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Mobile ad hoc networks are susceptible to various security threats due to their open media nature and mobility, making them a top priority for security measures. This paper provides an in-depth examination of MANET security issues. Some of the most critical aspects of mobile ad hoc networks, including their applications, have been discussed. This is followed by a discussion of MANETs' design vulnerability to external and internal security threats caused by inherent network characteristics such as limited battery power, mobility, dynamic topology, open media, and so on. Numerous MANET-related attacks have been classified based on their sources, behaviour, participating nodes, processing capability, and layering. The many different types of misbehaviour a node can exhibit and the various ways a node can behave were investigated. Two major types of MANETs misbehaviour have been evaluated, classified and analysed. Notably, mitigating node misbehaviour in MANET is a critical issue that must be addressed to ensure network node functionality and availability. Strategies for detecting network nodes that misroute packets are also examined. Finally, the paper emphasises the need for effective solutions to secure MANETs.

With the rapid advancement of technologies and proliferation of intelligent devices, connecting to the internet challenges have grown manifold, such as ensuring communication security and keeping user credentials secret. Data integrity and user privacy have become crucial concerns in any ecosystem of advanced and interconnected communications. Cryptographic hash functions have been extensively employed to ensure data integrity in insecure environments. Hash functions are also combined with digital signatures to offer identity verification mechanisms and non-repudiation services. The federal organization National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) established the SHA to provide security and optimal performance over some time. The most well-known hashing standards are SHA-1, SHA-2, and SHA-3. This paper discusses the background of hashing, followed by elaborating on the evolution of the SHA family. The main goal is to present a comparative analysis of these hashing standards and focus on their security strength, performance and limitations against common attacks. The complete assessment was carried out using statistical analysis, performance analysis and extensive fault analysis over a defined test environment. The study outcome showcases the issues of SHA-1 besides exploring the security benefits of all the dominant variants of SHA-2 and SHA-3. The study also concludes that SHA-3 is the best option to mitigate novice intruders while allowing better performance cost-effectively.

With the improvements in machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, ubiquitous computing, and wireless sensor networks, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become a notion that is constantly rising in importance. Using uniquely addressable IDs, the Internet of Things links diverse physical items and allows them to communicate with one another through the Internet. A general overview of the IoT in the context of the architecture and associated technologies is provided in this article. On the other hand, the Internet of Things does not follow a standardised architecture model. This is accomplished by describing widely recognised architectural concepts that are subsequently refined with the associated technology in various tiers. Also included are some solutions that have been developed and future directions for addressing the obstacles faced by the IoT paradigm. Finally, the article discusses several Internet of Things applications to demonstrate the viability of the IoT idea in real-world settings.

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) has been a core topic of research since the last decade. Currently, this form of networking paradigm is increasingly being construed as an integral part of upcoming urban applications of Internet-of-Things (IoT), consisting of massive connectivity of diverse types of nodes. There is a significant barrier to the applicability of existing routing approaches in conventional MANETs when integrated with IoT. This routing mismatch can lead to security risks for the MANET-based application tied with the IoT platform. This paper examines a pragmatic scenario as a test case wherein the mobile nodes must exchange multimedia signals for supporting real-time streaming applications. There exist two essential security requirements viz. i) securing the data packet and ii) understanding the unpredictable behavior of the attacker. The current study considers sophistication on the part of attacker nodes. They are aware of each other’s identity and thereby collude to conduct lethal attacks, which is rarely reflected in existing security modeling statistics. This research harnesses the potential modeling aspect of game theory to model the multiple-collusion attacker scenario. It contributes towards i) modeling strategies of regular/malicious nodes and ii) applying optimization principle using novel auxiliary information to formulate the optimal strategies. The model advances each regular node’s capability to carry out precise computation about the opponent player’s strategy prediction, i.e., malicious node. The simulation outcome of the proposed mathematical model in MATLAB ascertains that it outperforms the game theory’s baseline approach.

By and large, authentication systems employed for web-based applications primarily utilize conventional username and password-based schemes, which can be compromised easily. Currently, there is an evolution of various complex user authentication schemes based on the sophisticated encryption methodology. However, many of these schemes suffer from either low impact full consequences or offer security at higher resource dependence. Furthermore, most of these schemes don’t consider dynamic threat and attack strategies when the clients are exposed to unidentified attack environments. Hence, this paper proposes a secure user authentication mechanism for web applications with a frictionless experience. An automated authentication scheme is designed based on user behavior login events. The uniqueness of user identity is validated in the proposed system at the login interface, followed by implying an appropriate user authentication process. The authentication process is executed under four different login mechanisms, which depend on the profiler and the authenticator function. The profiler uses user behavioral data, including login session time, device location, browser, and details of accessed web services. The system processes these data and generates a user profile via a profiler using the authenticator function. The authenticator provides a login mechanism to the user to perform the authentication process. After successful login attempts, the proposed system updates database for future evaluation in the authentication process. The study outcome shows that the proposed system excels to other authentication schemes for an existing web-based application. The proposed method, when comparatively examined, is found to offer approximately a 10% reduction in delay, 7% faster response time, and 11% minimized memory usage compared with existing authentication schemes for premium web-based applications.

The Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) incorporates a collaborative networking scenario, where dynamic host movement results in frequent topology changes. In MANET, nodes cooperate during route establishment, and the data packet must travel from source to destination through multi-hop intermediate links. The nodes in a MANET can be localized in a restricted zone, where manual intervention to set-up fixed infrastructural support is practically infeasible. However, cooperative packet forwarding and data transmission is quite a common scenario in the context of MANET. Still, due to dynamic topological changes, weak, intermittent links appear within one-hop communication. This leads to a higher possibility of packet drop events and also increases the retransmission scenario, which affects the energy performance of the network. Addressing this issue, the study models a novel and intelligent packet forwarding approach based on the game theory, where trust evaluation in terms of node reputation factor also plays a very vital role. The approach also enforces an incentive modelling to stimulate the cooperation between mobile nodes during the MANET routing scenario. The system is designed and developed with evolutionary game perspectives to meet the Quality of Services (QoS) requirements. The experimental analysis supports the proposed modelling design aspects. Also, it exhibits that the reputation and trust-based game increases the utility of packet-forwarding strategy with high throughput and negligible network overhead.

The inclusion of mobility-based Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices accelerates the data transmission process, thereby catering to IoT users’ demands; however, securing the data transmission in mobility-based IoT is one complex and challenging concern. The adoption of unified security architecture has been identified to prevent side-channel attacks in the IoT, which has been discussed extensively in developing security solutions. Despite blockchain’s apparent superiority in withstanding a wide range of security threats, a careful examination of the relevant literature reveals that some common pitfalls are associated with these methods. Therefore, the proposed scheme introduces a novel computational security framework wherein a branched and decentralized blockchain network is formulated to facilitate coverage from different variants of side-channel IoT attacks that are yet to be adequately reported. A unique blockchain-based authentication approach is designed to secure communication among mobile IoT devices using multiple stages of security implementation with Smart Agreement and physically unclonable functions. Analytical modeling with lightweight finite field encryption is used to create this framework in Python. The study’s benchmark results show that the proposed scheme offers 4% less processing time, 5% less computational overhead, 1% more throughput, 12% less latency, and 30% less energy consumption compared to existing blockchain methods.

Sales enablement sensing-as-a-service (SESaaS) is an organisation’s future process management for any sales management operation. With an expanding base of dynamic customer demands and the adoption of multiple technological advancements, there is a high possibility that human-centric sales management will be transformed into a fully automated form aimed at increasing productivity and being able to cater to effectively a broader customer base. A review of the relevant literature demonstrates that machine learning is one of the most prevalent techniques in analytics for predicting sales behaviour. However, SESaaS includes many features beyond the sales component. Internet-of-Things (IoT) can additionally be used for networking and data analytics to enrich sales data. Therefore, the proposed scheme introduces a novel SESaaS model capable of balancing the sales team’s needs with those of the customers to maximise profits. The proposed model also presents a novel learning scheme in the IoT environment that aids in projecting the service quality score to the final customer, thereby positively influencing the customer to pay a service fee for a superior and desired quality of experience. Unlike any existing sales management scheme, the proposed scheme offers a novel research methodology for improving sales enablement practices, emphasising service scalability, and forecasting company profit. In contrast to any existing system for sales management, the proposed scheme provides greater accuracy, higher service quality, and faster response time in its predictive strategy for projecting the cost of the adoption of SESaaS, which is not reported in any existing studies. In an extensive testing environment, it is determined that the proposed scheme achieves accuracy and service quality of approximately 98.75% and 92.91%, respectively. In addition, the proposed SESaaS model has a significantly faster response time of 1.256 s. These quantifiable outcomes were validated after being compared with commonly adopted learning programs.

The progressively ubiquitous connectivity in the present information systems pose newer challenges tosecurity. The conventional security mechanisms have come a long way in securing the well-definedobjectives of confidentiality, integrity, authenticity and availability. Nevertheless, with the growth in thesystem complexities and attack sophistication, providing security via traditional means can beunaffordable. A novel theoretical perspective and an innovative approach are thus required forunderstanding security from decision-making and strategic viewpoint. One of the analytical tools whichmay assist the researchers in designing security protocols for computer networks is game theory. Thegame-theoretic concept finds extensive applications in security at different levels, including thecyberspace and is generally categorized under security games. It can be utilized as a robust mathematicaltool for modelling and analyzing contemporary security issues. Game theory offers a natural frameworkfor capturing the defensive as well as adversarial interactions between the defenders and the attackers.Furthermore, defenders can attain a deep understanding of the potential attack threats and the strategiesof attackers by equilibrium evaluation of the security games. In this paper, the concept of game theoryhas been presented, followed by game-theoretic applications in cybersecurity including cryptography.Different types of games, particularly those focused on securing the cyberspace, have been analysed andvaried game-theoretic methodologies including mechanism design theories have been outlined foroffering a modern foundation of the science of cybersecurity.

Objectives: In this paper, an approach to online banking authorization using one-time passwords has been illustrated. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The algorithm presented in this paper provides an infinite as well as forward One-TimePassword (OTP) generation mechanism employing two Secure Hash Algorithms viz. SHA3 and SHA2, followed by dynamic truncation to produce human-readable OTP. An inimitable authentication scheme has been presented in which a unique initial seed is used for generating a series of OTPs on the user’s handheld gadget (i.e. a mobile phone). Findings: The proposed scheme demonstrated better results than the previous schemes of authorization after a security analysis was conducted on it. This is attributed to the eradication of cellular network within the authorization process. A high level of performance and efficiency in authentication and authorization was evident from the results that are vital for transacting online. Applications/Improvements: In the proposed system, the inherent features of the user’s device (mobile phone) are utilized to form the initial seed. The application of hash functions to that seed eliminates the necessity to send one time passwords to the users via Short Message Service and decreases the limitations posed by out-of-band systems, thus making it suitable to be employed in online banking and other financial organizations. Keywords: Authentication, Authorization, Out-of-band Authorization, Hash Functions

Objectives: In this paper, a smart Intrusion Detection System (IDS) has been proposed that detects network attacks in less time after monitoring incoming traffic thus maintaining better performance. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The features are extracted using back-propagation algorithm. Then, only these relevant features are trained with the help of multi-layer perceptron supervised neural network. The simulation is performed using MATLAB. Findings: The proposed system has been verified to have high accuracy rate, high sensitivity as well as a reduction in false positive rate. Besides, the intrusions have been classified into four categories as Denial-of-Service (DoS), User-to-root (U2R), Remote-to-Local (R2L) and Probe attacks; and the alerts are stored and shared via a central log. Thus, the unknown attacks detected by other Intrusion Detection Systems can be sensed by any IDS in the network thereby reducing computational cost as well as enhancing the overall detection rate. Applications/Improvements: The proposed system does not waste time by considering and analysing all the features but takes into consideration only relevant ones for the specific attack and supervised learning neural network is used for intrusion detection. By the application of Snort before backpropagation algorithm, the latter has only one function to perform – detection of unknown attacks. In this way, the time for attack detection is reduced. Keywords: Back-Propagation, Intrusion Detection System, Multi-Layer Feed-Forward Neural Network, Snort

Objectives: The goal of this paper is to comprehend the significance of adopting Cloud Computing (CC) in establishments of higher learning. This paper plots a portion of the advantages that can be conveyed to advanced education using cloud computing, analyzes probably the most imperative difficulties that can be faced by the academia due to its adoption, and proposes some early strides towards its adoption while alleviating the risks involved. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This paper recognizes an expansiveness of institutional variables and CC appropriation procedures by including the diverse perspectives of sources from various backgrounds and contexts on a single phenomenon. The different aids and contributions in this paper are based on the consolidation of research works available in various papers. Findings: The discoveries from this analysis demonstrate that the adoption of CC in establishments of higher learning can be comprehended through a few factors that have an essential impact on CC adoption methodologies like administrative bodies and governments, internal stakeholders, cloud suppliers, firm attributes, socio-political changes, IT framework, and so on. Applications/ Improvements: This investigation offers open doors for future research besides giving an understanding into how cloud suppliers, advisors, governments, and scholastics see several market requests, and how they react to these demands while advancing services offered by CC in higher learning institutions. The consequences for practice can help decision makers in adopting services provided by CC legitimately. Keywords: Cloud Based Education, Cloud Computing, Cloud Computing Adoption, Cloud Pedagogy

Objectives: This paper is aimed at investigating and increasing awareness about various concepts related to Electronic Payment Systems (EPS) including its advantages, challenges and security considerations. The proposed study also evaluates the adoption of e-payment systems and the resulting impact on economy of a nation. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this paper, a comprehensive survey on all the aspects of electronic payment was conducted after analysis of several research studies on online payment systems. The most recent references and information have been explored in order to gain significant information about electronic payments systems. Findings: From the study conducted, it can be elucidated that despite various issues that usage of electronic payment systems pose, these are identified as a positive step towards the economic development of a nation. Nevertheless, its full potential can be realized only by raising its awareness among people. Applications/Improvements: With the advancement in technology and popularity of Internet, the perception of making online transactions is bound to gain momentum. In the future, the payment modes currently used and supported shall see a declining trend owing to the numerous benefits offered by electronic payment systems.

Game Theory acts as a suitable tool offering promising solutions to security-related concerns in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (i.e., MANETs). In MANETs, security forms a prominent concern as it includes nodes which are usually portable and require significant coordination between them. Further, the absence of physical organisation makes such networks susceptible to security breaches, hindering secure routing and execution among nodes. Game Theory approach has been manipulated in the current study to achieve an analytical view while addressing the security concerns in MANETs. This paper offers a Bayesian-Signaling game model capable of analysing the behaviour associated with regular as well as malicious nodes. In the proposed model, the utility of normal nodes has been increased while reducing the utility linked to malicious nodes. Moreover, the system employs a reputation system capable of stimulating best cooperation between the nodes. The regular nodes record incessantly to examine their corresponding nodes’ behaviours by using the belief system of Bayes-rules. On its comparison with existing schemes, it was revealed that the presented algorithm provides better identification of malicious nodes and attacks while delivering improved throughput and reduced false positive rate.

Smartphones apart from enjoying access to personal data, are increasingly being used for performing sensitive and critical financial transactions. Thus, making smartphones vulnerable to numerous contemporary threats as strong security solutions were not developed while considering resource-constrained devices like mobile phones in mind. A need for such a security solution persists that is capable of delivering strong security without compromising user convenience. Biometric tends to offer unparalleled user convenience. Although sparse usage of the face and fingerprint biometrics appear on mobile phone devices. However, their application is limited to mere device unlocking. The low accuracy offered by such solutions results in low user acceptance and limits their use in other security solutions. Therefore, it is evident that the recognition accuracy has to be inspected and improved to deal with the real-world situations. In this chapter, an adaptive face identification capable of minimizing the variations of real-world uncontrollable situations has been developed primarily on Android mobile devices while investigating the state of art algorithms in the field of face identification; Face Detection: Haar detector, Local Binary Patterns (LBP) detector; Face Identification: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Local Binary Patterns Histograms (LBPH).

The exponential growth observed as well as predicted in the development and deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) based applications in every walk of our life brings forth the mandatory requirement of the secure communication system which is seamless yet effective in the highly heterogeneous and resource-constrained network. The core philosophy of the proposed research work is that existing cryptographic modelling will be required to be scaled down for its complexities by investigating the actual communication problems in security protocols between sensor nodes, Internet host, data centres, cloud clusters, virtual machines, etc. The inclusion of more operational actions while modelling security protocols is highly prioritised in the proposed research work. In this paper, the prime emphasis is (i) to establish secure pipelining using novel public key cryptography between the sensor network and Internet host, (ii) a robust authentication scheme considering both local and global IoT to offer better secure pervasiveness in its applications, and (iii) to apply optimisation towards key management techniques.

A growing trend exerted by current users in accessing sensitive data and performing critical data exchanges predominantly highlights the proliferation usage of mobile phone devices by users for accessibility. There exists a demand for a security solution capable of thwarting the existing threats while offering extended support, at the same time conserving user adaptability. In this research, an intensive survey has been conducted in which various security solutions based on biometric and non-biometric access management schemes have been contemplated. A lack of absolute or standard access control management scheme capable of delivering a secure and feasible solution on mobile phones persists. Each of the works offered by researchers has been single-handedly evaluated. Finally, loopholes and open challenges were deduced from the study conducted.

In next-generation wireless networks, a Multi-Mode Device (MMD) can be connected with available Radio Access Technology (RAT) in a Heterogeneous Wireless Network (HWN). The appropriate RAT selection is essential to achieve expected Quality of Service (QoS) in HWN. There are many factors to select an appropriate RAT in HWN including Data rate, Power consumption, Security, Network delay, Service price, etc. Nowadays, the MMDs are capable to handle with multiple types of services like voice, file downloading, video streaming. Considering numerous factors and multiple types of services, it is a great challenge for MMDs to select the appropriate RAT. A Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) method to deal with numerous attributes to achieve the expected goal is Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). This research utilized TOPSIS method to evaluate its proposed algorithm to choose the proper RAT for single and dual call services. The algorithm applies users' preference of a specific RAT that varies for diverse categories of calls. It also aggregates the assigned call weight and call priority to choose the RAT for group call admission for different scenarios. The highest closeness coefficient has been considered the appropriate networks among other networks. 100 call admission into three networks has been simulated and has been observed.

Numerous applications are available on the Internet for the exchange of personal information and money. All these applications need to authenticate the users to confirm their legitimacy. Currently, the most commonly employed credentials include static passwords. But people tend to behave carelessly in choosing their passwords to avoid the burden of memorizing complex passwords. Such frail password habits are a severe threat to the various services available online especially electronic banking or e-banking. For eradicating the necessity of creating and managing passwords, a variety of solutions are prevalent, the traditional ones being the usage of One- Time-Password (OTP) that refers to a single session/transaction password. However, a majority of the OTP-based security solutions fail to satisfy the usability or scalability requirements and are quite vulnerable owing to their reliance on multiple communication channels. In this study, the most reliable and adoptable solution which provides better security in online banking transactions is proposed. This is an initiative to eradicate the dependency on Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) that is the most popular means of sending the One- Time-Passwords to the users availing e-banking facilities.

Internet-banking is a crucial service offered by financial Institutions and has gained popularity at a high pace. Owing to the increasing usage of this service, it is being frequently targeted by adversaries. The login process by the user is one of the main points that are at risk of this assault. Hence, a robust security mechanism is essential for warding off those risks. Among other security solutions, a typical arrangement presently employed is the one-time password (OTP), i.e., passwords that remain valid for a single exchange or session. However, the majority of these password generation and processing mechanisms do not fulfil the requirement of usability and/or scalability and hence can be considered as less reliable/fragile. This paper reviews the security mechanisms in E-banking. The pros and con of OTP as well as other non-OTP security solutions have been presented. Finally, the prominence of open issues have been elucidated.

Numerous applications are available on the Internet for the exchange of personal information and money. All these applications need to authenticate the users to confirm their legitimacy. Currently, the most commonly employed credentials include static passwords. But people tend to behave carelessly in choosing their passwords to avoid the burden of memorizing complex passwords. Such frail password habits are a severe threat to the various services available online especially electronic banking or e-banking. For eradicating the necessity of creating and managing passwords, a variety of solutions are prevalent, the traditional ones being the usage of One-Time-Password (OTP) that refers to a single session/transaction password. However, the majority of the OTP-based security solutions fail to satisfy the usability or scalability requirements and are quite vulnerable owing to their reliance on multiple communication channels. In this paper, the most reliable and adoptable solution which provides better security in online banking transactions is proposed. This is an initiative to eradicate the dependency on Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) that is the most popular means of sending the One-Time-Passwords to the users availing e-banking facilities.

Attaining high security in mobile ad hoc networks (or MANETs) is the utmost concern in the present era of wireless ad-hoc communication and efforts are continuously being made by the researchers, in order to provide a feasible solution for the same. Impervious security has to be ensured in MANETs because of their involvement in transacting highly sensitive information. However, it has been discerned that during the communication process, the decentralized and dynamic nature of MANETs impedes the security of mobile nodes. This study is an attempt to enhance the security in routing techniques of MANETs by overhauling the existing security system after its critical evaluation. It has been observed that the cryptographic techniques in use prove to be inefficient or fail in some of the current scenarios. Therefore, a non-cryptographic method has been put forward that strengthens the process of authenticating nodes in MANETs by taking into account two factors viz. trust and resource, unlike the conventional ones. On analyzing the performance with respect to throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and computational time, the proposed system proves to be better than the previous standard secure routing scheme.

The recent advancement in the field of distributed computing depicts a need of developing highly associative and less expensive cache memories for the state-of-art processors i.e., Intel Core i6, i7, etc. Hence, various conventional studies introduced cache replacement policies which are one of the prominent key factors to determine the effectiveness of a cache memory. Most of the conventional cache replacement algorithms are found to be as not so efficient on memory management and complexity analysis. Therefore, a significant and thorough analysis is required to suggest a new optimal solution for optimizing the state-of-the-art cache replacement issues. The proposed study aims to conceptualize a theoretical model for optimal cache heap object replacement. The proposed model incorporates Tree based and MRU (Most Recently Used) pseudo-LRU (Least Recently Used) mechanism and configures it with JVM’s garbage collector to replace the old referenced objects from the heap cache lines. The performance analysis of the proposed system illustrates that it outperforms the conventional state of art replacement policies with much lower cost and complexity. It also depicts that the percentage of hits on cache heap is relatively higher than the conventional technologies.

The advent of e-commerce together with the growth of the Internet promoted the digitisation of the payment process with the provision of various online payment methods like electronic cash, debit cards, credit cards, contactless payment, mobile wallets, etc. Besides, the services provided by mobile payment are gaining popularity day-by-day and are showing a transition by advancing towards a propitious future of speculative prospects in conjunction with the technological innovations. This paper is aimed at evaluating the present status and growth of online payment systems in worldwide markets and also takes a look at its future. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on all the aspects of electronic payment has been conducted after analysis of several research studies on online payment systems. Several online payment system services, the associated security issues and the future of such modes of payment have been analysed. This study also analyses the various factors that affect the adoption of online payment systems by consumers. Furthermore, there can be seen a huge growth in mobile payment methods globally beating both debit and credit card payments, all due to the convenience and security offered by them. Nevertheless, various obstacles have been identified in the adoption of online payment methods; thus, some measures have to be taken for granting this industry a hopeful future. Thus, there should be a suitable trade-off between usability and security when designing online payment systems in order to attract customers. Also, technical and organisational issues which arise in the attempt to achieve interoperability must be taken into consideration by the designers. As a matter of fact, the process of developing interoperable and flexible solutions and universal standards is one of the most difficult tasks in the future ahead.

There is almost digitization of the entire educational system, as there is an abundant of digital materials available. The educational system is not left out from the global standardization as well as authorities are imposing certain standard at local and global level. As a result, these data which are getting generated in the context of educational also complies all the basic characteristics of the Big Data such as volume in terms of size, and others velocity, variety etc. In order to store, search and process an open source project, Apache Hadoop has been conceptualized, whereas it lags the application specific needs especially in the field of education to enhance the teaching and learning processes. In this paper, an architectural model is illustrated to demonstrate the existing eco-system and a proposed model for provisioning the enhanced teaching -learning mechanism, so that it can be adopted to enhance the intelligence into mechanism of educational framework.

Increasing proliferation of IoT has led to an evolution of various devices for realising the smart features of ubiquitous applications. However, the inclusion of such a massive pool of devices with different computational capabilities, network protocols, hardware configurations, etc. also causes a higher number of security threats. Security professionals, organisations, and researchers are consistently investigating the security problems associated with IoT ecosystem and are coming up with different forms of solution sets. This paper presents a snapshot of the existing research work being carried out towards the security of IoT and assesses their strengths and weaknesses. The paper also explores the current research trend and presents the latest security methods being implemented and outlines the open research issues associated with it. The paper contributes to offering an accurate picture of the effectiveness of the existing security system in IoT.

In the recent times, various challenges are being encountered during SRAM cache design and development which lead to a situation of converting the memory cell technologies into on-chip embedded caches. The current research statistics towards cache designing reveals that Spin Torque Transfer Magnetic RAMs, preferably termed as STT-MRAMs has become one of the most promising areas in the field of memory chip design. Hence, it gained a lot of attention from the researchers due to its dynamic direct map and data access policies for reducing the average cost i.e. time and energy optimization. Instead of having efficient main memory access capability, STT-MRAMs suffer due to high error rate caused during stochastic switching in write operations. Cache replacement algorithms play a significant role in minimizing the error rate in write operations. The proposed study aims to offer a theoretical and analytical modeling of an efficient cache replacement scheme to overcome the error as mentioned above in L2-STT-MRAM caches. The performance analysis of the proposed algorithm ensures its effectiveness in reducing the error rate and cost overheads as compared to the conventional LRU technique implemented on SRAM cells.

Cache Replacement Policies play a significant and contributory role in the context of determining the effectiveness of cache memory cells. It has also become one of the major key features for efficient memory management from the technological aspect. Hence, owing to the existing critical computing systems, it has become too essential to attain faster processing of executable instructions under any adverse situations. In the current scenario, the state of art processors such as Intel multi-core processors for application specific integrated circuits, usually employ various cache replacement policies such as Least Recently Used (LRU) and Pseudo LRU (pLRU), Round Robin, etc. However, fewer amounts of existing research works are found till date to utter about explicit performance issues associated with the conventional cache replacement algorithms. Therefore, the proposed study intended to carry out a performance evaluation to explore the design space of conventional cache replacement policies under SPEC CPU2000 benchmark suite. It initiates and configures the experimental Simple Scalar toolbox prototype on a wide range of cache sizes. The experimental outcomes obtained from the benchmark suite show that PLRU outperforms the conventional LRU concerning computational complexity and a variety of cache blocks organization.

The current research statistics for cache designing reveals that Spin Torque Transfer Magnetic RAMs (STT-MRAMs) have become one of the most promising technologies in the field of memory chip design, gaining a lot of attention from researchers due to its dynamic direct map and data access policies for reducing the average cost i.e. both time and energy optimisation. In this paper, the vulnerability of STT-MRAM caches has been investigated to examine the effect of workloads as well as process variations for characterising the reliability of STT-MRAM cache. The current study is intended to analyse and evaluate an existing efficient cache replacement policy namely Least Error Rate (LER) which utilises Hamming Distance (HD) computations to reduce the Write Error Rate (WER) of L2-STT-MRAM caches with acceptable overheads. The performance analysis of the algorithm ensures its effectiveness in reducing the WER and cost overheads as compared to the conventional LRU techniques.

The present and future educational system will have 360-degree dependencies on its digitized materials. There has been tremendous approach from every corner of the society including government agencies in every country to implement certain global standards of the educational system, which is going to be completely online. The characteristics of generated data act in agreement with all the parameters of big data such as volume, velocity, veracity, etc. The existing frameworks mainly Hadoop and its ecosystem provide a basic structure to store process and analyze, but it lags the insight to meet the provisioned or conceptualized applications towards enhancing the teachinglearning philosophy. This paper illustrates architecture to handle which latches into the existing framework and its eco-systems. The proposed architecture provides future researchers to validate their algorithm and get the provisioned output for the teaching-learning added for intelligent applications.

With the advancement of cloud storage services the vulnerabilities associated with cloud-related data has increased. It affects the cloud distributed data servers that are not only used for data storage, but also used for managing a huge amount of data with distributed file structures in collaborative sharing. The data sharing processes of cloud computing infrastructure are susceptible to various kinds of attacks where many traditional cryptographic techniques fail to provide a proper and efficient authentication mechanism. In this paper, a novel approach namely Secure-Split-Merge (SSM) is introduced for the security of data. The proposed SSM scheme uses a unique mechanism of performing splitting of data using AES 128 bit encryption key. The chunks of encrypted splits are being maintained on various rack servers of different types of cloud zones. The comparative analysis shows that the proposed system gives effective outcomes as compared to various existing and traditional security standards.

With the extension in computer networks, there has been a drastic change in the disposition of network security. Security has always been a major concern of any organization as it involves mechanisms to ensure reliable access. In the present era of global electronic connectivity where hackers, eavesdroppers, electronic frauds, viruses are growing in number, security has proved to be indispensable. Although numerous solutions have been put forth in literature to guarantee security, they have botched with related traits like efficiency and scalability. Despite the range of security solutions that have been presented by experts, not a single approach has been wholly agreed upon to provide absolute security or standardized upon unanimously. Furthermore, these approaches lack adoptable user implementation. In this paper, various approaches and techniques that were introduced in the past for the purpose of enhancing the authentication and authorization of the user while performing sensitive and confidential transaction are discussed. Each of works performed by the researchers is taken single-handedly for debate followed by analysis. Finally, the open issues in the current domain of study are formulated from the review conducted.

This study focuses on the means to ensure the security and success of electronic payments which form part and parcel of e-commerce. This paper also highlights the primary functions, purpose, and benefits attached with payment gateways besides discussing the essential pre-requisites for payment gateways to be qualified as strong payment gateways. This is necessary to securely process, authorise and route local and international monetary exchanges carried out by clients utilising different alternative delivery channels (ADCs). In this paper, payment gateways most popularly used have been studied, and their comparison has been performed on criteria such as security, cost, customer support, etc. Based on the gathered information, the security concerns related to payment gateways have been taken up that need to be mitigated. Several recommendations have been presented after analysing the security limitations in payment gateway structure for the customers before accepting and while using such a means of payment for their transactions online.