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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common complication of extreme prematurity and carries increased respiratory morbidity into childhood and adulthood. Systemic administration of dexamethasone during the preterm period has been shown to decrease the incidence of BPD in this population. However, enthusiasm about its use has been tempered by early evidence that suggested potential adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. More recent studies suggest that the timing, dosing, and duration of therapy may have a significant impact on the safety and efficacy of dexamethasone administration and that side effects and harms may be minimized if its use is appropriately targeted. Focusing on studies published since the 2010s American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) statement on dexamethasone, this review seeks to examine the evidence from recent clinical trials to present the current state of knowledge regarding the systemic dexamethasone administration to prevent BPD in extremely premature infants and how dose, duration, and timing might impact its safety and efficacy in this vulnerable population.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare serial changes in pulmonary function in contemporary infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernias managed with a gentle ventilation approach. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort, single-center study of infants ≥35(0/7) weeks gestation at delivery with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Functional residual capacity (FRC), passive respiratory compliance, and passive respiratory resistance were measured presurgical and postsurgical repair and within 2 weeks of discharge. A 1-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to evaluate the change in FRC, passive respiratory compliance, and passive respiratory resistance over these repeated measures. RESULTS: Twenty-eight infants were included in the analysis with a mean gestational age of 38.3 weeks and birth weight of 3139 g. We found a significant increase in FRC across the 3 time points (mean in mL/kg [SD]: 10.9 [3.6] to 18.5 [5.2] to 24.2 [4.4]; P < .0001). There was also a significant increase in passive respiratory compliance and decrease in passive respiratory resistance. In contrast to a previous report, there were survivors in the current cohort with a preoperative FRC of

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of childhood blindness. Screening and treatment reduces this risk, but requires multiple examinations of infants, most of whom will not develop severe disease. Previous work has suggested that artificial intelligence may be able to detect incident severe disease (treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity [TR-ROP]) before clinical diagnosis. We aimed to build a risk model that combined artificial intelligence with clinical demographics to reduce the number of examinations without missing cases of TR-ROP. METHODS Infants undergoing routine ROP screening examinations (1579 total eyes, 190 with TR-ROP) were recruited from 8 North American study centers. A vascular severity score (VSS) was derived from retinal fundus images obtained at 32 to 33 weeks’ postmenstrual age. Seven ElasticNet logistic regression models were trained on all combinations of birth weight, gestational age, and VSS. The area under the precision-recall curve was used to identify the highest-performing model. RESULTS The gestational age + VSS model had the highest performance (mean ± SD area under the precision-recall curve: 0.35 ± 0.11). On 2 different test data sets (n = 444 and n = 132), sensitivity was 100% (positive predictive value: 28.1% and 22.6%) and specificity was 48.9% and 80.8% (negative predictive value: 100.0%). CONCLUSIONS Using a single examination, this model identified all infants who developed TR-ROP, on average, >1 month before diagnosis with moderate to high specificity. This approach could lead to earlier identification of incident severe ROP, reducing late diagnosis and treatment while simultaneously reducing the number of ROP examinations and unnecessary physiologic stress for low-risk infants.

To assess the effects of Bifidobacteriumlongum subsp. infantis EVC001 (Binfantis EVC001) administration on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants in a single level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Nonconcurrent retrospective analysis of 2 cohorts of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants not exposed and exposed to Binfantis EVC001 probiotic at Oregon HealthScience University from 2014 to 2020. Outcomes included NEC incidence and NEC-associated mortality, including subgroup analysis of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Log-binomial regression models were used to compare the incidence and risk of NEC-associated outcomes between the unexposed and exposed cohorts.The cumulative incidence of NEC diagnoses decreased from 11.0% (n = 301) in the no EVC001 (unexposed) cohort to 2.7% (n = 182) in the EVC001 (exposed) cohort (P .01). The EVC001 cohort had a 73% risk reduction of NEC compared with the no EVC001 cohort (adjusted risk ratio, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.094-0.614; P .01) resulting in an adjusted number needed to treat of 13 (95% CI, 10.0-23.5) for Binfantis EVC001. NEC-associated mortality decreased from 2.7% in the no EVC001 cohort to 0% in the EVC001 cohort (P = .03). There were similar reductions in NEC incidence and risk for ELBW infants (19.2% vs 5.3% [P .01]; adjusted risk ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.085-0.698 [P = .02]) and mortality (5.6% vs 0%; P .05) in the 2 cohorts.In this observational study of 483 VLBW infants, Binfantis EVC001 administration was associated with significant reductions in the risk of NEC and NEC-related mortality. Binfantis EVC001 supplementation may be considered safe and effective for reducing morbidity and mortality in the NICU.

For healthy individuals, it is increasingly accepted that lung function follows along an individual percentile established early in life and that the level of maximal function reached as a young adult can affect the subsequent development of lung disease that occurs with the normal aging process. This emphasizes the need to maximize early lung function. The trajectories of lung function are at least partially established by perinatal factors, including prematurity and in utero exposures (tobacco exposure, nutrition, inflammation, etc), although they can also be affected by a variety of additional factors and exposures throughout the life span. Whether lung function trajectories can be impacted or reset if established under suboptimal conditions is an unanswered question, offering new avenues for research. In this review, we will summarize important articles outlining lung function trajectories and linking pediatric lung function tests to adult lung function tests decades later. We will focus on perinatal factors and outline progress and opportunities for further investigation into the potential ability to reset trajectories to impact long-term lung health.

Objective To evaluate if premature infants delivered ≤7 days after rescue antenatal steroid treatment (ideal treatment) have increased passive respiratory compliance compared to those delivered ˃7 days after treatment (remote treatment). Methods Secondary analysis of a randomized trial of rescue antenatal steroids on respiratory compliance. Infants in the treatment group were stratified by the interval between rescue antenatal steroids and delivery. We then compared the respiratory compliance in the ideal versus remote groups. Results 44 women (56 infants) received rescue antenatal steroids. 49 infants had evaluable respiratory compliance measurements, with 27 (GA 30.0 weeks, BW 1362g) “ideally” treated, and 22 (GA 33.8 weeks, BW 2248g) “remotely” treated. Respiratory compliance was significantly higher for the ideal compared to the remote group (1.32 vs 1.06 mL/cm H20/kg; p = 0.037). Conclusion Infants treated with rescue antenatal steroids have a significantly higher respiratory compliance if delivery occurs within 7 days after treatment.

Objective/Purpose Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of childhood blindness related to oxygen exposure to the developing retina in premature infants. Since oxygen monitoring protocols have reduced the incidence of treatment-requiring ROP (TR-ROP), it remains unclear whether oxygen exposure remains a relevant risk factor for incident TR-ROP and aggressive ROP (A-ROP), a severe, rapidly progressing form of ROP. The purpose of this proof-of-concept study was to use electronic health record (EHR) data to evaluate early neonatal oxygen exposure as a predictive variable for developing TR-ROP and A-ROP. Design Retrospective cohort study. Subjects, Participants, and/or Controls 244 infants screened for ROP at a single academic center. Methods Intervention, or Testing: For each infant, oxygen saturations and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) were manually extracted from the EHR until 31 weeks PMA. Cumulative minimum, maximum, mean oxygen saturation and FiO₂ were calculated on a weekly basis. Random forest models were trained with 5-fold cross-validation using GA and cumulative minimum FiO₂ at 30 weeks PMA to identify infants who developed TR-ROP. Secondary ROC analysis on infants with/without A-ROP was performed without cross-validation due to small numbers. Main Outcomes/Measures For each model, cross-validation performance for incident TR-ROP was assessed using area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) and precision-recall curve (AURPC) scores. For A-ROP, we calculated AUROC, and evaluated sensitivity and specificity at a high-sensitivity operating point. Results Of the 244 infants included, 33 developed TR-ROP and 5 were diagnosed with A-ROP. For incident TR-ROP, random forest models trained on GA plus cumulative minimum FiO₂ (AUROC=0.93±0.06, AUPRC=0.70±0.08) were not significantly better those trained on GA alone (AUROC=0.92±0.06, p=0.59; AUPRC=0.74±0.12, p=0.32). However, models using oxygen alone had an AUROC of 0.80±0.09. Secondary ROC analysis for A-ROP found an AUROC=0.92 [95% CI 0.87-0.96]. Conclusions Oxygen exposure can be extracted from the EHR and quantified as a risk factor for incident TR-ROP and A-ROP. Extracting quantifiable clinical features from the EHR may be useful in the future for building integrative risk models for multiple diseases, and evaluating the complex relationships between oxygen exposure, ROP, and other sequelae of prematurity.

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in premature infants. It is caused by surfactant deficiency and lung immaturity. Lucinactant is a synthetic surfactant containing sinapultide, a bioengineered peptide mimic of surfactant-associated protein B. A meta-analysis of clinical trials demonstrates that lucinactant is as effective as animal-derived surfactants in preventing RDS in premature neonates, and in vitro studies suggest it is more resistant to oxidative and protein-induced inactivation. Its synthetic origin confers lower infection and inflammation risks as well other potential benefits, which may make lucinactant an advantageous alternative to its animal-derived counterparts, which are presently the standard treatment for RDS.

Genetic studies in mice suggest that Wnt4 signaling antagonizes expression of male hormones and effectively blocks male development in the female embryo. We recently identified an XY intersex patient carrying a chromosomal duplication of the WNT4 locus and proposed that this patient's feminization arises from an increased dosage of WNT4. To test this hypothesis, a transgenic mouse was generated with a large genomic P1 containing the human WNT4 . Although a complete male to female intersex phenotype was not observed in WNT4 transgenic male mice, a dramatic reduction in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein was detected consistent with the marked reduction in serum and testicular androgen levels. Furthermore, a mild reduction of germ cells and a disorganized vascular system were observed in testes of WNT4 transgenic males. Consistent with these in vivo data, Wnt4 repressed steroidogenesis in adrenocortical and Leydig cell lines, as evidenced by reduced progesterone secretion and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. In vitro studies showed that Wnt4 antagonizes the functional synergy observed between the major effector of the Wnt signaling pathway, β-catenin and steroidogenic factor 1, and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Wnt4 attenuates recruitment of β-catenin to the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein promoter. Our findings suggest a model in which Wnt4 acts as an anti-male factor by disrupting recruitment of β-catenin at or near steroidogenic factor 1 binding sites present in multiple steroidogenic genes.

In humans, mutations in the testis-determining gene SRY result in XY sex reversal with pure gonadal dysgenesis (PGD). However, only about 10-15% of the cases of PGD can be explained by mutations within the SRY open reading frame, suggesting the existence of other sex-determining genes. Although SRY is known to bind and bend DNA, its target and mode of action remain elusive. Here, we describe a novel mutation in SRY at codon 127, resulting in a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) substitution in the protein. This sequence variant was found not only in the XY female patient but also in her father, who is a phenotypically normal male. However, this Y127F variant was not found in the SRY sequences of 93 other randomly chosen males. This substitution affects a highly conserved tyrosine residue in the HMG box of SRY, in which two de novo mutations have been described previously in XY females with PGD. Furthermore, electromobility shift studies demonstrate that SRY protein harboring the Y127F variant is incapable of binding consensus SRY binding sites in vitro. Taken together, these data suggest that the Y127F variant is a novel mutation with functional consequences and not simply a polymorphism. The allelic variant of SRY transmitted in this family and shared by both a phenotypic female (proband) and a phenotypic male (proband's father) emphasizes the importance of modifier genes in the sex determination pathway.

Objective To compare the pulmonary function, measured at birth and at hospital discharge, of infants whose mothers had been randomized to a single rescue course of antenatal steroids versus those whose mothers had been randomized to placebo. Study design This study involved follow-up at hospital discharge of subjects of a randomized, double-blinded trial. In the original trial, pregnant women at ≥14 days after their initial course of antenatal steroids and

We hypothesized that acute kidney injury (AKI) in asphyxiated neonates treated with therapeutic hypothermia would be associated with hypoxic-ischemic lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Medical records of 88 cooled neonates who had had brain MRI were reviewed. All neonates had serum creatinine assessed before the start of cooling; at 24, 48, and 72 h through cooling; and then on day 5 or 7 of life. A neonatal modification of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines was used to classify AKI. MRI images were evaluated by a neuroradiologist masked to outcomes. Outcome of interest was abnormal brain MRI at 7-10 d of life.AKI was found in 34 (39%) of 88 neonates, with 15, 7, and 12 fulfilling criteria for stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Brain MRI abnormalities related to hypoxia-ischemia were present in 50 (59%) newborns. Abnormal MRI was more frequent in infants from the AKI group (AKI: 25 of 34, 73% vs. no AKI: 25 of 54, 46%; P = 0.012; odds ratio (OR) = 3.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3-8.2). Multivariate analysis identified AKI (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.1-7.6) to be independently associated with the primary outcome.AKI is independently associated with the presence of hypoxic-ischemic lesions on postcooling brain MRI.

To test the hypothesis that acute kidney injury (AKI) would be independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality.A total of 96 consecutively cooled infants were reviewed retrospectively. Modified Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria were used to classify AKI based on absolute rise in serum creatinine (SCr) level from a previous trough (stage I, rise in SCr of 0.3 mg/dL or SCr 150-200%; stage II, rise in SCr of 200-300%; stage III, rise in SCr of ≥300%, SCr 2.5 mg/dL, or dialysis). Outcomes were mortality, duration of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation.AKI occurred in 36 of 96 infants (38%). Overall mortality was 7% and was higher for those with AKI, with the difference approaching statistical significance (14% vs 3% in those without AKI; P = .099). Patients with AKI stayed longer in the NICU (mean, 15.4 ± 9.3 days vs 11 ± 5.9 days; P = .014) and required prolonged mechanical ventilation (mean, 9.7 ± 5.9 days vs 4.8 ± 3.7 days; P .001). On multivariate analysis, AKI remained predictive of prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and prolonged NICU stay.We used the Acute Kidney Injury Network definition for AKI in asphyxiated newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia to demonstrate that the incidence of AKI remains high, but lower than rates published before the advent of therapeutic hypothermia. We highlight the importance of recognizing AKI in asphyxiated newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia, along with the potential benefits of early recognition.

Many consider the distinction between the two sexes, male and female, to be absolute. Genetic studies of the mechanisms of sexual development have shown the complexity of sex determination and have started to unveil, at the molecular level, how a number of individuals can develop as intersex.

We hypothesized that hypoxic-ischemic lesion on brain MRI would differ between infants with AKI compared to those without AKI following cooling. Methods 88 consecutively cooled infants who had brain MRI were reviewed. All infants had renal function assessed before the start of cooling (baseline); at 24, 48, and 72h through cooling; and then on day 5 or 7 of life. Injuries to both basal nuclei and cortex on MRI were considered severely abnormal. Results AKI was found in 34 (39%) of 88 infants with 15, 7, and 12 fulfilling AKI network criteria for stage I, II, and III, respectively. Hypoxic-ischemic lesion on brain MRI was present in 50 infants. In 26 infants (AKI 14, no AKI 12), MRI was severely abnormal. Abnormal MRI was more frequent in the AKI group (AKI 25 of 34, 73% versus No AKI 25 of 54, 46%, p=0.012, OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3–8.2). Multivariate analysis identified only the AKI (p=0.032, OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.1–7.6), and chest compression for resuscitation to be independently associated with primary outcome. Severely abnormal MRI were similar between infants with stage III and stage II AKI (stage III 3 of 12, 25% versus stage II 3 of 7, 43%; p=0.617), or stage I AKI (stage III 3 of 12, 25% versus stage I 8 of 15, 53%; p=0.238). Conclusions AKI is independently associated with the presence of hypoxic-ischemic lesions on post-cooling brain MRI. However, the severity of AKI did not correlate with the severity of brain MRI abnormalities.