studies, but whether this relationship is causal has long been debated. The aims of this prospective study were twofold: 1) test whether low maternal educational expectations contributed to failure to graduate from high school; and 2) compare the results obtained using different strategies for accounting for confounding variables (i.e. multivariate regression and propensity score matching). Methodology/Principal Findings The study sample included 1,279 participants from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Children. Maternal educational expectations were assessed when the participants were aged 12 years. High school graduation – measuring educational attainment – was determined through the Quebec Ministry of Education when the participants were aged 22–23 years. Findings show that when using the most common statistical approach (i.e. multivariate regressions to adjust for a restricted set of potential confounders) the contribution of low maternal educational expectations to failure to graduate from high school was statistically significant. However, when using propensity score matching, the contribution of maternal expectations was reduced and remained statistically significant only for males. Conclusions/Significance The results of this study are consistent with the possibility that the contribution of parental expectations to educational attainment is overestimated in the available literature. This may be explained by the use of a restricted range of potential confounding variables as well as the dearth of studies using appropriate statistical techniques and study designs in order to minimize confounding. Each of these techniques and designs, including propensity score matching, has its strengths and limitations: A more comprehensive understanding of the causal role of parental expectations will stem from a convergence of findings from studies using different techniques and designs.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Skills taught in the Minipally program by workshops.