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During propagation of avocado by grafting in 2019 and 2020, the maximum % grafting failure (GF) of avocado seedlings was recorded on cv. Hass and cv. Fuerte, followed by cv. Benkerton and cv. Reed. While cv. Etinger was the less susceptible one. Lasiodiplodia theobromae was the most frequently isolated from graft failure seedlings in all avocado cultivars, followed by Fusarium moniliforme. While Alternaria alternata recorded the lowest frequency. The highest percentage of grafting failure and death of scions was obtained by the fungus L. theobromae,followed by F. moniliforme and the lowest percentage of grafting failure was observed forA. alternata in all avocado cultivars. The efficacy of biological and chemical control was tested in vitro and in vivo as well as under nursery conditions for controlling GF on avocado seedlings. Amistar Top and Bellis gave the highest reduction in colony growth of the three pathogens, followed by Kocide (2000) and Star copper. While Serenade ASO and Bio Zeid were the lowest ones. Dipping scions in each of the tested suspensions before dipping in spore suspension of each fungus suppressed the spores of the pathogen during grafting and increased the percentage of success of grafted seedlings in the two tested cultivars Hass and Fuerte compared with the control. In this respect, Amistar Top and Bellis were the most effective treatments for controlling the pathogens in the two tested cultivars, followed by Kocide (2000) and Star copper. The lowest efficacy was recorded when scions were dipped on Serenade ASO and Bio Zeid. Also, dipping scions in the suspension of each tested commercial product during grafting increased the percentage of grafting success for all tested cultivars compared with the control. Considering the means of efficacy of the tested treatments on the tested cultivars in the two seasons, Amistar Top, Bellis and Kocide (2000) were the most effective which recorded (91.00 and 94.00%), (85.00 and 87.00%) and (84.00 and 87.00%), respectively (%) success of avocado grafted seedlings on all cultivars in the two years, followed by Serenade ASO (83.00% and 87.00%). While the least (%) success of avocado grafted seedlings on all cultivars in the two seasons was observed on Star copper and Bio Zeid (81.00 and 86.00%) and (81.00 and 84.00%), respectively. Also, the highest effect of all treatments was on cv. Etinger, cv. Reed and cv. Benkerton, while the lowest effect was on cv. Fuerte and cv. Hass in the two seasons. The highest values of production of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities in the two tested avocado cultivars Hass and Fuerte were observed after dipping the scions in Amistar Top and Bellis, followed by Kocide (2000) and Serenade ASO. While the lowest values of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities were recorded after dipping the scions in Star copper and Bio Zeid.

In the present study, the morphological characters, root, stem and leaf anatomy, pollen and achene micromorphology of Bellis L. species (Bellis annua L., B. perennis L. and B. sylvestris Cirillo) distributed in Turkey have been investigated on light and scanning electron microscope. Palynological analysis showed that pollen characters were found as small to medium size, isopolar, radially symmetrical, oblate spheroidal and prolate spheroidal, tricolporate and echinate-perforate ornamentation in the three species. Achene characters were found dark brown to yellow in colour, often cylindrical, compressed, with thickened margin, obovate orobovoid shaped, pappus absent and the coat ornamentations are rectangular with short hairs on the surface. As a result of this study, leaf morphology and some pollen characteristics such as pollen size, shape, perforation and distance between spines were demonstrated to be different among the Bellis species.

This article analyzes the “De Bellis Gothorum,” a long neglected and misunderstood history of the ancient Goths written in 1472–73 by Nicholas of Modruš, the leading Croatian-Illyrian bishop at the papal curia. By placing the work in its proper context, this article reconstructs a previously unknown episode in the political history of the fifteenth-century Adriatic. It is argued that the “De Bellis Gothorum” was in fact a national history that was meant to provide a trans-Adriatic network of Croatian and Bosnian nobles and churchmen with support from Naples and the papacy for their border wars against the Ottomans and reestablishment of their national kingdom.

In France and Italy – like all the countries of the European Union – the proportion of higher education graduates in the working population has continued to increase. At the same time, the number of jobs requiring this level of education has not grown as quickly. In France and Italy, this has meant a decrease in the proportion of tertiary graduates who occupy managerial positions, and a growing share of these graduates hold jobs as middle and low ranking employees. Several studies have investigated the phenomenon of professional downgrading, focusing on its structural determinants and socio-economic implications at the national level and examining international differences. Nevertheless, only a few studies explore disparities in over-education and compare nations at the regional level. By addressing the need for a spatial approach to this subject, which is so far lacking in the scientific literature, this paper examines the downgrading of higher education graduates in Italy and France at the regional level and discusses the real occupational returns for high levels of education. Using data from the Italian and French censuses, the findings of this analysis show significant sub-regional heterogeneities regarding access to managerial positions for graduates according to the territorial unit observed. En Francia e Italia, como en el resto de los países de la Unión Europea, la proporción de los graduados universitarios sigue aumentando en la población activa. Al mismo tiempo, los trabajos que requieren este nivel educativo no están creciendo tan rápidamente. En Francia e Italia, esto se traduce en una disminución de la proporción de titulados superiores que ocupan cargos directivos, y en un aumento de la proporción de los que ocupan puestos de trabajo como obreros o empleados de categoría media o baja. Varias aportaciones han analizado el fenómeno de la sobreeducación, centrándose en sus determinantes estructurales y en las consecuencias socioeconómicas a nivel de país y examinando también las diferencias entre países. Sin embargo, solo algunos de ellos han intentado explorar las disparidades en la sobreeducación comparando los países a nivel regional. Abordando la necesidad de un enfoque espacial/territorial de este tema, que hasta ahora falta en la literatura científica, en este artículo se examina la desvalorización de los graduados universitarios en Italia y Francia, a una escala regional, y se examinan los verdaderos beneficios profesionales de la obtención de un título de educación superior. Utilizando datos de los censos italiano y francés, los resultados de este análisis muestran importantes heterogeneidades interregionales en el acceso a puestos directivos para los titulados superiores. The project is funded by French and Italian Ministry of University and Research. 2019 Program Galileo N. G19-62 et N. 42057WJ (“Metropolisation in the Euro-Mediterranean region: an urbanisation model in crisis?”. Project Coordinators: Gil Bellis and Maria Carella).

This volume focuses on Henry Aubin's thesis in The Rescue of Jerusalem: The Alliance between Hebrews and Africans in 701 BC (2002) that an army of Egypt's Kushite Dynasty (also known as the Twenty-fifth Dynasty) was influential in saving Jerusalem from capture by Assyrian forces. Eight scholars from a range of disciplines—biblical studies, Assyriology, Egyptology and Nubiology—assess the thesis and explore related ideas. Most of the evaluators tilt in varying degrees toward the plausibility of the book's thesis. The volume concludes with Mr. Aubin's response to each essay.

Technology is becoming ever more complex, IT environments increasingly labyrinthine and the threat landscape is expanding, seemingly exponentially. This is mirrored in the sophistication – but also complexity – of defensive systems. Information security specialists now face a deluge of information and deciding what is significant isn't easy. In this interview, Ed Bellis, CTO of Kenna Security, talks about the challenges facing organisations today and how an intelligent approach to security data can help organisations spot the genuine threats.

// Anna Maria Valentini 1 , Federica Di Pinto 1 , Filomena Cariola 2 , Vito Guerra 3 , Gianluigi Giannelli 4 , Maria Lucia Caruso 1 and Michele Pirrelli 1 1 Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy 2 Medical Genetic Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy 3 Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy 4 National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy Correspondence to: Anna Maria Valentini, email: am.valentini@irccsdebellis.it Keywords: colorectal cancer; microsatellite instability; immunohistochemistry; PD-L1; PD-1 Received: September 24, 2017 Accepted : December 05, 2017 Published: January 12, 2018 ABSTRACT Objectives: We investigated the PD-L1 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) and in its microenvironment. Results: PD-L1 was expressed in neoplastic cells (NCs) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (IICs). All samples PD-L1+ on NCs were also on IICs. Three types of cancers could be grouped: group A(NCs-/ IICs-); group B (NCs-/ IICs+); group C (NCs+/IICs+). To group A belong tumors characterized by poorly immunogenic competence, poor immune response but massive granulocyte infiltrate, justifying the absence of PD-L1 as an immunoinhibitor receptor. To Group B probably belong more immunogenic CRCs, justifying the strong IICs-mediated immune response, and up-regulation of PD-L1 expression only on IICs. To group C belong CRCs probably characterized by a large amount of tumor neoantigens resulting in a marked infiltration of lymphocytes and PD-L1 upregulation also in NCs. Materials and Methods: Sixty-three colorectal cancer specimens from a cohort of 61 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-seven MSS and 26 MSI-H CRCs enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemical staining to PD-L1 was performed by using MAb E1L3N. Conclusions: Our study calls attention to the importance to assess PD-L1 expression in tumor microenvironment also evaluating type and density of infiltrating immune cells to better stratify CRCs with different immunological patterns.

The family Chrysopetalidae has been poorly studied from the Pacific coast of Mexico compared to other families. Specifically from the southern Mexican Pacific, only two species of the family have been recorded in previous studies, Chrysopetalum occidentale and Paleanotus chrysolepis. In this study 311 specimens were revised, and nine species, belonging to six genera were found. Eight of these species are new records from the southern Mexican Pacific coast: Arichlidon watsonae n. sp., Bhawania cf. goodei, Chrysopetalum elegantoides, C. maculata, Hyalopale sp., Paleaequor psamathe, Paleanotus bellis and P. purpurea. A new species is also described, Arichlidon watsonae n. sp., which is characterized by the curved tips blades of the falcigers and their small and ovoid palps. Additionally, the genera Arichlidon and Hyalopale are recorded by first time from the Tropical Eastern Pacific.

In Tropical Africa, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa production of citrus is seriously hampered by citrus leaf and fruit spot (Pseudocercospora angolensis) disease. The yield reduction due to this disease can reach 50% - 100% when climatic conditions are favorable to the disease development and effective control measures are not implemented timely. Hence, this study was anticipated to evaluate the effect of fungicides for the management of citrus leaf and fruit spot disease. As the result of this, the efficacy of different fungicides namely; Carbonchlor 50% SC only, Benline 50% WP only, Bellis 38% WG only, Carbonchlor 50% SC combined with Bellis 38% WG, Benline 50% WP combined with Carbonchlor 50% SC and Benline 50% WP combined with Matco 72% WP against Pseudocercospra angolensis were tested under field conditions. The present field experiment result showed that, there was no infected fruit observed in all treated trees as compared to the control plot that revealed (33.12%) fruit infection. Whereas, in leaves minimum infection rate (1.16%) was recorded from trees treated with Bellis 38% WG followed by Carbonchlor 50% SC (1.48%), Carbonchlor 50% SC combined with Bellis 38% WG (1.89%), Benline 50% WP combined with Carbonchlor 50% SC (4.00%), Benline 50% WP (4.54%) and Matco 72% WP combined with Benline 50%WP (6.24%). However, maximum infection rate (17.57%) was recorded from leaves of unsprayed check. Therefore, from the results of the present investigation, application of Carbonchlor 50% SC was the first choice to be used followed by Carbonchlor 50% SC + Benline 50% WP, Bellis 38% WG + Carbonchlor 50% SC, Bellis 38% WG only, Benline 50% WP only and Matco 72% WP + Benline 50% WP for the management of citrus leaf and fruit spot disease.

In 2014–2015 on the West Siberian Plain, fertile populations of 3 species of the genus Spirogyra (section Conjugata) new to this region were found: S. daedalea, S. dictyospora and S. rugulosa. The morphology of the vegetative cells and zygospores of the collected samples is briefly described, the ecological conditions in the habitats are characterized, and photos of Spirogyra daedalea (lateral conjugation), S. dictyospora (ladder-shaped conjugation) and S. rugulosa (ladder-shaped conjugation) are given. In total, in water bodies of the West Siberian Plain the authors found 16 species of the section Conjugata (Spirogyra bellis, S. crassa, S. daedalea, S. decimina, S. dictyospora, S. gracilis, S. hungarica, S. irregularis, S. maxima, S. mirabilis, S. neglecta, S. nitida, S. pellucida, S. rugulosa, S. setiformis, S. varians). Refs 18. Figs 3.

Brain maturation occurs continuously from birth into young adulthood (Carlson, 2013; De Bellis, 2005) with continued modifications throughout life associated with exposure to sensory stimulation and experience (Carlson, 2013; Perry, 2002; Joseph, 1999). However, the early childhood environment plays an integral role in the neurodevelopmental process (Perry, 2002), such that a lack of sensory stimulation and experience (e.g., physical and cognitive neglect) can contribute to adverse neurological functioning. Consequently, altered neurological development associated with an impoverished childhood environment can present in childhood and remain into adulthood (De Bellis, 2005; Glaser, 2000; Joseph, 1999; Perry, 2002).

In childhood, abused and neglected individuals can develop seemingly functional coping strategies and behaviors; however, certain internalizing and externalizing behaviors can become increasingly maladaptive at subsequent developmental stages, contributing to the development of further difficulties (Widom, 2000). Although the impact of neglect is not as well understood as that of abuse, research examining individuals reporting perceived childhood neglect, as well as survivors of co-occurring childhood maltreatment and neglect, has revealed various functional difficulties beginning in childhood and persisting into adulthood (e.g., De Bellis, 2005; Gauthier, Stollak, Messe, & Aronoff, 1996; Glaser, 2000; Grassi-Oliveira & Stein, 2008; Kessler et al., 2010; Spertus, Yehuda, Wong, Halligan, & Seremetis, 2003; Sperry & Widom, 2013; Widom, 2000). These problems include cognitive impairments and lower intellectual functioning (De Bellis, Hooper, Spratt, & Woolley, 2009; Joseph, 1999; Strathearn, Gray, O’Callaghan, & Wood, 2001; Widom, 2000), psychopathology (Gauthier et al., 1996; Kessler et al., 2010; Powers, Ressler, & Bradley, 2009; Spertus et al., 2003; Widom, 2000), lower levels of interpersonal skills and support (Kim & Cicchetti, 2010; Sperry & Widom, 2013), impairments in emotion identification and regulation (De Bellis, 2005; Kim & Cicchetti, 2010; Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011), and physical health concerns (Moxley, Squires, & Lindstrom, 2012; Stirling & Amaya-Jackson, 2008; Walker et al., 1999), among others. Both direct and indirect pathways have been proposed to account for problems in adjustment in adulthood, which may stem from early childhood neglect. Most explanatory models consider not just the role of the abusive or neglectful acts themselves, but also take into account the influence of the family of origin (Gold, 2000; Widom, 2000), which may be due to the impact of the child’s perception of parenting behaviors—or lack thereof.

An illustrated key to aid in separating adult females of the 64 species of Culicoides reported from the Northern Territory, Western Australia and South Australia, and some important livestock pest species not present in these regions is presented. The key uses characters visible under a stereomicroscope and does not attempt to distinguish those species that are separable only on characters visible on slide-mounted specimens. C. asiana Bellis is proposed as a replacement name for C. asiatica Bellis.

Pollen was analysed in 30 unifloral Euphorbia honey samples from the Ifni Massif Region (Anti Atlas, Morocco). The honey samples were directly provided by beekeepers. The quantitative analyis showed that nectar is the main honey source in the samples studied. The qualitative analysis of the samples showed the presence of 35 taxa belonging to 17 families. The Moroccan Euphorbia honeys of the studied region are characterized by their low—medium number of pollen grains (NGP; mean = 5700), 76% of the honeys belong to Class I and II of Maurizio, and by their low honeydew indicator (HDE/NGPn 90% of the samples, followed by Bellis sp., Capsella f. and Reseda sp. (85%). However, for the E. regis-jubae honeys, the most characteristic accompanying species are Crepis f., present in 100% of the samples.

Los respectivos “lectótipos” en el herbario G-BOIS designados por Burdet y colaboradores en 1983 para los nombres Bellis pappulosa, Carduncellus hispanicus, Centaurea bombycina, Erigeron frigidus y Senecio quinqueradiatus (Compositae) deben desestimarse ya que fueron designados en contra con lo dispuesto en el Art. 9.3 del Código Internacional de Nomenclatura. Estas especies fueron descritas por Augustin Pyramus de Candolle a patir de material recolectado por Edmond Boissier, en cuyos respectivos protólogos se especifica el material usado para las descripciones y el herbario donde está conservado. Especímenes conservados en el herbario G-DC deben considerarse como holótipos para cada uno de estos nombres.

Summary Bull’s eye rot, caused by Neofabraea spp. is one of the most important fungal diseases of storage apple in Poland. The effectiveness of fungicides: Bellis 38 WG (boscalid, pyraclostrobin) and Switch 62,5 WG (cyprodinil, fludioxonil) in protection against bull’s eye rot of cultivar Shampion apples during storage and their residues in apples were investigated. The experiments were conducted in 2012− 2014. The fungicides were applied as a single, two and three applications before harvest. After 6 months of storage the biological effectiveness of the fungicides was assessed. The highest effectiveness was obtained after three applications of the tested fungicides; for Switch 62,5 WG − 96.4% in the season 2012/2013 and 92.7% in the season 2013/2014, and for Bellis 38 WG − 84.7 and 91.0%, respectively. The results of analyses of boscalid, pyraclostrobin, cyprodinil and fludioxonil residues showed that apples contained residues that exceeded 0.01 mg/kg but below European Union Maximum Residue Levels.

In the present research, the chromosome number and morphology of Bellis L. species of Turkey were analyzed. The chromosomes number are determined as Bellis sylvestris Cyr.2n: 36, Bellis perennis L....

The Daisies, Bellis and Bellium, form a monophyletic complex within the core Astereae (Asteraceae). Although most early diverging lineages show an African distribution, the core Astereae is today widespread on five continents with the Bellis/Bellium complex as the only representative in the Mediterranean basin. Molecular clock estimates placed the divergence of Astereae from its sister tribe Anthemideae in the Oligocene. Using a combination of three plastid genes, we estimated divergence times for different lineages of the tribe Astereae. This, together with temporal and biogeographical reconstructions using the nrITS region, allows placing and timing of the major lineages of the Bellis/Bellium complex. The age reconstruction places the divergence of the tribe Astereae in the late Miocene (18–19 million years ago), followed by an out-of-Africa dispersal into Asia where the worldwide expansion may have started. Our results suggest that the colonization of the Mediterranean basin by the Astereae started from Eurasia some 10 million years ago. A Messinian early divergence of the Bellis/Bellium complex in the Mediterranean was estimated. However, a parallel 4-million-year delay for the within-genera diversification was inferred, probably related to the establishment of the sclerophyllous Mediterranean forest. Despite a similar time frame for the within-genera diversification, today’s species numbers differ considerably between Bellis (15 spp.) and Bellium (five spp.).

Jeff Rona, The Reel World: Scoring for Pictures San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books, 2000. [xi, 272 pp. ISBN: 0879305916. $24.95 (trade paper)] Illustrations, music examples, tables, figures, appendices, list of resources, index.1 Richard Bellis, The Emerging Film Composer: An Introduction to the People, Problems, and Psychology of the Film Music Business Los Angeles: Richard Bellis, 2006. [xix, 158 pp. ISBN: 0615136230. $24.95 (trade paper)] Illustrations, tables, appendix (list of selected resources).

A few remarks on two stories about the Lombards victory over Heruls (Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum , 1:20, and Procopius of Caesarea, De Bellis , 6:14) The article presents an analysis of two narratives of the war between the Heruls and the Lombards fought in 508. Leaving aside any attempts to see “how it really was” with the course of the conflict, the author focuses on a narrative side of the story written by Procopius of Caesarea and Paul the Deacon. The accounts of both authors are subjected to one main idea: that the victory depended neither on the size and strength of the army, nor the courage of the troops, but was the result of God’s decision to support one of the sides. In the version presented by Procopius, God in the form of a black cloud took side with the Lombards, who with a sense of profound humility wanted to avoid military conflict to the end, and were forced to go to war. The defeat of the Heruls was their punishment for initiating the war without any just reason. In the version presented by Paul the Deacon the defeat of the Heruls was the punishment for the arrogance of their king and the contempt this soldiers felt for the Lombardian troops.

One of the recommendations for administrating behavioural tests of auditory processing disorders (APD) is the collection of normative data from the local population (Bellis, 1996). Additionally, if test scores are dependent upon understanding verbal tokens it is sensible to rerecord the material using a local speaker to remove the effect of foreign accents. This article explains the need and the method of collection of normative data for behavioural tests.

Greuter, W. & Raab-Straube, E. von (ed.): Euro+Med Notulae, 1. — Willdenowia 35: 223–239. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2005 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.35.35201 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) This is the first of a series of miscellaneous contributions, by various authors, where hitherto unpublished data relevant to the Euro+Med (or Sisyphus) Project are presented. Apart from the introductory notice that outlines the Euro+Med Project and explains the abbreviations used for the geographical territories as defined for the Project's purposes, it is almost entirely devoted to the Compositae family. It includes new country and area records for Artemisia, Bellis, Calendula, Delairea, Erigeron, Gazania, Hieracium, Onopordum, Senecio, Tanacetum and Volutaria taxa, and the validation of names in the genera Carduus, Caucasalia, Centaurea, Cyanus, Erigeron, Galatella, Hieracium, Klasea, Pojarkovia, Psephellus, Rhaponticoides, Rhaponticum, Senecio, Solidago, Symphyotrichum and Tephroseris. A single entry (...

In June 2004, a rust fungus not previously reported for Oklahoma was found occurring naturally on the weed, common groundsel, Senecio vulgaris, in pots in a commercial container nursery in northeastern Oklahoma. Host symptoms and morphology of teliospores and aeciospores of the fungus were consistent with those of Puccinia lagenophorae, a recent introduction into North America that has, as yet, been reported only on the East and West Coasts of the USA. This is the first report of the rust in central regions of North America. The rust is believed to be native to Australia and New Zealand and subsequently reported in most continents on numerous species and genera of the Asteraceae. Some authors in Europe consider the rust on Bellis as different from the one on Senecio, naming it Puccinia distincta. Our ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA sequence data, however, show homology with P. distincta sequences from Europe, indicating there is only one morphologically-variable polyphagous species. Presumably, the rust was introduced into Oklahoma on infected plants from the West Coast of the USA, the source of most plant material in the commercial nursery where it was found. The rust is potentially important on several ornamental Asteraceae in North America as it has become in Europe, where it spreads rapidly throughout that continent following its introduction there in the early 1960s.

To evaluate the effect of Arnica Montana and Bellis perennis on postpartum blood loss.Double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial.Department of Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem.Forty parturients were randomized to one of three groups: Arnica montana C6 and Bellis perennis C6 (n=14), Arnica montana C30 and Bellis perennis C30 (n=14), or double placebo (n=12). After 48 h the Arnica/placebo was halted, and patients continued the Bellis/placebo until cessation of lochia.Hemoglobin levels (Hb) at 48 and 72 h postpartum.At 72 h postpartum, mean Hb levels remained similar after treatment with homeopathic remedies (12.7 versus 12.4) as compared to a significant decrease in Hb levels in the placebo group (12.7 versus 11.6; p0.05), in spite of less favorable initial characteristics of the treatment group. The mean difference in Hb levels at 72 h postpartum was -0.29 (95% CI -1.09; 0.52) in the treatment group and -1.18 (95% CI -1.82; -0.54) in the placebo group (p0.05).Treatment with homeopathic Arnica montana and Bellis perennis may reduce postpartum blood loss, as compared with placebo.

Extensive sampling of Bathonian sediments from localities across southern and central England has produced over 8000 neoselachian teeth. These comprise diverse faunas, with over 25 species being represented in total, most of them previously undescribed. Seventeen new species and seven new genera are named: Palaeoscyllium tenuidens sp. nov., Praeproscyllium oxoniensis gen. et sp. nov., Eypea leesi gen. et sp. nov., Proheterodontus sylvestris gen. et sp. nov., Paracestracion bellis sp. nov., Palaeobrachaelurus mussetti sp. nov., Heterophorcynus microdon gen. et sp. nov., Dorsetoscyllium terraefullonicum gen. et sp. nov., Ornatoscyllium freemani gen. et sp. nov., Pseudonotidanus semirugosus gen. et sp. nov., Synechodus duffini sp. nov., Protospinax magnus sp. nov., P. bilobatus sp. nov., P. carvalhoi sp. nov., Belemnobatis kermacki sp. nov., B. stahli sp. nov. and Spathobatis delsatei sp. nov. In addition, a new family, the Pseudonotidanidae fam. nov., is defined and the status of Paranotidanus Ward and Thies, 1987, Hybodus levis Woodward, 1889 and Breviacanthus brevis (Phillips, 1871) are discussed. These taxa show strong facies specificity, with different species being restricted to different palaeoenvironments.

There are six species of Bellis inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula, four of their accepted names are typified here. Bellis microcephala Lange, B. perennis L., and B. cordifolia (Kunze) Willk. are lectotypified, while an epitype is designated for B. sylvestris Cirillo. Some diagnostic characters are discussed in order to provide a proper identification of the specimens designated as types.

Matt Bellis (green shirt) takes part in the 2014 Science Hack Day in San Francisco. Image courtesy of Flickr/Matt Biddulph.

Phylogenetic analyses of nrITS sequences of Asteraceae revealed that the Bellis group is a natural assemblage comprising all the species of Bellis and Bellium , but not Rhynchospermum . In contrast, we propose to include the genera Bellis , Bellium , and Bellidastrum in the subtribe Bellidinae in the interest of circumscribing natural groups. Our results also suggest an early diversification in the western Mediterranean Basin of two monophyletic lineages, Bellis and Bellium . Three major groups can be distinguished within Bellis : (1) the B. perennis group, containing five annual and perennial species with three ploidy levels (diploid, octoploid, and decaploid), which are distributed throughout the Mediterranean Basin despite lack of pappus; (2) the Bellis sylvestris group, with five annual and perennial species primarily from the western Mediterranean, in which there are five ploidy levels (diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octoploid, and decaploid); and (3) a basal grade consisting of three diploid, perennial species which displays remarkable diversification of morphologies. Striking characteristics, such as an annual life form, polyploidy, and loss of pappus, seem to have occurred in parallel several times and in different geographical areas during the early diversification of Bellis species in the western Mediterranean. Character evolution reconstructions allow us to describe a putative ancestor of the genus Bellis (proto- Bellis ).

Synopsis A new European species of Napomyza bred from Bellis is described, and notes are given on four other species of Napomyza.

Three British rust fungi reported to form aecia on daisy ( Bellis perennis ) are compared. A recently discovered species, possibly introduced from Australia, is identified as Puccinia distincta. It is a short-cycled - opsis form lacking uredinia, with aecia and telia confined to Bellis and its aeciospores capable of reinfecting the same host. This rust is compared with a macrocyclic heteroecious eu -form, P. obscura , which produces pycnia and aecia on Bellis and uredinia and telia on Luzula. Puccinia distincta is probably derived from and correlated with P. obscura because both species have the same aecial host, and because their teliospores are closely similar in morphology and dimensions. Comparison is extended to P. lagenophorae , a common rust with aecia and telia on Senecio spp., which has been reported to form aecia on Bellis following inoculation with aeciospores from Senecio. The repeated failure of our own reciprocal inoculation experiments using aeciospores from the two different hosts and differences in teliospore morphology between P. distincta and P. lagenophorae lead us to conclude that the current rust epidemic on daisies is caused by P. distincta which is distinct from P. lagenophorae.

This modified “note from the classroom” is a dialogue between two scholars about African American study of the Bible. Bellis introduces the subject by advocating the primacy of social location and the African American student's religious experience in the method that she uses in her classes. (Her sample bibliography, syllabus and course outline for teaching about the Bible in African American perspectives can be found on the Wabash Center web page: http://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu.) Brown's response takes a different stance with regard to the relative importance for exegesis of historical-critical method and the reader's social location. While Bellis and Brown agree on the appeal that the King James Version holds for many African Americans (but for different reasons), their differing assessments of translations, the distinctiveness of African American interpretations, and the ethnicity of Biblical characters models a lively discussion of issues in teaching and learning.

We report the recent widespread occurrence in Britain of Puccinia distincta, a rust fungus on wild and cultivated daisies (Bellis perennis). The rust is short-cycled, with only aecia and telia on Bellis, and may be of Australian origin. It is very similar to, and possibly derived from, the macrocyclic P. obscura, a rust indigenous to Britain which produces pycnia and aecia on Bellis and uredinia and telia on Luzula. However, it differs from another Australian introduction, the groundsel rust (P. lagenophorae). The disease caused by P. distincta is so severe that it seriously impairs growing of ornamental daisies.

Seven triterpenoid saponins were isolated from both the aerial and the underground parts of Aster bellidiastrum. Five of the compounds were common to both parts. The structures were elucidated mainly from their NMR and mass spectral data, and showed significant similarity to the corresponding data for the saponins from plants of the Bellis genus. Two of the saponins are novel compounds with the structures 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-2 beta,3 beta, 23-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2 beta,3 beta,16 alpha, 23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl(1-->3)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)]-be ta- D-fucopyranoside.

Four saponins have been isolated from the herbal parts of Bellis sylvestris and the same, together with three further compounds, from the underground parts. The structures were elucidated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, including tandem mass spectrometry, and by 1D and 2D homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. Two of the compounds are new saponins with the structures 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2 beta, 3 beta, 23-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)]-beta-D- glucopyranoside and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2 beta, 3 beta,16 alpha, 23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en- 28-oic acid 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->3)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->4)-alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-[(E)-2-butenoic acid (1-->3)]-beta-D-fucopyranoside. Taxonomically these data provide significant evidence of a link between the Bellis genus and Bellium bellidioides.

Millions of young people holiday abroad for 1 or 2 weeks each year, many of whom select their holiday destination based upon a resort’s nightlife (Sellars, 1998). An estimated 40% of 18to 24-year-old holidaymakers from the UK frequently visit nightclubs whilst on holiday (Mintel, 2003). Furthermore, substantial numbers extend their time abroad by mixing holiday travel with paid casual work in foreign bars and nightclubs. Recent studies have identified that young people consume alcohol and drugs at greater frequencies whilst on 1and 2-week nightlife holidays and that such consumption poses risks to both their shortand long-term health (Bellis, Hughes, Bennett, & Thomson, 2003; Bellis, Hughes, & Lowey, 2002; Smeaton, Josiam, & Dietrich, 1998). However, little is known about the substance use of those spending prolonged periods working in foreign holiday resorts. Such individuals are not only exposed to a culture of drug and alcohol consumption for greater periods of time but are also critically placed to influence other holidaymakers’ behaviour. Here, we compare the substance use of young UK tourists working in bars and nightclubs in the international nightlife resort of Ibiza (Spain) with that of UK individuals visiting the island solely for vacation.