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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a high propensity for organ-specific metastasis. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we show that the primary TNBC tumor-derived C-X-C motif chemokines 1/2/8 (CXCL1/2/8) stimulate lung-resident fibroblasts to produce the C-C motif chemokines 2/7 (CCL2/7), which, in turn, activate cholesterol synthesis in lung-colonizing TNBC cells and induce angiogenesis at lung metastatic sites. Inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in lung-colonizing breast tumor cells by pulmonary administration of simvastatin-carrying HER3-targeting nanoparticles reduces angiogenesis and growth of lung metastases in a syngeneic TNBC mouse model. Our findings reveal a novel, chemokine-regulated mechanism for the cholesterol synthesis pathway and a critical role of metastatic site-specific cholesterol synthesis in the pulmonary tropism of TNBC metastasis. The study has implications for the unresolved epidemiological observation that use of cholesterol-lowering drugs has no effect on breast cancer incidence but can unexpectedly reduce breast cancer mortality, suggesting interventions of cholesterol synthesis in lung metastases as an effective treatment to improve survival in individuals with TNBC.

Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted much attention in theoretical researches and their practical applications due to their excellent optical properties, and many researchers discovered that flurophores play a very important role in synthesis process of CDs and the luminescence of prepared CDs. In this study, two CDs were pyrolysis with citric acid

In the discretely amplified transmission systems with erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, the system performance of nonlinearity-compensated optical transmission based on pre-dispersed spectral inversion (PSI) is investigated numerically. We find that PSI offers more significant performance improvement in dispersion-managed (DM) links than that in non-dispersion-managed (noDM) links. On the other hand, the DM link is more sensitive to the span offset from the center of the transmission link than noDM link. The performance difference between DM and noDM links is 1 dB if the span offset equals four spans in 20 × 90 km nonlinear transmission. Furthermore, we show that for the dispersion-managed transmission, in order to obtain the best system performance, the amount of pre-dispersion of the PSI, should be optimized over different dispersion maps.

All-optical non-inverted half-subtracter, half-adder, comparator, and decoder are pointed out based on a single semiconductor optical amplifier. We have replaced the continuous wave probe light with the clock pulse sequences light, which guarantees the non-inverted code output. All-optical AND, NOR, XNOR, XOR, A • B¯ , and A¯ • B logic gates are realized by four-wave mixing and cross-gain modulation of SOA, which are used to drive half-subtracter, half-adder, comparator, and decoder with 10 Gb / s return-to-zero code. Extinction ratio (ER) and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) are improved by a depolarizer. Compared with no depolarizer, for A = B output of comparator, it corresponds to XNOR; ER and OSNR are improved by about 1 dB. For d0 output of decoder, it corresponds to NOR; ER and OSNR are improved to 1.1 dB compared with the original value. However, for borrow of half-subtracter, greater than and less than of comparator, d1 and d2 of decoder, it corresponds to A • B¯ and A¯ • B; ER and OSNR show only slight deterioration about 0.4 dB. For carry of half-adder and d3 of the decoder, it corresponds to AND; OSNR has hardly changed and ER has improved by about 2 dB. It has potential applications in more complex optical computing and optical signal processing systems.

As electronic devices play an increasingly important role in industry and daily life, the demand for materials with excellent dielectric properties to meet different needs is also increasing. In this paper, the effects of the composition and diameter of functional phases on the dielectric properties are investigated, in which the periodically arranged composites are prepared by gravitational self-assembly and the volume fraction of functional phases is controlled. The results show that the micro capacitor introduced by the periodically arranged functional phase leads to a substantial increase in the dielectric constant of the composites when the content is the same. Changing the particle size of the functional phase can change the micro capacitor’s polarity to modulate the dielectric properties. It is worth noting that the introduction of the ceramic phase can effectively regulate the dielectric loss of the composite by introducing a new loss mechanism while maintaining a high dielectric constant. This paper provides a deeper understanding of the dielectric property regulation, which provides new ideas for the special dielectric regulation of electronic devices.

Proteolysis targeting chimeric molecule ARV 825 causes ubiquitination of bromodomains resulting in their efficient degradation by proteasome activity. Bromodomain degradation down-regulates MYC transcription contributing to growth inhibition of various human cancers. We examined the therapeutic potential of ARV 825 against multiple myeloma (MM) cells both in vitro and in vivo. In a dose-dependent manner, ARV 825 inhibited proliferation of 13 human MM cell lines and three fresh patient samples, and was associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. ARV 825 rapidly and efficiently degraded BRD 2 and BRD 4. Sensitivity of MM cells to ARV 825 was positively correlated with cereblon levels. RNA sequencing analysis showed important genes such as CCR1, RGS, MYB and MYC were down-regulated by ARV 825. A total of 170 small molecule inhibitors were screened for synergy with ARV 825. Combination of ARV 825 with inhibitor of either dual PI3K/mTOR, CRM1, VEGFR, PDGFRα/b, FLT3, IGF-1R, protein kinase C, CBP-EP300 or JAK1/2 showed synergistic activity. Importantly, ARV 825 significantly inhibited the growth of MM xenografts and improved mice survival. Taken together, our results, in conjunction with recently published findings, provide a rationale for investigating the efficacy of ARV 825 for MM, use of cereblon as a biomarker for therapy of MM patients, and the combination of ARV 825 with small molecule inhibitors to improve the outcome of MM patients.

Cyclin Dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) associates with Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain (BET) proteins to promote transcriptional elongation by phosphorylation of serine 2 of RNAP II C-terminal domain. We examined the therapeutic potential of selective CDK9 inhibitors (AZD 4573 and MC180295) against human multiple myeloma cellsin vitro.Short-hairpin RNA silencing of CDK9 in Multiple Myeloma (MM) cell lines reduced cell viability compared to control cells showing the dependency of MM cells on CDK9. In order to explore synergy with the CDK9 inhibitor, proteolysis targeting chimeric molecule (PROTAC) ARV 825 was added. This latter drug causes ubiquitination of BET proteins resulting in their rapid and efficient degradation. Combination treatment of MM cells with ARV 825 and AZD 4573 markedly reduced their protein expression of BRD 2, BRD 4, MYC and phosphorylated RNA pol II as compared to each single agent alone. Combination treatment synergistically inhibited multiple myeloma cells bothin vitroandin vivowith insignificant weight loss. The combination also resulted in marked increase of apoptotic cells at low dose compared to single agent alone. Taken together, our studies show for the first time that the combination of a BET PROTAC (ARV 825) plus AZD 4573 (CDK9 inhibitor) is effective against MM cells.

This letter presents a photonic scheme to generate frequency-multiplied microwave signals with nearly constant amplitude. Optical injection locking and an optical fiber active loop filter are utilized to generate a frequency-multiplied microwave signal and equalize its amplitude, respectively. The significance of the scheme is that optical injection locking and nonlinear modulation are simultaneously implemented by a semiconductor distributed feedback laser, making this system compact and low-cost compared with other similar photonic implementations. Corresponding experiments display the effects of amplitude equalization for 10th and 11th harmonics with an initial frequency of 1.5 GHz and an 18th harmonic with an initial frequency of 1 GHz, respectively. The harmonic suppression ratios reach over 20 dB, and the SSB phase noises (

Distant metastasis accounts for the vast majority of deaths in patients with cancer. Breast cancer exhibits a distinct metastatic pattern commonly involving bone, liver, lung, and brain. Breast cancer can be divided into different subtypes based on gene expression profiles, and different breast cancer subtypes show preference to distinct organ sites of metastasis. Luminal breast tumors tend to metastasize to bone while basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) displays a lung tropism of metastasis. However, the mechanisms underlying this organ-specific pattern of metastasis still remain to be elucidated. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances regarding the molecular signaling pathways as well as the therapeutic strategies for treating breast cancer lung metastasis.

// Liting Jin 1, 2, * , Ying Qu 2, * , Liliana J. Gomez 2 , Stacey Chung 2 , Bingchen Han 2 , Bowen Gao 2 , Yong Yue 3 , Yiping Gong 1 , Xuefeng Liu 4 , Farin Amersi 2 , Catherine Dang 2 , Armando E. Giuliano 2 and Xiaojiang Cui 2 1 Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, 430079, China 2 Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA 3 Department of Radiation, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA 4 Department of Pathology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA * These authors contributed equally to the work Correspondence to: Xiaojiang Cui, email: Xiaojiang.Cui@cshs.org Keywords: conditional reprogramming; estrogen receptor; mammary epithelial cells; luminal cells; myoepithelial cells Received: April 07, 2017 Accepted: October 30, 2017 Published: December 22, 2017 ABSTRACT Purpose: Conditional reprogramming methods allow for the inexhaustible in vitro proliferation of primary epithelial cells from human tissue specimens. This methodology has the potential to enhance the utility of primary cell culture as a model for mammary gland research. However, few studies have systematically characterized this method in generating in vitro normal human mammary epithelial cell models. Results: We show that cells derived from fresh normal breast tissues can be propagated and exhibit heterogeneous morphologic features. The cultures are composed of CK18, desmoglein 3, and CK19-positive luminal cells and vimentin, p63, and CK14-positive myoepithelial cells, suggesting the maintenance of in vivo heterogeneity. In addition, the cultures contain subpopulations with different CD49f and EpCAM expression profiles. When grown in 3D conditions, cells self-organize into distinct structures that express either luminal or basal cell markers. Among these structures, CK8-positive cells enclosing a lumen are capable of differentiation into milk-producing cells in the presence of lactogenic stimulus. Furthermore, our short-term cultures retain the expression of ERα, as well as its ability to respond to estrogen stimulation. Materials and Methods: We have investigated conditionally reprogrammed normal epithelial cells in terms of cell type heterogeneity, cellular marker expression, and structural arrangement in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) systems. Conclusions: The conditional reprogramming methodology allows generation of a heterogeneous culture from normal human mammary tissue in vitro . We believe that this cell culture model will provide a valuable tool to study mammary cell function and malignant transformation.

The Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) transcription factor is involved in normal embryonic development and regulates the development and function of many organs. Most recently, a large body of literature has shown that FOXC1 plays a critical role in tumor development and metastasis. Clinical studies have demonstrated that elevated FOXC1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in many cancer subtypes, such as basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). FOXC1 is highly and specifically expressed in BLBC as opposed to other breast cancer subtypes. Its functions in breast cancer have been extensively explored. This review will summarize current knowledge on the function and regulation of FOXC1 in tumor development and progression with a focus on BLBC, as well as the implications of these new findings in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

A single longitudinal mode (SLM) Brillouin fiber laser (BFL) with cascaded ring (CR) Fabry–Perot resonator, a SLM triple ring (TR) BFL with a saturable absorber ring (SAR) resonator and a stable multiwavelength (MW) SLM dual ring BFL (MW-SLM-DRBFL) are proposed and demonstrated. By optimizing the CR length of the single-mode fiber cavity at 100 m (or 50 m) and 10 m, stable SLM operation is obtained with 0.41 kHz (or 3.23 kHz). TR-BFL with approximately 65-Hz linewidth and 185 linewidth-reduction ratio is composed of a 1-km-long single-mode fiber (SMF) ring, a 100-m-long SMF ring, and an SAR with 8-m-long unpumped Erbium-doped fiber (UP-EDF), respectively. 7 stable SLM lasing wavelengths with DR configuration of 100 and 10 m length SMF are obtained with 0.084 nm wavelength spacing and 15 dB average optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) through the cascaded stimulated Brillouin scattering (cSBS) and four-wave mixing (FWM). A MW SLM Brillouin–Erbium fiber laser (BEFL) sensor with ultrahigh resolution is proposed and demonstrated and Iezzi et al. proposed and investigated experimentally a distributed higher order Stokes SBS temperature fiber sensor. The one short common cavity of MW-SLM-BEFL with 50 m of SMF as the fiber under test (FUT) and 100 m of SMF as the reference realize 3.104 MHz/°C sensitivity and approximately 10−6 °C ultrahigh resolution in the short term of the third-order Stokes wavelength. While maintaining a fairly normal spatial resolution over a few kilometers of sensing length using time gating technology, sensitivity is increased by several folds to over 4 MHz/°C.

Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) mediates the essential biological function of estrogen in breast development and tumorigenesis. Multiple mechanisms, including pioneer factors, coregulators and epigenetic modifications have been identified as regulators of ERα signaling in breast cancer. However, previous studies of ERα regulation have focused on luminal and HER2-positive subtypes rather than basal-like breast cancer (BLBC), in which ERα is underexpressed. In addition, mechanisms that account for the decrease or loss of ER expression in recurrent tumors after endocrine therapy remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate a novel FOXC1-driven mechanism that suppresses ERα expression in breast cancer. We find that FOXC1 competes with GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) for the same binding regions in the cis-regulatory elements upstream of the ERα gene and thereby downregulates ERα expression and consequently its transcriptional activity. The forkhead domain of FOXC1 is essential for the competition with GATA3 for DNA binding. Counteracting the action of GATA3 at the ERα promoter region, overexpression of FOXC1 hinders recruitment of RNA polymerase II and increases histone H3K9 trimethylation at ERα promoters. Importantly, ectopic FOXC1 expression in luminal breast cancer cells reduces sensitivity to estrogen and tamoxifen. Furthermore, in breast cancer patients with ER-positive primary tumors who received adjuvant tamoxifen treatment, FOXC1 expression is associated with decreased or undetectable ER expression in recurrent tumors. Our findings highlight a clinically relevant mechanism that contributes to the low or absent ERα expression in BLBC. This study suggests a new paradigm to study ERα regulation during breast cancer progression and indicates a role of FOXC1 in the modulation of cellular response to endocrine treatment.

The impact of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) on the performance of coherent transmission systems employing different digital nonlinearity compensation (NLC) schemes is numerically investigated for a seven-channel PM-16QAM Nyquist-wavelength division multiplexing system at 256 Gbit / s. In these nonlinearity compensation schemes, the digital signal processing is divided between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) with different splitting ratios. We demonstrate that by splitting the NLC equally between the Tx and Rx, one can always obtain the best performance improvement regardless of whether PMD is present or not. Results of 1000-km dispersion-unmanaged transmission show that when fiber PMD is equal to 0.05 ps / km, splitting the NLC can give a signal-to-noise ratio improvement of 1.1-dB over receiver-side NLC, while it is 0.9 dB for 0.1 ps / km of the fiber PMD coefficient.

Aiming at the problem of the low sensitivity of conventional optical fiber-based gas refractive index sensors, an ultrasensitive tapered optical fiber coupler-based gas refractive index sensor enhanced by the Vernier effect is proposed and demonstrated. The birefringence property of the tapered optical fiber coupler allows it to support two passes of interferences in two orthogonal polarized states, and the superposition of these two interferences forms the Vernier effect. Theoretical analysis and numerical calculations indicate that, for the fiber couplers working in the gas medium when the waist width is within the range of 1.2 to 2.0 μm, the group birefringence difference between the even mode and odd mode equals zero. Thus the sensitivity toward the ambient gas refractive index can be enhanced significantly. To demonstrate these theoretical results, a tapered fiber coupler with a width of 1.6 μm and a length of 16.5 mm was fabricated, and ultrahigh sensitivities up to 22015.4 and −22690.0 nm / RIU were experimentally achieved. The proposed sensor has the merits of being easy to fabricate, having compact structure, and being cost effective. It has significant application prospects in the petrochemical and biomedical detection fields.

Resistance to anti-tumor therapeutics is an important clinical problem. Tumor-targeted therapies currently used in the clinic are derived from antibodies or small molecules that mitigate growth factor activity. These have improved therapeutic efficacy and safety compared to traditional treatment modalities but resistance arises in the majority of clinical cases. Targeting such resistance could improve tumor abatement and patient survival. A growing number of such tumors are characterized by prominent expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) on the cell surface. This study presents a "Trojan-Horse" approach to combating these tumors by using a receptor-targeted biocarrier that exploits the HER3 cell surface protein as a portal to sneak therapeutics into tumor cells by mimicking an essential ligand. The biocarrier used here combines several functions within a single fusion protein for mediating targeted cell penetration and non-covalent self-assembly with therapeutic cargo, forming HER3-homing nanobiologics. Importantly, we demonstrate here that these nanobiologics are therapeutically effective in several scenarios of resistance to clinically approved targeted inhibitors of the human EGF receptor family. We also show that such inhibitors heighten efficacy of our nanobiologics on naïve tumors by augmenting HER3 expression. This approach takes advantage of a current clinical problem (i.e. resistance to growth factor inhibition) and uses it to make tumors more susceptible to HER3 nanobiologic treatment. Moreover, we demonstrate a novel approach in addressing drug resistance by taking inhibitors against which resistance arises and re-introducing these as adjuvants, sensitizing tumors to the HER3 nanobiologics described here.

The forkhead box transcription factor FOXC1 plays a critical role in embryogenesis and the development of many organs. Its mutations and high expression are associated with many human diseases including breast cancer. Although FOXC1 knockout mouse studies showed that it is not required for mammary gland development during puberty, it is not clear whether its overexpression alters normal mammary development in vivo. To address this question, we generated transgenic mice with mammary-specific FOXC1 overexpression. We report that transgenic FOXC1 overexpression suppresses lobuloalveologenesis and lactation in mice. This phenotype is associated with higher percentages of estrogen receptor-, progesterone receptor-, or ki67-positive mammary epithelial cells in the transgenic mice at the lactation stage. We also show that expression of the Elf5 transcription factor, a master regulator of mammary alveologenesis and luminal cell differentiation, is markedly reduced in mammary epithelial cells of transgenic mice. Likewise, levels of activated Stat5, another inducer of alveolar expansion and a known mediator of the Elf5 effect, are also lowered in those cells. In contrast, the cytokeratin 8-positive mammary cell population with progenitor properties is elevated in the transgenic mice at the lactation stage, suggesting inhibition of mammary cell differentiation. These results may implicate FOXC1 as a new important regulator of mammary gland development.

Background The pathogenesis of human basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is not well understood and patients with BLBC have a poor prognosis. Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is well-known to be upregulated in BLBC. The forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) transcription factor, an important prognostic biomarker specific for BLBC, has been shown to be induced by EGF and is critical for EGF effects in breast cancer cells. How FOXC1 is transcriptionally activated in BLBC is not clear. Methods Luciferase reporter assays were performed to show that NF-κB-p65 enhances FOXC1 promoter activity in BLBC cells (MDA-MB-468). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, biotinylated oligonucleotide precipitation assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were used to show that NF-κB interacts and binds to the promoter region of FOXC1. Results In this study, we demonstrate that NF-κB is a pivotal mediator of the EGF/EGFR regulation of FOXC1 expression by binding to the FOXC1 promoter to activate FOXC1 transcription. Loss or inhibition of NF-κB diminished FOXC1 expression. Conclusion Collectively, our findings reveal a novel EGFR-NF-κB-FOXC1 signaling axis that is critical for BLBC cell function, supporting the notion that intervention in the FOXC1 pathway may provide potential modalities for BLBC treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-017-0180-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has high rates of local recurrence and distant metastasis, partially due to its high invasiveness. The Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) transcription factor has been shown to be specifically overexpressed in TNBC and associated with poor clinical outcome. How TNBC's high invasiveness is driven by FOXC1 and its downstream targets remains poorly understood. In the present study, pathway-specific PCR array assays revealed that WNT5A and matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7) were upregulated by FOXC1 in TNBC cells. Interestingly, WNT5A mediates the upregulation of MMP7 by FOXC1 and the WNT5A-MMP7 axis is essential for FOXC1-induced invasiveness of TNBC cells in vitro. Xenograft models showed that the lung extravasation and metastasis of FOXC1-overexpressing TNBC cells were attenuated by knocking out WNT5A, but could be restored by MMP7 overexpression. Mechanistically, FOXC1 can bind directly to the WNT5A promoter region to activate its expression. Engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP), coupled with mass spectrometry, identified FOXC1-interacting proteins including a group of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins involved in WNT5A transcription induction. Finally, we found that WNT5A activates NF-κB signaling to induce MMP7 expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate a FOXC1-elicited non-canonical WNT5A signaling mechanism comprising NF-κB and MMP7 that is essential for TNBC cell invasiveness, thereby providing implications toward developing an effective therapy for TNBC.

Surface ectoderm (SE) cells give rise to structures including the epidermis and ectodermal associated appendages such as hair, eye and the mammary gland. In this study, we validate a protocol that utilizes BMP4 and the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT to induce SE differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). hiPSC-differentiated SE cells expressed markers suggesting their commitment to the SE lineage. Computational analyses using integrated quantitative transcriptomic and proteomic profiling reveal that TGFβ superfamily signaling pathways are preferentially activated in SE cells compared with hiPSCs. SE differentiation can be enhanced by selectively blocking TGFβ-RI signaling. We also show that SE cells and neural ectoderm cells possess distinct gene expression patterns and signaling networks as indicated by functional Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Our findings advance current understanding of early human SE cell development and pave the way for modeling of SE-derived tissue development, studying disease pathogenesis and development of regenerative medicine approaches.

Vitamin A (retinol) and its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), serve dual roles in the female reproductive tract. Cytochrome P450 26A1 (Cyp26a1), an RA-metabolizing enzyme, is involved in mammalian early pregnancy. In order to investigate the role of RA synthesis and metabolism during embryo implantation, we first investigated the spatiotemporal expression of RA-signal in the mouse uterus during the peri-implantation period. RA-signal-related molecules, including binding proteins, synthesizing enzymes, catabolizing enzymes and receptors, were all expressed in the mouse uterus during embryo implantation. The locations of the RA synthetic system (Aldh1a1, Aldh1a2, CRBP1) and catabolizing enzyme (Cyp26a1) were distinctive in the mouse uterus during the peri-implantation period. Aldh1a1 was located in the gland epithelium, whereas Aldh1a2 and CRBP1 were located in the stroma and Cyp26a1 was expressed in the luminal and glandular epithelium. These results demonstrate that RA synthesis occurs in the stroma, whereas RA metabolism takes place in the endometrial epithelium. When endometrial epithelial cells were isolated on day 4.5 of pregnancy and treated with E(2) (17beta-estradiol) or a combination of E(2) and progesterone, all-trans-RA (10 μM) significantly down-regulated the expression of LIF, HB-EF and CSF-1 in these cells in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest that the accumulation of RA in the stroma during mouse embryo implantation has an inhibitory effect on the expression of the three implantation-essential genes, LIF, HB-EGF and CSF-1. Therefore, the expression of Cyp26a1 in luminal and glandular epithelium might block the adverse effect of RA in order to promote successful embryo implantation.

Secretory protein proline-rich acid protein 1 (PRAP1) is abundantly expressed in late pregnant uterus. However, regulation and function of PRAP1 in pregnant uterus is still elusive. We firstly reported differential expression of PRAP1 in peri-implantation uteri and its localization in endometrial epithelia. Expression of PRAP1 in uterus was induced by 17β-estradiol and its expression showed a negative correlation with that of class Ihistone deacetylases (HDACs) in isolated endometrial epithelia. PRAP1 was increased by HDACs inhibitor sodium butyrate treatment, while decreased significantly by estrogen receptor inhibitor ICI182,780 via up-regulating class IHDACs. Number of implanted embryos was decreased in mice immunized with pCR3.1-PRAP1 or injected with rabbit anti-PRAP1 antibody. DNA immunization or antibody injection could affect apoptosis and expression of cytokines (IL-4, IFN-γ). In conclusion, both 17β-estradiol and class IHDACs are involved in modulating PRAP1 expression in peri-implantation uteri. Preliminary functional research indicates that neutralizing PRAP1 protein causes reduction of implanted embryos.

Sidewall profile reconstruction of microstructures with the high aspect ratio is a problem urgently to be solved in MEMS field. In this paper, a measuring method based on near-infrared light scanning interferometry (NILSI) is presented according to the transmission principle of semiconductor materials in the infrared light region. The NILSI is extended from the white light to near-infrared light and from surface profile reconstruction to sidewall profile reconstruction. The NILSI system is constituted by a near-infrared light source, an interference microscope, infrared CCD, piezoelectric ceramics (PZT) with high accuracy and the data acquisition system. The test sample is taken from GaAs microstructures with high aspect ratio and made by two different height steps for measuring with different typical testing equipment. Near-infrared light vertical scanning interference (NILVSI) is improved to compensate optical path difference (OPD) and the large surface roughness. The sidewall profile of the sample is obtained and compared with that of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and white light scanning interferometry (WLSI). Test results demonstrate that the steps have 2.115 μm and 0.762 μm relative heights and 1.34 % and 2.14% relative errors respectively. There is a good agreement with the results of SEM and WLSI. The system can reconstruct the sidewall profile of microstructures with high aspect ratio.

Human mammary gland development and differentiation are tightly regulated by hormones, growth factors, and microenvironmental cues. Rodent models have been used to help gain knowledge about mammary gland biology, but there are significant structural and hormonal response differences between the human and rodent mammary glands. Moreover, cultured immortalized human mammary cell lines have been widely used for in vitro experiments to study epithelial cell biology, but it has been questioned whether they faithfully recapitulate normal breast cells. Conditional reprogramming has recently emerged as an efficient method to induce rapid and inexhaustible in vitro proliferation of primary epithelial cells from normal and malignant tissues in two-dimensional (2D) culture conditions. However, studies using this method have not shown whether conditionally reprogrammed mammary epithelial cells can form defined structures in three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions. Therefore, our goal is to develop an appropriate in vitro model using conditional reprogramming to study human mammary cell and tissue function under 2D and 3D culture conditions. We cultured primary human mammary cells from normal prophylactic tissues or breast tumors using this method. Cell type heterogeneity, cellular marker expression, and structural arrangement were examined using immunofluorescence staining. We found that normal breast cells grown under this culture condition exhibited morphologic features of luminal cells (CK18, desmoglein 3, and CK19) and myoepithelial cells (vimentin, p63, and CK14), indicating maintenance of in vivo heterogeneity. CD49f and EpCAM double staining is commonly used to separate luminal, basal, and progenitor populations. Immunofluorescence and FACS analysis further revealed subpopulations with varying CD49f and EpCAM expression profiles in the normal primary cultures, as well as detectable expression of ERα in earlier passages. Treatment with estradiol also stimulated cellular proliferation as detected by positive EdU staining. When grown in Matrigel/Collagen I gel, normal primary cells self-organize into two distinct 3D structures that are composed of densely packed cells or a spherical structure containing a lumen, which express either luminal or myoepithelial cell markers, respectively. CK8-positive luminal cells that form the lumen can differentiate into milk-producing cells in the presence of a prolactogenic growth condition. Tumor cells extracted from breast cancer patients showed expression for either basal (CK18 and FOXC1) or luminal (CK14 and ER-positive) markers in 2D cultures. Our ongoing work entails delineating the long-term culture effect on primary mammary cell fate and function and the tumorigenic property of primary breast tumor cells. The current findings uncover an in vitro model that may be a valuable tool to study mammary cell function and can potentially be used to elucidate mechanisms involved in mammary tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Stacey Chung, Liting Jin, Ying Qu, Liliana J. Gomez, Bingchen Han, Bowen Gao, Xuefeng Liu, Farin Amersi, Catherine Dang, Armando E. Giuliano, Xiaojiang Cui. Assessment of conditional reprogramming to generate 2D and 3D primary human mammary cell culture models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr A59.

E-cadherin, a Ca(2+)-dependent cell adhesion molecule, is necessary for endometrial receptivity to blastocyst implantation. The aim of this study was to investigate the differential expression of E-cadherin in canine uterus during early pregnancy and its regulation under different conditions by in situ hybridization. E-cadherin mRNA expression was at a low level in the glandular epithelium on days 6, 12 and 17 of pregnancy. On days 20 and 23 of pregnancy, E-cadherin mRNA was highly expressed in the glandular epithelium surrounding the embryo, but not in the luminal epithelium and declined in villi and placenta on day 28 of pregnancy. During oestrous cycle, a moderate level of E-cadherin mRNA expression was found in the luminal and glandular epithelium of canine uteri at oestrus stage. The same expression was also found at anoestrus stage. Progesterone slightly induced the expression of E-cadherin mRNA in the luminal and glandular epithelium of ovariectomized canine uterus. These results suggest that E-cadherin expression is closely related to canine implantation and can be up-regulated by progesterone.

We demonstrate a novel all-optical half-adder based on two semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). Two optical bandpass filters are used to select the two idlers generated by four-wave mixing (FWM) effect of the first SOA. Therefore, the AND gate and XNOR logic are realized simultaneously. The second SOA acts as a NOT gate, in which the NOR logic is achieved with the input of the logic XNOR. As a result, the output is the sum of the two input bits and the carry. In the experiment, all-optical half-addition calculation is achieved between two 10 Gb/s signals.

We experimentally demonstrate a regenerative multiwavelength conversion (MWC) of an input 10-Gbit/s RZ signal to four output copies by using a single semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and a tunable band pass filter (TBPF). Experiment results indicate that improvements in detected Q factor can be observed because of the compression of the input noise. Furthermore, as the probe light we used is a multiwavelength pulses-train with the same frequency as the data signal, this configuration can realize 3R regenerative MWC without any change. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 466–469, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24095

BACKGROUND Diagnosis of basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) remains a bottleneck to conducting effective clinical trials for this aggressive subtype. We postulated that elevated expression of Forkhead Box transcription factor C1 (FOXC1) is a simple and accurate diagnostic biomarker for BLBC. METHODS Accuracy of FOXC1 expression in identifying BLBC was compared with the PAM50 gene expression panel in gene expression microarray (GEM) (n = 1992) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (n = 349) datasets. A FOXC1-based immunohistochemical (IHC) assay was developed and assessed in 96 archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast cancer samples that also underwent PAM50 profiling. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS A FOXC1-based two-tier assay (IHC +/- qRT-PCR) accurately identified BLBC (AUC = 0.88) in an independent cohort of FFPE samples, validating the accuracy of FOXC1-defined BLBC in GEM (AUC = 0.90) and qRT-PCR (AUC = 0.88) studies, when compared with platform-specific PAM50-defined BLBC. The hazard ratio (HR) for disease-specific survival in patients having FOXC1-defined BLBC was 1.71 (95% CI = 1.31 to 2.23, P < .001), comparable to PAM50 assay-defined BLBC (HR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.40 to 2.17, P < .001). FOXC1 expression also predicted the development of brain metastasis. Importantly, unlike triple-negative or Core Basal IHC definitions, a FOXC1-based definition is able to identify BLBC in both ER+ and HER2+ patients. CONCLUSION A FOXC1-based two-tier assay, by virtue of being rapid, simple, accurate, and cost-effective may emerge as the diagnostic assay of choice for BLBC. Such a test could substantially improve clinical trial enrichment of BLBC patients and accelerate the identification of effective chemotherapeutic options for this aggressive disease.

Background We investigated the effect of basal protein expression on trastuzamab response in patients with HER2-positive (HER2 + ) breast cancer who received trastuzamab (T) and in HER2 + breast cancer cell lines. Patients and Methods Expression of cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, CK14, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was evaluated after immunohistochemical staining in paraffin-embedded tissue of 97 patients with stage I to III HER2 + breast cancer treated with chemotherapy/T. Groups with and without basal protein expression were compared with respect to clinicopathologic parameters and survival. We treated 4 cell lines (2 basal-HER2 [HCC1569, HCC1954] and 2 nonbasal HER2 [BT474, SKBR3]) each with vehicle, T 20 μg/mL, paclitaxel 0.01 μM (P), and T with P (T + P). Cell viability was assessed and HER2 pathway suppression was compared between groups using immunoblot analysis. Mammosphere formation was used to assess breast cancer stem cell properties. Results EGFR expression was significantly associated with cancer-specific survival (CSS) ( P = .05). CK5/6 expression strongly correlated with overall and disease-free survival, and CSS ( P = .03, P = .04, and P = .03, respectively). Statistical significance was maintained for EGFR and CK5/6 after adjustment for covariates. CK14 was not associated with survival. All cell lines expressed similar levels of HER2. T and P alone inhibited proliferation of nonbasal cell lines; T + P had an additive cytotoxic effect. Basal cells were resistant to T, P inhibited proliferation, but T + P had no additive cytotoxic effect on cell growth in basal cells. Immunoblot analysis showed a significant decrease in phosphorylated Akt levels after treatment with T or T + P in nonbasal cells but not in basal cells. Akt blockade suppressed growth of basal and nonbasal HER2 + cells. Furthermore, basal HER2 cell lines had increased mammosphere formation, which suggests increased stem cell properties compared with nonbasal HER2 cell lines. Conclusion CK5/6 and EGFR expression are predictive of worse prognosis in HER2 + breast cancer patients treated with T. Basal HER2 breast cancer cell lines are resistant to trastuzamab, which is mediated through the Akt pathway; AKT inhibition abrogates this resistance. Basal HER2 cell lines also have increased stem cell properties, which might play a role in the resistance pathway.

© 2014, Society of Surgical Oncology. Background: Human basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) has a poor prognosis and is often identified by expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). BLBC remains a major clinical challenge because its pathogenesis is not well understood, thus hindering efforts to develop targeted therapies. Recent data implicate the forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) transcription factor as an important prognostic biomarker and functional regulator of BLBC, but its regulatory mechanism and impact on BLBC tumorigenesis remain unclear.Methods: The association between FOXC1 and EGFR expression in human breast cancer was examined by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed tissues and analysis of the TCGA database. The regulation of FOXC1 by EGFR activation was investigated in MDA-MB-468 cells using immunoblotting, qRT-PCR, and luciferase activity assays. This EGFR effect on FOXC1 expression was confirmed using the MDA-MB-468 xenograft model.Results: Both FOXC1 mRNA and protein levels significantly correlated with EGFR expression in human breast tumors. EGFR activation induced FOXC1 transcription through the ERK and Akt pathways in BLBC. EGFR inhibition in vivo reduced FOXC1 expression in xenograft tumors. We also found that FOXC1 knockdown impaired the effects of EGF on BLBC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.Conclusions: Our findings uncover a novel EGFR-FOXC1 signaling axis critical for BLBC cell functions, supporting the notion that intervention in the FOXC1 pathway may provide potential modalities for BLBC treatment.

An all-optical frequency-upconversion is presented by injecting a low bit rate signal into a Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD) without any radio-frequency local oscillator. One of the FP-LD lasing modes is locked by generated sideband through four-wave-mixing effect in FP-LD. The generated microwave subcarrier could be tunable by varying the power and polarization of the injected signal. The input signal at the data rate of 1.25, 2.5, and 2.7 Gb/s with nonreturn-to-zero format are upconverted to a subcarrier modulation signal at upcoversion frequencies of 20, 10, and 16.2 GHz, respectively. The single sideband phase noise of -81.2 and -87.7 dBc/Hz (10-kHz frequency deviation) at 16.2-GHz subcarrier are demonstrated. The difference of sidemode suppression ratio at the FP-LD output point is also analyzed.

We propose a novel scheme for simultaneous retiming and reshaping of two wavelength-division-multiplexing channels using two independent phase clock pump and polarization multiplexing in fiber-optic parametric amplification, with the benefits of suppressing the interchannel cross-phase-modulation effect induced by the clock pumps and four-wave-mixing crosstalk. Operation of two 10-Gb/s channels is demonstrated experimentally. In both single- and dual-channel operation, eye diagrams after regeneration are significantly cleared with pulsewidth narrowed, and the nonlinear interferences are effectively reduced. An average 2-dB power penalty improvement at a bit-error rate of 10-9 is obtained in both single- and dual-channel operation.

This letter presents the experimental performance of a rate-selectable all-optical packet clock extractor using a Fabry-Perot (F-P) filter, a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), and polarization interferometers (PIs). The F-P filter with a low finesse and a free-spectral range (FSR) equal to the lowest packet data rate was used to directly extract the packet clock from the packet data stream, which ensures that the clock locks fast and vanishes quickly. Different PIs, in conjunction with the F-P filter, were used to form comb filters with different FSRs in order to suppress the undesired subharmonic frequencies. The clock then goes into SOA to reduce the low-frequency amplitude noise. We demonstrate packet clock extraction at 10, 20, and 40 Gb/s with the combination filter.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers identified among women worldwide. It is a heterogeneous disease, with each sub-disease displaying unique clinical and histopathologic characteristics. Based on genomic analysis and gene expression profiling, breast cancer has been classified into several distinct subgroups. Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers can be treated with antiestrogen drugs such as tamoxifen, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers can be treated with HER2-targeted drugs such as trastuzumab. Because of the low expression of ER and HER2, patients with basal-like breast cancer cannot benefit from these targeted therapies. Thus, to identify and validate pivotal theranostic biomarkers for basal-like breast cancer is of paramount importance. This chapter describes the molecular and histological features of basal-like breast cancer as well as the differences between basal-like breast cancer and the other breast cancer subtypes. It presents current progress in identifying the biomarkers for basal-like breast cancer. It concludes with a description of the current therapeutic strategies to treat basal-like breast cancer and argues that inhibition of basal-like tumor-associated signaling pathways, in conjunction with standard therapies, may enhance the treatment efficacy.

Based on the renormalized Hubbard model, the doping dependence of electron spectrum in cuprate superconductors is discussed within the self-consistent mean field theory. It is shown that the renormalization factor [Formula: see text] (then the quasiparticle coherent weight) increases almost linearly with the doping and plays an important role in the unconventional superconductivity for cuprate superconductors. It suppresses the magnitude of the quasiparticle peak in the electron spectrum, especially in underdoped region. By calculation of the energy and doping dependence of the electron spectral function, the main features of the electron spectrum in cuprate superconductors can be described qualitatively. In particular, with the increasing doping concentration, the position of the quasiparticle peak moves to the Fermi energy and the magnitude of the quasiparticle peak increases monotonically. Our results also show that the superconducting order parameter is determined by product of the renormalization factor and the pseudogap.

An all-optical frequency-upconversion based on fractional talbot effect is experimentally reported. The 2.5-Gb/s baseband signal carried on 10GHz pulse trains is upconverted to 40GHz millimeter wave after 18.49km transmission via repetition frequency multiplication of pulse trains. The phase noise of the 40GHz is as well as −92dBc/Hz at 10kHz frequency detuning. This scheme can operate in 60GHz band by employing the appropriate fiber length based on fractional talbot effect.

A novel scheme to realize all-optical logic gates is proposed bases on nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) in high nonlinear fiber (HNLF). Two optical signals A and B with return-to-zero data format are injected into the HNLF together with a continuous wave C. Thanks to the optical power variation in HNLF, nonlinear birefringence will be induced between the two polarization axes. Thus it results in the nonlinear polarization rotation of the lightwave in the HNLF. Both the optical signal and continuous wave are filtered out at the output of HNLF using optical band-pass filter. By adjusting the optical power and polarization of the optical signal as well as the polarization of the polarizer with respect to the polarization of optical signal/continuous wave, multiple all-optical logic gates can be realized. Theoretical analysis of the simultaneously realization of the multiple optical logic gates based on NPR in HNLF is provided. And we demonstrated the feasibility of the scheme by realizing all optical “and”, “not”, “nxor”, “A • B”, “A• B ”, half-adder and half-subtracter at 10Gb/s operation.

Simultaneously wavelength conversion of two input data signals based on four-wave mixing (FWM) in a single semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is proposed. The two input data signals in the wavelength conversion have a poor extinction ratio (ER) and the data "0" and data "1" are orthogonally polarized. When properly setting the relative polarization state of the two unconventional signals, replicas of the two input signals can be obtained at the idler's wavelength. Simultaneous wavelength conversion for two 10-Gb/s channels is demonstrated experimentally. The ER of two input signals is 4.83dB and 4.81dB respectively before wavelength conversion, while the ER of converted signals is 11.75dB and 10.34dB respectively.

A high frequency optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) using only low frequency optical and microwave devices is attractive as it provides a low cost and high quality solution at the same time. In this paper, a novel OEO scheme is reported. The proposed optoelectronic oscillator includes a 5GHz directly modulated DFB laser, an optical circulator, a 10GHz photodetector, a 10GHz RF amplifier, and a bandpass RF filter with a central frequency at 5GHz. The OEO oscillates at the 5GHz and with a continuous wave injected into the directly modulated DFB laser, higher harmonics will be generated. The harmonic order can be controlled by the frequency difference between the free running DFB laser and injection lightwave. An optical domain combined dual-loop configuration with polarization-beam splitter and a polarization-beam combiner is employed to suppress the sidemodes in each single loop. Experiment results are proposed to verify the scheme, in which 40GHz microwave is obtained.

40 Gb/s optical demultiplexing with amplitude regeneration is demonstrated based on data pump fiber-optical parametric amplification while a 10 GHz short pulse is used as the probe. Four 10 Gb/s output channels with at least 14 dB extinction ratio enhancement and an average 5.5 Q factor is obtained after demultiplexing.

We propose a novel technique to achieve optical frequency up-conversion in millimeter wave band without any local microwave oscillator. By utilizing injection locking of Febry-Perot Laser diode, a suitable negative dispersion device and polarization interferometer, a 2.5Gb/s baseband signal is frequency up-conversion to a subcarrier modulation signal at 30.8GHz.

We propose a novel technique to extent the tunable range of the RF frequency generated by optoelectronic oscillators. By utilizing injection locking of Febry-Perot Laser diode rather than the commonly used radio-frequency bandpass filter, a tunable range from 11.074 GHz to 39.400GHz is demonstrated experimentally.

Successful embryo implantation depends on intricate epithelial-stromal cross-talk. However, molecular modulators involved in this cellular communication remain poorly elucidated. Using multiple approaches, we have investigated the spatiotemporal expression and regulation of serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 3 (SPINK3) in mouse uterus during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. In cycling mice, both SPINK3 mRNA and protein are only expressed during proestrus. In the pregnant mouse, the expression levels of both SPINK3 mRNA and protein increase on days 5-8 and then decline. Spink3 mRNA is expressed exclusively in the uterine glandular epithelium, whereas SPINK3 protein is localized on the surface of both luminal and glandular epithelium and in the decidua. Moreover, SPINK3 in the decidua has been observed in the primary decidual zone on day 6 and the secondary decidual zone on days 7-8; this is tightly associated with the progression of decidualization. SPINK3 has also been found in decidual cells of the artificially decidualized uterine horn but not control horn, whereas Spink3 mRNA localizes in the glands of both horns. The expression of endometrial Spink3 is not regulated by the blastocyst according to its expression pattern during pseudopregnancy and delayed implantation but is induced by progesterone and further augmented by a combination of progesterone and estrogen in ovariectomized mice. Thus, uterine-gland-derived SPINK3, as a new paracrine modulator, might play an important role in embryo implantation through its influence on stromal decidualization in mice.

40-Gb/s 2-Channel all-optical 3R regeneration with simultaneous wavelength conversion has been realised by a fiber parametric amplifier(FPA) with the data signal to be regenerated as the pump,eliminating the unequal suppression of noise between bit0 and bit1. Signal to noise ratio is improved respectively from 2.7,2.4 to4.9,5.2.

Vitamin A (VA) is required for normal fetal development and successful pregnancy. Excessive VA intake during pregnancy may lead to adverse maternal and fetal effects. Cytochrome P450 26A1 (cyp26a1), a retinoic acid (RA)-metabolizing enzyme, is involved in VA metabolism. It has been shown that cyp26a1 is expressed in female reproductive tract, especially in uterus. In order to investigate the role of cyp26a1 during pregnancy, we constructed a recombinant plasmid DNA vaccine encoding cyp26a1 protein and immunized mice with the plasmid. Compared to control groups, the pregnancy rate of the cyp26a1 plasmid-immunized mice were significantly decreased (P

The optical pulse trains at a multiplied repetition frequency is generated by Fractional Talbot effects in optical fiber. The principles of Talbot effects and Fractional Talbot effects in fiber are analyzed in this paper. The 20GHz, 40GHz and 50GHz optical pulse trains are obtained from the original pulse trains with 2.8ps width at 10GHz repetition frequency. An optical pulse at 40GHz repetition frequency is also produced by upshifting the repetition frequency of 5GHz pulse trains. The degradation of 40GHz and 50GHz pulse trains is discussed by spectrum analysis of the pulse trains and some methods are proposed to enhance the performance of the pulse trains.