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Waste management is the protection of the environment and the health of the population. Paper waste sludge is produced during paper production and sepiolite is a natural clay mineral. The aim of the study was to investigate the usability of sepiolite-added paper waste sludge as a bedding material in the broiler production. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day old male broiler chicks were divided into the 6 bedding material groups (wood shavings (control), paper waste sludge, sepiolite, mix of 25% paper waste sludge and 75% sepiolite, mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite, and mix of 75% paper waste sludge and 25% sepiolite) with 6 replicate pens per group. Litter quality, performance, and some welfare parameters of broilers were assessed during the 6 weeks’ period. Body weight at 42 days of age and body weight gain from 0 to 42 days of broilers reared on the wood shavings and mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite were found higher than those of the sepiolite and paper waste sludge groups. Feed consumption and feed to gain ratio from 0 to 42 days, yields of carcass and carcass parts, percentages of organs and abdominal fat, IgG, percentage of bursa Fabricius, burns of foot pad and breast, litter pH and meat properties of broilers reared on the wood shavings, paper waste sludge, and sepiolite litter groups were not found to be statistically different. Litter moisture was found higher in the paper waste sludge group than that in the sepiolite group at the 42 days of rearing. As a conclusion, usage of mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite as a litter does not have any negative effects on performance, welfare, and litter quality. This result is important in terms of utilizing a waste product.

Salah satu cara dalam meningkatkan efisiensi kecernaan pakan adalah dengan menambahkan feed additive. Asam organik yang sering digunakan sebagai feed additive, adalah asam format, karena sifat kelarutannya yang tinggi dalam air. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian asam format terhadap folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius dan limpa ayam, dilakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan 18 ekor day old chick (DOC) ayam kampung dengan tiga perlakuan yakni perlakuan kontrol (P0) ayam diberikan minum yang tidak mengandung asam format. Perlakuan 1 (P1) ayam diberikan air yang mengandung asam format (pH 2,5) dan perlakuan 2 (P2) ayam diberikan air yang mengandung asam format (pH 3,5). Masing masing perlakuan terdiri dari enam ekor ayam sebagai ulangan (n). Ayam ditimbang bobot badannya sebelum diberikan perlakuan. Enam minggu pasca perlakuan, ayam ditimbang kembali dan dikorbankan nyawanya dengan cara dislokasi capitis serta dilanjutkan dengan nekropsi. Organ bursa Fabricius dan limpa diambil dan dimasukkan dalam formalin 10%, jaringan yang telah difiksasi kemudian diproses dan diwarnai dengan pewarnaan Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan pH air minum akibat pemberian asam format tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius. Namun, berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan diameter folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan penurunan pH air minum berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan jumlah dan diameter folikel limfoid pulpa putih limpa. Simpulannya adalah pemberian air minum yang asam menekan sistem imun ayam kampung.

Amaç: Kanatlılara özgü olan bursa Fabricius kendi foliküler yapısı içerisinde B lenfosit progenitörlerinin çoğaltılması ve farklılaşmasından sorumlu primer lenfoid organdır. Fonksiyonel B lenfositleri oluşturma sürecinde hücreler majör doku uyum kompleksi (MHC), adezyon molekülleri ve antijenleri tanımak için gerekli reseptör özelliklerini bu organda kazanırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, keklik bursa Fabricius'unda CD8, CD68, MHC-I ve II pozitif hücrelerinin lokalizasyonları ve dağılımlarını belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada 10 adet erişkin kınalı kekliğin (5 erkek ve 5 dişi) bursa Fabricius'unda bazı immun hücre lokalizasyonları immünohistokimyasal yöntemler kullanarak ışık mikroskobu düzeyinde incelendi. Bulgular: CD8, CD68, MHC-I ve II pozitif hücrelerin genel olarak lamina propriada ve lenf foliküllerinin korteks ve medullasında lokalize olduğu ortaya kondu. Buna karşın kas katmanında immunoreaktiviteye rastlanmadı. Öneri: İmmun yanıtta rol oynayan bu faktör ekspresyonlarının kanatlı türlerinde yapılacak immunolojik çalışmalar için katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir, Aim: The bursa of Fabricius is a primary lymphoid organ restricted to birds that is responsible for the proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocyte precursors within its follicular structure. In the process of creating a functional B lymphocyte, the cells acquire the necessary receptor property to recognize the antigen, major histocompatibility complex and adhesion molecules in this organ. The purpose of this study is to determine the localization and distribution of CD8, CD68, MHC-I and II-positive cells in bursa of Fabricius of partridge. Materials and Methods: In this study, some immune cells localization in bursa of Fabricius of 10 adult chukar partridge (5 male and 5 female) were examined on the level of light microscope by using immunohistochemical methods. Results: It was revealed that in general CD8, CD68, MHC-I and II-positive cells were localized in lamina propria and cortex and medulla of lymph follicles. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was observed in the muscle layer. Conclusion: The expression of these factors playing a role in immune response is thought to provide contribution for immunological studies in avian species.

The study of the functional state of immunogenesis young ducks during critical periods of growth and development is important for breeding and keeping birds of this species in view of improving the system of evaluation of the immune status of the organism. Such approaches make it possible to warn the development of immunodeficiencies body ducks develop improved feeding schemes to improve capacity performance. In the article are given results of the study of the functional state of the clinically healthy young duck's thymus, bursa Fabricius, spleen in critical periods of postnatal ontogenesis, whose were grown in conditions of Myklashiv farms of Pustomyty district, Lviv region. It is established the increasing of duck's absolute mass of immunogenesis organs on a background of reducing the relative weight and index. However, the functioning of immunogenesis ducklings in critical periods of growth and development of the actual numerical values indicating the relative weight and index. Pronounced changes in the index of immunogenesis observed on the border between 14 and 21 ducklings era of life that can be isolated as one of the critical periods of postnatal ontogenesis immunological this type of bird. The result is the index of thymus, bursa Fabricius, spleen ducklings who are within the physiological norm, show active progress imunomorfolohichnyh specific immune responses in these organs. At sufficiently high index seminary and reduced spleen index can prevent the development of adaptive-compensatory reactions B immunity and lack of imunodefitstnoho state body ducklings 45-day age.

Resume Influence de L'«Imarun» sur le thymus et la bourse de Fabricius chez des poules On a examine l'influence d'un traitement a l' «Imuran» sur les organes lymphatiques centraux (thymus et bourse de Fabricius) chez des poules et sur la reponse immunitaire contre un antigene E. coli. Les resultats ont montre de nets changements dans le metabolisme des proteines (proteines totales, taux en ARN et en ADN) qui sont plus etendus dans la bourse de Fabricius que dans le thymus. L' «Imuran» active les glandes surrenales, ce qui se manifest par une chute du taux de l'acide ascorbique. Un traitement de longue duree avec cette preparation presente un effet immuno-suppresseur qui determine une reponse imlunitaire de defense diminued vis-a-vis d'un antigene E. coli. Summary The effect of Imuran on the Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius in Chickens The effect of Imuran treatment on the central lymphatic organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) in chickens as well as on the immune response to E. coli antigen were studied. Data show important changes in the protein metabolism (total protein, RNA and DNA content) which are more pronounced in the bursa of Fabricius than in the thymus. The drug induced in activation of the adrenals suggested by a decrease of their ascorbic acid content. A prolonged treatment with the drug had also an immunosuppressive effect expressed by the lowering of the immuno-biological capacity of chicken tested against E. coli antigen. Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkungen von Imuran auf den Thymus und die Vursa Fabricus von Huhnern Untersucht wurde der Einflus einer Imuran-Behandlung auf die zentrajen lymphatischen Organe (Thymus und Bursa Fabricius) bei Huhnern und die Immunantwort gegen E. coli Antigen. Es traten Veranderungen im Protein Metabolismus (Gesamtprotein, RNS und DNS Gehalt) auf, die in der Bursa deutlicher ausgepragt sind als im Thymus. Imuran aktiviert die Nebennieren, was sich durch einen Abfall des Ascorbin Saure Gehaltes feststellen lies. Eine Langzeit-Behandlung mit diesem Praparat fuhrte zu einem Immun-suppressiven Effekt, der sich in einer verminderten immunologischen Abwehrkapazitat gegenuber E. coli Antigen aus-druckt. Resumen Los efectos de Imuran sobre el timo y la bolsa de Fabricio en las gallinas Se examino el influjo de un tratamiento con Imuran sobre los organos linfaticos centrales (timo y bolsa de Fabricio) en gallinas y la respuesta inmunologica frente a antigeno de E. coli. Aparecieron modificaciones en el metabolismo proteico (proteina total, contenido en ARN y ADN), las cuales eran mas manifiestas en la bolsa que en el timo. Imuran activa las anterrenales, lo cual se pudo establecer mediante un descenso del contenido en acido ascorbico. Un tratamiento a plazo largo con esta especialidad conducia a un efecto inmunosupresivo, que se expresa en una capacidad reducida de defensa inmunologica frente al antigeno de E. coli.

Day-old chicks were bursectomized, growth rate, blood and spleen characteristics were examined and compared with those of sham-operated chicks of the same age at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks. Bursectomy was shown not to interfere with growth rate but to influence spleen weight at 5–6 weeks of age. No proliferation of pyroninophilic cells was noted but there was a decrease in germinal centers. At the age of 5–6 weeks lymphocyte numbers were reduced and heterophil numbers increased in the bursectomized birds.

SummaryThis experiment was designed to serve as a careful test of the hypothesis that the bursa of Fabricius produces a hormone responsible for the development of immunocompetence. Cell- and bacterium-free extracts of the bursa or pancreas were administered subcutaneously for 23 days to neonatally bursectomized cockerels. Immune responses were tested at 30 and 77 days of age. The bursal extracts produced no significant repair of the immuno-deficient state. The responses to BSA and B. abortus antigens did not differ in bursectomized birds receiving bursal or pancreas extract. However, all bursectomized birds showed significantly lower primary and secondary responses than did sham operated birds. No significant differences were measured in the number of splenic bursal dependent centers between bursectomized birds receiving bursal extract and their controls. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that prior evidence for a humoral function of the bursa should be challenged.

IT HAS frequently been noted that the thymus of rapidly growing chickens is large, whereas that of slowly growing chickens is relatively very small. Ackert (1924) found that the thymus glands of chickens parasitized with Ascaridia perspicillum were smaller than those of non-parasitized chickens. However, Riddle and Krizenecky (1931) reported that the removal of both the thymus and the bursa Fabricius from 17 common pigeons did not affect development or function of the reproductive organs. They suggested that other organs, particularly lymph nodes, might have thymic functions. Plagge (1941) has concluded that the thymus glands of male and female albino rats are definitely sensitive to varying concentrations of sex hormones as indicated by gross changes in the thymus at puberty and by both gross and histological changes following castration or injections of sex hormones. Thymectomy does not affect the reproduction system of either sex. As the physiological relationship between the . . .

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a contagious viral disease has been reported in young broiler and layer chickens from Bangladesh. This communication report the outbreaks of IBD on two vaccinated (Gumboro D78®, Intervet) and one unvaccinated commercial cockerel farms which were diagnosed on clinico-pathological findings and assessment of ELISA antibody titre. The outbreaks of IBD occurred on two vaccinated farms in cockerels of 29 to 31 days (Farm 1) and 30 to 33 days (Farm 2), whereas 19 to 22 days old in unvaccinated (Farm 3) birds. It caused 39.38% (Farm 1) and 75.0% (Farm 2) mortality in vaccinated and 29.20% (Farm 3) in unvaccinated cockerel farms. Clinical investigation showed rapid onset, dullness, depression, anorexia, whitish loose diarrhoea, soiling and pasting of the vent, ruffled feathers, trembling and finally prostration and death due to dehydration. Necropsy examination revealed dehydrated carcasses, enlargement and oedematous swelling of bursa Fabricius and some cases yellowish, haemorrhagic, yellowish and caseous exudate in the bursa. Skeletal muscles especially thigh muscles showed haemorrhages in some birds. The IBD ELISA antibody titre of both the vaccinated and the unvaccinated moribund cockerels showed at vulnerable state and the mean antibody titre of vaccinated farm 1 had 161 ± 59.22 and vaccinated farm 2 had 57.82 ± 14.85, whereas unvaccinated farms had 194 ± 90.35. The occurrence of IBD outbreaks in both the vaccinated and unvaccinated birds indicate not only vaccination failure but also defective control strategies, which resulted heavy economic loss (85.05%) in the three cockerel farms. Therefore, a sound control strategy requires monitoring of maternal derived antibody with correct vaccination policy as well as good biosecurity principles to control IBD in Bangladesh.Key words: Outbreaks, infectious bursal disease, cockerels, vaccination failure DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v1i1.1912 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2003). 1 (1) : 21 - 24 Â

Glick (1955) observed that the weight of the bursa Fabricius at two weeks of age in White Leghorns (0.44 gm.) was larger (p In baby chicks of a randombred broiler-type strain, 72 to 92 percent of the variance in weight of the bursa of Fabricius at a constant body weight was attributable to genetic effects (Jaap, 1958). Since Chang, Rheins and Winter (1957) had demonstrated the importance of the bursa in antibody production, it appeared desirable to explore whether breed differences in bursa size existed at hatching. MATERIALS AND . . .

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of a panel discussion on immunology. Notable discussions centered on the matter of B-cell differentiation, grafting of the thymus to reconstitute T-cell deficiency, the development of complement, selected deficiencies of complement in man and alternate pathways of the C system. A primary question about humoral immunity has centered about the origin of B cells in man. Dr. Robert Good discussed this problem and described such existence in relation to the Bursa Fabricius of chicken. Although extensive work has investigated possibilities to define gastrointestinal associated lymphoid tissue that might be exercising the same function as the bursa, no definitive evidence has been forthcoming. There are areas that seem to be good expanders of the B cells system but not necessarily differentiation sites. Dr. Good reported work by the Toivanens carried out in his laboratories in which chickens were made agammaglobulinemic by removing their bursa 4 days before hatchinu and were fully reconstituted with bursal cells so that they were forming all the immunoglobulins — the interesting point being that when the bursa began to involute, the whole stem population shifted to the marrow.

NEONATAL thymectomy has a pronounced inhibiting or stimulating effect on the growth of tumours induced by various oncogenic viruses1–12. Our task was to investigate the role of thymus in the induction of Rous virus tumours. The interest of such experiments is that there are two organs in the chickens (thymus and bursa Fabricius), one of which has the functions of a mammalian thymus.