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The eutypa dieback of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), caused by phytopathogenic fungus Eutypa lata, is one of the most severe diseases of trunk and other woody tissues of grapevine in the world. This disease, also known as the grapevine eutyposis, significantly reduces yield and quality of grapes, but primarily reduces the life span of the vines, causing partial or complete dying of grapevine. During 2004-2012, symptoms of dieback of grapevine were observed in Serbia and E. lata presence was confirmed by conventional and molecular identification methods. Symptoms first appear in the form of tiny, chlorotic and necrotic spots on the periphery of the leaf, followed by deformation of the leaves and the appearance of shortened shoots, often with the so-called zigzag growth of internodes. Subsequently, partial or complete dying of the grapevine occurs. The causal agent of eutypa dieback is E. lata - a vascular pathogen from the Diatrypaceae family. The infection occurs when ascospores reach fresh wounds formed by pruning, and in the presence of water droplets penetrate into the vascular tissue. Wounds are particularly sensitive immediately after pruning, although infections can occur seven weeks after the pruning. Eutyposis disease control requires integration of several different control measures. When pruning the grapevine, large scale wounding should be avoided. Pruned parts from diseased plants should be taken out of the vineyard and burned. If the symptoms are present, but the disease has not spread to the whole vine, the infected tissue should be pruned off together with at least 10 cm of healthy tissue. Fresh cuts should be preferably coated with fungicides such as thiophanate-methyl, pyraclostrobin or tebuconazole. In USA, paste with 5% (w/w) boric acid is successfully used for the coating of wounds. It is especially important to protect cuts during the restoration of grapevines or grafting grapevine on the two-year-old and the older grapevine, as well as in the large cuts inflicted in the main trunk. In the USA (California), it is recommended to conduct pruning as late as possible, just before bud swelling. Preventive measures include selection of less sensitive varieties and removal of potential disease hosts near the vineyard. Breeding forms of grapevine with lower stems and mixed pruning are also recommended. Eutipozno odumiranje čokota vinove loze (Vitis vinifera L.), kojе prouzokuje fitopatogena gljiva Eutypa lata, predstavlja jednu od najštetnijih bolesti debla i ostalih drvenastih tkiva vinove loze u svetu. Ovо oboljenje, poznato i kao eutipoza vinove loze, značajno smanjuje prinos i kvalitet grožđa, ali pre svega skraćuje životni vek vinove loze, izazivajući delimično ili potpuno odumiranje čokota. U peroiodu od 2004 do 2012. godine, na teritoriji Srbije, uočeni su simptomi odumiranja čokota vinove loze, a prisustvo E. lata potvrđeno primenom konvencionalnih i molekularnih metoda. Simptomi se najpre ispoljavaju u vidu sitnih, hlorotičnih i nekrotičnih pega po obodu lista, praćeni deformacijom listova i pojavom skraćenih lastara, često sa takozvanim cik-cak porastom internodija. Vremenom dolazi do delimičnog ili potpunog odumiranja čokota vinove loze. Prouzrokovač eutipoznog odumiranja vinove loze je gljiva E. lata - vaskularni patogen iz familije Diatrypaceae. Infekcija nastaje kada askospore gljive dospeju na sveže preseke nastale rezidbom i u prisustvu vodenih kapi prodiru u vaskularno tkivo. Rane su posebno osetljive odmah nakon orezivanja, premda se infekcije mogu ostvariti i sedam nedelja nakon rezidbe. Mere zaštite od ove kompleksne bolesti zahtevaju integraciju više različitih mera borbe. Pri orezivanju vinove loze potrebno je izbegavati nanošenje velikih rana. Ukoliko se primete simptomi, ali se bolest nije proširila na ceo čokot, zaraženo tkivo treba odrezati zajedno sa najmanje 10 cm zdravog tkiva. Orezane delove sa obolelih biljaka bi trebalo izneti iz vinograda i spaliti. Sveže preseke poželjno je premazati fungicidima kao što su tiofanat - metil, piraklostrobin ili tebukonazol. Za premazivanje rana u SAD-a se uspešno koristi pasta sa 5% (w/w) bornom kiselinom. Posebno je važno zaštititi preseke pri obnavljaju čokota ili prekalemljivanju loze na dvogodišnjoj i starijoj lozi, kao i velike preseke na glavnom stablu. U SAD (Kaliforniji) preporučuje se što kasnija rezidba, ako je moguće pred samo bubrenje pupoljaka. Preventivne mere uključuju izbor manje osetljivih sorti i uklanjanje potencijalnih domaćina prouzrokovača u blizini vinograda. Za preventivu se preporučuje i izbor nekog od uzgojnih oblika koji podrazumevaju formiranje čokota sa niskim stablom - mešovita rezidba.

Species of the genus Fusarium are predominant pathogens in cereals worldwide, while F. graminearum is the most distributed among them. This species synthesises a broad spectrum of mycotoxins (fusariotoxins), among which, trichothecene type B (deoxynivalenol-DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) prevail. The isolates from the collection of the Laboratory of Phytopathology of the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje were used to study diversity of the F. graminearum species. Twelve selected isolates were collected in the 2005-2016 period from wheat and barley kernels in various locations in Serbia. The aim of this study was to observe variability of the F. graminearum species regarding isolate pathogenicity, mycelium growth, macroconidium size, as well as DON and ZEA production potential by the ELISA method. All the observed isolates indicated pathogenic potential in the field and expressed different viability ranging from 1.75 to 3.75. Besides different viability, microscopic and macroscopic properties of isolates also diverged. The isolates of F. graminearum produced average concentrations of DON amounting 119. 9 and 33.4 ug/g (isolates from wheat and barley, respectively), while the average concentration of ZEA was 40.14 ug/kg (isolates from wheat) and 31.25 ug/kg (isolates from barley). A correlation between production of DON and ZEA was not observed in the isolates of F. graminearum. Vrste roda Fusarium su najčešći patogeni na žitaricama širom sveta, a najzastupljenija među njima je vrsta F. graminearum. Ova vrsta sintetiše širok spektar mikotoksina (fuzariotoksina), među kojima su najzastupljeniji trihoteceni tipa B (deoksinivalenol-DON), a zatim zearalenoni (ZEA). Za proučavanje diverziteta vrste F. graminearum u okviru ovog rada korišćeni su izolati iz kolekcije Laboratorije za fitopatologiju Instituta za kukuruz “Zemun Polje”. Odabrano je 12 izolata koji su prikupljeni u periodu od 2005. do 2016. godine, poreklom sa zrna pšenice i ječma iz različitih lokaliteta na teritoriji Srbije. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita varijabilnost vrste F. graminearum u pogledu patogenosti izolata, porasta micelije, veličine makrokonidija kao i u potencijalu produkcije DON i ZEA pomoću ELISA metode. Svi ispitivani izolati su ispoljili patogenost u polju uz različit stepen agresivnosti koja je varirala od 1,75 do 3,75 (na skali 1-7). Pored varijabilnosti u agresivnosti izolati su bili divergentni i u mikroskopskim i makroskopskim karakteristikama. Izolati F. graminearum su produkovali prosečne koncentracije DON-a 119,9 ug/g (izolati sa pšenice) i 33,4 ug/g (izolati sa ječma), dok je prosečna koncentracija ZEA kod izolata sa pšenice bila 40,14 ug/kg, a kod izolata sa ječma 31,25 ug/kg. Nije uočena korelacija između produkcije DON i ZEA kod izolata F. graminearum.

Species of the genus Fusarium are predominant pathogens in cereals worldwide, while F. graminearum is the most distributed among them. This species synthesises a broad spectrum of mycotoxins (fusariotoxins), among which, trichothecene type B (deoxynivalenol-DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) prevail. The isolates from the collection of the Laboratory of Phytopathology of the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje were used to study diversity of the F. graminearum species. Twelve selected isolates were collected in the 2005-2016 period from wheat and barley kernels in various locations in Serbia. The aim of this study was to observe variability of the F. graminearum species regarding isolate pathogenicity, mycelium growth, macroconidium size, as well as DON and ZEA production potential by the ELISA method. All the observed isolates indicated pathogenic potential in the field and expressed different viability ranging from 1.75 to 3.75. Besides different viability, microscopic and macroscopic properties of isolates also diverged. The isolates of F. graminearum produced average concentrations of DON amounting 119. 9 and 33.4 ug/g (isolates from wheat and barley, respectively), while the average concentration of ZEA was 40.14 ug/kg (isolates from wheat) and 31.25 ug/kg (isolates from barley). A correlation between production of DON and ZEA was not observed in the isolates of F. graminearum. Vrste roda Fusarium su najčešći patogeni na žitaricama širom sveta, a najzastupljenija među njima je vrsta F. graminearum. Ova vrsta sintetiše širok spektar mikotoksina (fuzariotoksina), među kojima su najzastupljeniji trihoteceni tipa B (deoksinivalenol-DON), a zatim zearalenoni (ZEA). Za proučavanje diverziteta vrste F. graminearum u okviru ovog rada korišćeni su izolati iz kolekcije Laboratorije za fitopatologiju Instituta za kukuruz “Zemun Polje”. Odabrano je 12 izolata koji su prikupljeni u periodu od 2005. do 2016. godine, poreklom sa zrna pšenice i ječma iz različitih lokaliteta na teritoriji Srbije. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita varijabilnost vrste F. graminearum u pogledu patogenosti izolata, porasta micelije, veličine makrokonidija kao i u potencijalu produkcije DON i ZEA pomoću ELISA metode. Svi ispitivani izolati su ispoljili patogenost u polju uz različit stepen agresivnosti koja je varirala od 1,75 do 3,75 (na skali 1-7). Pored varijabilnosti u agresivnosti izolati su bili divergentni i u mikroskopskim i makroskopskim karakteristikama. Izolati F. graminearum su produkovali prosečne koncentracije DON-a 119,9 ug/g (izolati sa pšenice) i 33,4 ug/g (izolati sa ječma), dok je prosečna koncentracija ZEA kod izolata sa pšenice bila 40,14 ug/kg, a kod izolata sa ječma 31,25 ug/kg. Nije uočena korelacija između produkcije DON i ZEA kod izolata F. graminearum.

Investigation of the presence and distribution of Cucumber mosaic virus in watermelon crops in Serbia during 2012 revealed that the virus was present in five out of six surveyed localities. CMV was detected in 24.05% of total serologically tested samples using DAS-ELI­SA method and the virus was the most prevalent in the locality of Silbaš. During this investigation, Cucumber mosaic virus was present more often in mixed infections with ZYMV and/or WMV (12.66%), while the single infection was detected in lower percentage, 11.39%. Five CMV isolates were obtained by mechanical inoculations of N. glutinosa and two of them were selected for further biological characterization. Concerning type and severity of symptoms on test plants, the investigated isolates exhibited different phenotypic features. Molecular detection was performed by amplification of a fragment of 871 bp in all tested isolates, using the primer pair CMVCPfwd/CPrev that amplify the entire coat protein gene and part of 5' and 3' UTR regions. The affiliation of Serbian CMV isolates from watermelon to subgroup IA, the group that includes most of the isolates selected for phylogenetic analysis, was determined by sequence analysis of the complete CP gene and reconstruction of phylogenetic tree. Proučavanjem pojave i rasprostranjenosti virusa mozaika krastavca u usevu lubenice u Srbiji tokom 2012. godine, prisustvo virusa utvrđeno je u pet od šest pregledanih lokaliteta. Prisustvo virusa ustanovljeno je u 24,05% serološki testiranih uzoraka (DAS-ELISA), a najzastupljeniji je bio na lokalitetu Silbaš. Tokom ovih istraživanja virus mozaika krastavca češće je bio prisutan u mešanim infekcijama sa ZYMV i/ili WMV (12,66%), dok je prisustvo pojedinačne infekcije utvrđeno u nešto nižem procentu, 11,39%. Mehaničkim inokulacijama N. glutinosa, dobijeno je pet izolata, od kojih su dva odabrana za dalju biološku karakterizaciju. Na osnovu tipa i jačine simptoma na test-biljkama, utvrđena je fenotipska varijabilnost ispitivanih izolata. Molekularna detekcija obavljena je amplifikacijom fragmenta dužine 871 bp kod svih ispitivanih izolata korišćenjem para prajmera CMVCPfwd/CPrev, koji omogućavaju umnožavanje gena za protein omotača i deo 5' i 3' UTR regiona. Analizom sekvenci kompletnog gena za protein omotača i rekonstrukcijom filogenetskog stabla, utvrđena je pripadnost izolata CMV iz lubenice iz Srbije podgrupi IA, koja obuhvata većinu izolata odabranih za filogenetsku analizu.

Tospoviruses including Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV) are quarantine or the most economically important pathogens in the greenhouse production of ornamentals. The investigation of the presence and distribution of these viruses in our country was carried out during 2005 to 2013 including survey and collection of samples from 52 genera of ornamentals originating from 47 localities. During sampling various symptoms resembling those of virus infection were observed and the most common were chlorotic and necrotic ring spot and line patterns, chlorotic and necrotic mottling, and brown oak-leaf patterns. Serological analyses of collected samples proved the presence of two viruses, TSWV and INSV, which was confirmed by molecular RT-PCR method. A constant presence and high frequency of TSWV was established throughout the research period and the virus was detected in 22 genera of ornamentals originating from 36 different localities. The infection caused by INSV was established in only four genera of ornamentals growing at three different localities during 2005 to 2008. After 2008, the presence of INSV was not detected in any of tested samples indicating successful eradication of the virus in our country. Tospovirusi, uključujući virus bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV), virus nekrotične pegavosti impatiensa (Impatiens necrotic spot virus, INSV), virus žute pegavosti irisa (Iris yellow spot virus, IYSV) i virus nekroze stablahrizanteme (Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus, CSNV) su karantinski ili ekonomski najznačajniji patogeni u proizvodnji ukrasnih biljaka u zaštićenom prostoru. Istraživanja prisustva i rasprostranjenosti ovih virusa u našoj zemlji, u periodu 2005-2013. godine, obuhvatila su pregled i sakupljanje uzoraka ukrasnih biljaka iz 52 roda poreklom sa 47 lokaliteta. Na pregledanim biljkama zabeleženi su raznovrsni simptomi koji su upućivali na virusnu zarazu, a najčešće su bili u vidu hlorotičnih i nekrotičnih prstenastih pega i linijskih šara, hlorotičnog i nekrotičnog prošaravanja i hrastolikog mozaika. Serološkim testiranjem sakupljenih uzoraka dokazano je prisustvo dva virusa, TSWV i INSV, što je i potvrđeno primenom molekularne RT-PCR metode. Stalna i velika zastupljenost TSWV ustanovljena je tokom čitavog perioda istraživanja i to kod 22 roda ukrasnih biljaka sakupljenih sa 36 različitih lokaliteta gajenja, dok su zaraze izazvane INSV ustanovljene kod samo četiri roda ukrasnih biljaka na tri lokaliteta gajenja u periodu 2005-2008. godine. Nakon 2008. godine prisustvo INSV nije ustanovljeno ni u jednom od testiranih uzoraka, što ukazuje na uspešnu eradikaciju ovog virusa u našoj zemlji.

The genus Phytophthora is among the most dynamic and the most studied genera of plant pathogens, and includes over 100 known species with broad host range including agricultural, ornamental and woody plants. Although several species as P. cinnamomi, P. parasitica, P. citricola, P. cactorum and P. cryptogea are known to be very damaging in ornamental horticulture, special attention is focused on invasive species, particularly P. ramorum and P. kernovieae. During 2006-2013 and 2010- 2013 the survey on the presence of P. ramorum and P. kernoviae, respectively, was carried out in Serbia. The survey included large number of potential ornamental host plants and was performed utilizing numerous described detection methods including field and laboratory serological methods, culturing and identification based on morphological features, as well as molecular methods using PCR followed by sequencing. The presence of P. ramorum was established in two localities during 2008, on rhododendron plants from one garden and pieris plants from one garden center. On both localities strict phytosanitary eradication measures were applied. All later sampling did not reveal the presence of P. ramorum, which is considered to be successfully eradicated. During 2010-2013 the presence of P. kernoviae was not detected in Serbia. Rod Phytophthora je jedan od najdinamičnijih rodova biljnih patogena koji se najviše proučava, a uključuje preko 100 danas poznatih vrsta koje su patogeni poljoprivrednih, ukrasnih i biljaka iz šumskih ekosistema. Mada je za nekoliko vrsta ovog roda poznato da nanose velike štete u proizvodnji ukrasnih biljka, kao što su P. cinnamomi, P. parasitica, P. citricola, P. cactorum i P. cryptogea, naročitu pažnju danas privlače vrste koje imaju status invazivnih biljnih patogena kao što su P. ramorum i P. kernoviae. U našoj zemlji su, u periodu 2006-2013, odnosno 2010- 2013. godine, sprovedena istraživanja prisustva P. ramorum, odnosno P. kernoviae, na velikom broju osetljivih domaćina ukrasnih biljaka, primenom brojnih opisanih metoda detekcije, poljskih i laboratorijskih seroloških metoda, metoda izolacije i proučavanja morfoloških osobina, kao i molekularnih metoda - primenom PCR i sekvenciranjem. Prisustvo P. ramorum ustanovljeno je na dva lokaliteta tokom 2008. godine, na biljkama rododendrona u urbanom zelenilu i biljkama pieris u velikoprodajnom objektu, gde su sprovedene fitosanitarne mere u cilju eradikacije. Sva kasnija istraživanja nisu uspela da dokažu prisustvo P. ramorum, tako da se smatra da je sprovedena uspešna eradikacija. Tokom istraživanja obavljenih u periodu 2010-2013. godine, prisustvo P. kernoviae nije ustanovljeno.

Sixteen samples of sorghum seed (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) 'Alba', 'Gold', 'Prima' and 'Reform' were analyzed in the localities of Bački Petrovac and Čantavir in the period 2009-2011. Tipresence of species belonging to the genera Epicoccum, Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium was established in single and mixed infections. From the infected sorghum seed, monosporial cultures identified as Epicoccum nigrum based on morphology, proved their pathogenicity on artificially inoculated sorghum seedlings. Molecular identification was performed by PCR and amplification of the ITS region of ribosomal DNA. Gene sequences of selected isolates 291-09 (JQ619838) and 315-09 (JQ619839) exhibited 99-100% nucleotide identity with the sequences of 31 isolates of E. nigrum deposited in the GenBank. It obtained results represent the first detailed characterization of E. nigrum in Serbia. The presence of a large number of phytopathogenic fungi on sorghum seed should be further investigated in order to clarify their relationships and relative significance. U periodu 2009-2011. godine na lokalitetima Bački Petrovac i Čantavir prikupljeno je i analizirano 16 uzoraka zaraženog semena gajenog sirka (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) sorti Alba, Gold, Prima i Reform na prisustvo fitopatogenih gljiva. U pojedinačnim i mešanim zarazama ustanovljeno je prisustvo vrsta iz rodova Epicoccum, Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus i Penicillium. Iz zaraženog semena izolovane su monosporne kulture i na osnovu morfoloških osobina identifikovane su kao Epicoccum nigrum. Patogenost izolata ove gljive potvrđena je pojavom simptoma na veštački inokulisanim sejancima sirka. Molekularna identifikacija obavljena je primenom PCR i amplifikacije ITS regiona ribozomalne DNK. Sekvence gena odabranih izolata 291-09 (JQ619838) i 315-09 (JQ619839) pokazale su 99-100% nukleotidne identičnosti sa sekvencama 31 izolata E. nigrum deponovanihu GenBank bazi podataka. Dobijeni rezultati predstavljaju prvu detaljnu karakterizaciju E. nigrum u Srbiji. Prisustvo većeg broja vrsta gljiva na semenu sirka zahteva dalja ispitivanja njihovih međusobnih odnosa i značaja.

During 2010, Impatiens walleriana plants with symptoms of downy mildew were collected in a greenhouse in the vicinity of Mionica, Kolubara District. Disease incidence was extremely high, approaching 100%, and wilting and collapse of affected plants was very rapid, resulting in losses of more than 90%. White downy growth produced on the lower leaf surface consisted of hyaline, thin-walled sporangiophores with monopodial branching and numerous, ovoid and hyaline sporangia. Apical branchlets of sporangiophores were at right angles to the main axis, with no apical thickening. Pathogenicity tests included inoculation of young I. walleriana plants by spraying with a sporangial suspension, and downy mildew symptoms were observed after 13 to 15 days. The absence of well-defined spots on the infected impatiens leaves and straight sporangiophores indicated that the pathogen was P. obducens, which was further supported by molecular identification, the 5'-end of the nuclear DNA coding for the large ribosomal subunit (LSU rDNA) was amplified by PCR, using primers NL1 and NL4. A representative isolate, 28-10, was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis showed its grouping with other P. obducens isolates of different origin. Considering that impatiens downy mildew in Serbia is proved to be caused by P. obducens it is necessary to employ adequate phytosanitary measures to prevent further spread of the pathogen. Tokom 2010. godine biljke Impatiens walleriana sa simptomima plamenjače sakupljene su u stakleniku u okolini Mionice, Kolubarski okrug. Učestalost oboljenja bila je izuzetno visoka, blizu 100%, a sušenje i propadanje zaraženih biljaka veoma brzo, što je dovelo do šteta većih od 90%. Bela prevlaka patogena koja se razvijala na naličju listova sastojala se od hijalinskih monopodijalno razgranatih sporangiofora sa tankim zidovima i brojnih, ovoidnih i hijalinskih sporangija. Vrhovi grana sporangiofora granali su se pod pravim uglom u odnosu na glavnu osu, bez vršnog zadebljanja. Testovi patogenosti uključili su inokulacije mladih biljaka I. walleriana prskanjem suspenzijom sporangija, a simptomi plamenjače razvili su se nakon 13-15 dana. Odsustvo definisanih pega na zaraženim listovima impatiensa i prisustvo pravih sporangiofora ukazalo je da je prouzrokovač P. obducens, što je dalje potvrđeno molekularnom identifikacijom. Primenom lančane reakcije polimeraze (polymerase chain reaction, PCR), pomoću prajmera NL1 i NL4, umnožen je kodirajući 5'-kraj DNA velike ribozomalne podjedinice (LSU rDNA). Amplifikovani produkt odabranog izolata 28-10 je sekvencioniran, a filogenetske analize pokazale su njegovo grupisanje sa ostalim izolatima P. obducens različitog porekla. Uzimajući u obzir da je ovim istraživanjima dokazano da je prouzrokovač plamenjače na Impatiens walleriana u Srbiji P. obducens, neophodno je preduzimanje odgovarajućih fitosanitarnih mera u cilju sprečavanja daljeg širenja patogena u našoj zemlji.

Pepper is a very popular and profitable crop in Serbia and its production is growing rapidly as well as the importance of diseases caused by viruses. Virus infections interfere with development of pepper plants, reducing yield and fruit quality. More than 45 viruses have been isolated from pepper so far, and in our country the following are considered economically very important: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Potato virus Y (PVY). During 2009, an investigation was conducted regarding the presence and distribution of pepper viruses in Serbia, which included a survey of different localities of transplant production, and both greenhouse and open field pepper crops. Collected samples were tested utilizing a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) with polyclonal antisera specific for the detection of economically important pepper viruses: PVY, AMV, CMV, TSWV, TMV and Potato virus X (PVX). In the collected samples, presence of the four viruses (PVY, CMV, TSWV and AMV) was confirmed in single and mixed infections. In tested transplant samples, the most frequently detected virus was CMV (18.18%), while PVY was the most frequent in samples collected in greenhouse and open field pepper crops (32.56% and 51.21% respectively). The presence of TSWV was detected only in greenhouse-grown pepper crops, while the presence of PVX and TMV was not detected during this investigation. The obtained results indicated that PVY and CMV were widely distributed and the most frequent viruses in pepper crops in Serbia. Future investigation should include their detailed biological and molecular characterization, as well as the implementation of appropriate control measures in pepper productions. Virusne bolesti paprike mogu ugroziti normalan razvoj biljaka i time značajno umanjiti prinos i kvalitet plodova. U svetu je opisano više od 45 virusa infektivnih za papriku, među kojima su ekonomski najznačajniji virus mozaika duvana (Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV), virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), virus mozaika lucerke (Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV), virus bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV) i virus crtičastog mozaika krompira (Potato virus Y, PVY). Prisustvo i rasprostranjenost virusnih zaraza paprike u Srbiji ispitivani su tokom 2009. u različitim lokalitetima proizvodnje rasada, kao i useva paprike gajene u zaštićenom prostoru i na otvorenom polju. Sakupljeni uzorci lišća sa simptomima testirani su DAS-ELISA metodom na prisustvo: PVY, AMV, CMV, TSWV, TMV i virusa mozaika krompira (Potato virus X, PVX). Dobijeni rezultati ispitivanja su ukazali na prisustvo četiri virusa: PVY, CMV, TSWV i AMV, koji su identifikovani u pojedinačnim ili mešanim infekcijama. U testiranim uzorcima paprike iz rasada najzastupljeniji je bio CMV (18,18%), dok je u uzorcima prikupljenim iz plastenika i polja najčešći bio PVY (32,56% i 51,21%). Prisustvo TSWV dokazano je samo na biljkama paprike gajenim u zaštićenom prostoru. Prisustvo PVX i TMV nije ustanovljeno ni u jednom ispitivanom uzorku paprike. Utvrđena značajna rasprostranjenost i zastupljenost PVY i CMV u proizvodnji paprike u Srbiji ukazuje na potrebu detaljne karakterizacije ova dva virusa na biološkom i molekularnom nivou, kao i sprovođenje odgovarajućih mera kontrole.

Viruses are of great concern to greenhouse vegetable and ornamental production because they can cause substantial economic losses. There are many viruses known to infect greenhouse crops, including many that are transmitted by insects, which increase difficulties in management. Fortunately, most viruses do not cause problems on a given crop, but on the other hand, a few common viruses that cause significant losses have an extremely wide host range, often including many vegetables, weeds and even ornamentals. Although viruses usually produce obvious, distinctive symptoms, some virus symptoms resemble those of other diseases and disorders making necessary positive identification by a plant diagnostic laboratory. Early detection of viral diseases is essential to prevent or minimize the introduction, establishment and spread of such damaging viral diseases and potential crop losses in greenhouses. Once the identity of the virus is confirmed, specific control measures must be implemented immediately. The main control strategies include measures directed to prevent both virus source and vector introduction into production areas and to control vector population by many different control and elimination actions, including chemical treatments. Virusi imaju veliki uticaj na proizvodnju povrća i ukrasnih biljaka u zaštićenom prostoru, jer izazivaju oboljenja koja imaju za posledicu značajne ekonomske štete. Veliki broj virusa je infektivan za biljne vrste koje se gaje u zaštićenom prostoru. Među njima, mnogi virusi se prenose insektima, čime je otežana kontrola oboljenja koje izazivaju. Većina virusa koji mogu da zaraze određenu biljnu vrstu ne prouzrokuje značajna oboljenja, ali sa druge strane, nekoliko uobičajenih virusa koji se javljaju u zaštićenom prostoru i koji izazivaju značajne ekonomske gubitke, imaju širok krug domaćina, koji često uključuje mnogobrojne povrtarske biljke, korove i ukrasne biljke. Mada virusi obično prouzrokuju očigledne i izražene simptome, ponekad simptomi izazvani virusima podsećaju na simptome izazvane abiotskim činiocima ili drugim patogenima. Dijagnoza na osnovu simptoma veoma je teška i nepouzdana, zato što su simptomi raznovrsni i značajno variraju u zavisnosti od mnogih faktora, te je zbog toga potrebna identifikacija virusa prouzrokovača laboratorijskim analizama. Rana detekcija i identifikacija omogućavaju pravovremenu primenu niza specifičnih mera suzbijanja. Osnovne strategije kontrole podrazumevaju mere sprečavanja unošenja zaraženog ili vektorima infestiranog biljnog materijala u zaštićen prostor i mere kojima se sprečava ili usporava sekundarno širenje virusa, uključujući i hemijsku kontrolu populacije vektora.

Watermelon is susceptible to numerous plant pathogenic organisms, fungi, bacteria, viruses and other and its disease could be summarized as foliar diseases, root and vascular diseases and fruit diseases. In Serbia, the main concern is related to leaf blight (Alternaria cucumerina), gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae), anthracnose (Colletotrichum lagenarium) and fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum). Correct and on time diagnosis is the essential prerequisite for successful control of particular pathogen occurrence and further spread. Occurrence, presence and distribution as well as economic significance of watermelon viruses have not been studied very much in Serbia. So far, the presence of three viruses Watermelon mosaic virus, WMV, Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV and Zucchini yellow mosaic, ZYMV, has been established. Successful control watermelon virus diseases includes regular and planed insecticide treatments in order to reduce aphid population, herbicide treatments in order to eliminate alternative virus hosts and planting less susceptible cultivars. Kod nas se na lubenici javlja više biotskih bolesti koje izazivaju fitopatogene gljive, bakterije, virusi i nekoliko abiotskih činilaca. U odnosu na napadnuti biljni organ, mogu se podeliti na bolesti lista, bolesti korena i sprovodnih sudova i bolesti ploda. Pravovremena i pravilna dijagnostika oboljenja i identifikacija prouzrokovača osnovni je preduslov za izbor mera zaštite i sprečavanje pojave ili širenja bolesti. U našoj zemlji, od gljivičnih bolesti najveći problem predstavljaju pegavost lista (prouzrokovač Alternaria cucumerina), gumozno sušenje stabla (Didymella bryoniae), antraknoza (Colletotrichum lagenarium) i fuzariozno uvenuće (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum). Gljivične bolesti se kod nas, uglavnom, suzbijaju primenom fungicida (pegavost lista, antraknoza, gumoza stabla), agrotehničkim merama (plodored, kalemljenje) ili oplemenjivanjem na otpornost. Bakterijske bolesti lubenice su manje značajne u našoj zemlji. Protiv njih se ređe primenjuju direktne mere zaštite. Pojava, prisustvo i rasprostranjenost, kao i ekonomski značaj virusa lubenice u našoj zemlji malo su proučavani. Do sada su otkriveni virus mozaika lubenice (Watermelon mosaic virus, WMV), virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV) i virus žutog mozaika cukinija (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV). Suzbijanje virusnih oboljenja lubenice zasniva se na pravovremenoj i redovnoj primeni insekticida radi suzbijanja vaši i primeni herbicida da bi se eliminisali alternativni domaćini, kao i korišćenju otpornih ili manje osetljivih genotipova.

Three-year investigation of the presence and distribution of tobacco viruses in Serbia showed that Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) appeared every year with different frequency. During 2007, in two localities CMV was even prevalent both in single and in mixed infections, comparing to all other economically important tobacco viruses. Due to distinct leaf symptoms and stunting of plants, CMV infection causes great crop losses and leaf quality decrease and for that reason CMV appears to be very important tobacco virus in Serbia. Continuous presence of CMV in tobacco crops and its economically destructive effect implied the necessity for the development of a rapid and reliable protocol for CMV molecular detection which would be applicable in diagnostic laboratories in our country. During this investigation a rapid and simple protocol was optimized and developed for molecular detection of CMV in tobacco leaves, using primers CMVAu1u/CMVAu2d and commercially available kits for total RNA extraction as well as for RT-PCR. In RT-PCR by these primers that flank the CMV capsid protein gene, a DNA fragment of 847 bp was amplified in the samples of infected tobacco leaves. Obtained results show that established molecular detection procedure is suitable for reliable and efficient detection of tobacco CMV isolates originating from Serbia. Although serological methods are still useful for large-scale testing of great number of samples, this protocol is, due to its high sensitivity and specificity, an important improvement in conformation of the results obtained by other methods, in the detection of virus low concentrations and in further characterization of CMV isolates originating from Serbia. . Trogodišnjim proučavanjima pojave i rasprostranjenosti virusa duvana u Srbiji utvrđeno je da se virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV) javlja svake godine sa različitom učestalošću. Tokom 2007. godine na dva lokaliteta gajenja utvrđena je njegova prevalentnost kako u pojedinačnim tako i u mešanim infekcijama u odnosu na sve ostale ekonomski značajne viruse duvana. Usled promena u vidu izraženih simptoma na lišću i kržljavosti biljaka, CMV značajno utiče na smanjenje prinosa i kvaliteta lišća pa se smatra izuzetno važnim virusom duvana za našu zemlju. Stalno prisustvo CMV u usevu duvana i pripadnost grupi ekonomski štetnih virusa uslovili su potrebu za razvijanjem brzog i pouzdanog protokola za molekularnu detekciju koji bi bio primenljiv u dijagnostičkim laboratorijama u našoj zemlji. U toku ovih istraživanja razvijen je i optimiziran brz i precizan protokol za molekularnu detekciju CMV u lišću duvana primenom specifičnih prajmera CMVAu1u/CMVAu2d i komercijalnih kitova za ekstrakciju totalne RNA i RT-PCR. Korišćenjem ovih prajmera, čije se mesto vezivanja na genomu CMV nalazi na granicama gena za proteinski omotač, umnožen je fragment dužine od 847 bp. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da se razvijeni postupak za molekularnu identifikaciju može uspešno koristiti za detekciju CMV izolata iz Srbije u duvanu. Serološki metodi i dalje predstavljaju metod izbora za masovna testiranja velikog broja uzoraka, ali razvijeni protokol molekularne identifikacije predstavlja, zbog svoje izuzetne osetljivosti i specifičnosti, sredstvo za potvrdu rezultata dobijenih drugim metodima, kao i metod za dokazivanje virusa u niskoj koncentraciji i način za karakterizaciju CMV izolata poreklom iz Srbije.

Three-year investigation of the presence and distribution of tobacco viruses in Serbia showed that Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) appeared every year with different frequency. During 2007, in two localities CMV was even prevalent both in single and in mixed infections, comparing to all other economically important tobacco viruses. Due to distinct leaf symptoms and stunting of plants, CMV infection causes great crop losses and leaf quality decrease and for that reason CMV appears to be very important tobacco virus in Serbia. Continuous presence of CMV in tobacco crops and its economically destructive effect implied the necessity for the development of a rapid and reliable protocol for CMV molecular detection which would be applicable in diagnostic laboratories in our country. During this investigation a rapid and simple protocol was optimized and developed for molecular detection of CMV in tobacco leaves, using primers CMVAu1u/CMVAu2d and commercially available kits for total RNA extraction as well as for RT-PCR. In RT-PCR by these primers that flank the CMV capsid protein gene, a DNA fragment of 847 bp was amplified in the samples of infected tobacco leaves. Obtained results show that established molecular detection procedure is suitable for reliable and efficient detection of tobacco CMV isolates originating from Serbia. Although serological methods are still useful for large-scale testing of great number of samples, this protocol is, due to its high sensitivity and specificity, an important improvement in conformation of the results obtained by other methods, in the detection of virus low concentrations and in further characterization of CMV isolates originating from Serbia. Trogodišnjim proučavanjima pojave i rasprostranjenosti virusa duvana u Srbiji utvrđeno je da se virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV) javlja svake godine sa različitom učestalošću. Tokom 2007. godine na dva lokaliteta gajenja utvrđena je njegova prevalentnost kako u pojedinačnim tako i u mešanim infekcijama u odnosu na sve ostale ekonomski značajne viruse duvana. Usled promena u vidu izraženih simptoma na lišću i kržljavosti biljaka, CMV značajno utiče na smanjenje prinosa i kvaliteta lišća pa se smatra izuzetno važnim virusom duvana za našu zemlju. Stalno prisustvo CMV u usevu duvana i pripadnost grupi ekonomski štetnih virusa uslovili su potrebu za razvijanjem brzog i pouzdanog protokola za molekularnu detekciju koji bi bio primenljiv u dijagnostičkim laboratorijama u našoj zemlji. U toku ovih istraživanja razvijen je i optimiziran brz i precizan protokol za molekularnu detekciju CMV u lišću duvana primenom specifičnih prajmera CMVAu1u/CMVAu2d i komercijalnih kitova za ekstrakciju totalne RNA i RT-PCR. Korišćenjem ovih prajmera, čije se mesto vezivanja na genomu CMV nalazi na granicama gena za proteinski omotač, umnožen je fragment dužine od 847 bp. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da se razvijeni postupak za molekularnu identifikaciju može uspešno koristiti za detekciju CMV izolata iz Srbije u duvanu. Serološki metodi i dalje predstavljaju metod izbora za masovna testiranja velikog broja uzoraka, ali razvijeni protokol molekularne identifikacije predstavlja, zbog svoje izuzetne osetljivosti i specifičnosti, sredstvo za potvrdu rezultata dobijenih drugim metodima, kao i metod za dokazivanje virusa u niskoj koncentraciji i način za karakterizaciju CMV izolata poreklom iz Srbije.

Diseases cause significant yield and quality losses on onion crops and could be grouped as seed and seedling diseases, root and bulb diseases, foliage diseases and noninfectious disorders. In Serbia, the most economically important are: downy mildew (Peronospora destructor), leaf blight (Botry tis squamo sa), purple blotch (Alternaria po rri) and basal rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae). Successful control of significant onion diseases must include numerous cultural operations as well as fungicide application when ever necessary. During this year, the presence of potentially very destructive virus, Iris yellow spot virus, was established. In all onion production countries where IYSV is present, severe loses in onion production was noticed, especially in seed production. That is why it is important to take all available measures in order to prevent further spreading of this potentially very dangerous virus for onion production in our Serbia. Bolesti mogu izazvati ozbiljne gubitke prinosa i kvaliteta crnog luka. Po svojim specifičnostima, mogu se podeliti na bolesti semena i klijanaca, bolesti korena i lukovica, bolesti lista i abiotske poremećaje. Najznačajnije u našoj zemlji su plamenjača luka (prouzrokovač Peronospora destructor), pegavost lista (Botrytis squamosa), purpurna pegavost (Alternaria porri) i trulež stabla i osnove korena (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae). Uspešna zaštita od najznačajnijih bolesti crnog luka moguća je uz istovremenu primenu brojnih agrotehničkih mera i odgovarajuće hemijske zaštite. Tokom ove godine, u našoj zemlji ustanovljeno je prisustvo novog i potencijalno veoma opasnog virusa žute pegavosti irisa (Iris yellow spot virus, IYSV). U svima proizvodnim područjima luka, gde je ustanovljeno prisustvo IYSV, zabeležena je i njegova velika štetnost, naročito u semenskoj proizvodnji. Zbog toga je neophodno posvetiti pažnju sprečavanju daljeg širenja ovog potencijalno veoma opasnog virusa u proizvodnji crnog luka.

Potato virus Y (PVY) was first reported in 1930s, and now it is present in all potato, tobacco, pepper and tomato growing areas. According to the recent investigations of its presence and distribution, PVY is considered to be the most economically important tobacco virus in our country. Numerous aphid species can transmit this virus in a nonpersistant manner. Although the appearance and severity of the symptoms depend on virus strain as well as plant host cultivar, damage is always significant, especially in the case of early infections. In addition to the direct yield decrease, PVY causes changes in tobacco leaves quality. The most important measures of PVY control are: spatial isolation of tobacco and potato crops, control of aphid population in order to reduce the disease extent and the growing of resistant tobacco varieties when ever available. Prvi podaci o virusu crtičastog mozaika krompira (Potato virus Y, PVY) potiču iz 30-ih godina prošlog veka, a danas je poznato da je prisutan u svim područjima gajenja krompira, duvana, paprike i paradajza. Ispitivanje pojave i rasprostranjenosti virusa duvana poslednjih godina su pokazala da je PVY ekonomski najznačajniji virus duvana u našoj zemlji. PVY prenose brojne vrste biljnih vaši na neperzistentan način. Iako izgled i jačina simptoma zavise od soja virusa i sorte biljke domaćina štete su uvek značajne naročito u slučaju ranih zaraza. Pored direktnog smanjenja prinosa PVY dovodi do promene kvaliteta duvanskog lišća. Najvažnije mere kontrole PVY su: gajenje duvana i krompira na prostornoj udaljenosti, suzbijanje lisnih vaši radi smanjenja obima zaraze i korišćenje otpornih sorti duvana.

Seven important tobacco viruses were investigated in Montenegro in 2005: Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), Potato Virus Y (PVY), Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV), Tobacco Ring Spot Virus (TRSV) and Potato Virus X (PVX). This investigation included sample collection from four tobacco growing regions in Montenegro and their serological testing by DAS-ELISA test. Presence of different strains of PVY was investigated as well using DAS ELISA test with specific monoclonal antibodies. Serological results proved the presence of four tobacco viruses (TMV, CMV, PVY and AMV), while TSWV, TRSV and PVX were not found in the tested samples of tobacco crops in Montenegro. The results also showed that TMV and CMV were the most frequent (44.6% and 41.5% of tested samples, respectively) followed by PVY (15.4%) and the least frequent AMV (3.1%). Most samples were infected with one of the examined viruses. In the PVY population found in Montenegro, its necrotic strain (PVYN) was absolutely predominant. The results indicated the significance of TMV and CMV concerning tobacco viral infections in Montenegro, as well as a necessity of their detailed characterization at biological and molecular level. Istraživanja prisustva i rasprostranjenosti sedam ekonomski značajnijih virusa duvana: virusa mozaika duvana (Tobacco Mosaic Virus, TMV), virusa bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, TSWV), virusa mozaika krastavca (Cucumber Mosaic Virus, CMV), virusa crtičastog mozaika krompira (Potato Virus Y, PVY), virusa mozaika lucerke (Alfalfa Mosaic Virus, AMV), virusa prstenaste pegavosti duvana (Tobacco Ringspot Virus, TRSV) i virusa mozaika krompira (Potato Virus X, PVX) su obavljena na teritoriji Crne Gore tokom 2005. godine. Uzorci su sakupljeni u četiri različita lokaliteta gajenja duvana i testirani na prisustvo virusa primjenom DAS-ELISA testa. Serološkim analizama utvrđeno je prisustvo četiri ispitivana virusa: TMV, CMV, PVY i AMV, dok prisustvo TSWV, TRSV i PVX nije konstatovano u usjevima duvana u Crnoj Gori. Najveću zastupljenost imali su TMV (44.6%) i CMV (41.5%). Treći po raširenosti bio je PVY (15.4%), a četvrti AMV (3.1%). Takođe, primjenom DAS-ELISA testa i monoklonalnih antiseruma specifičnih za različite sojeve PVY, utvrđena je apsolutna dominantnost nekrotičnog soja (PVYN) u populaciji PVY. Rezultati ispitivanja su ukazali na značaj TMV i CMV u proizvodnji duvana u Crnoj Gori, ali i na neophodnost njihove detaljne karakterizacije na biološkom i molekularnom nivou i sprovođenje odgovarajućih mjera kontrole.

Carrot is a very popular and frequently consumed vegetable. Production area as well as economic value of carrot production in the world is growing constantly. Organic car- rot is among the most popular organic vegetable and giving the greatest profits. Organic carrot attracts more and more attention of growers as well as consumers. Fungi belonging to genus Alternaria, especially A. dauci, causing carrot leaf spot and decay, and A. radicina, causing carrot black rot, can jeopardize of yield quantity as well as quality. Their presence and disease intensity should constantly be controlled in all production phases. In our Serbia, the presence of both, A. dauci and A. radicina, is established and proved every year. Control of presence and intensity of diseases caused by these two important carrot pathogens is very complicated. Control must include simultaneous use of several different measures among which is sawing pathogen free seed the most important. Both diseases can be controlled by chemical and cultural measures, but employment of these measures in the conditions of high inoculum pressure is of limited efficiency. Pathogen free seed is the only efficient first step in order to obtain stabile and good quality carrots. Mrkva je veoma traženo i korišćeno povrće. Površine na kojima se gaji, kao i ekonomski značaj, u stalnom su porastu u svetu. Organski proizvedena mrkva spada u najtraženije povrće u svetu, koje najčešće donosi i veliki profit. Gljive koje pripadaju rodu Alternaria, naročito A. dauci, koja izaziva lisnu pegavost i sušenje lista i A. radicina, koja izaziva crnu trulež, mogu da ugroze celokupnu proizvodnju. Prisustvo ova dva značajna patogena, kao i jačinu bolesti koje izazivaju, treba stalno pratiti i kontrolisati u svim fazama proizvodnje. Prisustvo A. dauci i A. radicina redovno je svake godine u našoj zemlji. Kontrola jačine bolesti, koje ove dve gljive izazivaju, veoma je teška i komplikovana. Suzbijanje mora da uključi istovremenu primenu različitih mera, među kojima je najvažnija setva nezaraženog semena. Oba patogena mogu da se suzbijaju hemijskim i agrotehničkim merama, ali je njihova efikasnost u slovima visokog infekcionog pritiska ograničena.

Puccinia horiana, the cause of chrysanthemum white rust, is economically a very important fungus, which is widely distributed in almost all chrysanthemum growing regions. The presence of P. horiana in our country was last reported nearly 20 years ago. This pathogen is a quarantine pest, included on the SCG A2 list as well as the EPPO A2 list. In 2005 an intensive appearance of chrysanthemum white rust was recorded in the locality of Vinca. Identification of this obligate pathogen was performed by studying disease symptoms and the pathogen's morphological features. On the upper leaf surface numerous pale green to yellow sunken spots, 1-2 mm in diameter on the overage were noticeable. On the corresponding lower leaf surface, a buff of whitish pustules, telia, were found. Severely attacked leaves become yellowish, wilt and gradually dry up completely. In the whitish telia, formed on the lower leaf surface, the characteristic smooth, hyaline 2-celled teliospores with average dimensions of 41.25 x 15μm were established. Teiispores are on pedicel and slightly constricted along septae. The upper cell is thicker at the apex. Teliospores easily germinate in situ under moist conditions. About 15 days after artificial inoculation, chrysanthemum cut­tings reacted with characteristic symptoms. In order to prevent appearance or further spreading of P. horiana in certain regions, quarantine and other phytosanitary measures are recommended. These measures include: routine nursery inspections, in case of a disease outbreak, crop within the facility must be destroyed completely or partially, while surrounding susceptible plants are to be protected according to "three treatment protocol". Following strict appropriate measures, complete eradication of P. horiana from a certain region can be accomplished. Chemical treatment schedule should include fungicides with different modes of action and their rotation, in order to avoid development of pathogen resistance. In this investigation, reappearance of P. horiana, the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust, was confirmed in the locality of Vinca, in open field chrysanthemum production. Control measure recommendations were summarized as well, in order to protect chrysanthemum production in our country. . Puccinia horiana, prouzrokovač bele rđe hrizanteme, ekonomski veoma značajna gljiva, rasprostranjena je u većini regiona gajenja hrizanteme u svetu. U našoj zemlji prisustvo ove gljive poslednji put zabeleženo je pre dvadesetak godina. Ova vrsta se nalazi na A2 karantinskoj listi štetnih organizama SCG i EPPO. Tokom 2005. godine, na lokalitetu Vinca ustanovljena je intenzivna pojava bele rđe na hrizantemi gajenoj na otvorenom polju. Identifikacija ovog obligatnog patogena obavljena je na osnovu simptoma oboljenja i morfoloških karakteristika gljive. Na licu lista uočavaju se brojne, ulegnute hlorotične pege prečnika 1-2 mm. Na naličju, formiraju se beli brašnasti ispupčeni sorusi, koji po rasporedu odgovaraju hlorotičnim pegama na licu lista. Jako napadnuti listovi počinju da žute, venu i na kraju se potpuno osuše. U okviru belih sorusa sa naličja listova hrizanteme uočeno je prisustvo karakterističnih glatkih, hijalinskih, dvoćelijskih teleutospora, prosečnih dimenzija 41.25 x 15μm Teleutospore su blago ulegnute duž centralne septe, nalaze se na pedicelu, a na vrhu gornje ćelije nalazi se zadebljanje. U vlažnim uslovima, teleutospore lako klijaju in situ. U uslovima veštačke zaraze, karakteristični simptomi na reznicama hrizanteme razvili su se oko 15 dana po inokulaciji. U cilju sprečavanja pojave i širenja P. horiana na nekom području, preporučuju se karantinske i ostale fitosanitarne mere koje obuhvataju: stalni pregled sadnog materijala, potpuno ili delimično uništavanje useva u kojem dođe do pojave zaraze, kao i tretiranje okolnih osetljivih biljaka po "protokolu tri tretiranja". Doslednom primenom odgovarajućih mera može se postići potpuna eradikacija ovog patogena sa nekog područja. Prilikom hemijske kontrole prouzrokovača bele rđe hrizanteme, treba posvetiti pažnju odabiru i smeni fungicida sa različitim mehanizmima delovanja, zbog razvijanja rezistentnosti ili smanjene osetljivosti populacije gljive na pojedina jedinjenja. U ovom radu potvrđena je ponovna pojava gljive Puccinia horiana, prouzrokovača bele rđe hrizanteme u našoj zemlji, i date su preporuke o neophodnim koracima koje treba preduzeti da se ne bi ugrozila domaća proizvodnja hrizanteme.

Many features of Tomato spotted wilt virus make this virus unique among plant infecting viruses. This virus is considered to be the most widespread virus in the world and that fact is attributed to the rapid expansion of its the most efficient vector Frankliniella occidentalis (Western flower thrips). Tomato spotted wilt virus is extremely polyphagous with, probably, the widest host range of all plant viruses. It causes very destructive diseases of many economically important plants, especially in tobacco, tomato, pepper and ornamentals. It is also responsible for numerous epidemics in tobacco crops in different regions of the world. Since the control of the tomato spotted wilt virus is very complicated, it makes its significance even greater. Considerable efforts have been made in developing resistance or tolerance to Tomato spotted wilt virus infections in certain tobacco cultivars. The results obtained so far in breeding for virus resistance have been disappointed because of the lack of suitable natural forms of resistance, which if there is, is in most cases polygenic and based on the complex interaction among the virus, vector and plant. That is why there is a need for new genetically engineered forms of host plant resistance. However, the extreme variability of Tomato spotted wilt virus is the main cause of breaking the natural or engineered resistance of plants. Also, several biological characteristics of the thrips and rapid development of its resistance to insecticides make its control extremely difficult. It has been discovered recently that an early treatment of tobacco plants with the combination of two chemicals (an insecticide - imidacloprid and a plant defense activator - acibenzolar-S-methyl) could reduce or eliminate the symptoms of Tomato spotted wilt virus on tobacco. This, for the first time, gives the possibility of true control. Good knowledge of the biology and epidemiology of both the virus and its vector is essential for its successful control. An adequate control of Tomato spotted wilt virus can be achieved by integrated pest management including a combination of certain physical, cultural and chemical measures. Virus bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt virus) je, po mnogim svojim osobinama, jedinstven u odnosu na druge biljne viruse. Smatra se da je najrasprostranjeniji virus u svetu, zahvaljujući brzoj ekspanziji svog najefikasnijeg vektora - kalifornijskog tripsa, Frankliniella occidentalis. Virus bronzavosti paradajza je izrazito polifagan sa, verovatno, najširim krugom domaćina među svim biljnim virusima. Prouzrokuje veoma destruktivna oboljenja mnogih ekonomski važnih gajenih biljaka, a pre svega duvana, paradajza, paprike i ukrasnih biljaka. Na duvanu je izazvao brojne epidemije u različitim delovima sveta. Kontrola oboljenja koje ovaj virus izaziva na duvanu veoma je složena, što čini značaj ovog virusa još većim. Učinjeni su značajni napori da se dobiju rezistentni ili tolerantni kultivari duvana zaraze ovim virusom, ali su rezultati selekcije na otpornost razočaravajući. Razlog leži u nedostatku odgovarajuće forme prirodne otpornosti koja je, ako je uopšte ima, poligenetske prirode i zasniva se na kompleksnoj interakciji virusa, vektora i biljke. Zbog toga se ukazala potreba za iznalaženjem novih vidova otpornosti putem genetičkog inženjerstva. Međutim, teškoće u kontroli pričinjava i velika varijabilnost virusa, što uslovljava brzo slamanje otpornosti biljaka, bilo da je dobijena prirodnim putem ili genetičkim inženjerstvom. Takođe, neke biološke karakteristike tripsa i brzo razvijanje rezistentnosti prema insekticidima, čine kontrolu virusa izrazito teškom. Nedavno je otkriveno da dva jedinjenja, insekticid-imidacloprid i aktivator otpornosti biljaka - acibenzolar-S-methyl, ako se primene zajedno u ranim fazama razvoja duvana, mogu da smanje ili potpuno eliminišu simptome koje ovaj virus izaziva na duvanu. Ovo otkriće pruža mogućnost prave kontrole po prvi put. Uspešna kontrola oboljenja koje ovaj virus izaziva na duvanu podrazumeva dobro razumevanje biologije i epidemiologije i virusa i tripsa kao vektora. Sprovođenjem integralnog programa zaštite kombinacijom određenih fizičkih, agrotehničkih i hemijskih mera može se postići odgovarajuća kontrola virusa bronzavosti paradajza na duvanu.