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Darbyshire, Iain, Burrows, John E., Luke, Quentin, Langa, Clayton (2022): Cladoceras rovumense sp. nov. (Gentianales-Rubiaceae), a new species from southeast Tanzania and northeast Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 833: 46-59, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1883, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1883

Celosia patentiloba C.C.Towns. Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 38: 41, t. 3732 (Townsend 1975); Flora of Tropical East Africa: 13 (Townsend 1985). Type TANZANIA • Newala; alt. 670 m [2200 ft]; 9 Apr. 1959; W. Hay 61; holotype: K (2 sheets). Additional collection studied MOZAMBIQUE • Cabo Delgado Prov., Mueda District; 11°31.822ʹ S, 39°26.504ʹ E; alt. 947 m; 10 Sept. 2009; A. Banze 106; K, LMA. Distribution and habitat Restricted to the Rovuma CoE, known from the Maconde Plateau of Southeast Tanzania and the Mueda Plateau of northeast Mozambique. It occurs in partial or full shade in woodland including in degraded or disturbed areas, at ca 670–950 m a.s.l. elevation. Conservation status This species is currently assessed on the IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered – CR B2ab(iii) – and possibly extinct (Howard et al. 2020). Whilst the new record from the Mueda Plateau adds a second location, this species could be considered to be severely fragmented given that the two known subpopulations are over 65 km apart, whilst the dispersal potential of this species is likely to be very limited given that it is a small understorey herb. Recolonisation between these isolated subpopulations is, therefore, unlikely to occur. Further, there is very little intact wild habitats still present on both the Maconde and Mueda Plateaux which are highly degraded, with much conversion to agricultural land. At Mueda Plateau, for example, there has been an estimated loss of dense woodland and dry forest vegetation cover of over 96% (Timberlake et al. 2011). Whilst this species appears tolerant of some disturbance, it is unlikely to persist in farmlands. Furthermore, as noted by Howard et al. (2020), it is possible that the Maconde subpopulation is no longer extant. Therefore, the assessment of CR B2ab(iii) is upheld here. Taxonomic notes Two collections from the Rondo Plateau in southeast Tanzania (G.P. Clarke 35; Q. Luke 12958; both K) are closely allied to this species but have markedly smaller perianth segments. These collections may represent a further species of Rovuma CoE endemic in Celosia or possibly a distinct variant of C. patentiloba. Further material is desirable to fully assess the extent of this variation., Published as part of Darbyshire, Iain, Burrows, John E., Luke, Quentin & Langa, Clayton, 2022, Cladoceras rovumense sp. nov. (Gentianales-Rubiaceae), a new species from southeast Tanzania and northeast Mozambique, pp. 46-59 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 54-55, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1883, http://zenodo.org/record/6949886, {"references":["Townsend C. C. 1975. Celosia patentiloba. Hooker's Icones Plantarum 38: 41, t. 3732.","Townsend C. C. 1985. Amaranthaceae. In: Polhill R. M. (ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Balkema, Rotterdam.","Howard G., Kamau P., Kindeketa W., Luke W. R. Q., Lyaruu H. V. M., Malombe I., Maunder M., Mwachala G., Njau E. - F., Peres Q., Schatz G. E., Siro Masinde P., Ssegawa P., Wabuyele E. & Wilkins V. L. 2020. Celosia patentiloba. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e. T 157997 A 756253. https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2020 - 2. RLTS. T 157997 A 756253. en","Timberlake J., Goyder D., Crawford F., Burrows J. E., Clarke G. P., Luke Q., Matimele H., Muller T., Pascal O., De Sousa C. & Alves T. 2011. Coastal dry forests in northern Mozambique. Plant Ecology and Evolution 144: 126 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.5091 / plecevo. 2011.539"]}

Cladoceras rovumense I.Darbysh., J.E.Burrows & Q.Luke sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77302733-1 Figs 1–3 Tarenna sp. 53 sensu Degreef, Opera Botanica Belgica 14: 143 (Degreef 2006); Timberlake et al., Plant Ecology and Evolution 144: 131 (Timberlake et al. 2011); Burrows et al., Trees and Shrubs Mozambique (Burrows et al. 2018); Darbyshire et al., Plant Ecology and Evolution 153: 441 (Darbyshire et al. 2020). Diagnosis Cladoceras rovumense sp. nov. resembles C. subcapitatum in floral and fruit morphology, but differs most markedly in (a) being a free-standing tree or shrub, lacking modified spinose lateral branches (vs a scandent shrub with some lateral branches modified to form ± recurved spines to aid climbing in C. subcapitatum); (b) the leaves being obovate or obovate-elliptic, larger, up to 17.5 × 10.5 cm, with surfaces pubescent particularly on the veins beneath and midrib above, becoming scabridulous at maturity (vs leaves elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, smaller, up to 12 × 4.8 cm, glabrous); (c) the inflorescences being borne on leafless lateral branches (vs inflorescence-bearing branches with one or more pairs of leaves at least in flower, sometimes caducous at fruiting); (d) the inflorescence being dense, capitate and with 20+ flowers (vs less dense and usually with clear branching, 9–15-flowered); (e) the calyx lobes being rounded to broadly and convexly triangular, with an irregular, sometimes toothed margin (vs calyx lobes acute-triangular to -lanceolate); and (f) the style and stigma together measuring 17–19 mm long (vs 8–10 mm long in C. subcapitatum); see Table 1. Etymology The epithet denotes that this species is endemic to the proposed Rovuma CoE in coastal southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Type MOZAMBIQUE • Cabo Delgado Prov., Quiterajo, Pt. 463; 11.7676° S, 40.3743° E; alt. 115 m; 24 Nov. 2009; Q. Luke 13883; holotype: K [K000787442]; isotypes: EA, LMA, MO, P. Paratypes MOZAMBIQUE • Cabo Delgado Prov., Mueda Plateau; 11°20ʹ S, 39°26ʹ E; alt. 760 m; 14 Dec. 2003; [W.R.] Q. Luke, O. Kibure & E. Nacamo 10116; EA, K, LMA, MO, UPS • Cabo Delgado Prov., Namacubi Forest (the Banana), west of Quiterajo; 11°45ʹ55ʺ S, 40°23ʹ45ʺ E; alt. 90 m; 25 Nov. 2008; J.E. & S.M. Burrows 10748; BNRH, K, LMA. TANZANIA • Lindi Region, Rondo Plateau, Rondo Forest Reserve; 10°07ʹ S, 39°13ʹ E; alt. 750 m; 6 Feb. 1991; S. Bidgood, R. Abdallah & K. Vollesen 1357; K (2 sheets), NHT. Description Small, slender deciduous tree or shrub 1.5–7 m tall; young stems ± quadrangular, with papery maroonbrown bark that readily exfoliates in strips or patches, at first puberulous with ± patent hairs to 0.35 mm long but soon glabrescent. Stipules soon caducous, triangular, 3.7–7.5 mm long, with a thickened blackish-brown central portion and with paler, somewhat hyaline margins but these often infolded in dry material, glabrous externally, with long pale hairs internally. Leaves clustered towards ends of main and widely divergent lateral branches, ± immature at flowering, subsessile or on puberulent petiole to 7 mm long; blade of mature leaves obovate or obovate-elliptic, 9–17.5 × 5.8–10.5 cm (l/w ratio 1.55–1.9: 1), base cuneate to somewhat attenuate or some leaves abruptly obtuse at base, apex shortly acuminate or (sub)attenuate, lateral veins 7–11 per side, these and the midrib prominent and often pale beneath, surfaces pubescent with hairs densest and longest on veins beneath and midrib above, conspicuous when young, becoming more sparsely hairy with maturity, the blade then scabridulous; minute pocketdomatia present in axils of lateral veins beneath but inconspicuous. Inflorescences terminating leafless lateral branches 11–28.5 cm long, flowers 20 or more, sessile, crowded in capitate corymbs with highly reduced and thickened branches; bracts subtending the main inflorescence branches maroon at least at apex, triangular with a slender apiculum, 3.2–4.5 × 3–4 mm, those subtending the flower clusters smaller, 1–2.5 mm long. Calyx tube (hypanthium) 1.9–2.7 mm long; calyx lobes pink- to maroon-tinged, rounded to broadly and convexly triangular, ± 1 mm long, with an irregular, sometimes toothed margin, glabrous or margins sparsely ciliate. Corolla white except for yellowish-green tube and central portion of lobes externally, glabrous externally; tube narrowly cylindrical, (30–)38–42 × 1.5–2 mm, pilose with long wispy hairs internally mainly in distal half; lobes oblong-elliptic, 5–9 × 3.7–4.2 mm. Stamens with anthers subsessile, held at corolla mouth, 2.6–3 mm long. Ovary bilocular, placentae affixed centrally on septum; style and stigma together 17–19 mm long, glabrous, stigma ± linear, included within corolla tube. Fruit pale green, globose-obovoid, 6–8 mm in diameter, endocarp thin, glabrous, calyx persistent, usually 6–8 seeds per fruit (as few as 2 seeds per fruit reported by Degreef 2006); seeds orange-brown, 4–5 mm in diameter, hemispheric with a slightly angular lower side and a deep circular hilar excavation ca 1.5 mm in diameter, testa smooth and glossy. Distribution and habitat Restricted to the proposed Rovuma CoE, known from the Rondo Plateau of Southeast Tanzania and the Mueda Plateau and Namacubi Forest (Quiterajo) in northeast Mozambique (Fig. 3). Occurs in deciduous and semi-evergreen coastal and lowland dry forest and thicket on sandy soils, including areas of secondary woodland/thicket, at 90–760 m altitude. At Quiterajo, it was recorded from Guibourtia schliebenii (Harms) J.Léonard dominated dry forest with species of Memecylon L., Warneckea Gilg and Strynchnos L. common in the understorey (J. E. & S.M. Burrows 10748). The type specimen from the same site was found growing in close proximity to a number of rare and globally threatened species, i.e., Xylopia tenuipetala D.M.Johnson & Goyder (Q. Luke 13884), Vismianthus punctatus Mildbr. (Q. Luke 13885), Vismia pauciflora Milne-Redh. (Q. Luke 13886 A) and Warneckea cordiformis R.D.Stone (Q. Luke 13887). On the Rondo Plateau, it was noted from within forest of Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg, Dialium L., Albizia Durazz., and Pteleopsis Engl. (= Terminalia L. according to some authorities). Conservation status This species is known from three locations and has an extent of occurrence of 6601 km 2 and a calculated area of occupancy of 16 km 2. At Mueda Plateau, there has been an estimated loss of dense woodland and dry forest vegetation cover of over 96%, whilst in the Rio Messalo-Quiterajo area this figure is 71.2% (Timberlake et al. 2011). On the Rondo Plateau in Tanzania, 2755 ha of natural forest were cleared during the Rondo Forest Programme in 1952–1978 and replaced by commercial plantation of exotic tree species. Some clearance of natural forest for subsistence agriculture and for fuelwood collection is an ongoing threat at this site (Clarke 2001). However, a sizeable area of forest remains on the western slopes of the plateau, some of which has regenerated since the cessation of forestry. The gazetting of this site as a Nature Forest Reserve in 2016 may hopefully result in increased protection for the biodiversity there (Wabuyele et al. 2020). With only three locations and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat at the majority of these sites, this species is provisionally assessed as Endangered – EN B 2ab(iii)., Published as part of Darbyshire, Iain, Burrows, John E., Luke, Quentin & Langa, Clayton, 2022, Cladoceras rovumense sp. nov. (Gentianales-Rubiaceae), a new species from southeast Tanzania and northeast Mozambique, pp. 46-59 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 50-54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1883, http://zenodo.org/record/6949886, {"references":["Degreef J. 2006. Revision of continental African Tarenna (Rubiaceae-Pavetteae). Opera Botanica Belgica 14: 1 - 150.","Timberlake J., Goyder D., Crawford F., Burrows J. E., Clarke G. P., Luke Q., Matimele H., Muller T., Pascal O., De Sousa C. & Alves T. 2011. Coastal dry forests in northern Mozambique. Plant Ecology and Evolution 144: 126 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.5091 / plecevo. 2011.539","Burrows J., Burrows S., Lotter M. & Schmidt E. 2018. Trees and Shrubs Mozambique. Publishing Print Matters, Noordhoek, Cape Town.","Darbyshire I., Goyder D., Wood J., Banze A. & Burrows J. 2020. Further new species and records from the coastal dry forests and woodlands of the Rovuma Centre of Endemism. Plant Ecology and Evolution 153: 427 - 445. https: // doi. org / 10.5091 / plecevo. 2020.1727","Clarke G. P. 2001. The Lindi local centre of endemism in SE Tanzania. Systematics and Geography of Plants 71: 1063 - 1072. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3668738","Wabuyele E., Sitoni D., Njau E. - F., Mboya E. I., Lyaruu H. V. M., Kindeketa W., Kalema J., Kabuye C., Kamau P., Luke W. R. Q., Malombe I., Mollel N., Schatz G. E. & Ssegawa P. 2020. Hugonia grandiflora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e. T 158188 A 765731. https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2020 - 2. RLTS. T 158188 A 765731. en"]}

Cladoceras rovumense I.Darbysh., J.E.Burrows & Q.Luke sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77302733-1 Figs 1–3 Tarenna sp. 53 sensu Degreef, Opera Botanica Belgica 14: 143 (Degreef 2006); Timberlake et al., Plant Ecology and Evolution 144: 131 (Timberlake et al. 2011); Burrows et al., Trees and Shrubs Mozambique (Burrows et al. 2018); Darbyshire et al., Plant Ecology and Evolution 153: 441 (Darbyshire et al. 2020). Diagnosis Cladoceras rovumense sp. nov. resembles C. subcapitatum in floral and fruit morphology, but differs most markedly in (a) being a free-standing tree or shrub, lacking modified spinose lateral branches (vs a scandent shrub with some lateral branches modified to form ± recurved spines to aid climbing in C. subcapitatum); (b) the leaves being obovate or obovate-elliptic, larger, up to 17.5 × 10.5 cm, with surfaces pubescent particularly on the veins beneath and midrib above, becoming scabridulous at maturity (vs leaves elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, smaller, up to 12 × 4.8 cm, glabrous); (c) the inflorescences being borne on leafless lateral branches (vs inflorescence-bearing branches with one or more pairs of leaves at least in flower, sometimes caducous at fruiting); (d) the inflorescence being dense, capitate and with 20+ flowers (vs less dense and usually with clear branching, 9–15-flowered); (e) the calyx lobes being rounded to broadly and convexly triangular, with an irregular, sometimes toothed margin (vs calyx lobes acute-triangular to -lanceolate); and (f) the style and stigma together measuring 17–19 mm long (vs 8–10 mm long in C. subcapitatum); see Table 1. Etymology The epithet denotes that this species is endemic to the proposed Rovuma CoE in coastal southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Type MOZAMBIQUE • Cabo Delgado Prov., Quiterajo, Pt. 463; 11.7676° S, 40.3743° E; alt. 115 m; 24 Nov. 2009; Q. Luke 13883; holotype: K [K000787442]; isotypes: EA, LMA, MO, P. Paratypes MOZAMBIQUE • Cabo Delgado Prov., Mueda Plateau; 11°20ʹ S, 39°26ʹ E; alt. 760 m; 14 Dec. 2003; [W.R.] Q. Luke, O. Kibure & E. Nacamo 10116; EA, K, LMA, MO, UPS • Cabo Delgado Prov., Namacubi Forest (the Banana), west of Quiterajo; 11°45ʹ55ʺ S, 40°23ʹ45ʺ E; alt. 90 m; 25 Nov. 2008; J.E. & S.M. Burrows 10748; BNRH, K, LMA. TANZANIA • Lindi Region, Rondo Plateau, Rondo Forest Reserve; 10°07ʹ S, 39°13ʹ E; alt. 750 m; 6 Feb. 1991; S. Bidgood, R. Abdallah & K. Vollesen 1357; K (2 sheets), NHT. Description Small, slender deciduous tree or shrub 1.5–7 m tall; young stems ± quadrangular, with papery maroonbrown bark that readily exfoliates in strips or patches, at first puberulous with ± patent hairs to 0.35 mm long but soon glabrescent. Stipules soon caducous, triangular, 3.7–7.5 mm long, with a thickened blackish-brown central portion and with paler, somewhat hyaline margins but these often infolded in dry material, glabrous externally, with long pale hairs internally. Leaves clustered towards ends of main and widely divergent lateral branches, ± immature at flowering, subsessile or on puberulent petiole to 7 mm long; blade of mature leaves obovate or obovate-elliptic, 9–17.5 × 5.8–10.5 cm (l/w ratio 1.55–1.9: 1), base cuneate to somewhat attenuate or some leaves abruptly obtuse at base, apex shortly acuminate or (sub)attenuate, lateral veins 7–11 per side, these and the midrib prominent and often pale beneath, surfaces pubescent with hairs densest and longest on veins beneath and midrib above, conspicuous when young, becoming more sparsely hairy with maturity, the blade then scabridulous; minute pocketdomatia present in axils of lateral veins beneath but inconspicuous. Inflorescences terminating leafless lateral branches 11–28.5 cm long, flowers 20 or more, sessile, crowded in capitate corymbs with highly reduced and thickened branches; bracts subtending the main inflorescence branches maroon at least at apex, triangular with a slender apiculum, 3.2–4.5 × 3–4 mm, those subtending the flower clusters smaller, 1–2.5 mm long. Calyx tube (hypanthium) 1.9–2.7 mm long; calyx lobes pink- to maroon-tinged, rounded to broadly and convexly triangular, ± 1 mm long, with an irregular, sometimes toothed margin, glabrous or margins sparsely ciliate. Corolla white except for yellowish-green tube and central portion of lobes externally, glabrous externally; tube narrowly cylindrical, (30–)38–42 × 1.5–2 mm, pilose with long wispy hairs internally mainly in distal half; lobes oblong-elliptic, 5–9 × 3.7–4.2 mm. Stamens with anthers subsessile, held at corolla mouth, 2.6–3 mm long. Ovary bilocular, placentae affixed centrally on septum; style and stigma together 17–19 mm long, glabrous, stigma ± linear, included within corolla tube. Fruit pale green, globose-obovoid, 6–8 mm in diameter, endocarp thin, glabrous, calyx persistent, usually 6–8 seeds per fruit (as few as 2 seeds per fruit reported by Degreef 2006); seeds orange-brown, 4–5 mm in diameter, hemispheric with a slightly angular lower side and a deep circular hilar excavation ca 1.5 mm in diameter, testa smooth and glossy. Distribution and habitat Restricted to the proposed Rovuma CoE, known from the Rondo Plateau of Southeast Tanzania and the Mueda Plateau and Namacubi Forest (Quiterajo) in northeast Mozambique (Fig. 3). Occurs in deciduous and semi-evergreen coastal and lowland dry forest and thicket on sandy soils, including areas of secondary woodland/thicket, at 90–760 m altitude. At Quiterajo, it was recorded from Guibourtia schliebenii (Harms) J.Léonard dominated dry forest with species of Memecylon L., Warneckea Gilg and Strynchnos L. common in the understorey (J. E. & S.M. Burrows 10748). The type specimen from the same site was found growing in close proximity to a number of rare and globally threatened species, i.e., Xylopia tenuipetala D.M.Johnson & Goyder (Q. Luke 13884), Vismianthus punctatus Mildbr. (Q. Luke 13885), Vismia pauciflora Milne-Redh. (Q. Luke 13886 A) and Warneckea cordiformis R.D.Stone (Q. Luke 13887). On the Rondo Plateau, it was noted from within forest of Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg, Dialium L., Albizia Durazz., and Pteleopsis Engl. (= Terminalia L. according to some authorities). Conservation status This species is known from three locations and has an extent of occurrence of 6601 km 2 and a calculated area of occupancy of 16 km 2. At Mueda Plateau, there has been an estimated loss of dense woodland and dry forest vegetation cover of over 96%, whilst in the Rio Messalo-Quiterajo area this figure is 71.2% (Timberlake et al. 2011). On the Rondo Plateau in Tanzania, 2755 ha of natural forest were cleared during the Rondo Forest Programme in 1952–1978 and replaced by commercial plantation of exotic tree species. Some clearance of natural forest for subsistence agriculture and for fuelwood collection is an ongoing threat at this site (Clarke 2001). However, a sizeable area of forest remains on the western slopes of the plateau, some of which has regenerated since the cessation of forestry. The gazetting of this site as a Nature Forest Reserve in 2016 may hopefully result in increased protection for the biodiversity there (Wabuyele et al. 2020). With only three locations and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat at the majority of these sites, this species is provisionally assessed as Endangered – EN B 2ab(iii).

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2019-03-28, 資料番号: PA1910033000

The article of record as published may be found at https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3429-2017 The Supplement related to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3429-2017-supplement Fugitive emissions from waste disposal sites are important anthropogenic sources of the greenhouse gas methane (CH₄). As a result of the growing world population and the recognition of the need to control greenhouse gas emissions, this anthropogenic source of CH₄ has received much recent attention. However, the accurate assessment of the CH₄ emissions from landfills by modeling and existing measurement techniques is challenging. This is because of inaccurate knowledge of the model parameters and the extent of and limited accessibility to landfill sites. This results in a large uncertainty in our knowledge of the emissions of CH₄ from landfills and waste management. In this study, we present results derived from data collected during the research campaign COMEX (CO₂ and MEthane eXperiment) in late summer 2014 in the Los Angeles (LA) Basin. One objective of COMEX, which comprised aircraft observations of methane by the remote sensing Methane Airborne MAPper (MAMAP) instrument and a Picarro greenhouse gas in situ analyzer, was the quantitative investigation of CH₄ emissions. Enhanced CH₄ concentrations or “CH₄ plumes” were detected downwind of landfills by remote sensing aircraft surveys. Subsequent to each remote sensing survey, the detected plume was sampled within the atmospheric boundary layer by in situ measurements of atmospheric parameters such as wind information and dry gas mixing ratios of CH₄ and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the same aircraft. This was undertaken to facilitate the independent estimation of the surface fluxes for the validation of the remote sensing estimates. During the COMEX campaign, four landfills in the LA Basin were surveyed. One landfill repeatedly showed a clear emission plume. This landfill, the Olinda Alpha Landfill, was investigated on 4 days during the last week of August and first days of September 2014. Emissions were estimated for all days using a mass balance approach. The derived emissions vary between 11.6 and 17.8 ktCH₄ yr ¯¹ with related uncertainties in the range of 14 to 45 %. The comparison of the remote sensing and in situ based CH₄ emission rate estimates reveals good agreement within the error bars with an average of the absolute differences of around 2.4 ktCH₄ yr ¯¹ (±2.8 ktCH₄ yr ¯¹). The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported inventory value is 11.5 ktCH₄ yr ¯¹ for 2014, on average 2.8 ktCH₄ yr ¯¹ (±1.6 ktCH₄ yr ¯¹) lower than our estimates acquired in the afternoon in late summer 2014. This difference may in part be explained by a possible leak located on the southwestern slope of the landfill, which we identified in the observations of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer – Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) instrument, flown contemporaneously aboard a second aircraft on 1 day. NASA AMES CIRPAS GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences University and State of Bremen and the Helmholtz Center Potsdam European Space Agency (ESA) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Eucomis sonnetteana N.R.Crouch, Mart.-Azorín & J.E.Burrows sp. nov. differs from E. zambesiaca Baker in its extremely short peduncle, shorter and fewer-flowered raceme, shorter leaves, and its unpleasant rather than sweet floral scent.

This study highlights benefits and challenges of applying coupled physical/biogeochemical modeling and the synergistic use of different satellite retrieval algorithms for investigating the phytoplankton diversity in the Great Calcite Belt. This area is of great interest for understanding biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem functioning under present climate changes observed in the Southern Ocean. Our coupled model simulations of the phenology of various Phytoplankton Functional Types (PFTs) are based on a version of the Darwin biogeochemical model (Dutkiewicz et al., 2015) coupled to the MITgcm circulation model (MITgcm Group 2012), where both - the physical and biogeochemical modules - are adapted for the Southern Ocean. As satellite-based PFT information, we consider products of the PhytoDOAS (Bracher et al. 2009, Sadeghi et al. 2012) using SCIAMACHY and OMI hyper-spectral optical satellite measurements. We also address aspects of combining this information synergistically (SynSenPFT, Losa et al. 2017) with the phytoplankton composition retrieved with OC-PFT (Hirata et al. 2011, Soppa et. al. 2014, 2016) based on multi-spectral optical satellite data (OC-CCI) and obtained by numerical modelling to allow for long time-series on the Southern Ocean phytoplankton diversity. To evaluate the satellite retrievals and model simulations we use in situ PFTs obtained a diagnostic pigment analysis (Soppa et al., 2017) as well as by scanning electron microscopy (Smith et al., 2017).

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2016-12-30, 資料番号: PA1710008000

In our study we focus on improving our understanding of possible interactions between the open water and sea ice and the surface ocean biogeochemistry under the recently observed sea ice decline in the Arctic. In particular, the analysis of changes in phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) over 2002 to 2012 based on long-term time series of satellite retrievals and supported by a modeling study is presented. The phytoplankton dynamics as well as phytoplankton diversity in response to Arctic Amplification is simulated with the DARWIN biogeochemical model (Follows et al., 2007, Dutkiewicz et al., 2015) coupled to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) with a configuration based on a cubed‐sphere grid (Menemenlis et al. 2008). The model results are complemented with information on phytoplankton compositions retrieved with PhytoDOAS (Bracher et al. 2009, Sadeghi et al. 2012) from available hyper-spectral optical satellite measurements (SCIAMACHY and OMI), which are synergistically combined via an optimal interpolation technique with multi-spectral optical satellite data (OC-CCI).

The project focuses on the assessment of the impact of environmental change in the Southern Ocean on phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is the key organism determining the functioning of the marine ecosystem and biogeochemical cycle and it can be detected from space. In this study analytical bio-optical retrieval techniques are to be used to develop generic methods, which extract unique global long-term information on phytoplankton composition. The methods will be based on using all available high-resolution optical satellite data which are complemented by in-situ and multi-spectral satellite data. Combined with modeling studies, this information will be used to attribute the relative importance of anthropogenic activity and natural phenomena on the marine ecosystem and biogeochemical cycling of the Southern Oceans during the last decades.

Poster presented at the DOAS Workshop 2015 in Brussels/Belgium.

Poster presented at the IUGG General Assembly 2015 in Prague/Czech Republic.

Poster presented at the EGU General Assembly 2015 in Vienna/Austria.

©2015. The Authors. Aerosol particle number concentrations have been measured at Halley and Neumayer on the Antarctic coast, since 2004 and 1984, respectively. Sulphur compounds known to be implicated in particle formation and growth were independently measured: sulphate ions and methane sulphonic acid in filtered aerosol samples and gas phase dimethyl sulphide for limited periods. Iodine oxide, IO, was determined by a satellite sensor from 2003 to 2009 and by different ground-based sensors at Halley in 2004 and 2007. Previous model results and midlatitude observations show that iodine compounds consistent with the large values of IO observed may be responsible for an increase in number concentrations of small particles. Coastal Antarctica is useful for investigating correlations between particles, sulphur, and iodine compounds, because of their large annual cycles and the source of iodine compounds in sea ice. After smoothing all the measured data by several days, the shapes of the annual cycles in particle concentration at Halley and Neumayer are approximated by linear combinations of the shapes of sulphur compounds and IO but not by sulphur compounds alone. However, there is no short-term correlation between IO and particle concentration. The apparent correlation by eye after smoothing but not in the short term suggests that iodine compounds and particles are sourced some distance offshore. This suggests that new particles formed from iodine compounds are viable, i.e., they can last long enough to grow to the larger particles that contribute to cloud condensation nuclei, rather than being simply collected by existing particles. If so, there is significant potential for climate feedback near the sea ice zone via the aerosol indirect effect.

Poster presented at the EGU General Assembly 2014 in Vienna/Austria.

The demands placed on the environment to supply raw-materials for future construction require changing the current paradigm away from carbon intensive materials. Replacing steel and concrete with wood as a construction material has been one suggestion to help make this transition because of the avoided carbon emissions from wood construction. However, this emphasis on wood construction comes at a time when the forests across North America are increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Consequently, the timber industry’s ability to use wood killed in climate-related disturbances has become increasingly important both economically and environmentally. Beginning with the example of the mountain pine beetle, this paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of using salvaged wood as a construction material. It demonstrates how the use of salvaged wood in construction can result in up to 24.8% more avoided carbon emissions than the use of normal wood. Using three examples of newly constructed wood buildings in Europe, the value of these avoided emissions is estimated as a percentage of the building cost and per cubic meter of wood used in construction. Results indicate that depending on the price of carbon, the values used to estimate avoided emissions from wood substitution, and the assumptions regarding the alternative uses for salvaged wood, that the value of avoided emissions from using salvaged wood could be as high as 2.3% of the building cost. If this value was made accessible to developers, it could be used as a financial incentive to increase the demand for wood products and encourage greater utilization of salvageable wood as a green building material.

Conference poster presented at the DOAS workshop in Boulder, CO (Aug 2013).

NO₂ column amounts were measured for the past 2 years at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, using a Brewer spectrometer in direct Sun mode. A new‘ ‘bootstrap’’ method to calibrate the instrument is introduced and described. This technique selects the cleanest days from the database to obtain the solar reference spectrum. The main advantage for direct Sun measurements is that the conversion uncertainty from slant column to vertical column is negligible compared to the standard scattered light observations where it is typically on the order of 100% (2 σ) at polluted sites. The total 2 σ errors of the direct Sun retrieved column amounts decrease with solar zenith angle and are estimated at 0.2 to 0.6 Dobson units (DU, 1 DU ≈ 2.7 * 10¹⁶ molecules cm⁻²), which is more accurate than scattered light measurements for high NO₂ amounts. Measured NO₂ column amounts, ranging from 0 to 3 DU with a mean of 0.7 DU, show a pronounced daily course and a strong variability from day to day. The NO₂ concentration typically increases from sunrise to noon. In the afternoon it decreases in summer and stays constant in winter. As expected from the anthropogenic nature of its source, NO₂ amounts on weekends are significantly reduced. The measurements were compared to satellite retrievals from Scanning Image Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY). Satellite data give the same average NO₂ column and show a seasonal cycle that is similar to the ground data in the afternoon. We show that NO₂ must be considered when retrieving aerosol absorption properties, especially for situations with low aerosol optical depth

Arctic ozone depletion in 2019/20: Roles of chemistry, dynamics and the Montreal Protocol by Wuhu Feng, Sandip S. Dhomse, Carlo Arosio, Mark Weber, John P. Burrows, Michelle L. Santee and Martyn P. Chipperfield The repository contains the data used in the above paper.