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International audience; Mighei-type carbonaceous chondrites (CM) figure among the most primitive objects in the solar system. Yet, they all have experienced various degrees of aqueous alteration having modified their insoluble organic matter (IOM), in a sequence that remains to be accurately constrained. Here, we exposed the IOM of Paris, the least altered CM available, to hydrothermal conditions at 150 °C for 49 days and compared the experimental residue to the IOM of two altered CMs likely originating from the same parent body as Paris, namely Aguas Zarcas and Mukundpura. The experimental residue shows a chemical and isotopic composition similar to those of Aguas Zarcas and Mukundpura IOMs, confirming that these CMs can be seen as altered counterparts of Paris. The abundance of organic radicals also increases significantly during the experiment. Isotopic hotspots do not seem to have been lost during the experiment, suggesting that the hotspots generally observed within the CM IOMs may date back from pre-accretion era. Of note, the Raman signature of the residue differs from that of the CM IOMs, highlighting the need for further experiments better mimicking asteroidal-like conditions.

Many management strategies exist for neuroendocrine liver metastases. These strategies range from surgery to ablation with various interventional radiology procedures, and include both regional and systemic therapy with diverse biological, cytotoxic, or targeted agents. A paucity of biological, molecular, and genomic information and an absence of data from rigorous trials limit the validity of many publications detailing management. This Review represents the views from an international conference, for which 15 expert working groups prepared evidence-based assessments addressing specific questions, and from which an independent jury derived final recommendations. The aim of the conference was to review the existing approaches to neuroendocrine liver metastases, assess the evidence on which management decisions were based, develop internationally acceptable recommendations for clinical practice (when evidence was available), and make recommendations for clinical and research endeavours. This report represents the final clinical statements and proposals for future research. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Viruses inhabiting the surface mucus layer of scleractinian corals have received little ecological attention so far. Yet they have recently been shown to be highly abundant and could even play a pivotal role in coral health. A fundamental aspect that remains unresolved is whether their abundance and diversity change with the trophic state of their environment. The present study examined the variability in the abundance of viral and bacterial epibionts on 13 coral species collected from 2 different sites in the Ha Long Bay, Vietnam: one station heavily affected by anthropogenic activity (Cat Ba Island) and one protected offshore station (Long Chau Island). In general, viral abundance was significantly higher in coral mucus (mean = 10.6 +/- 2.0 x 10(7) virus-like particles ml(-1)) than in the surrounding water (5.2 +/- 1.3 x 10(7) virus-like particles ml(-1)). Concomitantly, the abundance and community diversity (inferred from phylogenetic and morphological analyses) of their mucosal bacterial hosts strongly differed from their planktonic counterparts. Surprisingly, despite large differences in water quality and nutrient concentrations between Cat Ba and Long Chau, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of epibiotic viruses and bacteria measured in the only 2 coral species (i.e. Pavona decussata and Lobophyllia flabelliformis) that were common at both sites. The ability of corals to shed bacteria to compensate for their fast growth in nutrient-rich mucus is questioned here.

Changes in environmental conditions and prokaryote physiology can strongly affect the dynamics of both the lysogenic and lytic bacteriophage replication cycles in aquatic systems. However, it remains unclear whether it is the nature, amplitude or frequency of these changes that alter the phage replication cycles. We performed an annual survey of three Mediterranean lagoons with contrasting levels of chlorophyll a concentration and salinity to explore how these cues and their variability influence either replication cycle. The lytic cycle was always detected and showed seasonal patterns, whereas the lysogenic cycle was often undetected and highly variable. The lytic cycle was influenced by environmental and prokaryotic physiological cues, increasing with concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, chlorophyll a, and the proportion of respiring cells, and decreasing with the proportion of damaged cells. In contrast, lysogeny was not explained by the magnitude of any environmental or physiological parameter, but increased with the amplitude of change in prokaryote physiology. Our study suggests that both cycles are regulated by distinct factors: the lytic cycle is dependent on environmental parameters and host physiology, while lysogeny is dependent on the variability of prokaryote physiology. This could lead to the contrasting patterns observed between both cycles in aquatic systems.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU; The objectives of the FloodScale project were to progress in the knowledge, understanding and simulation of hydrological processes leading to flash floods in the Mediterranean area. These flash floods and the rainfall events that trigger them lead, each year, to fatalities and a large amount of damage in this region, but processes leading to their generation remained poorly known and hierarchized. The FloodScale project contributed significantly to the 'hydrology' part of the international HyMeX (Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) program. Several aspects were tackled in the project: observation, understanding and simulation of flash floods, with in the background, two fundamental questions in hydrology: the change of scale problem and the prediction in ungauged catchments. These two questions are particularly relevant for flash floods that often occur in small ungauged catchments but that may interest a large territory, requiring understanding and modelling at small scale and over a large area. For the observation of flash floods and data collection allowing tackling the two scientific questions mentioned above, a multi-scale observation strategy was set up in two meso-scales catchments of the Cévennes region: the Gard and Ardèche catchments. Three scales were considered in the sampling strategy: 1/ the hillslope scale for documenting hydrological processes; 2/ the small catchment scale (1-100 km2) where the spatial variability of landscapes and hydrological processes was monitored and described and 3/ the meso-scale catchment scales (100-2000 km2) relevant for management and warning. These observations combined continuous measurements during four years (rainfall, water level in streams, discharge, soil moisture) and opportunistic measurements during the four autumns of the project: gauging of flooding rivers, sampling of soil moisture and geochemistry sampling of rainfall, streams and soil water. The observation strategy was found relevant and allowed documenting both the 'normal' catchment behavior and a selection of flash floods across scales. The project also allowed evaluating several new measurements techniques such as the saturometer for estimating soil infiltration capacity but also the interest of non-contact measurements for 1/ estimating soil depth or monitoring water fluxes thanks to electrical resistivity, 2/ estimating flooding discharges (use of portable surface velocity radars, fixed cameras and analysis of citizens videos). Methods for merging radar rainfall and pluviometers data were also proposed and improved and proved relevant to describe properly rainfall time and space variability. We should also mention methodological progress for quantifying rainfall and discharge uncertainty. Analysis of the collected data showed a large variability of soil hydraulic properties on the hillslope scale, whereas those properties were quite stable across hillslopes. At the scale of the whole Cévennes-Vivarais region, geology and land use were found discriminant for explaining soil hydraulic properties spatial variability. A high degree of soil depth variability is also a characteristic of the soils in the region and it is necessary to take it into account into models. Hillslope experiments, but also the analysis of opportunistic or continuous geochemistry sampling show the large contribution of quick lateral sub-surface flow in granite and schist geology with a natural vegetation, but also their role in sedimentary and agricultural areas. Soil water storage inferred from existing data bases was also found to be greatly underestimated because they do not account for water storage in the deep weathered and fractured bedrock layers. The soil-bedrock interface was found to be pervious, with high infiltration capacities. Analysis of soil moisture data combined with the hydrological response show threshold effect at the transition between dry and wet conditions with a low hydrological response below this humidity threshold and a large variability in the response when soil water content is above this threshold. The simulation and modelling of flash floods was performed using a hypothesis testing framework, where various functioning hypotheses are assessed by comparing modeled and observed values. The project results proved the validity and interest of this iterative approach. At the small catchment scales, various models, based on different hypotheses about dominant processes were used. The results show that one process is generally not sufficient to reproduce the observed response and that sub-surface fluxes must be included in the modeling as well as the spatial variability of soil water storage. More specifically, a distributed modelling approach, designed from field observations was shown to be relevant and robust to the change of scale. At the regional scale, top-down and bottom-up approaches were set up and assessed. The studies confirm the need to account for water storage in deeper weathered horizons for a correct simulation of soil water storage capacity. They also show that geology must be also taken into account to correctly simulate the spatial variability of the hydrological response. Both approaches allow a satisfactory simulation of this variability, in particular during flash floods. Those models provide simulations in ungauged catchments. During the project a large effort was dedicated to data collection, validation and documentation for inclusion in several data bases. The collected data set document various aspects of flash floods at various scales and is quite unique. All the collected data were only partially analyzed and exploited during the project, with a focus on sites analyses to verify the consistency of the data and have a first insight into active processes. The most promising perspective of the work is certainly a global analysis of the data sets by pooling all the data from the various sites together to obtain a picture of hydrological responses on the scale of the whole region. The effort of documenting rainfall and discharge uncertainty on rainfall and discharge also offers rich perspectives to better take uncertainty into account in models, in their evaluation and calibration.; Le projet FloodScale avait pour objectif de progresser sur la connaissance, la compréhension et la simulation des processus hydrologiques conduisant aux crues rapides en zone Méditerranéenne. Ces crues rapides et les épisodes pluvieux importants qui les génèrent conduisent chaque année à des pertes humaines et matérielles très importantes dans cette région mais les processus conduisant à leur genèse restaient encore mal connus ou hiérarchisés. Par ailleurs, FloodScale représente une contribution importante au volet « hydrologie » du programme international HyMeX (Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment). Le projet a abordé plusieurs volets : l’observation, la compréhension et la simulation des crues rapides, avec en toile de fond, deux questions fondamentales en hydrologie : le changement d’échelle et la prédiction en bassins non jaugés. Ces deux problématiques sont particulièrement pertinentes pour les crues rapides qui affectent souvent de petits bassins sans mesure des débits et peuvent concerner de larges étendues, nécessitant une compréhension et une modélisation à échelle fine et sur de vastes territoires. Pour l’observation des crues rapides et le recueil de données permettant d’aborder les questions ci-dessus, une stratégie multi-échelle a été mise en ½uvre sur deux bassins de méso-échelle des Cévennes : le Gard et l’Ardèche. Trois échelles spatiales ont été considérées : 1/ le versant pour la documentation des processus ; 2/ l’échelle du petit bassin (1-100 km2) pour la description de la variabilité spatiale des paysages et des réponses hydrologiques et 3/ l’échelle du bassin de méso-échelle (100-2000 km2) pertinente pour la gestion et la prévision. Ces observations ont combiné des mesures en continu sur quatre ans (pluie, hauteur d’eau, débits, humidité des sols) et des mesures sur alerte durant les quatre automnes du projet : jaugeages en crue, échantillonnage de l’humidité des sols, échantillonnages géochimiques. Cette stratégie d’observations s’est révélée pertinente et a permis de documenter non seulement plusieurs épisodes de crues rapides à différentes échelles mais aussi le fonctionnement « normal » des bassins versants. Le projet a aussi permis de tester et valider des méthodes de mesure innovantes telles que le saturomètre pour les capacités d’infiltration des sols, ainsi que l’intérêt de mesures sans contact pour 1/ l’estimation des profondeurs de sols ou le suivi des flux d’eau grâce à la résistivité électrique, 2/ les mesures de débit de crue (utilisation de radars de vitesse, de caméras fixes, analyses de vidéo amateurs). Des méthodes de fusion de données radar et pluviomètres ont aussi été proposées et développées et se sont aussi révélées pertinentes pour améliorer la connaissance de la pluviométrie et sa variabilité spatiale et temporelle. Mentionnons aussi les avancées méthodologiques permettant de quantifier les incertitudes sur les pluies et les débits. L’analyse des données collectées a permis de mettre en évidence une forte variabilité spatiale des propriétés hydrodynamiques des sols intra-versant, mais une relative stabilité de ces propriétés inter-versants. A l’échelle des Cévennes, la géologie et l’occupation des sols apparaissent comme des éléments discriminants sur la variabilité spatiale de ces grandeurs. La variabilité des profondeurs des sols est aussi une caractéristique des milieux étudiés, qu’il est nécessaire de prendre en compte dans les modèles. Les expérimentations de versants, mais aussi l’analyse des données géochimiques des campagnes sur alerte ou mesurées en continu confirment la prépondérance d’écoulements latéraux de sub-surface rapides en terrain granitiques ou sur schiste et végétation naturelle, et leur importance, même sur terrains sédimentaires et agricoles. Il a aussi été montré que les capacités de stockage des sols issues de bases de données sols étaient largement sous-estimées car elles ne prennent pas en compte le stockage dans les horizons de socle altéré et fracturé. L’interface sol-bedrock s’est par ailleurs révélée perméable, avec des capacités d’infiltration élevées. Les mesures d’humidité des sols combinées à l’analyse de la réponse hydrologique mettent en évidence un effet de seuil au moment du passage de conditions de sol sèches à humides avec une réponse hydrologique très faible en conditions sèches et une forte variabilité de la réponse hydrologique en conditions humides. La modélisation et la simulation des crues rapides ont été abordées dans un esprit d’évaluation/comparaison de différentes hypothèses de fonctionnement en s’appuyant sur les données collectées et l’analyse des différences entre simulation et observation. Les résultats du projet ont aussi permis de valider la pertinence de cette approche itérative. A l’échelle des petits bassins, différents modèles reposant sur différentes hypothèses de processus dominants ont été mis en ½uvre et testés. Ces essais montrent qu’un seul processus ne peut suffire à expliquer les réponses observées et que les flux de sub-surface doivent impérativement être considérés pour une simulation correcte des observations, de même que la variabilité spatiale des capacités de stockage des sols. En particulier, une modélisation distribuée, construite à partir des observations de terrain s’est révélée particulièrement pertinente et robuste au changement d’échelle. A l’échelle régionale, deux approches de modélisation « top-down » et « bottom-up » ont été mise en ½uvre et évaluée. Les études confirment la nécessité de prendre en compte les horizons altérés pour la bonne représentation des capacités de stockage dans les sols. Elles mettent en évidence la nécessité de bien prendre en compte la géologie pour simuler correctement la variabilité des réponses hydrologiques et que les deux types d’approches permettent de représenter de manière satisfaisante cette variabilité, notamment pour les crues rapides. Ces modèles permettent d’obtenir des simulations en bassins non jaugés. Durant le projet, un effort important a été consacré à l’acquisition, la validation et la mise à disposition de riches jeux de données documentant différents aspects pertinents pour la compréhension des crues rapides. Ces données ont été exploitées de manière fragmentaire durant le projet, avec une focalisation sur des analyses par site d’études visant à confirmer la cohérence des données acquises. Une des perspectives les plus prometteuses est maintenant la mise en perspective des données des différents sites et une analyse globale des comportements à l’échelle de toute la région cévenole. Les efforts menés pour caractériser les incertitudes sur la pluie et les débits offrent aussi d’intéressantes perspectives pour une meilleure prise en compte dans les modèles, leur évaluation et leur calibration.

SARS-CoV-2; Carcinoids; Vaccination SARS-CoV-2; Carcinoides; Vacunación SARS-CoV-2; Carcinoides; Vacunació The COVID-19 outbreak has added complexity in the management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Little information is currently available regarding the real impact of the pandemic in current practice. The present study aimed to capture patients' and healthcare professionals' experiences on how the NET management has changed during the pandemic and how it should be modified in a foreseeable post-pandemic environment. Physicians and nurses working in ENETS Centers of Excellence or other hospitals with high volume of NET patients (n = 48), as well as NET patients residing worldwide (n = 353), were asked to respond to two online anonymous surveys addressing different aspects of NET care. Deferred diagnoses, delayed surveillance procedures and postponed elective surgeries were among the main negative consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak according to 40%, 54% and 46% of healthcare professionals (HPs) respectively. Somatostatin analogs were increasingly used as bridging strategy for delaying surgery based on the views of 31% of HPs and were self-injected or delivered by home care services more frequently than before the initiation of the pandemic (53% of patients during the pandemic vs. 44% before the pandemic). Multidisciplinary tumor boards kept their usual schedule according to 58% of HPs, but were held virtually in the 77% of cases. The contact with healthcare professionals was maintained by remote methods more often than in the past (69% of patients), but only 34% of patients (59% among subjects

International audience; Bouvier, C., Balouin Y., Castelle B. and Valentini N., 2020. Video depth inversion at a microtidal site exposed to prevailing low-energy short-period waves and episodic severe storms. Over the last decades, a wide range of depth inversion algorithms have been developed, which aim to infer local water depth from remotely-sensed wave parameters based on physical relations. Particularly, the depth inversion algorithm named cBathy (Holman et al., 2013) showed good results for a range of wave conditions and environments but the method was only applied to beaches exposed to moderate or highly energetic wave climate, with wave peak period often larger than 8 s. This paper applies the cBathy algorithm for the very first time on a Mediterranean Sea beach, Sète, southeast France, a semidiurnal microtidal environment exposed to a moderate-energy modal wave climate and episodic severe storms. The objective of the paper is to assess the ability of the cBathy algorithm to estimate the nearshore bathymetry for waves with large energy spread in both direction and frequency. After a comparison between the remotely sensed bathymetry and a ground truth bathymetric survey, we use a non-linear, depth-averaged morphodynamic model, 2DBeach (Dubarbier et al., 2017), on remotely sensed bathymetries to determine the sensitivity of nearshore waves and horizontal circulations to the estimated morphology. The depth inversion technique estimates the nearshore bathymetry with good accuracy (RMSE = 0.39 m) for a beach area extending respectively 1600 m and 600 m in the longshore and cross-shore directions, respectively, suggesting the technical feasibility of coupling remotely-sensed bathymetry to 2DH numerical model, even at short-waves exposed Mediterranean beaches.

Valentini, N.; Balouin, Y., and Bouvier, C., 2020. Exploiting the capabilities of Surfcam for coastal morphodynamic analysis. In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 1333–1338. Seville (Spain), ISSN 0749-0208.A free webcam network is used in this study, operated by ©Viewsurf, a European company with more than 1200 stations in France, among beaches, urban and mountain areas in order to assess the capabilities of surfcam for coastal morphodynamics analysis. Four representative coastal sites, with different tidal range and wave energy are monitored in order to extract optical signatures for morphodynamic analysis: three in the Atlantic and a gravel beach in the Mediterranean area. A representative site is here documented, Hendaye beach, which is characterized by a meso-tidal environment, with highly energetic waves often present, which makes the image processing challenging. Shoreline detections for beach width and intertidal area calculation are accomplished by using a new image segmentation algorithm, based on a framework, derived by opportunely coupling a superpixels algorithm and a Deep-Conditional-Neural-Network DCNN model. Aiming to exploit the capabilities of cBathy algorithm (Holman, Plant, and Holland, 2013), a version of the open-source methodology (https://coastal-imaging-research-network.github.io), is employed for bathymetry reconstruction. A coupled bathymetry by merging cBathy depth estimate and intertidal reconstructed depth from automatically extracted shorelines is accomplished, which is compared with survey and lead to an RMS error of 0.43 m. Discussions are given with respect to this new potential open-source resource and its limitations.