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Single-atom nanozyme (SAzyme) is the hot topic of the current nanozyme research. Its intrinsic properties, such as high activity, stability, and low cost, present great substitutes to natural enzymes. Moreover, its fundamental characteristics, i.e., maximized atom utilizations and well-defined geometric and electronic structures, lead to higher catalytic activities and specificity than traditional nanozymes. SAzymes have been applied in many biomedical areas, such as anti-tumor therapy, biosensing, antibiosis, and anti-oxidation therapy. Here, we will discuss a series of representative examples of SAzymes categorized by their biomedical applications in this review. In the end, we will address the future opportunities and challenges SAzymes facing in their designs and applications.

Background During our clinical practice, some patients with Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia were found to have secondary pulmonary fungal infections; consequently, this study analyzed the risk factors for their combined pulmonary fungal infections. We also compared the efficacy of tetracycline and moxifloxacin in the treatment of C. psittaci pneumonia to guide the treatment of this disease.Methods Eighty cases of C. psittaci pneumonia in Chongqing were selected and divided into a non-fungal group (56 cases) and a fungal group (24 cases) according to the combination of pulmonary fungal infection. The risk factors for combined pulmonary fungal infection were analyzed. According to the type of medication used, the patients were divided into five treatment groups, including (I) 12 cases of omadacycline, (II) 12 cases of tigecycline, (III) 10 cases of doxycycline, (IV) 8 cases of minocycline, and (V) 38 cases of moxifloxacin, and the efficacy of the drugs was compared.Results (1) Comparisons of factors, including hospitalization cost, length of stay, and duration of fever, showed that, first, the prognosis of the non-fungal group was better than that of the fungal group, and second, there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the use of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs; the co-administration of antimicrobials; combined structural lung disease, diabetes mellitus, and liver disease; and serum ferritin levels at admission. A logistic regression analysis showed the co-administration of antimicrobials; combined structural lung disease, diabetes mellitus, and liver disease; and relatively low serum ferritin were independent risk factors for combined pulmonary fungal infections. (2) Comparison of drug efficacy: The white blood cell count in Group I was better than in groups II and V, while fever, imaging improvement, and calcitoninogen decrease time in Group I were significantly better than in groups II, III, IV, and V. The cost in Group V was lower than in groups I, II, and III, and no significant difference was seen in the occurrence of major adverse reactions.Conclusions Patients with C. psittaci pneumonia who are co-administered with antimicrobials and are combined with structural lung disease, diabetes mellitus, and liver disease along with relatively low serum ferritin need to be alerted to combined pulmonary fungal infections. The efficacy of tetracyclines in treating such infections is more pronounced than that of other drugs, while the cost of moxifloxacin is lower than that of other antibiotics.

Starch accumulation and the seven metabolic enzyme activities in sorghum grains with different starch contents were investigated under field conditions in Shenyang Agricultural University. The results indicated that the starch accumulation in Tieza17 (high starch content variety) and Liaoza11 (low starch content variety) grains could be fitted with logistic equation. The activities of sucrose synthase (SS), soluble starch synthase (SSS) and uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) in Tieza17 were similar to those in Liaoza11. Adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activities in Tieza17 grains were consistently higher than those in Liaoza11 grains. Starch branching enzyme (SBE) and starch debranching enzyme (DBE) activities increased or decreased significantly between the two varieties at different filling stages. It is suggested that the differences in the activities of AGPase, GBSS, SBE and DBE and their tradeoff played an important role in regulating starch accumulation in sorghum grains. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(2): 217-222, 2022 (June)

There is a large bias between consumers’ perception of food safety risks and the actual state of food safety. Accurate measurements of consumers’ perceived bias of food safety risk provide a scientific basis for the government to improve food safety risk communication measures. Based on the random sample of 559 consumers obtained by the scenario simulation experiment on domestic infant formula, consumers’ perceived bias of the safety risk of domestic infant formula was accurately measured with a principal component analysis and a multidimensional model. The results show that consumers’ perceived bias of the safety risk of domestic infant formula includes physical-performance risk, financial-time risk, and psychological risk. The physical-performance risk perception bias is the highest, followed by psychological risk perception bias and financial-time risk perception bias. There are significant differences in the perception bias of the safety risk of domestic infant formula among consumers with different demographic characteristics. The Chinese government could adjust consumers’ perceived bias of the food safety risk by establishing a food safety risk communication mechanism, strengthening the popularization of food safety knowledge, and preventing and managing food safety rumors.

To evaluate the clinical performance of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based motion correction (MC) reconstruction algorithm for cerebral CT.A total of 53 cases, where motion artifacts were found in the first scan so that an immediate rescan was taken, were retrospectively enrolled. While the rescanned images were reconstructed with a hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithm (reference group), images of the first scan were reconstructed with both the hybrid IR (motion group) and the MC algorithm (MC group). Image quality was compared in terms of standard deviation (SD), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), the mean squared error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), and mutual information (MI), as well as subjective scores. The diagnostic performance for each case was evaluated accordingly by lesion detectability or the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) assessment.Compared with the motion group, the SNR and CNR of the MC group were significantly increased. The MSE, PSNR, SSIM, and MI with respect to the reference group were improved by 44.1%, 15.8%, 7.4%, and 18.3%, respectively (all p0.001). Subjective image quality indicators were scored higher for the MC than the motion group (p0.05). Improved lesion detectability and higher AUC (0.817 vs 0.614) in the ASPECTS assessment were found for the MC to the motion group.The AI-based MC reconstruction algorithm has been clinically validated for reducing motion artifacts and improving diagnostic performance of cerebral CT.• An artificial intelligence-based motion correction (MC) reconstruction algorithm has been clinically validated in both qualitative and quantitative manner. • The MC algorithm reduces motion artifacts in cerebral CT and increases the diagnostic confidence for brain lesions. • The MC algorithm can help avoiding rescans caused by motion and improving the efficiency of cerebral CT in the emergency department.

To investigate the therapeutic effect of Yixin Ningshen Tablet (YXNS) on comorbidity of myocardial infarction (MI) and depression in rats and explore the underlying mechanism.The Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups with 7 rats in each group according to their weights, including control, model, fluoxetine (FLXT, 10 mg/kg), low-dose YXNS (LYXNS, 100 mg/kg), and high-dose YXNS (HYXNS, 300 mg/kg) groups. All rats were pretreated with corresponding drugs for 12 weeks. The rat model of MI and depression was constructed by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery and chronic mild stress stimulation. The echocardiography, sucrose preference test, open field test, and forced swim test were performed. Myocardial infarction (MI) area and myocardial apoptosis was also detected. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CORT), and norepinephrine (NE) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The proteins of adenosine 5'-monophosphate -activated protein kinase (AMPK), p-AMPK, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) in heart were detected by Western blot analysis. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), and kynureninase (KYNU) in hippocampus were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Compared with the model group, the cardiac function of rats treated with YXNS improved significantly (P0.01). Meanwhile, YXNS effectively reduced MI size and cardiomyocytes apoptosis of rats (P0.01 or P0.05), promoted AMPK phosphorylation, and increased PGC-1α protein expression (P0.01 or P0.05). HYXNS significantly increased locomotor activity of rats, decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and increased the serum levels of 5-HT, NE, ACTH, and CORT (all P0.05). Moreover, HYXNS decreased the mRNA expressions of IDO1, KMO and KYNU (P0.05).YXNS can relieve MI by enhancing myocardial energy metabolism. Meanwhile, YXNS can alleviate depression by resisting inflammation and increasing availability of monoamine neurotransmitters. It may be used as a potential drug to treat comorbidity of MI and depression.

Agricultural system is highly dependent on the natural environment, thus even a slight climate change can have a significant impact on it. Climate change has already caused a series of problems for the agricultural system, which makes improving climate adaptation of the agricultural system extremely important. In order to clarify the current research status, cooperation network, research hotspots and trends in climate adaptation of the agricultural system, we adopt the bibliometric method via CiteSpace to analyze the data collected from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection. Through the analysis of a number of publications, we found that the current research in climate adaptation of the agricultural system has entered a rapid development stage. Moreover, the United State of America (USA) is the most impactful country with the most publications in this field. In terms of institutions, the University of Leeds contributes most to the research in climate adaptation of the agricultural system. And its faculty, A. J. Dougill, is the author who contribute most to this field. By cluster analysis and burst analysis, we confirmed conceptual studies, ecologically venerable areas, and climate adaptation strategies are the hotspot in climate adaptation of the agricultural system, while impact assessment, governance and decision-making, farming system, and climate information service are the research trend in this field. This review is expected to help researchers quickly grasp the research situation in climate adaptation of the agricultural system and provide a reference for future research in this field.

A comprehensive understanding of current Chinese public attitudes toward farm animal welfare and the relevant influencing factors is essential for improving farm animal welfare and promoting further development of animal husbandry. The attitudes of 3,726 respondents in China were investigated using paper and online questionnaires. Three components (affective, cognitive, and behavioral) of attitudes toward farm animal welfare were assessed using 18 items designed based on the literature review. Influential factors of attitudes toward farm animal welfare were explored via tobit regression. The results revealed that the Chinese public not only considers farm animals to be emotional and sentient but are also sympathetic toward farm animals that suffer inhumane treatment. Although they have limited knowledge about farm animal welfare, the public believes improving farm animal welfare is beneficial, especially for food safety and human health. The Chinese public prefers regulation policies to incentive policies for improving farm animal welfare. The main factors influencing attitudes toward farm animal welfare included gender, age, education, monthly household income, area of residence, farm animal raising experience, and attention to farm animal welfare events. The effect of these influencing factors on attitudes varied. These findings provide a basis for improving Chinese public attitudes toward farm animal welfare. The implications of formulating and implementing effective policies to improve the Chinese public attitudes toward farm animal welfare were discussed.

It is critical to understand factors associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) metastasis. To track the evolutionary route of metastasis, here we perform an integrative genomic analysis of 163 matched blood and primary, regional lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis tumour samples, combined with single-cell RNA-seq on 11 samples from two patients. The mutation burden, gene mutation frequency, mutation signature, and copy number frequency are similar between metastatic tumours and primary and regional lymph node tumours. There are two distinct evolutionary routes of metastasis, including metastases evolved from regional lymph nodes (lymphatic route, 61.5%, 8/13) and from primary tumours (hematogenous route, 38.5%, 5/13). The hematogenous route is characterised by higher IFN-γ response gene expression and a higher fraction of exhausted CD8+ T cells. Based on a radiomics model, we find that the hematogenous group has significantly better progression-free survival and PD-1 immunotherapy response, while the lymphatic group has a better response to locoregional radiotherapy.

Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) show multiple biological functions, while their high hydrophobicity leads to a low bioaccessibility and limits their wide applications. The design of a reasonable food-grade drug delivery system is an effective strategy to improve the low bioaccessibility of PMFs. In this study, sinensetin, tangeretin and nobiletin were encapsulated in Pickering emulsions stabilized by zein/pullulan complex colloidal particles (ZPPs), and the protection effect and in vitro digestion were characterized.Rheological analysis revealed that ZPP-Pickering emulsion loading with PMFs maintained a strong gel-like network structure. Moreover, the ability to scavenge free radicals of PMFs was improved by the emulsion delivery system. The antioxidant activity of PMFs encapsulated in Pickering emulsion was positively correlated with the oil volume fraction (φ). ZPP-Pickering emulsion loading with PMFs can effectively delay lipid oxidation, and the φ (70%) of Pickering emulsion showed the most pronounced effects, in which the lipid hydroperoxide content and malondialdehyde content decreased by 64.3% and 38.3% after 15 days of storage, compared with the bulk oil group, respectively. The bioaccessibility of the three PMFs has been increased by ZPP-Pickering emulsion simultaneously and it presented the highest values as its φ was 50%, in which the bioaccessibility of sinensetin, tangeretin and nobiletin increased by 2.5, 3.2 and 3.9 times, compared with the bulk oil group, respectively.Pickering emulsion stabilized by ZPPs is an excellent nutrient delivery system for delivering three PMFs simultaneously and imparting functional properties to bioactive delivery systems. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Incomplete tongue motor control is a common yet challenging issue among individuals with neurotraumas and neurological disorders. In development of the training protocols, multiple sensory modalities including visual, auditory, and tactile feedback have been employed. However, the effectiveness of each sensory modality in tongue motor learning is still in question. The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of visual and electrotactile assistance on tongue motor learning, respectively. Eight healthy subjects performed the tongue pointing task, in which they were visually instructed to touch the target on the palate by their tongue tip as accurately as possible. Each subject wore a custom-made dental retainer with 12 electrodes distributed over the palatal area. For visual training, 3×4 LED array on the computer screen, corresponding to the electrode layout, was turned on with different colors according to the tongue contact. For electrotactile training, electrical stimulation was applied to the tongue with frequencies depending on the distance between the tongue contact and the target, along with a small protrusion on the retainer as an indicator of the target. One baseline session, one training session, and three post-training sessions were conducted over four-day duration. Experimental result showed that the error was decreased after both visual and electrotactile trainings, from 3.56 ± 0.11 (Mean ± STE) to 1.27 ± 0.16, and from 3.97 ± 0.11 to 0.53 ± 0.19, respectively. The result also showed that electrotactile training leads to stronger retention than visual training, as the improvement was retained as 62.68 ± 1.81% after electrotactile training and 36.59 ± 2.24% after visual training, at 3-day post training.

Background In 2021, a once-in-a-century heavy rainstorm suddenly attacked Zhengzhou, an important inland city in northern China. However, there have been no studies on the psychological health of disaster-stricken residents. This study is the first to comprehensively report on the mental health status and related factors of local ordinary residents after the heavy rainstorm. Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the mental health status and related influencing factors of local ordinary residents after the flood disaster, and to provide reference for government departments to formulate disaster psychological intervention countermeasures based on evidence-driven strategies. Methods The snowball sampling technique was used in this study, and measurement tools of Rainstorm Exposure Questionnaire, Subjective Perception of Rainstorm, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DAS-21) and Chinese version of Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were used to evaluate the rainstorm exposure, subjective perception of the rainstorm, psychological symptoms and social support of the disaster-stricken residents within a week after the rainstorm. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the psychological status and related factors of local residents after the rainstorm disaster. Results A total of 469 valid samples were obtained in this study. All the subjects were in the disaster area and experienced the rainstorm personally, with normal intelligence. The statistical results showed that 25.37% people had experienced at least three rainstorm-related stresses, nearly 20.26% people had post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and 39.3%, 53.92% and 65.83% people had depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that female (all p p p p p p p p p p p p p p Conclusions Rainstorm could cause local residents to have various degrees of psychological symptoms. This study identified factors associated with the psychological health of disaster-stricken residents, which could be used to develop psychological interventions in improving psychological health of local residents.

This study aims to investigate the effect of five-flavor sophora flavescens enteric-coated capsules (FSEC) on TNF-α-induced inflammatory bowel disease and its molecular mechanism. Wistar Rats were divided divided into 6 groups: Normal control group (group A): normal diet, drinking water; Model group (group B): 100 μg/L TNF-α; FSEC high-dose group (group C): 100μg/L TNF-α + FSEC (432 mg/kg); FSEC medium-dose group (group D): 100 μg/L TNF-α + FSEC (216 mg/kg); FSEC low-dose group (group E): 100 μg/L TNF-α + FSEC (108 mg/kg); Positive control group (group F): 100 μg/L TNF-α + 500 mg/kg sulfasalazine (SAZ). Animals in each group were intragastrically administered twice daily for 7 days. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last treatment and colon tissues were collected for subsequent experiments. The results of HE staining showed that the colonic tissue of TNF-α-fed animals appeared damage, while the colonic tissue of animals treated with FSEC was improved to various degrees, and the histological characteristics of colon were basically recovered in the high-dose group, suggesting that FSEC could be used to treat TNF-α-induced colonic tissue damage. According to the results of ELISA and immunohistochemistry, the recovery of colonic tissue structure in rats treated with different doses of FSEC might be related to the decrease of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, TLR-4 and NF-κB proteins expression. According to the results of Western blotting, TNF-α-pretreated IEC-6 cells cultured with medicated serum decreased the expression of TRIF and IFN-γ proteins. These results suggest that FSEC has a protective effect on ulcerative colitis (UC), and the mechanism may be through inhibiting the activation of TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway and preventing the release of related inflammatory factors.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer‑associated death in the world. Chemotherapy remains the primary treatment method for HCC. Despite advances in chemotherapy and modalities, recurrence and resistance limit therapeutic success. Salidroside (Sal), a bioactive component extracted from the rhizome of

In the context of resource constraints, how different dimensions of entrepreneurial alertness affect the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition of new ventures is an important issue worth studying. From entrepreneurial cognition theory and bricolage theory perspectives, we systematically investigate the intrinsic relationships among entrepreneurial alertness, entrepreneurial bricolage, entrepreneurial passion, and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. Further, it explored the intrinsic mechanism of role in exploring entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. This study applied stepwise regression analyses and the Bootstrap method to test the hypotheses on a sample of 295 questionnaires of the new venture. The findings revealed that entrepreneurial alertness is positively related to entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. Entrepreneurial bricolage is positively related to entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. Entrepreneurial bricolage partially mediates between entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. Entrepreneurial passion positively moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial bricolage and entrepreneurial opportunity identification. The study guides new ventures to enhance entrepreneurial alertness and reasonably use entrepreneurial bricolage to explore entrepreneurial opportunities.

Under consideration is a $$(2+1)$$ ( 2 + 1 ) -dimensional spin nonisospectral Myrzakulov-Lakshmanan-IV (ML-IV) equation, which has close relation with the celebrated nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In the first place we study the modulational instability (MI) for this equation and deduce its formation mechanism for diverse localized waves from the plane wave background. Secondly, in view of the known nonisospectral Lax pair of this equation, we first successfully extend the generalized $$(n, N-n)$$ ( n , N - n ) -fold Darboux Transformation (DT) from $$(1+1)$$ ( 1 + 1 ) -dimensional equation to this $$(2+1)$$ ( 2 + 1 ) -dimensional equation. As an application of the resulting DT, we derive some location controllable dark and bright lump, periodic wave and mixed breather-lump solutions, it is shown that the position of these localized waves can be controlled by some special parameters, so that we can move them to the positions we want. Especially, the dynamical behaviors of these localized waves are illustrated graphically. These results may have potential value for the study of applied ferromagnetism and nano magnetism.

Background Salidroside (Sal) has many pharmacological effects, including anti-fatigue, anti-aging, immunoregulation and so on. However, its effects and related regulatory mechanisms on coronary artery disease (CAD) are elusive. We hypothesize that Sal may play a role in CAD through autophagic pathway. Herein, we used autophagy agonist (sirolimus, Sir) and inhibitor (chloroquine diphosphate, CQ) as the autophagic control group. And network pharmacology prediction was employed to explore the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of Sal on CAD using network pharmacology prediction, and validated the results through in vitro experiments. Methods Through a search in the Swisstarget Prediction database, chemical composition and targets were retrieved. The related-autophagic targets for CAD were then obtained from the GEO and human autophagy databases. The network was constructed that depicted the interactions between putative drugs (Sal, Sir and CQ) and known related-autophagic targets for CAD using Cytoscape 3.8.0. Analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) was achieved via STRING software, followed by gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment and kyoto enrichment of gene and genome (KEGG) pathway analyses. The 3D structure of target protein was downloaded from RSCB PDB database, the 2D structure of drug was obtained from PubChem database, then the molecular docking was constructed by using AutoDockTools 1.5.6 and AutoDock Vina software, and the results were visualized by using PyMoL sofeware. To validate the computer-predicted results, in vitro experiments based on an anoxic injury model were designed by using CoCl2-exposed H9C2 cells, and treated with various concentrations of Sal/Sir/CQ. The effects of drugs on cells were detected by using the CCK-8, inverted microscope (IM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), MDC staining and AO staining. Moreover, the expression profiles of related-proteins were analyzed via western blot. Results Three compounds were identified a total of 399 targets, GEO revealed a total of 576 CAD-related genes, and 36 overlapping genes of drug-disease were obtained. The PPI network was employed for the analysis of 36 target proteins, including CASP3, mTOR, VEGFA and EGFR. The enrichment analysis demonstrated candidate targets of three compounds were more frequently involved in inflammation, lipid response, oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis, diabetic cardiomyopathy and estrogen signaling pathways. In vitro experiments revealed that Sal could induce autophagy in CoCl2-exposed H9C2 cells, significantly reverse cell death in the early period, and decrease the levels of Caspase-3 protein in CoCl2-exposed H9C2 cells. However, Sal-induced autophagy also could promoted the process of CoCl2-exposed H9C2 cells death in the late period. Conclusions This study revealed that Sal existed the effect of treating CAD by regulating multi-targets and multi-channels through the method of network pharmacology. Furthermore, in vitro results confirmed that Sal-induced autophagy played a protective role in the early period of CAD, while aggravated the condition in the late period of CAD.