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In response to the Covid-19 pandemic citizens around the globe were urged to practice social distancing. Although many complied, not everyone did. These violations led to sharp moral outrage about the alleged immoral behavior. However, it is an open question whether violators fully realized the severity of the virus threat. We therefore surveyed (n = 1657) to what extent people condemned social distancing rules violations, to what extent they respected these rules, and how likely they felt that not respecting the rules would get them and others infected. Results indicated that people who respect social distancing less and find these violations more permissible also believe that the virus is less likely to infect them or others. This implies that violators do not necessarily care less about others; they simply see the virus as less threatening. Therefore, caution is needed when attributing social distancing violations to a lack of moral character.

The fire coral Millepora platyphylla Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1834 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) has a widespread Indo-Pacific distribution observed from the surface to 40 m (Razak & Hoeksema 2003). However, its extirpation from the East Pacific (Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama) was documented after the 1982-1983 bleaching event (Glynn & Weerdt 1991). Here, we report the discovery of 5 colonies of M. platyphylla from the eastern Pacific, specifically at Clipperton Atoll, during the TARA Pacific expedition (www.taraexpeditions.org). These 5 colonies were found on a reef site off the North shore of the island (10-11/08/2018; GPS coordinates: 10��18.857 North and 109��18.857 West) at depths ranging from 28m to 31 m. No colonies were found on the West coast at similar depths. Similarly, no colony was found in shallower waters all around the island during a total of 12 dives of 90 min each performed with 4 divers on the 4 sides of the island from 2-3m down to a depth of fifteen meters. This suggests that M. platyphylla is likely unable to compete for space with the locally abundant reef-building corals Porites spp. and Pocillopora spp. in shallower parts of the reef. Two colonies of the related species Millepora exaesa Forssk��l, 1775 were also encountered at 4m depth. This species had already been reported from Clipperton (Glynn et al. 1996). These 5 colonies were not recently settled as their surface was about 1 m 2. Their columnar shape is a common morphology for the species. Similarly, a colony was found in 2015 by another French expedition, on the same North shore, but of small size (~ 20 cm 2). Both observations are complementary as the previous team investigated 13 sites around the island from 0 to 2m depth. This new record extends the currently known distribution range of the species back to the Eastern Pacific, the closest populations being French Polynesia in the Central Pacific. The possible recovery in Panama reefs should also be considered. The marine fauna from Clipperton is suggested to be closely related to the one of French Polynesia (4 000 km away; Glynn et al. 1996). For fire corals, the medusoid and larval stages are short-lived and dispersal is likely occurring through rafting, as observed in many marine invertebrates. For instance, rafting of Millepora on pumice has been documented (Jokiel 1989). We are sequencing and genotyping>1000 specimens of M. platyphylla collected over its entire Indo-Pacific range, which should help unravel the provenance of these Clipperton colonies., Published as part of Boissin, E., Pogoreutz, C., Pey, A., Gravier-Bonnet, N. & Psl, S. Planes, 2019, Millepora platyphylla (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) range extended back to the Eastern Pacific, thanks to a new record from Clipperton Atoll, pp. 599-600 in Zootaxa 4668 (4) on page 599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4668.4.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3773715, {"references":["Razak, T. B. & Hoeksema, B. W. (2003) The hydrocoral genus Millepora (Hydrozoa: Capitata: Milleporidae) in Indonesia. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 345, 313 - 336.","Glynn, P. W. & de Weerdt, W. H. (1991) Elimination of two reef-building hydrocorals following the 1982 - 1983 El Nino warming event. Science, 253, 69 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 253.5015.69","Glynn, P. W., Veron, J. E. N. & Wellington, G. M. (1996) Clipperton Atoll (eastern Pacific): oceanography, geomorphology, reefbuilding coral ecology and biogeography. Coral Reefs, 15, 71 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 253.5015.69","Jokiel, P. L. (1989) Rafting of reef corals and other organisms at Kwajalein Atoll. Marine Biology, 101 (4), 483 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00541650"]}

Echinoderms from Reunion Island have been studied mostly from west coast reefs. A recent faunal inventory (BIOLAVE) was conducted on the underwater lava flows of Piton de La Fournaise and constitutes the first submarine survey on the south-east side of the island. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the species richness in the different echinoderm classes and assess their potential as indicator of the colonisation of lava with different ages. During 8 days, 9 sites with different habitats defined by depth and substrate homogeneity were explored using a stratified sampling. Description of echinoderms and comparison of the taxonomic composition between sites of different ages and depths were presented. 45 species of the 5 classes were identified, belonging to 23 families and 32 genera. Ophiuroid was the most diverse class (22 species), followed by echinoids (13 species), asteroids and holothuroids (6 species each), and crinoids (2 species). Species number increased with lava flow's age, except for echinoids, which showed a higher species number on recent sites, but ophiuroids only showed a significantly higher species number on the oldest sites. On the contrary, species number tended to decrease with depth, but echinoids only showed a significantly higher species number on shallow water. Some asteroid, echinoid and holothuroid species, such as Aquilonastra richmondi, Asthenosoma varium, Echinothrix spp., Echinometra mathaei and Euapta godeffroyi, were observed on the most recent sites only, while some ophiuroid species were observed in deeper sites only. These characteristic species could be seen as bioindicators of disturbed environment or have a distribution restricted to deeper areas.