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Autistic college students are often forced to navigate stigma on campus, but little is known about how autistic college students manage communicated stigma. Semi-structured interviews with ten autistic college students were conducted to explore how they manage peer stigma. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to identify three themes from the data: First, participants seek to avoid peer stigma by concealing attributes associated with autism. Next, participants buffer against peer stigma by engaging in favorable social comparison. Finally, participants perceive the autism label as highly stigmatizing, necessitating limited disclosure on campus. These results can help researchers and practitioners focus efforts to promote neurodiversity to both autistic students and their peers on campus.

TP53 mutations are implicated in the progression of mucinous borderline tumors (MBOT) to mucinous ovarian carcinomas (MOC). Optimized immunohistochemistry (IHC) for TP53 has been established as a proxy for the TP53 mutation status in other ovarian tumor types. We aimed to confirm the ability of TP53 IHC to predict TP53 mutation status in ovarian mucinous tumors and to evaluate the association of TP53 mutation status with survival among patients with MBOT and MOC. Tumor tissue from an initial cohort of 113 women with MBOT/MOC was stained with optimized IHC for TP53 using tissue microarrays (75.2%) or full sections (24.8%) and interpreted using established criteria as normal or abnormal (overexpression, complete absence, or cytoplasmic). Cases were considered concordant if abnormal IHC staining predicted deleterious TP53 mutations. Discordant tissue microarray cases were re-evaluated on full sections and interpretational criteria were refined. The initial cohort was expanded to a total of 165 MBOT and 424 MOC for the examination of the association of survival with TP53 mutation status, assessed either by TP53 IHC and/or sequencing. Initially, 82/113 (72.6%) cases were concordant using the established criteria. Refined criteria for overexpression to account for intratumoral heterogeneity and terminal differentiation improved concordance to 93.8% (106/113). In the expanded cohort, 19.4% (32/165) of MBOT showed evidence for TP53 mutation and this was associated with a higher risk of recurrence, disease-specific death, and all-cause mortality (overall survival: HR = 4.6, 95% CI 1.5-14.3, p = 0.0087). Within MOC, 61.1% (259/424) harbored a TP53 mutation, but this was not associated with survival (overall survival, p = 0.77). TP53 IHC is an accurate proxy for TP53 mutation status with refined interpretation criteria accounting for intratumoral heterogeneity and terminal differentiation in ovarian mucinous tumors. TP53 mutation status is an important biomarker to identify MBOT with a higher risk of mortality.

Objective: To evaluate myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in relation to clinical features of epithelial ovarian cancer, histologic subtypes, and overall survival. Patients and Methods: We conducted centralized immunohistochemical staining, semi-quantitative scoring, and survival analysis in 5263 patients participating in the Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis consortium. Patients were diagnosed between January 1, 1978, and December 31, 2014, including 2865 high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOCs), with more than 12,000 person-years of follow-up time. Tissue microarrays were stained for MyD88 and TLR4, and staining intensity was classified using a 2-tiered system for each marker (weak vs strong). Results: Expression of MyD88 and TLR4 was similar in all histotypes except clear cell ovarian cancer, which showed reduced expression compared with other histotypes (P

Mental health services in the Eastern Mediterranean Region are predominantly centralized and institutionalized, relying on scarce specialist manpower. This creates a major treatment gap for patients with common and disabling mental disorders and places an unnecessary burden on the individual, their family and society. Six steps for reorganization of mental health services in the Region can be outlined: (1) integrate delivery of interventions for priority mental disorders into primary health care and existing priority programmes; (2) systematically strengthen the capacity of non-specialized health personnel for providing mental health care; (3) scale up community-based services (community outreach teams for defined catchment, supported residential facilities, supported employment and family support); (4) establish mental health services in general hospitals for outpatient and acute inpatient care; (5) progressively reduce the number of long-stay beds in mental hospitals through restricting new admissions; and (6) provide transitional/bridge funding over a period of time to scale up community-based services and downsize mental institutions in parallel.إعادة تنظيم خدمات الصحة النفسية: من نماذج رعاية مؤسسية إلى نماذج رعاية مجتمعية.بيندتو ساراسنيو، ريتشارد جير، عاطف رحمان، خالد سعيد، جوليان إيتون، جبريل افبيجارو، مايكل كيد، كريستوفر دوريك، شيارا سرفيي، مايكل كارن فنك، كريس أندرهيل.إن خدمات الصحة النفسية في إقليم شرق المتوسط غالباً ما تكون مركزية ومؤسسية، وتعتمد عى القليل من القوى العاملة المتخصصة. ويخلق هذا فجوة كبرة في معالجة المرضى المصابن باضطرابات نفسية شائعة ومسبِّبة للعجز، ويحمِّل الفرد وأسرته ومجتمعه عبئاً لا داعي له. ويمكن إيجاز إعادة تنظيم خدمات الصحة النفسية في الإقليم في ست خطوات: (1) إدماج تقديم التدخات الخاصة بالاضطرابات النفسية ذات الأولوية في برامج الرعاية الصحية الأولية والبرامج ذات الأولوية القائمة، (2) تعزيز منهجي لقدرات العاملن في مجال الصحة غر المتخصصن عى تقديم الرعاية الصحية النفسية، (3) توسيع نطاق الخدمات المجتمعية (فرق توعية مجتمعية معنية بالتعريف بمناطق الخدمات الصحية)، وبدعم المرافق السكنية، ودعم التوظيف، ودعم الأسرة)، (4) إنشاء خدمات للصحة النفسية في المستشفيات العامة، وذلك بالعيادات الخارجية وكذلك بالأقسام الداخلية للرعاية الحرجة، (5) الحد تدريجياً من عدد أسَِّة الإقامة الطويلة في المستشفيات النفسية من خال الحدّ من حالات دخول جديدة، (6) توفر تمويل انتقالي لفرة من الزمن عى مدى فرة من الزمن، لتوسيع نطاق الخدمات المجتمعية وتقليص عدد المؤسسات النفسية بالتوازي مع ذلك.Réorganisation des services de santé mentale : des modèles de soins institutionnels aux modèles communautaires.Les services de santé mentale dans la Région de la Méditerranée orientale sont essentiellement centralisés et institutionnalisés. Ils reposent sur un personnel spécialisé qui est rare. Cette situation crée un large fossé thérapeutique pour les patients atteints de troubles mentaux courants et handicapants, et fait porter une charge inutile pour l'individu, sa famille et la société. Six étapes pour la réorganisation des services de santé mentale dans la Région peuvent être présentées de la manière suivante : 1) intégrer l’offre des interventions pour les troubles de santé mentale prioritaires dans les programmes de soins de santé primaires et les programmes prioritaires existants ; 2) renforcer systématiquement les capacités du personnel de santé non spécialisé à fournir des soins de santé mentale ; 3) intensifier les services communautaires (équipes communautaires de proximité pour une zone de desserte définie, établissements résidentiels bénéficiant d'assistance aide à l'emploi et soutien apporté à la famille) ; 4) établir des services de soins de santé mentale dans des hôpitaux généraux pour les soins externes et les soins aigus chez le patient hospitalisé ; 5) réduire progressivement le nombre de lits de long séjour dans les hôpitaux de soins de santé mentale en diminuant le nombre des nouvelles admissions ; 6) fournir un financement de transition/provisoire pendant une certaine durée pour intensifier les services communautaires et parallèlement réduire la taille des institutions de santé mentale.

This is the first prospective study in a contemporary Australian/New Zealand population to determine the prevalence of testosterone deficiency in testicular cancer survivors at 12 months from treatment, and any association with poorer quality of life. Hormone assays from 54 evaluable patients in a prospective cohort study revealed biochemical hypogonadism in 18 patients (33%) and low-normal testosterone in 13 patients (24%). We found no association between testosterone levels and quality of life (all P > 0.05). Hypogonadal patients should be considered for testosterone replacement to prevent long-term morbidity.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis with symptoms that could cause a patient to present to a general dental practitioner. A case of GCA that presented as headache, jaw claudication, unilateral visual loss and tongue ulceration leading to necrosis is reported and the literature reviewed, with an emphasis on dentally relevant aspects. It is vital that GCA is not overlooked in patients over the age of 50 with unexplained dental pain, tissue necrosis or jaw pain which may be misdiagnosed as a temporomandibular joint disorder. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is the key to preventing visual loss. Early referral in such cases would be warranted. Clinical Relevance: Dental clinicians may play a part in the early diagnosis of GCA by having a high index of suspicion for its symptoms in patients, so that devastating ischaemic consequences, such as irreversible visual loss, can be prevented.

In Israeli director Yael Bartana’s 2007 film Mary Koszmary—meaning “Bad Dreams” or “Nightmares”—a young Polish politician delivers a resounding speech to an empty, crumbling, communist-era Stadion Dziesięciolecia in Warsaw. The speech, he says, is an appeal: “This is a call. . . . It is an appeal for life. We want three million Jews to return to Poland, to live with us again. We need you! Please come back!” This article considers the powerful and perhaps disturbing premise of these lines and explores their possible meanings in a contemporary Polish context. What can it mean for Poles and Polish culture to need Jews—and in particular, to need those Jews who can never return? The complex phenomenon of Jewish memory in Poland and Eastern Europe cannot be contained within specific, present-day borders—whether of geography or of academic discipline: similar dynamics to those Bartana has identified in Poland exist throughout the region. Thus, against the background of Bartana’s film, the article considers the growing phenomenon and importance of local Jewish festivals in Poland and present-day Ukraine, focusing in detail on two specific festivals: the annual festival “Encounters with Jewish Culture,” held in Chmielnik, Poland, and the biannual Bruno Schulz Festival in Drohobych, Ukraine. The analysis explores ways that the memory of Polish Jews—and more specifically the figure of the absent Polish Jew—can function as a central element in the construction of new, communal Polish and Ukrainian narratives since the fall of Communism.

We report the case of a 3-year-old child, who presented with lid swelling which progressed to proptosis of the left eye. He also had systemic symptoms of fatigue and weight loss. An examination revealed hepatosplenomegaly and lymph node enlargement. Investigations showed a peripheral smear with blast cells, which were also revealed through a bone marrow biopsy. A CT scan showed a mass lesion in the left orbit that had infiltrated into the surrounding tissues. He was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with left-sided orbital mass secondary to it. Haematogenous masses in the orbit are commonly due to granulocytic sarcomas, which are usually associated with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML), not ALL, and are rare especially when they precede systemic disease.

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an idiopathic disease characterized by the feeling of burning in the oral cavity. Ten per cent of patients presenting to oral medicine clinics have BMS. Anxiety and depression are common co-morbidities in BMS, but it is not known if they are associated with specific BMS symptoms.In an exploratory analysis, this study examined the association of generalized anxiety and depression with individual BMS symptoms.Forty-one patients were recruited from a dental outpatient clinic (30 with BMS and 11 with other oral conditions), evaluating specific BMS symptoms and their intensity. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using a standardized measure (Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised).Taste change (p = 0.007), fear of serious illness (p = 0.011), metallic taste (p = 0.018) and sensation of a film on the gums (p = 0.047) were associated with an excess of psychiatric symptoms. More specifically, metallic taste (coefficient = 0.497, 95% CI = 0.149-0.845; p = 0.006) and sensation of film on gums (coefficient = 0.625, 95% CI = 0.148-1.103; p = 0.012) were associated significantly with higher scores for depressive symptoms; taste change (coefficient = 0.269, 95% CI = 0.077-0.461; p = 0.007), bad breath (coefficient = 0.273, 95% CI = 0.065-0.482; p = 0.012) and fear of serious illness (coefficient = 0.242, 95% CI = 0.036-0.448; p = 0.023) were associated with higher anxiety scores.Specific BMS symptoms are associated differentially with generalized anxiety and depression. Dental practitioners should ascertain which BMS symptoms are predominant and be mindful of the association of certain symptoms with anxiety or depression and, where necessary, consider medical consultation.

These guidelines, informed by the best available evidence and consensus expert opinion, provide a framework to guide the timely initiation of chemotherapy for treating cancer. They sit at the intersection of patient experience, state-of-the-art disease management and rational efficient service provision for these patients at a system level. Internationally, cancer waiting times are routinely measured and publicly reported. In Australia, there are existing policies and guidelines relating to the timeliness of cancer care for surgery and radiation therapy; however, until now, equivalent guidance for chemotherapy was lacking. Timeliness of care should be informed, where available, by evidence for improved patient outcomes. Independent of this, it should be recognised that shorter waiting periods are likely to reduce patient anxiety. While these guidelines were developed as part of a proposed framework for consideration by the Victorian Department of Health, they are clinically relevant to national and international cancer services. They are intended to be used by clinical and administrative staff within cancer services. Adoption of these guidelines, which are for the timely triage, review and treatment of cancer patients receiving systemic chemotherapy, aims to ensure that patients receive care within a timeframe that will maximise health outcomes, and that access to care is consistent and equitable across cancer services. Local monitoring of performance against this guideline will enable cancer service providers to manage proactively future service demand.

Objective: Determine if aspirin inhibits the IL-1β–stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) in rat ovarian dispersates cultured in vitro . Design: Prospective, controlled in vitro study. Setting: Academic research laboratory. Animals: Ovaries collected from immature rats. Intervention(s): Ovaries were collected from immature rats and enzymatically dispersed. Ovarian dispersates were placed into plates containing media alone or media supplemented with IL-1β (100 U/mL) and varying concentrations of aspirin (0, 1, 3, 5 and 10 mM). Ovarian dispersates were cultured in a humidified environment of 5% CO 2 in air at 37°C for 24 or 48 hours. Main Outcome Measure(s): Twenty-four– and 48-hour iNOS, nitrite (a stable metabolite of NO), and PGE 2 levels were determined from ovarian dispersates cultured in vitro. Result(s): Administration of IL-1β increased nitrite and PGE 2 levels over that observed in the control group after culture of ovarian dispersates for 24 and 48 hours. Aspirin dose dependently reduced the IL-1β–stimulated increase in nitrite production from ovarian dispersates after culture for 24 and 48 hours. Aspirin completely (24 hours) or dose dependently (48 hours) prevented the IL-β–stimulated increase in PGE 2. Coadministration of IL-1β and aspirin (10 mM) attenuates IL-1β–stimulated iNOS expression after culture for 24 and 48 hours. Conclusion(s): Aspirin significantly inhibits the IL-1β–stimulated expression of iNOS, NO, and PGE 2 in ovarian dispersates cultured in vitro.

The cleanability of stainless steel using a starch soil was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Two cleaning regimes were examined: high pressure spray system removed absorbed material much more effectively than mechanical action. Surface defects on the stainless steel acted as sites for soil retention. When starch was combined with the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium the two components were removed at different rates from the surface caused by difference in size between the starch molecules and bacterium cells.

The study was performed to evaluate prospectively the efficacy and safety of insertion of tunnelled central venous catheters as an out-patient procedure in the radiology department. Tunnelled central venous catheters were inserted via the jugular or subclavian veins in 94 patients. The insertion was guided by ultrasound or venography. A post-procedure chest radiograph was obtained and, if the patients were well, they were discharged from hospital after 2h. Insertion was successfully achieved in all patients. Early complications occurred in 19 patients (20.2%) but these were generally minor. A chest drain was inserted into one patient who had a pneumothorax on the post-procedure chest radiograph. All other patients were fit to go home. Late complications occurred in 32 patients (34%), resulting in death in one patient. This study suggests that, with appropriate precautions, out-patient percutaneous image-guided insertion of tunnelled central venous catheters is a safe procedure.

This is the first prospective study in a contemporary Australian/New Zealand population to determine the prevalence of testosterone deficiency in testicular cancer survivors at 12 months from treatment, and any association with poorer quality of life. Hormone assays from 54 evaluable patients in a prospective cohort study revealed biochemical hypogonadism in 18 patients (33%) and low-normal testosterone in 13 patients (24%). We found no association between testosterone levels and quality of life (all P0.05). Hypogonadal patients should be considered for testosterone replacement to prevent long-term morbidity.

An abundance of new evidence regarding treatment strategies for neutropenic fever is likely to contribute to variability in practice across institutions and clinicians alike.To describe current clinical practices in Australia, by surveying haematologists, oncologists and infectious diseases physicians involved in cancer care.Clinician members from Australian professional associations, accounting for the vast majority of Australian cancer specialists, were invited to participate in an electronic survey, comprising of a clinical case-based questionnaire. Clinical practice areas explored were: use of risk-assessment and empiric antibiotic strategies across various treatment settings; use of anti-bacterial prophylaxis; and use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factors for established neutropenic fever and for secondary prophylaxis.A total of 252 clinicians returned responses (approximately 30% response rate). The majority (70%) were representative of practices in public, major city, tertiary referral hospitals. Less than half of clinicians were aware of risk-assessment tools and less than quarter currently used ambulatory care strategies. If adequate resources were made available, more than 80% were willing to use risk-assessment tools and 60% more clinicians were likely to use ambulatory care strategies. Most clinicians prescribed dual therapy parenteral antibiotics, even for clinically stable patients (53% haematologists, 56% oncologists). Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor was used frequently as secondary prophylaxis in the breast cancer case (91%), follicular lymphoma case (59%) and non-small cell lung cancer case (31%). Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis was infrequently prescribed (19% oncologists, 30% haematologists).Evidence-practice gaps were identified around the use of risk-assessment-based empiric therapy, and help to inform better clinical guidance.

The current consensus guidelines were developed to standardize the clinical approach to the management of neutropenic fever in adult cancer patients throughout Australian treating centres. The three areas of clinical practice covered by the guidelines, the process for developing consensus opinion, and the system used to grade the evidence and relative strength of recommendations are described. The health economics implications of establishing clinical guidance are also discussed.

A population of dwarf cisco in Minnesota was studied in native and transplant environments. Life history characters were recorded and the stability of meristics and morphometrics of the population over a two year period in three different environments was assessed with univariate and multivariate statistics. Transplanted cisco lived longer and grew larger than they did in their native lake, yet retained distinctive pigmentation patterns and an unusually early spawning season. Meristic characters of dwarf fish remained within ranges reported forCoregonus artedii during the lifetimes of individuals in their new environments, but morphometric measures underwent significant size- and shape-related changes. Incubation and rearing studies show egg incubation time and behavior of larvae were identical of those of non-dwarf cisco. Comparisons with non-dwarf cisco populations illustrate the ecophenotypic plasticity of adult fish of this population of North American cisco.

Foods brought to the nest by Montagu's Harriers breeding within an area of intensive arable farmland in England are described. About 50% of prey identified from pellets and prey remains was small birds (< 50 g), which, together with gamechicks and small mammals, made up 70–90% of the diet. At one nest, twothirds of small bird prey were juveniles or nestlings. Live prey weight varied between 6-300 g, with an estimated mean of 36–51 g, about 14–18 and 10–13% of male and female harrier weights, respectively. A male harrier ate (or discarded) about 10% of the prey before delivery, about 9% of his own body weight. The frequency of prey deliveries varied after hatching within and between males, and was linked to brood size. There was no uniform pattern to daily delivery times.

This study compared the chromosome complement and mitochondrial DNA profile of a population of dwarf cisco in Ten Mile Lake, Cass County, Minnesota, to two populations of normal-sized Coregonus artedii in order to determine if the dwarf fish were conspecific with C. artedii. Chromosomal analysis revealed a diploid chromosome number (2n = 80) the same as reported for C. artedii. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis revealed unexpected levels of intrapopulational diversity in each study population, with the dwarf fish displaying the highest level of mtDNA diversity. Heteroplasmy, restriction site polymorphisms, and three size variants were documented. Each population was characterized by a unique profile of mtDNA clonal types, yet interpopulational comparisons revealed more similarities between the dwarf fish in Ten Mile Lake and the two normal populations than between the populations of normal-sized fish. Based on these data, the dwarf fish of Ten Mile Lake should be considered conspecific with Coregonus artedii.

Apart from one report of phimosis, involvement of the penis has not been reported as a complication of chronic GVHD. We report a patient with recurrent chronic GVHD who developed skin discoloration of the penile shaft, together with erectile dysfunction consistent with Peyronie's disease. Histological features were consistent with sclerodermatous change. These features suggest that the penis may be a target organ in chronic GVHD.

Purpose of the Study: The management of malignant wounds is a challenge for the supportive care team. Patients have an impaired quality of life due to the presence of the skin lesion. The discomfort related to odour, pain, risk of infection and bleeding is frequently observed in this type of wound. The goal of the wound care (curative or palliative) depends on the patient's response to anticancer treatments and the surgical possibilities, sometimes limited in geriatric oncology. The odours due to necrosis and microbial flora especially impact the distress for patients, families and caregivers. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to investigate the bacterial profile of malignant breast cancer wounds and suggest the most appropriate approach to manage two important symptoms: the odours and the risk of infection. Methods: Followed case studies of malignant wounds of older patients and compared the clinical aspect and impact with the results of the bacterial flora. Results and Discussion: Many antimicrobial products and antibiotics are proposed to reduce the growth of bacteria and the odours, but there is no evidence of their efficiencies (except metronidazole), and potential adverse effects. Only very few studies exist. In our experience, the malignant wounds were colonised by multiple bacterial species and the most common resident were Staphylococcus aureus andPseudomonas aeruginosa. The anaerobic bacteriawere present inmany cases (e.g.: Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacteriumnecrophorum). The odours seem dependent of: the number of bacteria, the presence of anaerobic germs and special bacteria like Proteus mirabilis or Peptostreptococcus. Antimicrobial dressings seemed to be inefficient and charcoal dressing completely controls odours in only 50% of cases. Conclusions: Contrary to other chronic wounds, malignant wounds are under the influence of the progression of the cancer and the effects of the treatments (e.g.: chemotherapy/aplasia). Our findings suggest that planktonic bacteria, biofilm, and bacterial volatiles interact in dynamic context. No one dressing could control odours and colonisation, so it is necessary to know, use and adapt all the products and wound care to each situation, in order to limit the prescription of antibiotics. Moreover, peculiarities of this elderly population must be considered: frequency of dressings, inpatient or outpatient, comorbidities, and personal hygiene. A multidisciplinary cooperation between the geriatrician, the oncologist and the nurses is essential.

Background: Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) is the principal carrier for glucocorticoids in the circulation and a regulator of their bioavailability. Inherited CBG deficiencies are rarely reported, and only three causative mutations in four families have been described. Patients, Methods, and Results: In a 26-yr-old female with hypotension, fatigue, and undetectable serum cortisol at presentation, we have identified a novel homozygous c.776g>t transversion in exon 3 of the CBG (SERPINA6) gene. This results in a p.Gly237Val substitution that is predicted to influence the positioning of two β-sheets that constitute part of the CBG steroid-binding site. Two siblings were also homozygous for the variant, whereas her mother and an unaffected sibling were heterozygous. No other symptomatic family members were identified apart from the proband. Individuals homozygous for the variant had serum CBG levels below the reference range when measured by RIA, but CBG was unmeasurable in cortisol-binding capacity assays. In the same individuals, we observed very low baseline and stimulated serum cortisol levels but normal free serum and salivary cortisol and plasma ACTH. In a study of ultradian cortisol pulsatility, increased pulse frequency was only observed in the proband. Conclusion: We describe a novel CBG variant that lacks steroid binding. All mutant homozygotes have very low serum cortisol, but normal free cortisol levels. The only biochemical feature to distinguish the symptomatic subject was increased cortisol pulsatility, and we suggest that this may influence glucocorticoid signaling and contribute to symptoms previously associated with CBG deficiency.

The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the hyaluronate receptor and CD44 (H-CAM), cell-surface glycoproteins of similar molecular weights that have been implicated in cell adhesion. In initial experiments, a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against CD44 were tested for their ability to cross react with the hyaluronate receptor. These antibodies immunoprecipitated [3H]hyaluronate binding activity from detergent extracts of both mouse and human cells, indicating that the hyaluronate receptor is identical to CD44. In addition, one of these antibodies (KM-201 to mouse CD44) directly blocked the binding of labeled hyaluronate to the receptor and inhibited hyaluronate dependent aggregation of SV-3T3 cells. CD44 has also been implicated in lymphocyte binding to high endothelial venules during lymphocyte homing. Interestingly, the monoclonal antibody Hermes- 3, which blocks lymphocyte binding to the high endothelial venules of mucosal lymphoid tissue, had no effect on the binding of labeled hyaluronate. Furthermore, the binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial cells of lymph nodes and mucosal lymphoid tissue was not significantly affected by treatment with agents that block the binding of hyaluronate (hyaluronidase, excess hyaluronate and specific antibodies). Thus, CD44 appears to have at least two distinct functional domains, one for binding hyaluronate and another involved in interactions with mucosal high endothelial venules.

Analysis of the ($00l$) x-ray diffractograms of graphite intercalation compounds reveals important structural information concerning these compounds. In particular, the in-plane intercalate density is observed to depart from the commonly accepted stoichiometric values. This result has important implications concerning various structural phase transformations that have been reported in these materials. The application of Fourier synthesis to the ($00l$) integrated intensities yields the projected structure of the intercalate layer onto the $c$ axis. A least-squares refinement program RFINE4 was used to analyze the ($00l$) integrated intensities, yielding in-plane intercalate densities, Debye-Waller temperature factors, and various layer separations. The graphite-graphite layer separations were found to be not significantly different from the values for pristine graphite. Connections of the results of ($00l$) x-ray diffraction with other structural-analysis techniques such as electron diffraction and electron microscopy are discussed.

Lattice dynamical properties of antiferromagnetic f. c. c. Mn 83 Ni 11 C 6 and Mn 85 Ni 9 C 6 have been studied by means of ultrasonics and neutron scattering. The two alloys illustrate how, with increase of manganese content across this region of the constitution diagram, severe elastic anomalies develop in these materials. In particular, for these concentrations the magnitude of the elastic stiffness constant C 11 begins to fall off drastically towards the lower temperatures, passing below C 44 ; in Mn 85 Ni 9 C 6 it reduces with reducing temperature to such an extent that a cubic-to-tetragonal martensitic transformation is induced. At the transformation temperature C 11 has a minimum, rising again thereafter. A detailed study has been made of one specimen of Mn 85 Ni 9 C 6 that showed a nearly second-order structure transition. In this sample, 1/2( C 11 — C 12 ) softens linearly with temperature, reaching 0.27 x 10 10 N m -2 ( x 10 11 dyn cm -2 ) at the transformation temperature T m = 174 ± 2 K, where Zener’s anisotropy parameter attains the value 36. Other elastic properties likewise prove to be extremely unusual, with longitudinal sound propagating more slowly than transverse sound along the cube axis directions. Phonon energy measurements, made to an accuracy of about 40 μeV, show however that as a function of wavevector appreciable phonon softening is restricted to a small central region of the Brillouin zone within about a tenth of a reciprocal lattice unit of the origin. The anomalous inter-atomic forces responsible are markedly non-central, and it is argued they are a consequence of an enhanced electron-phonon interaction arising because the manganese moment is unstable. The applicability of molecular field theory to the transition is well confirmed, the critical index γ of the order parameter above T m being obtained as 1.03 ± 0.07.

Raman and infrared spectra on well-staged graphite-Al${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ are reported for compounds with stages $n=1, 2, 4, \mathrm{and} 8$. Of significance is the absence of infrared-active modes for stage-1 graphite-Al${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ and the presence in stages 2, 4, and 8 of three infrared-active modes in the vicinity of the graphite ${E}_{1u}$ mode. The Raman-active modes in graphite-Al${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ behave similarly to the corresponding bounding-layer and interiorlayer graphitic modes in graphite-Fe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ with regard to the stage dependence of the peak frequencies and relative intensities.

The temperature dependence of gauge factor and magnetoresistance for two types of foil strain gauge commonly used in magnetostriction measurements has been investigated. Although the temperature variation of gauge factor for either type does not change significantly from one batch to another, the magnetoresistance in Ni-Cr alloy gauges is less predictable. The relative merits of the two types are discussed.

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the real zeros of, and error incurred by, Padé approximants to e − x {e^{ - x}} . These approximants are of interest because of their application in solving systems of ordinary differential equations arising from mathematical models of physical processes, for example, the heat equation.

The preparation and stage characterization of high stage (n⪖5) potassium and rubidium donor compounds are discussed. Stage homogeneity is evaluated using the X-ray diffraction technique with particular emphasis given to low order index reflections. Sample composition is varied within the same crystal by small variations in the growth process, and air stability is investigated over this dilute concentration range.

Previous measurements of the magnetostriction constant h1−h5 for iron at room temperature are compared and are found to disagree. These constants have been redetermined paying specific attention to the errors involved in the measurements and subsequent analysis of experimental data.

We present the first detailed study of the stage dependence of the IR- and Raman-active optic graphitic modes in a graphite acceptor intercalation compound. The general frequency upshift observed with increasing FeCl3 concentration for all optic modes is interpreted to indicate an in-plane compression within the graphitic layers. An identification of the IR-active modes with bounding and interior graphite layers is made. A lineshape analysis of the IR spectra implies IR dipole moments corresponding to ∼70% of the effective charge in the graphite bounding layers, independent of stage, and ∼30% distributed among the graphite interior layers for stage n⩾3 compounds.

In East Anglia in 1983–84, Marsh Harriers preyed upon most species of birds and mammals present in their hunting areas. Small birds, young gamebirds and waterbirds and mammals formed 90-95% of the diet by numbers and weight. Small adult birds and mammals were important in April-May, but thereafter young gamebirds and waterbirds formed an increasing proportion of the diet, whilst the proportion of mammals declined. Females and polygynous males took larger prey after the young had hatched than did monogynous males. There was no difference in the proportions of large prey taken by polygynous males and the much larger females. There was some evidence of a difference in diet for monogynous males, in the latter part of the season, when they took fewer mammals and more small birds. Polygynous males took larger prey later in the season, mainly by taking larger individuals of the same species. There was no evidence that the proportion of large prey brought by males to individual nests was linked to brood size.

Utilization of orthodontic services may be influenced as much by the social and cultural setting as by objective criteria. The public's assessment of dental irregularity and its perceptions of the psychosocial implications of malocclusion may be critical factors in the utilization of available services. To test these assumptions, two communities with historic differences in the availability and utilization of orthodontic services were selected as survey sites (Lexington, Kentucky, and Cardiff, Wales). Three-hundred eighty-five sixth grade children (11 to 12 years of age) and 123 of their parents were interviewed concerning dental esthetics, treatment need, and knowledge about, attitudes toward, and value placed on orthodontic treatment. Although the Lexington respondents had greater personal and indirect knowledge about such services, they did not have more positive perceptions about treatment; nor did they value straight teeth more highly. There were no significant differences between the groups' judgement of dental esthetics or assessment of treatment need. The differences in utilization of services in the two communities could not be explained in terms of differences in attitude toward malocclusion and orthodontic treatment.

The first observation of IR-active optic modes in donor graphite intercalation compounds is reported. For stage 1 and 2 compounds with K, Rb and Cs no graphitic optic mode in the 1600 cm -1 region is observed, while more dilute compounds exhibit strong IR-active modes with a stage-dependent mode frequency that is downshifted with increasing donor intercalate concentration. This mode frequency shift is opposite in sign and much larger in magnitude than for acceptor compounds. Analysis of the lattice mode effective charge indicates a significant amount of dynamic charge residing in the interior graphitic layers.

The understanding of electronic and lattice properties of graphite intercalation compounds depends critically on the model describing the structural properties. We report here results showing that well-staged as-grown samples do not exhibit the expected in-plane intercalant density, and that careful analysis of the 00l x-ray diffractograms reveals important information on the in-plane occupation probability.

Lake Itasca, Minnesota, is cutrophic with a clinograclc oxygen profile. The profundal and sublittoral bottom fauna is dominated by Chironomus plumosus and Chnohorzls punctipennis. ProcZ~~tlius sp. and Pdpomyia sp. are next in abundance. Pisidit~m and oligochactcs, cspccially, arc rare. From 27 Ekman dredge samples taken from depths of 5.5-10.2 m in the north arm during the period 10-22 July 1964, a total macrobenthic fauna of 16,165,30O/ha in the sublittoral zone and 14,843,57O/ha in the profundal zone was cstimatcd. The total formalin weights were 418.8 kg/ha and 265.3 kg/ha in the sublittoral and profundal zones, respcctivcly; for the entire area sampled this amounted to 300.3 kg/ha. The peak of the biomass was 56.7.5 kg/ha at the sublittoral-profundal boundary. Over 90% of the weight was contributed by C. plumosus. Lnkc Itasca may bc the third richest lake in the United States in benthic standing crop.

The magnetostriction constants ( h 1 + h 4 ) and h 2 have been measured in the range 4 K to 700 K in single crystals containing up to 8 wt.% silicon. The higher order constants h 3 , h 4 and h 5 have also been determined at ≈293 K. Data are compared with the predicted temperature dependence for the magnetoelastic coupling coefficient B 1 and the contribution from h 4 is discussed.

We report here two new applications of (00 l ) X-ray scattering intensity data for graphite intercalation compounds, yielding the structure of sandwich intercalates, as in metal chloride compounds, and an estimate of the state index via the l -value at maximum scattering intensity.

The effective masses, carrier scattering times and carrier mobilities have been measured in selected graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) using the Shubnikov-de Haas effect at a series of temperatures between 4 and 50 K. Effective masses are ≲ 0.1 m 0 , scattering times ≈ 10 −13 s and carrier mobilities are on the order of 10 4 cm 2 Vs .