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Background We assessed community-based educational interventions towards primary prevention of type-II diabetes (T2D), but with a focus on theoretical framework and community factors. Methods A comprehensive search for eligible studies was carried out on PubMed, EMBASE, ProQuest, CINAHL nursing & allied health source, Cochrane Library, Google scholar, conference proceedings, and reference lists. Eligibility criteria were 1) quantitative interventional studies with all designs implemented on general populations and/or the participants at-risk for T2DM within communities (community-based interventions), 2) had no pharmacological treatments within the intervention; 3) had any theoretical frameworks based on health education theories/models; 4) published 2000 onwards and in English language. Data was extracted by using JBI standardized data extraction tool. The primary outcome variables were incidence rate of T2DM, fasting blood glucose (FBG), haemoglobin A1c (HbAlc), mean body weight, mean body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (s/d BP). Random effects meta-analysis was conducted to pool the results. Sub-group analyses based on age-group, gender, theoretical framework, and duration of follow-up were also performed.Results Nineteen studies were included in the review and ten studies were pooled in the meta-analysis (n = 16106, mean age = 41.52 years). The incidence rate of T2D was reported in 3 trials, within which the risk of developing T2D was reduced by 54% in favour of the community-based educational interventions, (RR =0.54, 95% CI = 0.38- 0.75; p < 0.001). In eleven (n = 11587) and six (n = 6416) studies the pooled mean difference was -0.33 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.20, p2= 95.7%, p2=97.3%, pConclusion In the community-based educational interventions with high quality indices, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes may be reduced by half in favour of all other community-based educational interventions. Given the gross lack of reliable community-based educational interventions, there is no doubt on why we lag behind on T2D prevention; especially in low-middle income populations. Nevertheless, the effected interventions are helpful to bring a favourable change in outcome variables, but, with conditions. Interventions with theoretical framework are likely to be more effective towards diabetes prevention.

High Precision Finite elements have been used to determine displacements and internal forces of rectangular and skewed slabs. The displacement model is derived on the assumptions of small deflection theory and the principles of linear elasticity. The high precision triangular plate bending element with six degrees of freedom per node, developed by Cowper, Lindberg, Olson & Kosko has been used to study the behaviour of slabs under concentrated loads. A computer program is developed for the generation of the stiffness maxtrix of the individual elements. These matrices are used to represent the structure force-displacement relationships. To widen the scope of study, linear elastic members are incorporated and some problems of stiffened slabs are analysed. A compatible beam element is developed to represent the stiffeners. In the case of eccentric stiffeners in-plane forces are developed. To take the in-plane forces into account a complete cubic function is assumed for the tangential displacements. Comparisons with the existing solutions are made to establish the accuracy achieved on using high precision elements.