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To evaluate the efficacy and safety of an injectable lyophilized articular cartilage matrix (LACM) which is in the form of cartilage powder that may increase the convenience of use and become unaffected by donor site morbidity as a potential filler.The safety test was conducted using 20 rabbits with an intravascular embolization model. Commonly used commercial hyaluronic acid (HA), acellular dermal matrix (ADM), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polylactic acid (PLA) products were selected for comparison of efficacy and adverse effect of LACM. The efficacy test was performed using 30 mice subcutaneous buttock-injection model. Gross assessments of the changes in size of injected materials and histological examinations were conducted.Regarding the safety test, in one rabbit in the HA group, complete blurring occurred in the left eye, and necrosis of the posterior auricular artery was observed in one rabbit in the ADM group. In the ADM, severe ecchymosis around the injection sites was observed, and the bruises lasted longer than in the other groups. The LACM exhibited faster bruise resolution. Comparing the changes in size between weeks 4 and 12 in the mouse model, no significant changes in size were observed in the LACM (p = 0.359), HA (p = 0.421), and ADM (p = 0.097), but a significant change was observed in the PMMA (p = 0.001). In the histological examination, LACM exhibited well-demarcated margins with good biocompatibility.The LACM shows potential as a facial filler according to the in vivo safety and efficacy tests LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Carex splendentissima U. Kang & J. M. Chung, endemic to the Korean peninsula, is characterized by staminate terminal spikes and glabrous elliptic perigynia. Based on its broad leaves, androgynous spikes, and tri-stigmatic features, the species has been placed in Carex sect. Siderostictae Franch. ex Ohwi, an East Asian section and a basal group in the genus. To clarify the monophyly and phylogenetic position of the species, a molecular study using the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA (trnL-F) data was conducted. The DNA sequence data of ten taxa in sect. Siderostictae and closely related taxa (two taxa in sect. Surculosae) with outgroups were analyzed based on maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood (ML) criteria. In the analyses, C. splendentissima was monophyletic and placed within the Siderostictae clade (sect. Siderostictae + two species of sect. Surculosae), forming a clade with C. ciliatomarginata and C. pachygyna (endemic to Japan). The clade (C. splendentissima + C. ciliatomarginata + C. pachygyna) shows evidence of diploidy. Furthermore, C. splendentissima is a sister to C. ciliatomarginata in the ML tree, and the two taxa have staminate terminal spikes. This study also updates the distribution of C. splendentissima and provides keys to the four Korean taxa in sect. Siderostictae. To conserve the endemic species C. splendentissima, further research on its genetic and ecological features should be conducted at the population level.

Cynanchum L. in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) includes four recognized species on the Korean peninsula, two of which are native to South Korea. However, the species ranges in South Korea are poorly defined. During a field survey, we discovered C. thesioides, previously unrecorded in South Korea, in Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, and found an additional population of C. chinense, for which only one population has been reported in South Korea. The two taxa are considered rare species with extremely restricted distributions in South Korea, especially C. thesioides. We provide fundamental information, including descriptions, images of the habitats and morphological characters, and a taxonomic key for identification and assessments of the conservation status of Cynanchum species in Korea.

The chromosome number of myoga ginger (Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe: Zingiberaceae) has been reported as 2n = 22 for Chinese plants and 2n = 55 for Japanese plants. We checked the chromosome number of Z. mioga in plants collected in Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do, Korea, and counted 2n = 44, the first report of this number for the species. As the basic chromosome number of Z. mioga is thought to be x = 11, Z. mioga plants in China, Korea, and Japan appear to be diploids, tetraploids, and pentaploids, respectively. In finding the tetraploid race of Z. mioga in Korea, we can hypothesize that the pentaploid race in Japan is derived through the fertilization of reduced gametes of the diploid race and unreduced gametes of the tetraploid race.

We examined the floral morphology of 15 taxa of five genera (Cynanchum, Marsdenia, Metaplexis, Tylophora, and Vincetoxicum) in Korean Asclepiadoideae using a stereoscopic and scanning electronic microscope to clarify and describe the floral characteristics. In this study, the corolla and corona types, the types of corona lobes, appendages on the corona lobes, and the apex shape of the style head are considered as diagnostic characteristics at the generic level. The genus Vincetoxicum, which is treated as a synonym of the genus Cynanchum in Korea, is distinguished from Cynanchum by the interstaminal part on the corona, fleshy and mainly triangular or ellipsoid corona lobes, and various corolla colors. In Cynanchum, various corona types have been observed, while Vincetoxicum have similar corona types among the taxa. In addition, the main floral characteristics at the species level were as follows: flowering time, inflorescence, corolla color, trichomes on the corolla surfaces, apex shape of the corona lobe, and trichomes on the ovary. This study presents the taxonomic importance of floral morphology by providing descriptions and diagnostic characteristics among the genera and species investigated.

Wheat grain is recognized as a rich source of nutrients, including proteins, vitamins, minerals, fibers and antioxidants. In recent years, the focus of wheat breeding has been to increase the content of bioactive compounds to improve human health and prevent diseases. RESULTS Five novel wheat mutant lines with variable seed color were developed using gamma irradiation of hexaploid wheat inbred line K4191 (purple seed color). The total anthocyanin contents of three mutant lines (L47, L167 and L925) were significantly higher than those of wild-type lines, including K4191 and ?Keumkang? (white seed color). L925 showed the highest total anthocyanin content, and cyanidin-3-glucoside was presented as the most predominant anthocyanin. Compared with ?Keumkang?, the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes was significantly up-regulated in purple seed mutant lines. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in L925 extracts. The expression of a few antioxidant-related genes and total anthocyanin content were positively correlated with antioxidant capacity. These data suggest that anthocyanins and phenolic compounds in wheat grains contribute to the antioxidant potential. CONCLUSION Purple grain color is associated with higher anthocyanin accumulation and antioxidant capacity in wheat. Wheat mutants developed in this study may serve as a valuable source of antioxidants. ? 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

Variation or constancy in the chromosome number within taxa of different categories have been proven to be important characters for taxonomic groupings. In order to expand the current knowledge on somatic chromosome numbers of South Korean vascular plants, chromosome counts were made for 50 species (38 genera of 17 families). The first chromosome information for Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia Fernald, Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai, Hylotelephium verticillatum (L.) H. Ohba, Orostachys iwarenge f. magnus Y.N. Lee, and Teucrium viscidum var. miquelianum (Maxim.) Hara is presented. New chromosome numbers compared with previous studies are also counted in Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai, Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehder, and Tricyrtis macropoda Miq., respectively. In addition, Eupatorium japonicum Thunb. is proven to show polyploidy with tetra- and pentaploid. Among studied species, the diploids (66%) and tetraploids (24%) prevail.

The taxonomic status and scientific names of Artemisia gmelinii and its allied taxa have long been debated. To provide correct names and taxonomic status, A. gmelinii and its allied taxa were reviewed in this study based on morphological characters. After a comparison of original descriptions and type specimens, the names of A. freyniana f. discolor and A. freyniana f. vestita used in Korea were recognized as A. sacrorum var. sacrorum and A. sacrorum var. incana, respectively, based on the characters of the trichome on the leaf, the geographical distributions, the chromosome numbers, and the existence of a pinule connection on the exine of the pollen. A. iwayomogi, the scientific name misused as A. gmelinii, was combined and newly named A. sacrorum var. iwayomogi (Kitam.) M. S. Park & G. Y. Chung based on its morphological similarity to the A. sacrorum group. A description, illustration, and key for each of the taxa are provided here.

Blackberries (Rubus fruticosus L.) are a good source of antioxidants and contain appreciable levels of functional compounds. This study was carried out to evaluate fruit qualities (pH, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and minerals), functional compounds (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, anthocyanins, and ellagic acid), and antioxidant activity among five mutated blackberry lines over three ripening stages to examine the effect of fruit maturation on functional compounds and antioxidant activity. The content of sugars, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-xyloside, cyanidin-3-O-malonylglucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-dioxalylglucoside) increased as fruit development advanced, whereas the ellagic acid content decreased as the fruit became more mature. Among the minerals tested, potassium showed the highest concentrations at all stages of development. The antioxidant activity was correlated with total phenolic content (P≤0.01), total flavonoid content (P≤0.01), and total anthocyanins (P≤0.05). The results indicate that Maple and B201 lines contained the highest anthocyanin content and exhibited greater antioxidant activity.

The palynological characters of 14 taxa of 4 genera (Cynanchum, Metaplexis, Tylophora, Marsdenia) inAsclepiadoideae were observed and measured using SM and SEM. The orientation and granulate surface patterns ofthe pollinia were important characters for delimitating the genera. The position of the attachment of the translator armsto the pollinia, considered to be an important character for recognizing the above genera, was an overlapping char-acter among the genera and can therefore be utilized only as taxonomy at the species level. Also, we found for the firsttime that only Tylophora floribunda has an incised margin of the corpusculum. The quantitative characters of the pol-linia, arms and corpusculum were useful keys for the delimitation of the species. Keywords: Asclepiadoideae, pollinaria, pollinia, translator-arm, corpusculum 적요: 한국산박주가리아과(Asclepiadoideae)에속하는 4속(Cynanchum, Marsdenia Metaplexis, Tylophora)의14분류군을 대상으로 해부현미경과 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 화분학적 형질을 관찰 및 측정하였다. 연구결과, 화분괴(pollinia)의 방향, 세립상의 화분괴 표면무늬는 속을 구분하는 유용한 형질로 나타났다. 한편, 기존에 속 이상의 계급에서 주요 화분학적 형질로 여겨지던 화분괴병(translator-arm)이 붙는 화분괴의 위치는나도은조롱속(Marsdenia)을 제외하고는 뚜렷이 구분되지 않아 속간 한계를 구분하기에는 어려운 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 왜박주가리속(Tylophora)의 왜박주가리(Tylophora floribunda)에서 유일하게 구상체(corpusculum)의가장자리가 결각상인 것으로 본 연구에서 처음 관찰되었다. 이외에 화분괴, 화분괴병 및 구상체의 양적 형질에서 크기가 다양하게 나타나 종간 분류에 유용한 것으로 조사되었다.

This study was carried out to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants and their usefulness of Mt. Myeonsan (1,245 m) and Myobong (1,168 m) in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do. The vascular plants that were collected 15 times from April 2012 to October 2013 consisted a total of 551 taxa; 96 families, 314 genera, 489 species, 3 subspecies, 54 varieties and 6 forms. The plants that are specially noteworthy are 17 taxa of Korean endemic plants, 2 taxa of Critical Endangered Species (CR), 3 taxa of Endangered Species (EN) and 12 taxa of Vulnerable Species (VU) in rare plants as categorized by the Korean Forest Service. Furthermore, V, IV, III degrees of floristic regional indicator plants as categorized by the Korean Ministry of Environment included 2 taxa, 22 taxa and 26 taxa, respectively. Among them, edible, pasture, medicinal, ornamental, timber, dye, fiber, industrial and unknown usefulness plants included 215 taxa, 184 taxa, 163 taxa, 59 taxa, 17 taxa, 6 taxa, 5 taxa, 5 taxa and 138 taxa, respectively. In addition, 25 taxa of naturalized plants were observed.

Somatic chromosome numbers of 28 Korean native species in the buttercup family are observed and analyzed. The plants include 10 genera with seven endemic taxa to the Korean peninsula, and most of t...

Somatic chromosome numbers for 10 taxa and karyotypes analysis for 6 taxa of Korean Vicia were investigated. Somatic chromosome numbers of treated taxa were 2n

Aiming to determine the taxonomic identity of Gang-hwa-yak-ssuk as a cultivated plant, this studyanalyzes ITS sequences and compares their external morphologies with the genus Artemisia, which have a sim-ilar external morphology. Thus far, we have considered A. indica as the original plant of Gang-hwa-yak-ssuk,but Gang-hwa-yak-ssuk is better grouped with A. argyi, not A. indica, for the following reasons: Gang-hwa-yak-ssuk has the same characteristics as A. argyi in terms of the natural habitat, in that it is 1-bipinnately cleft orparted in the external morphology of its leaves, and because the white glandular trichome is distributed on theadaxial surface. This is in addition to the result of ITS sequence analysis. Therefore, we can define Gang-hwa-yak-ssuk as a cultivated plant that originates from A. argyi and not A. indica. Keywords: Gang-hwa-yak-ssuk, Artemisia argyi, A. indica, taxonomic identity쑥속(Artemisia L.)은 국화과(Asteraceae), 국화족(Anthemideae) 내에 속하는 가장 큰 속으로서 전 세계적으로 종과 종하분류군을 포함하여 500여 분류군 이상이 주로 북반구의 중·고위도 온대성 기후지역에 넓게 분포하며, 일부 분류군이 한대성 기후지역과 건조지역, 남반구지역에 각각 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있다(McArthur,1979; Ling, 1991, 1992, 1995a, b; Heywood and Humphries,1977; Bremer and Humphries, 1993).쑥속식물은 분류군간의 형태적인 유사성으로 동정이어려울 뿐만 아니라 지리적 혹은 동일집단 간에도 외부형태학적 변이가 다양하여, 분류군에 대한 한계설정의 문제로 학명에 대한 이견 또한 다양한 실정이다.이러한 실정임에도 불구하고 국내에서는 기원이 명확하지 않는 쑥속식물을 대상으로 민간 또는 다양한 연구분야에서 오용되고 있다. 그중 강화약쑥은 유용성이 높아강화군에서 특화작목으로 각광을 받고 있으며, 다양한 분야에 이용되고 있지만 현재까지 명확한 기원식물을 찾지못하고 있는 실정이다. Anonymous (2007)은 쑥속식물을대상으로 외부형태와 DNA분석을 통하여 쑥을 기원식물로 판단하였고, 이에 따라 현재 많은 응용분야에서 강화약쑥에 쑥의 학명을 사용하는 오류를 범하고 있다. 반면Lee et al. (2010)은 한국산 쑥속식물의 ITS분석을 통해 강화약쑥이 황해쑥(A. argyi)과 가까운 유연관계가 있으며,형태학적, 분자생물학적 분석을 통해 정확한 분류학적 연구가 필요할 것을 언급한 바 있다.본 연구는 기원에 있어서 혼란이 있는 강화약쑥의 외부형태형질, 분자생물학적인 연구를 토대로 기원식물을 명*Author for correspondence: gychung@andong.ac.kr 확히 밝히고, 강화약쑥의 분류학적 위치를 검토함으로서

The morphological characteristics of the Korean Scopolia japonica Maxim., commonly known as 'Mi-chi-gwang-i-pul' in Korean, were re-evaluated in comparison with results from previous research, while the distribution map was formulated according to existing flora and voucher specimens. The result of the re-evaluation has shown that there are some distinctive discrepancies compared to the previous reports of some characteristics such as the color of the basal stem, numbers of lateral veins, apex shape of calyx and corolla including the color of corolla. The Korean Scopolia japonica Maxim is found throughout Korea except Jeju-do province. The intra-specific species such as S. parviflora (Dunn.) Nakai, S. lutescens Y.N. Lee and S. kwangdokensis Y.N. Lee were treated as synonyms of S. japonica Maxim. in this research.

Various aneuploidy and polyploidy have been reported in the genus Aconitum L. (ca. 300 species worldwide, Ranunculaceae), and there is a demonstrated association between major lineage diversification and polyploidy. This study reports chromosome counts of eight Aconitum from Korea, including the first counts for A. japonicum Thunb. subsp. napiforme (H. Lv. & Vaniot) Kadota (2n = 32) and A. longecassidatum Nakai (2n = 16). The study also includes chromosome numbers for two taxa on the Critically Endangered species list in Korea. Among Korean native species, chromosome numbers in Aconitum subgenus Aconitum range from 2n = 16 to 2n = 64 with diverse levels of polyploidy (2x, 4x, and 8x), whereas Aconitum subg. Lycoctonum exhibits only diploids (2n = 16). Greater chromosome number diversity in subg. Aconitum than subg. Lycoctonum might explain higher species diversity within the former subgenus (more than 250 species worldwide). Investigating chromosome number diversity of Aconitum in a phylogenetic framework will be a critical step to understand species richness of the genus.

This study was carried out to classify the regional folk plants in Gyeongsangnam-do. According to the survey results from 293 survey sheets of 60 residents at 52 places of 17 counties and cities from March to October, 2009, the folk plants in Gyeongsangnam-do consisted of a total 182 taxa; 73 families, 157 genera, 168 species, 2 subspecies, 11 varieties, and 1 form. The use by its usage was: 129 taxa; edible, 41 taxa; medicinal, 3 taxa; dye, 2 taxa; aroma, 2 taxa; spice, 2 taxa; ornamental, 6 taxa; fiber, 2 taxa; oil, 25 taxa; others, respectively, so the edible use was the highest. The most useful part was the leaf, followed by all parts, fruit and root.

This study was carried out to classify the folk plants in southern region of Gangwon-do. According to the survey results from 1,103 survey sheets of 83 residents at 32 places of 9 counties and cities from March to October, 2010, the folk plants in the southern region of Gangwon-do consisted of a total 311 taxa; 92 families, 222 genera, 274 species, 2 subspecies, 29 varieties, and 6 form. The use by its usage was: 227 taxa; Edible, 174 taxa; Medicinal, 14 taxa; Ornamental, 5 taxa; Oil, 5 taxa; Spice, 4 taxa; Dye, 1 taxa; Fiber, 1 taxa; Aroma, 1 taxa; Fuel, 32 taxa; Others, respectively, so the edible use is the highest. The most useful part was the leaf, followed by root and fruit. The consistency comparison between the scientific name and the local name were the highest in the 50`s and the lowest in 80`s.

The pollen of 5 taxa on Korean Oldenlandia L. was investigated by LM and SEM. The pollen grains were monads, 20.7-36.0 m in polar length, with an equatorial diameter of 21.0-38.4 m. The pollen shapes were oblate-spheroidal or spherical (P/E ratio 0.93-1.00). The apertures numbered 3-7 in number, colporate in shape, with a colpus length of 4.2-20.4 m and a colpus width of 2.6-3.4 m. The sexine was 0.9-2.4 m in terms of its thickness, the surface pattern was reticulate, scabrate or neither. Based on these results, the size of the pollen grain, the number of apertures, and the surface pattern of the sexine were all useful for an interspecific classification. The genus Neanotis, established via the pollen characteristics, was thought to be reviewed in its entity regarding the continuous variation of generic characteristics.

Artemisia capillaris Thunb. and A. scoparia Waldst. & Kit. are classified by their root shape, leaf size and capitulum size. However, these characteristics are not nearly as useful when attempting to identify the two species owing to the continuous variation in them. Another important taxonomic characteristics is the habit, whether it is the subshrubs or perennial herbs of A. capillaris Thunb. or the annual or biennial herbs of A. scoparia Waldst. & Kit.. All observed specimens and living individuals in Korea are subshrubs or perennial herbs, and annual or biennial examples are not found. Therefore, it is considered that A. scoparia Waldst. & Kit. is not distributed in Korea.

The external morphological characters of the Korean Oldenlandia were reviewed, and numerical analysis of 25 quantitative characters carried out to evaluate the delimitation of the taxa. Among the qualitative characters, the leaf shape, inflorescence, pilose of insde corolla, expansion of capsule apex, and seed shape were used to delimit 5 species of Korean Oldenlandia. As the result of principal component analysis of quantitative characters, O. corymbosa, O. hirsuta and O. strigulosa were evidently separated on a two-dimensional plot by PC1 and PC2, and O. brachypoda and O. diffusa slightly overlapped. However, O. brachypoda was distinctly delimited from O. diffusa by the shape of calyx lobe, the lengths of pedicel, filament and stigma. Also each of those two species was in a group of its own by cluster analysis.

An unrecorded species of Oldenlandia brachypoda DC. is newly reported from Seogwipo-si, Jejudo, This species is distinguished from Oldenlandia diffusa, the related taxa by the surface and length of the pedicel, the number of flowerd, the shape of the calyx and capsule. The new Korean name 'je-ju-baeg-un-pul', was given considering the collect locality. The illustration, description and key of characters are provided.

A new species, Paraphlomis koreana S.C.Ko et G.Y.Chung, from Korea is described and illustrated. The species is similar to P. albida Hand.-Mazz. in general vegetative characters and white corollas, but the new species is distinguished by its smaller stature, equally toothed 10-veined calyces, and pink-spotted lower corolla lips. P. koreana S.C.Ko et G.Y.Chung has been only found in Bogil-do Island, a small island in the Southern Ocean of Korea, and is the first species described from the genus in Korea.