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Bairdiella icistia (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882). Bairdiella, Romeo Croaker, or Ronco Croaker. To 30 cm (11.8 in) TL (Allen and Robertson 1994). Laguna San Ignacio, southern Baja California (Danemann and De La Cruz-Ag��ero 1993) to Guatamala (Robertson and Allen 2015), including Gulf of California (Chao in Fischer et al. 1995). Inshore, including estuaries (Allen and Robertson 1994); depth: to at least 22 m (72 ft) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Allen, G. R. & Robertson, D. R. (1994) Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.","Danemann, G. D. & De La Cruz-Aguero, J. (1993) Ichthyofauna of San Ignacio Lagoon, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Ciencias Marinas, 19, 333 - 341.","Robertson, D. R. and Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 2.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa. http: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages","Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome."]}

Five new species of Stellifer are described from the Caribbean Sea and tropical southwestern Atlantic. Among the previously recognized stelliferine genera, Stellifer is unique by having a pair of variably developed appendages on the posterior margin of the anterior gas chamber, which is lacking in Bairdiella, Corvula, Elattarchus, Odontoscion and Ophioscion. However, recent genetic studies indicated that Stellifer and Ophioscion are not monophyletic. The genus Ophioscion Gill, 1863 is recognized herein as a junior synonym of Stellifer Oken, 1817. Of the five new species described, Stellifer cervigoni n. sp., S. collettei n. sp., and S. musicki n. sp. have a pair of knob-like diverticula along the posterior margin of the anterior gas chamber, which is absent in S. macallisteri n. sp., and S. menezesi n. sp. Stellifer cervigoni n. sp. is found along the southern Caribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela; it can be distinguished from other species by having a jet-black roof of mouth and inner opercular lining. Stellifer collettei n. sp. is found from Surinam to southeastern Brazil, while S. musicki n. sp. is endemic to northern Brazil. Stellifer macallisteri n. sp. has an oblique, terminal mouth and it is found in Colombia, Venezuela and Dominican Republic. Stellifer menezesi n. sp. has a subterminal mouth and is found from northeastern to southeastern Brazil. These results bring the number of valid species of Stellifer in the Atlantic to 18, and a key to the identification of these species is included.

Key to the species of Bairdiella 1a. Dorsal-fin rays 25-29; gill rakers on first branchial arch 25-27; dark spot at base of pectoral fins............ B. icistia (eastern Pacific from Gulf of California to Guatemala) 1b. Dorsal-fin rays 19-24, gill rakers on first branchial arch 22-24; without dark spot at base of pectoral fins............ 2 2a. Six pores on chin; anal-fin rays 8-10, more commonly 9; second anal fin spine thin, shorter than first anal-fin ray........................................................................ B. chrysoura (western Atlantic, from Cape Cod to western Gulf of Mexico) 2b. Five pores on chin; anal-fin rays 8-9, more commonly 8; second anal fin spine robust, as long as first anal-fin ray.... 3 3a. Body silvery without stripes or dark spot; head profile slightly convex; 55 or more scales along lateral line up to caudal fin base................................................. B. ensifera (eastern Pacific, from Southern Mexico to Peru) 3b. Body with wavy stripes or dots; head profile straight or slightly concave; 46-53 scales along lateral line up to caudal fin base...................................................................... 4 4b. Eyes large, orbital diameter larger than 8% SL............................................................................. B. goeldi sp. nov. (western Atlantic, Brazilian coast) 4a. Eye small, orbital diameter less than 8% SL................. 5 5a. 46-49 scales with pores along lateral line up to caudal fin base........................................................... B. armata (eastern Pacific, from Gulf of California to Colombia) 5b. 50-53 (rarely 49) scales with pores along lateral line up to caudal fin base............................................................ 6 6a. Dorsal fin relatively high and head relatively small, hei- ght of dorsal fin 1.2-1.5 times the height of the head; hei- ght of dorsal fin 1.2-1.5 times the width of the head........................................................................... B. veraecrucis (western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico) 6b. Dorsal fin relatively low and head relatively large, height of dorsal fin 1.7-2.7 times height of the head; height of dor- sal fin 1.6-2.5 times the width of the head......... B. ronchus (western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea), Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:34:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252019000100205.pdf: 4783293 bytes, checksum: f68a7e7f1698f943567c25c56928d09d (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The sciaenid genus Bairdiella comprises a group of relatively small fishes found in inshore waters and estuaries of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific. Despite recent analyses of the phylogenetic relationships of Bairdiella, there has been no comprehensive revision of the alpha taxonomy of the species of the genus. Bairdiella ronchus from the western Atlantic, has a complex taxonomic history, with four junior synonyms recognized. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, this study indicates that B. ronchus represents a species complex. The species is therefore redescribed and its geographic range is redefined. Bairdiella veraecrucis, which is currently recognized as a junior synonym of B. ronchus, is revalidated, and a new species of the genus is described from the Atlantic coast of Brazil. Finally, inferences are made on the diversity and biogeography of the B. ronchus species complex. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, BR-66040170 Belem, PA, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico Univ Sao Paulo, Museu Zool, BR-04263000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Acervo Zool Univ Santa Cecilia, BR-11045907 Santos, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil CNPq: 300462/2016-6 CNPq: 306054/2006-0 CNPq: 300940/2015-7 CNPq: 405144/2013-0 FAPESP: ICAAF 017/2016 FAPESP: 2016/09204-6

Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. (Figure 4a, Tables 4, 5) zoobank.org:act:561CDE1C-E23D-411E-BBCE-81E3B862BEB0 Bairdiella ronchus (not of Cuvier, 1830).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; fishes of North and Middle America; West Indies and along coast of Brazil).– Miranda Ribeiro, 1915: 432 (Fauna Brasiliense, listed; description, distribution).– Vazzoler, 1970: 14 (fish fauna, Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil, listed; identification key; description).– Roux, 1973: 138 (Calypso ex- peditions; coast of South America; listed).– Chao 1978:39 (in part).– Figueiredo, Menezes, 1980: 59, fig. 98 (marine fishes from southeastern Brazil; description, distribution).– Camargo, Isaac 2001:142 (estuarine fishes from Pará, Brazil).– Casatti, Menezes, 2003: 86 (catalog of marine fish species of Brazil; listed).– Chao, 2003:1602 (in part). Holotype. MPEG 33641, 1, 154.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bra- gança, Furo da Ostra, 13 Feb 2014, Alexandre Pires Mar- ceniuk, using gillnets (the same method used for all other type-specimens). Paratypes. MPEG 32860, 1, 146.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bra- gança, Furo da Ostra; MPEG 33653, 1, 164.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 17 Jul 2014; MPEG 33654, 4, 158.0-176.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 10 Jul 2014; MPEG 34510, 2, 119.0-127.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 09 Jan 2016; MPEG 33627, 2, 114.0-116.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 21 Jan 2014; MPEG 33628, 1, 117.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 18 Jan 2014; MPEG 33615, 1, 116.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 17 Aug 2013; AZUSC 4926, 9, 129.0-161.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragan- ça, Furo da Ostra; LBP 19376, 4, 139.0-178.0 mm SL (tissue 76171-76174), Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 2014. Non-type specimens, MZUSP 68517, 1, 111.0 mm SL, Brazil, Maranhão, São Luís, rio Curuca; LBP 22205, 1 (tis- sue 84692), Brazil, Paraíba, Barra de Mamanguape; USNM 104265, 1, 111.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pernambuco, Recife; MPEG 1660, 1 (tissue 84204), Brazil, Alagoas, Barra de Santo Anto- nio; USNM 43365, 1, 144.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia; MZUSP 68501, 3, 170.0-198.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, rio Paraguaçu, Cachoeira; MZUSP 82209, 3, 98.0-157.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, between Valença and Itacaré; MZUSP 98958, 1, 143.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, Comandatuba island; AZUSC 3957, 2, 162.0-174.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, rio do Meio, Gua- rujá, São Paulo; MZUSP 112337, 5, 90.0-170.0 mm SL, Bra- zil, São Paulo, rio Cubatão; MZUSP 2499, 1, 157.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos; AZUSC 4222, 3, 153.0-186.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, estuary channel; AZUSC 363, 2, 154.0-169.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, rio Dia- na; AZUSC 3260, 3, 136.0-171.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, Caneu; AZUSC 2860, 2, 108.0-152.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, São Vicente, rio Mariana; AZUSC 3103, 2, 100.0- 152.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, São Vicente, Mar Pequeno bridge; MZUSP 108213, 1, 127.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Praia Grande; MZUSP 108229, 1, 129.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Praia Grande; MZUSP 68514, 1, 131.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Itanhaém; MZUSP 58712, 1, 144.0 mm SL, Bra- zil, São Paulo, Peruíbe, rio Guaraú; AZUSC 3712, 2,150.0- 197.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Cananeia, estuary; MZUSP 46737, 1, 124.0 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Porto Belo. Diagnosis. Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. can be differentiated from B. armata, which occurs between the Gulf of Califor- nia and Colombia (EP), by having 50–55 scales with pores on the lateral line, rarely 48 or 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5); from B. chrysoura, which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six), and a very robust second anal fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4a); from B. ensifera, whi- ch is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or dark spots on the body (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4a); from B. icistia, which is found be- tween the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by the presence of 21-24 rays in the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5) and the lack of a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins, Fig. 4a); from B. ronchus, which is found in the Greater Caribbean Cen- tral Province, and B. veraecrucis, which is found between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having an orbital diameter greater than 8% SL (vs. less than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), and the length of the caudal peduncle 1.6-2.3 times the orbital diameter, rarely more than 2.3 (vs. 2.4-3.8, Fig. 5b). Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. is further distinguished from B. veraecrucis, which is found between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having a larger head and shorter dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.7-2.4 times in the head length (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.8- 2.6 times in the head depth (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5d). . Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. goeldi sp. nov. differed by four bases from those of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. ronchus, 19 bases from B. veraecrucis, and 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.018±0.005 from B. ronchus, 0.039±0.008 from B. veraecrucis, and 0.180±0.018 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). A total of 11 haplotypes were identified in the 14 specimens of B. goeldi sp. nov. sequenced, whi- ch formed two distinct lineages: (1) the specimens from the Brazilian states of Pará, Paraiba, and Sergipe, and (2) the specimens from São Paulo state (Fig. 2). These lineages are differentiated by a genetic distance of 0.007±0.003 and two base pairs, at positions 295 and 409 (Tabs. 2, 3). Description: Morphometric and meristic data were em- ployed in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I.21-24; A.II.8-10; P. 15-18; gill rakers 22-26; pored lateral line scales to caudal fin base 48- 55; scale rows above lateral line 8-10, below 9-12. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at dorsal fin origin. Dorsal profile straight, ascending until dorsal fin origin, posteriorly convex until caudal peduncle, especially on larger specimens. Ventral profile flattened from pelvic fin to anal fin origin. Head relatively long and high. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth nearly terminal, oblique in lateral view; posterior tip of premaxilla reaching vertical through middle of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with 3-5 rows, external row with 15-20 enlarged teeth, den- tary with 2-4 rows. Orbit lateral; eye round, very large, or- bital diameter greater than snout length. Interorbital space smaller than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales (cycloid anteriorly). Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sen- sory canal on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary tip, one central smal- ler, oval, and two pores on each side; small circular pore on anterior preopercle border. Preopercle margin serrated, with about 10-15 spines, two or three at angle largest. Oper- cle tip angled, slightly posterior to vertical line that passes through pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base, opercle, preoper- cle, infraorbital (two ventral most rows) and interorbital re- gion in specimens larger than 150 mm SL; scales cycloid on infraorbital (anteriorly), preorbital region below nostrils, opercle and interobital, specially in specimens smaller than 150 mm SL. Lateral line simple, slightly arched below first dorsal fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without scales, membranes of second dorsal fin and anal fin with one or two series of 5-7 small cycloid scales. Base of pectoral fin covered by scales, cycloid scales to proximal third of fin present in largest specimens. Caudal fin base covered with cluster of small cycloid scales, rows of cycloid scales on caudal-fin rays, nearly three quarters of their length. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, spines III-V longest; small notch between first and second dorsal fin. Origin of second dorsal fin slightly in front of vertical through pectoral fin tip, with second dorsal soft rays slightly shorter than longest first dorsal spines. Pectoral fin falcate, relatively long, length approximately equal to second anal fin spine length. Pelvic fin origin behind verti- cal though pectoral fin base. Anal fin emarginated, second anal-fin spine very stout and longer than remaining spines. ±Caudal peduncle depth about equal to eye length, 9.6-12.2 % SL; length 16.2-21.4% SL; caudal fin truncated to slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Color in alcohol. Grayish above lateral line, silvery below lateral line, dark stripes slightly more evident in the fresh specimens, oblique above lateral line, but more or less parallel below lateral line. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins blackish, basal portion of the anal and caudal fins yellowish. Pectoral and pelvic fins yellowish, but with some dark pigmentation. Distribution and habitat. Widely distributed on the Atlantic coast of Brazil, from at least the equatorial northern state of Pará to Santa Catarina. The southern limit of occurrence is apparently determined by the absence of mangrove forests in estuaries. The species is relatively rare in the northeastern coast of Brazil, but is abundant in estuarine waters on sandy or muddy bottoms on the northern and southeastern coasts of Brazil (Fig. 3). Ecological notes. This species has no commercial importan- ce in Brazil (as Bairdiella ronchus in Itagaki et al., 2007). It is incidentally caught as bycatch in bottom trawls, gillnets, and seines, as well as by cast nets in mangrove swamps. Etymology. Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. is named in honor of the Goeldi Museum (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi) in Belém, Pará (Brazil), that supported taxonomic research on the marine and estuarine fish of Brazil (APM), and the expe- ditions for the collection of specimens on the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil. Conservation status. Bairdiella goeldi is frequent and abundant. No specific threats were detected, and the spe- cies can be categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2016). Remarks. Günther (1860) recorded Corvina ronchus (= Bairdiella ronchus) from the Brazilian coast based on a sin- gle specimen from Bahia state, while Jordan, Eigenmann (1889) identified specimens from Rio de Janeiro state as Bairdiella ronchus. This classification was followed by Mi- randa-Ribeiro (1915), Vazzoler (1970), Menezes, Figuei- redo (1980), and Menezes et al. (2003). Meek, Hildebrand (1925) found individual variation among Bairdiella populations, although they decided that these differences were not sufficient to justify the recognition of two distinct species of the genus in the western Atlantic., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 6-12, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462, {"references":["Jordan DS, Evermann BW. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum; 1898. (Bulletin, United States National Museum; No. 47).","Vazzoler AEAM. Ictiofauna da baia de Santos. Sciaenidae (Percoidea, Percomorphi). Bolm Inst Oceanogr S Paulo. 1970; 1918 (1): 11 - 26.","Roux C. 1973. Poissons continental bresilien. teleosteens du pla- teau Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la Ca 1 ypso, X. Ann 1 s Inst. Oceanogr. Paris, 1973; 49: 23 - 207.","Chao LN. A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). U. S. Department of Commerce; 1978. (NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular; 415).","Figueiredo JL, Menezes NA. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudes- te do Brasil, III. Teleostei (2). Sao Paulo, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia; 1980.","Camargo M, Isaac V. Os peixes estuarinos da regiao norte do Brasil: lista de especies e consideracoes sobre sua distribuicao geogra- fica. Bol Mus Para Emilio Goeldi: Zool. 2001; 17 (2): 133 - 57.","Casatti L, Menezes NA. Familia Sciaenidae. In: Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL, editors. Catalogo das especies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo; 2003. p. 86 - 89.","Chao LN. Sciaenidae. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Rome: FAO; 2003. p. 1583 - 1653. vol. 3, Bony fishes, pt. 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. (FAO species iden- tification guide for fishery purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication; No. 5).","Itagaki MK, Ohkawara MH, Dias JF, Katsuragawa M. Description of larvae and juveniles of Bairdiella ronchus (Sciaenidae: Teleostei) in southeastern Brazil. Sci Mar. 2007; 71 (2): 249 - 57.","Jordan DS, Eigenmann CH. A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. Washington: The Bureau, U. S. Government print- ing office; 1889. (Annual report of the Commissioner of fish and fisheries; vol. 3).","Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catalogo das especies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo; 2003.","Meek SE, Hildebrand SF. The marine fishes of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series. 1925; 15 (226): 331 - 707."]}

Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. (Figure 4a, Tables 4, 5) zoobank.org:act:561CDE1C-E23D-411E-BBCE-81E3B862BEB0 Bairdiella ronchus (not of Cuvier, 1830).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; fishes of North and Middle America; West Indies and along coast of Brazil).– Miranda Ribeiro, 1915: 432 (Fauna Brasiliense, listed; description, distribution).– Vazzoler, 1970: 14 (fish fauna, Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil, listed; identification key; description).– Roux, 1973: 138 (Calypso ex- peditions; coast of South America; listed).– Chao 1978:39 (in part).– Figueiredo, Menezes, 1980: 59, fig. 98 (marine fishes from southeastern Brazil; description, distribution).– Camargo, Isaac 2001:142 (estuarine fishes from Pará, Brazil).– Casatti, Menezes, 2003: 86 (catalog of marine fish species of Brazil; listed).– Chao, 2003:1602 (in part). Holotype. MPEG 33641, 1, 154.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bra- gança, Furo da Ostra, 13 Feb 2014, Alexandre Pires Mar- ceniuk, using gillnets (the same method used for all other type-specimens). Paratypes. MPEG 32860, 1, 146.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bra- gança, Furo da Ostra; MPEG 33653, 1, 164.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 17 Jul 2014; MPEG 33654, 4, 158.0-176.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 10 Jul 2014; MPEG 34510, 2, 119.0-127.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 09 Jan 2016; MPEG 33627, 2, 114.0-116.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 21 Jan 2014; MPEG 33628, 1, 117.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 18 Jan 2014; MPEG 33615, 1, 116.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 17 Aug 2013; AZUSC 4926, 9, 129.0-161.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragan- ça, Furo da Ostra; LBP 19376, 4, 139.0-178.0 mm SL (tissue 76171-76174), Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 2014. Non-type specimens, MZUSP 68517, 1, 111.0 mm SL, Brazil, Maranhão, São Luís, rio Curuca; LBP 22205, 1 (tis- sue 84692), Brazil, Paraíba, Barra de Mamanguape; USNM 104265, 1, 111.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pernambuco, Recife; MPEG 1660, 1 (tissue 84204), Brazil, Alagoas, Barra de Santo Anto- nio; USNM 43365, 1, 144.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia; MZUSP 68501, 3, 170.0-198.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, rio Paraguaçu, Cachoeira; MZUSP 82209, 3, 98.0-157.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, between Valença and Itacaré; MZUSP 98958, 1, 143.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, Comandatuba island; AZUSC 3957, 2, 162.0-174.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, rio do Meio, Gua- rujá, São Paulo; MZUSP 112337, 5, 90.0-170.0 mm SL, Bra- zil, São Paulo, rio Cubatão; MZUSP 2499, 1, 157.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos; AZUSC 4222, 3, 153.0-186.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, estuary channel; AZUSC 363, 2, 154.0-169.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, rio Dia- na; AZUSC 3260, 3, 136.0-171.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, Caneu; AZUSC 2860, 2, 108.0-152.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, São Vicente, rio Mariana; AZUSC 3103, 2, 100.0- 152.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, São Vicente, Mar Pequeno bridge; MZUSP 108213, 1, 127.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Praia Grande; MZUSP 108229, 1, 129.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Praia Grande; MZUSP 68514, 1, 131.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Itanhaém; MZUSP 58712, 1, 144.0 mm SL, Bra- zil, São Paulo, Peruíbe, rio Guaraú; AZUSC 3712, 2,150.0- 197.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Cananeia, estuary; MZUSP 46737, 1, 124.0 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Porto Belo. Diagnosis. Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. can be differentiated from B. armata, which occurs between the Gulf of Califor- nia and Colombia (EP), by having 50–55 scales with pores on the lateral line, rarely 48 or 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5); from B. chrysoura, which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six), and a very robust second anal fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4a); from B. ensifera, whi- ch is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or dark spots on the body (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4a); from B. icistia, which is found be- tween the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by the presence of 21-24 rays in the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5) and the lack of a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins, Fig. 4a); from B. ronchus, which is found in the Greater Caribbean Cen- tral Province, and B. veraecrucis, which is found between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having an orbital diameter greater than 8% SL (vs. less than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), and the length of the caudal peduncle 1.6-2.3 times the orbital diameter, rarely more than 2.3 (vs. 2.4-3.8, Fig. 5b). Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. is further distinguished from B. veraecrucis, which is found between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having a larger head and shorter dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.7-2.4 times in the head length (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.8- 2.6 times in the head depth (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5d). . Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. goeldi sp. nov. differed by four bases from those of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. ronchus, 19 bases from B. veraecrucis, and 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.018±0.005 from B. ronchus, 0.039±0.008 from B. veraecrucis, and 0.180±0.018 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). A total of 11 haplotypes were identified in the 14 specimens of B. goeldi sp. nov. sequenced, whi- ch formed two distinct lineages: (1) the specimens from the Brazilian states of Pará, Paraiba, and Sergipe, and (2) the specimens from São Paulo state (Fig. 2). These lineages are differentiated by a genetic distance of 0.007±0.003 and two base pairs, at positions 295 and 409 (Tabs. 2, 3). Description: Morphometric and meristic data were em- ployed in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I.21-24; A.II.8-10; P. 15-18; gill rakers 22-26; pored lateral line scales to caudal fin base 48- 55; scale rows above lateral line 8-10, below 9-12. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at dorsal fin origin. Dorsal profile straight, ascending until dorsal fin origin, posteriorly convex until caudal peduncle, especially on larger specimens. Ventral profile flattened from pelvic fin to anal fin origin. Head relatively long and high. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth nearly terminal, oblique in lateral view; posterior tip of premaxilla reaching vertical through middle of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with 3-5 rows, external row with 15-20 enlarged teeth, den- tary with 2-4 rows. Orbit lateral; eye round, very large, or- bital diameter greater than snout length. Interorbital space smaller than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales (cycloid anteriorly). Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sen- sory canal on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary tip, one central smal- ler, oval, and two pores on each side; small circular pore on anterior preopercle border. Preopercle margin serrated, with about 10-15 spines, two or three at angle largest. Oper- cle tip angled, slightly posterior to vertical line that passes through pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base, opercle, preoper- cle, infraorbital (two ventral most rows) and interorbital re- gion in specimens larger than 150 mm SL; scales cycloid on infraorbital (anteriorly), preorbital region below nostrils, opercle and interobital, specially in specimens smaller than 150 mm SL. Lateral line simple, slightly arched below first dorsal fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without scales, membranes of second dorsal fin and anal fin with one or two series of 5-7 small cycloid scales. Base of pectoral fin covered by scales, cycloid scales to proximal third of fin present in largest specimens. Caudal fin base covered with cluster of small cycloid scales, rows of cycloid scales on caudal-fin rays, nearly three quarters of their length. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, spines III-V longest; small notch between first and second dorsal fin. Origin of second dorsal fin slightly in front of vertical through pectoral fin tip, with second dorsal soft rays slightly shorter than longest first dorsal spines. Pectoral fin falcate, relatively long, length approximately equal to second anal fin spine length. Pelvic fin origin behind verti- cal though pectoral fin base. Anal fin emarginated, second anal-fin spine very stout and longer than remaining spines. ±Caudal peduncle depth about equal to eye length, 9.6-12.2 % SL; length 16.2-21.4% SL; caudal fin truncated to slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Color in alcohol. Grayish above lateral line, silvery below lateral line, dark stripes slightly more evident in the fresh specimens, oblique above lateral line, but more or less parallel below lateral line. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins blackish, basal portion of the anal and caudal fins yellowish. Pectoral and pelvic fins yellowish, but with some dark pigmentation. Distribution and habitat. Widely distributed on the Atlantic coast of Brazil, from at least the equatorial northern state of Pará to Santa Catarina. The southern limit of occurrence is apparently determined by the absence of mangrove forests in estuaries. The species is relatively rare in the northeastern coast of Brazil, but is abundant in estuarine waters on sandy or muddy bottoms on the northern and southeastern coasts of Brazil (Fig. 3). Ecological notes. This species has no commercial importan- ce in Brazil (as Bairdiella ronchus in Itagaki et al., 2007). It is incidentally caught as bycatch in bottom trawls, gillnets, and seines, as well as by cast nets in mangrove swamps. Etymology. Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. is named in honor of the Goeldi Museum (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi) in Belém, Pará (Brazil), that supported taxonomic research on the marine and estuarine fish of Brazil (APM), and the expe- ditions for the collection of specimens on the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil. Conservation status. Bairdiella goeldi is frequent and abundant. No specific threats were detected, and the spe- cies can be categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2016). Remarks. Günther (1860) recorded Corvina ronchus (= Bairdiella ronchus) from the Brazilian coast based on a sin- gle specimen from Bahia state, while Jordan, Eigenmann (1889) identified specimens from Rio de Janeiro state as Bairdiella ronchus. This classification was followed by Mi- randa-Ribeiro (1915), Vazzoler (1970), Menezes, Figuei- redo (1980), and Menezes et al. (2003). Meek, Hildebrand (1925) found individual variation among Bairdiella populations, although they decided that these differences were not sufficient to justify the recognition of two distinct species of the genus in the western Atlantic.

Bairdiella veraecrucis Jordan & Dickerson, 1908 (Fig. 4d, Tables 4, 5) Sciaena ronchus Jordan, 1886:44 (United States; listed). Bairdiella veraecrucis Jordan, Dickerson, 1908:16, fig. 1 (Veracruz, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 61676. Paratypes: CAS–SU 20654). Bairdiella ronchus (not of Cuvier, 1830).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; description; synonymy).– Castro-Aguirre et al., 1999:383 (fishes of Mexico; listed).– Nelson et al., 2004:146 (common names of fishes from the United States; listed).– McEachran, Fechhelm 2005:416 (fishes of the Gulf of Mexico; short description).– Page et al., 2013:151 (common and scientific names of fishes from the United States; listed). Diagnosis. Bairdiella veraecruciscan be differentiated from B. armata (EP), which occurs between the Gulf of Califor- nia and Colombia (EP), by having 50-52 pored scales on the lateral line, rarely 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5); from B. chrysoura, which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six) and by a very robust second anal-fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal-fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4d); from B. goeldi sp. nov., which is found on the Brazilian coast, by having an orbital diameter less than 8% SL (vs. more than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), caudal pe- duncle length 2.8-3.7 times the orbital diameter (vs. 1.6-2.3, rarely more than 2.3, Fig. 5b), and a relatively smaller head and longer dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.2- 1.5 times the head length (vs. 1.7-2.4, Fig. 5c), dorsal fin length and 1.2-1.5 times head depth (vs. 1.8-2.6, Fig. 5d); from B. ensifera (EP), which is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or spots on the flanks (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4d); from B. icistia (EP), which is found between the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by having 22-24 rays on the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5d), 21-24 gill rakers on the first brachial arch (vs. 25-27, Tab. 4), and no dark spot at the base of pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at base of pectoral fins); from B. ronchus (WA), which is found in the Greater Caribbean Central Province, by its relatively smaller head and longer dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.2-1.5 times the head length (vs. 1.6-2.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.2-1.5 times the head depth (vs. 1.7-2.7, Fig. 5d). Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. veraecrucis differed by four bases from those of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. goeldi sp. nov., by 19 bases from B. ronchus, and by 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.039±0.008 from B. goeldi sp. nov., 0.030±0.007 from B. ronchus, and 0.185±0.019 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). Description. Morphometric and meristic data are presen- ted in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I.22-24; A.II.8; P. 16-18; gill rake- rs 21-24; pored lateral line scales 49-52; scale rows above lateral line 8-9, below 10-11. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile nearly straight, ascending until first dorsal fin origin, posteriorly slightly convex until caudal peduncle. Ventral profile straight from pelvic fin to anal fin. Head relatively short, low. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth nearly terminal, oblique in lateral view; posterior tip of premaxilla reaching vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with two rows, external row with about 40 larger teeth; dentary with two rows, external row with about 35 larger teeth. Orbit lateral; eye round and relatively small, orbital diameter smaller than snout length. Interorbital space slightly convex, covered with cycloid scales. Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sensory canals on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary tip, one small, central, oval, and two pores on each side. Preopercle margin serrated, with spines, two or three at angle largest. Opercle tip angled, slightly posterior to ver- tical through pectoral fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base and predor- sal region, cycloid on opercle, preopercle, infraorbital and interorbital. Lateral line simple, slightly arched below first dorsal fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without scales, second dorsal fin with a row of cycloid scales on proximal half of membranes; membranes of anal fin covered by a row of cycloid scales, except at distal third; pectoral fin base covered by cycloid scales; caudal fin base covered by a cluster of small cycloid sca- les, rows of cycloid scales on nearly two thirds of caudal fin rays. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, third spine longest; small notch between first and second dorsal fin; ori- gin of second dorsal fin slightly in front of vertical through pectoral tip, with second dorsal soft ray about the same len- gth of longest first dorsal spine. Anal fin short, emarginated (more prominently in small specimens), first spine as long and slightly stouter than last spine of first dorsal, second anal spine very stout and longer than remaining spines, width ne- arly two thirds of pupil diameter. Pectoral fin long, falcate, almost reaching vent; pelvic fin origin behind vertical thou- gh pectoral fin base; first pelvic fin longest, reaching vent. ±Caudal peduncle depth slightly larger than eye diameter, 8.7-10.8% SL, length 20.0-21.9% SL; caudal fin slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Coloration. Grayish sections near the dorsal fin, but mostly silver above lateral line, silver below lateral line, tenuous bands of pigment on the flanks, oblique over lateral line and more or less parallel ventral to it. Distal portion of dorsal, anal and caudal fins black, pelvic fin yellowish and base of pectoral fin yellowish. Distribution and habitat. Northern Greater Caribbean Province, Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 3). Material examined. CNPE 720, 1, 236 mm SL, Mexico, Tabasco, Laguna La Redonda; CNPE 2455, 1, 152 mm SL, Mexico, Tamaulipas, Rio Soto la Marina, Vista Hermosa; CNPE 1125, 1, 173 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tamiahua; CNPE 4817, 3, 130- 168 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tampamachoco; CNPE 4882, 2, 155- 176 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tampamachoco; CNPE 11083, 2, 125- 130 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tamiahua; USNM 61676, 1, 201 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz, Jordan, D. S (Holotype); USNM 62275, 1, 234 mm SL, Mexico, Tampico., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462, {"references":["Jordan DS. List of fishes collected at Havana, Cuba, in December, 1883, with notes and descriptions. Proc U S Natl Mus. 1886; 9 (551): 31 - 55.","Jordan DS, Evermann BW. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum; 1898. (Bulletin, United States National Museum; No. 47).","Castro-Aguirre JL, Espinosa Perez H, Schmitter-Soto JJ. Ictiofauna estuarino-Lagunar y vicaria de Mexico. Mexico: IPN; Limusa; 1999. (Serie Biotechnologias).","Nelson JS, Crossman EJ, Espinosa Perez H, Findley LT, Gilbert CR, Lea RN, Williams JD. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 6 th ed. Maryland: American Fisheries Society; 2004. (Special Publication; 29).","Page LM, Espinosa-Perez H, Findley LD, Gilbert CR, Lea RN, Mandrak NE, Mayden RL, Nelson JS. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 7 th ed. Bethesda: American Fisheries Society; 2013. (Special Publication; 34)."]}

Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier, 1830) (Fig. 4b, c, Tables 4, 5) Corvina ronchus Cuvier, 1830:107 (Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela; Dominican Republic; Cuba; Suriname MNHN 0095 (1) Dominican Republic, MNHN 5345 (2) Suriname, MNHN 7634 (1, dry) Maracaibo, MNHN 7637 (1), MNHN A–5543 (1) Martinique.–Günther, 1860: 299 (Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum). Sciaena bedoti Regan, 1905:391, Pl. 6 (fig. 1) (Cuba. Syntypes: BMNH 1905.3.18.2 [ex MHNG] (1), MHNG 678.01 (1)). Bairdiella ronchus Poey, 1868: 324 (fishes of Cuba; synopsis).– Jordan, Eigenmann, 1889: 388 (review of sciaenids from America and Europe).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; description and synonymy).– Meek, Hildebrand, 1925: 634– 635 (fishes of Panama; description; in part).– Mago-Leccia, 1965: 309 (rio Unare, Venezuela; listed).– Chao, 1978:39 (in part, redescription).– Cervigón, 1992: 398 (in part, fishes of Venezuela; listed).– Cervigón, 1993:242 (in part, fishes of Venezuela; listed).– Greenfield, Thomerson, 1997:182 (fishes of Belize; listed).– González Bencomo et al., 1997:159 (fishes of Maracaibo, Venezuela; listed).– Aguilera, 1998:50 (fishes of Occidental Venezuela; listed).– Marín, 2000:75 (fishes of Unare Lagoon, Venezuela; short description).– Smith et al., 2003:37 (fishes of Pelican Cays, Belize; listed).– Matamoros et al., 2009:19 (fishes of Honduras; listed).– Angulo et al., 2013:1002 (checklist of fishes from Costa Rica). Diagnosis. Bairdiella ronchus is distinct from B. armata (EP), which occurs between the Gulf of California and Co- lombia (EP), by the presence of 50-53 scales with pores on the lateral line, rarely 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5a); from B. chrysoura (WA), which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six), and a very robust second anal-fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal-fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4b,c); from B. goeldi sp. nov., which is found on the Brazilian coast, by having an orbital diameter less than 8% SL (vs. more than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), and orbital diameter 2.4-3.8 times the caudal peduncle length (vs. 1.6-2.3, rarely more than 2.3, Fig. 5b); from B. ensifera (EP), which is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or dark spots on the body (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4b,c); from B. icistia (EP), which is found between the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by the presence of 22-24 rays in the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5d), 22-24 gill rakers on the first bran- chial arch, rarely more than 24 (vs. 25-27, Tab. 5f), and the lack of a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins, Fig. 4b,c); from B. veraecrucis (WA), which occurs between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having a relatively larger head and dorsal fin relatively shorter (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.6-2.5 times in the head length (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.7-2.7 times in the head depth (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5d). Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. ronchus differed by three bases from of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. goeldi sp. nov., by 17 bases from B. veraecrucis, and by 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.018±0.005 from B. goeldi sp. nov., 0.030±0.007 from B. veraecrucis, and 0.183±0.019 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). Description. Morphometric and meristic data are presen- ted in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I. 22-24; A.II.8; P. 16-18; gill rakers 22-26; pored lateral line scales to caudal fin base 49-53±; scale rows above lateral line 8-9 (rarely 10), below 9-11. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile straight, ascending un- til dorsal fin origin, posteriorly convex until caudal pedun- cle, especially in larger specimens. Ventral profile flattened from pelvic fin to anal fin origin. Head relatively long, high. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth ter- minal, barely inclined; posteriorrmost tip of premaxillary bone passing vertical through middle of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with three or four rows, external row with enlar- ged teeth; dentary with one row. Orbit lateral, eyes round, moderately large, orbital diameter approximately equal to snout length. Interorbital space larger than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales (cycloid ante- riorly). Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sensory canals on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary, one central, triangular and subequal in size, and two pores on each side. Preopercle margin serrated, with about 12-15 spines, two or three at angle largest. Opercle tip an- gled, slightly anterior to vertical through pectoral fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base, opercle, preopercle, infraorbital (ventral most two rows) and interorbital region, especially in spe- cimens larger than 150 mm SL; cycloid on infraorbital (an- teriorly), preorbital region below nostrils, opercle and inte- robital in specimens smaller than 150 mm SL. Lateral line simple, arched above the pectoral fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without sca- les, membranes of second dorsal fin and anal fin with one or two rows of 5-7 small cycloid scales. Base of pectoral fin covered with cycloid scales, extending to proximal third in largest specimens. Caudal fin base covered with a cluster of small cycloid scales, rows of cycloid scales on caudal-fin rays, nearly three quarters of their length. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, spines IV-V longest, with small notch between first and second dorsal fin. Origin of second dorsal fin posterior to vertical through pectoral fin tip, with second dorsal soft rays shorter than the longest first dorsal- -fin spines. Pectoral fin falcate and relatively short, its length approximately equal to the second anal spine length. Pelvic fin origin behind vertical though pectoral fin base. Anal fin emarginated, second anal-fin spine very stout and longer than remaining spines. Caudal peduncle depth slightly lar- ger than eye diameter, 10.4-11.9% SL, length 18.2-22.2% SL; caudal fin truncated to slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Color in alcohol. Dusky blue in the dorsal portion above lateral line and on the top of the head, silver below lateral line, with bands of pigments on the flanks, oblique at the top and more or less parallel below lateral line. The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are dusky, pelvic fins are yellowish, and the pectoral fins are yellowish only at their bases. Distribution and habitat. Greater Caribbean Central Province, Central America, West Indies, Bermuda, and Vene- zuela (Fig. 3). Remarks. In a comprehensive review of the genus Bairdiella, Chao (1978), following previous authors, synony- mized Bairdiella armata Gill, 1863, Corvina subaequalis Poey, 1875, Corvina fulgens Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883, Bairdiella veraecrucis, and Sciaena (Bairdiella) bedoti Regan, 1905 without examining the type specimens or listing the material examined. As result, B. ronchus was considered to be widely distributed in the western Atlantic, from North Carolina to southern Brazil (Cervigón, 1992; McEachran, Fechhelm, 2003, see comments on B. goeldi sp. nov., above). Here, Bairdiella ronchus is redefined based on morphologi- cal (Fig. 1) and molecular evidence (Fig. 2, Tabs. 2, 3), and its distribution is restricted to the Greater Caribbean Central Province, between Cuba and Venezuela. As Venezuela is one of the type localities of the species, MHNH 7634, collected from Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, is recognized as the lecto- type of the present designation. The recognition of Corvina fulgens Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883 as a junior synonym of B. ronchus by Chao (1978) is erroneous, given that Vaillant, Bocourt (1883) described C. fulgens based on two specimens collected at La Union, El Salvador, in the eastern Pacific, during a scientific expedition to Mexico and Central America. Furthermore, the original description of C. fulgens includes an error in the scale count (115/8/5 scales above, on and below the lateral line, respec- tively; Vaillant, Bocourt, 1883: p. 164). The authors provide the correct count (11/58/15) when subsequently comparing the new species to Corvina macrops Steindachner, 1876, commenting that “This species appears to be approaching the Corvina macrops, […] But the latter fish is higher […] Of the scales, in particular for the transverse line, also differs, 7/60/11 instead of 11/58/15” (p. 165). Further examination of the syntypes of C. fulgens (MNHH A-0975) revealed that they have 23 soft rays in the second dorsal fin, and less than 55 sca- les in the lateral line to the caudal fin base. C. fulgens is therefore regarded as a junior synonym of B. armata Gill, 1863. Corvina subaequalis Poey, 1875 was described from a 245 mm TL specimen collected in Cuba. The author in- dicated that this specimen was sent to the Berlin Museum (ZMB), but it was not cataloged and is presumably lost. The holotype of C. subaequalis was not illustrated, and the des- cription of this species is not accurate enough to differentiate it from several western Atlantic sciaenids. Despite those situations, Chao (1978) considered C. subaequalis to be a junior synonym of B. ronchus, without providing arguments for that decision. Some of the information in Poey’s des- cription is discrepant from the characteristics observed in specimens of B. ronchus, such as the presence of fine den- ticulations in the preopercle (p. 59) vs. moderately largely serrated in all specimens of Bairdiella we examined, and the presence of 25 soft rays in the dorsal fin (vs. 21-24 soft rays), which may be attributable to individual variation, ontogeny or differences in counting the last two conjoined dorsal and anal fin rays as one element or not. However, as images of the holotype of C. subaequalis are not available and the type specimen is probably lost, the exact affiliation of this taxon with B. ronchus cannot be ascertained. Therefore, C. subaequalis should be regarded as nomen dubium. Material examined. LBP 6080, 2, 135- 136 mm SL, Venezuela, Ilsa de Margarita, mouth of Rio Nova Esparta, Isla de Margarita; LBP 6436, 2, 92-94 mm SL, Venezuela, Isla de Margarita, mouth of Rio Nova Esparta; USNM 4704, 1, 106 mm SL, Cuba; USNM 32090, 1, 209 mm SL, Cuba; USNM 44185, 1, 119 mm SL, Nicaragua, Greytown; USNM 81164, 1, 114 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Cut; USNM 80710, 1, 185 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Reef; USNM 80711, 1, 130 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Cut; USNM 81165, 1, 109 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Cut; USNM 80708, 1, 151 mm SL, Panama, Colon market; USNM 81166, 1, 79 mm SL, Panama, Portobelo; USNM 81168, 2, 87-97 mm SL, Panama, Cristobal; USNM 114303, 1, 203 mm SL, Guatemala, Laguna Grande; USNM 121746, 2, 90-98 mm SL, Venezuela, Cano de Agua; USNM 133714, 2, 192- 241 mm SL, Haiti; USNM 178227, 2, 138- 168 mm SL, Haiti; USNM 300471, 3, 136- 160 mm SL, Belize, east of Dangriga; USNM 343624, 1, 100 mm SL, Cuba, Cayo Mendoza, Cuba., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 12-14, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462, {"references":["Poey F. Synopsis piscium cubensium: Catalogo razonado de los peces de la isla de Cuba. Habana: Imprenta de la Viuda de Barcina y Compa; 1868.","Jordan DS, Eigenmann CH. A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. Washington: The Bureau, U. S. Government print- ing office; 1889. (Annual report of the Commissioner of fish and fisheries; vol. 3).","Jordan DS, Evermann BW. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum; 1898. (Bulletin, United States National Museum; No. 47).","Meek SE, Hildebrand SF. The marine fishes of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series. 1925; 15 (226): 331 - 707.","Chao LN. A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). U. S. Department of Commerce; 1978. (NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular; 415).","Cervigon F. Tiburones, peces batoideos y peces oseos. In: Cervigon F, Cipriani R, Fischer W, Garibaldi L, Henrickx M, Lemus AJ et al., editors. Guia de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aguas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur America. Rome: FAO; 1992. p. 163 - 456. (Fichas FAO de iden- tification de especies para los fines de la pesca).","Cervigon F. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Miranda: Fundacion Cientifica Los Roques; 1993.","Greenfield DW, Thomerson JE. Fishes of the continental waters of Belize. Gainesville: University of Florida Press; 1997.","Gonzalez Bencomo EJ, Borjas JA, Castillo EC. Ictiofauna del sec- tor San Carlos del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas. 1997; 31 (2): 151 - 79.","Aguilera OA. Los peces marinos del occidente de Venezuela. Acta Biol Venez. 1998; 18 (3): 43 - 57.","Marin G. Ichthyofauna and fisheries of the Unare Lagoon, Estado Anzoategui, Venezuela. Acta Biol Venez. 2000; 20 (3): 61 - 92.","Smith CL, Tyler JC, Davis WP, Jones RS, Smith DG, Baldwin CC. Fishes of the Pelican Cays, Belize. Atoll Res Bull. 2003; 497: 1 - 88.","Matamoros WA, Schaefer JF, Kreiser BR. Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Honduras. Zootaxa. 2009; 2307: 1 - 38.","Angulo A, Garita-Alvarado CA, Bussing WA, Lopez MI. Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Costa Rica: additions and nomenclatural revisions. Check List. 2013; 9 (5): 987 - 1019."]}

Bairdiella veraecrucis Jordan & Dickerson, 1908 (Fig. 4d, Tables 4, 5) Sciaena ronchus Jordan, 1886:44 (United States; listed). Bairdiella veraecrucis Jordan, Dickerson, 1908:16, fig. 1 (Veracruz, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 61676. Paratypes: CAS–SU 20654). Bairdiella ronchus (not of Cuvier, 1830).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; description; synonymy).– Castro-Aguirre et al., 1999:383 (fishes of Mexico; listed).– Nelson et al., 2004:146 (common names of fishes from the United States; listed).– McEachran, Fechhelm 2005:416 (fishes of the Gulf of Mexico; short description).– Page et al., 2013:151 (common and scientific names of fishes from the United States; listed). Diagnosis. Bairdiella veraecruciscan be differentiated from B. armata (EP), which occurs between the Gulf of Califor- nia and Colombia (EP), by having 50-52 pored scales on the lateral line, rarely 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5); from B. chrysoura, which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six) and by a very robust second anal-fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal-fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4d); from B. goeldi sp. nov., which is found on the Brazilian coast, by having an orbital diameter less than 8% SL (vs. more than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), caudal pe- duncle length 2.8-3.7 times the orbital diameter (vs. 1.6-2.3, rarely more than 2.3, Fig. 5b), and a relatively smaller head and longer dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.2- 1.5 times the head length (vs. 1.7-2.4, Fig. 5c), dorsal fin length and 1.2-1.5 times head depth (vs. 1.8-2.6, Fig. 5d); from B. ensifera (EP), which is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or spots on the flanks (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4d); from B. icistia (EP), which is found between the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by having 22-24 rays on the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5d), 21-24 gill rakers on the first brachial arch (vs. 25-27, Tab. 4), and no dark spot at the base of pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at base of pectoral fins); from B. ronchus (WA), which is found in the Greater Caribbean Central Province, by its relatively smaller head and longer dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.2-1.5 times the head length (vs. 1.6-2.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.2-1.5 times the head depth (vs. 1.7-2.7, Fig. 5d). Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. veraecrucis differed by four bases from those of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. goeldi sp. nov., by 19 bases from B. ronchus, and by 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.039±0.008 from B. goeldi sp. nov., 0.030±0.007 from B. ronchus, and 0.185±0.019 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). Description. Morphometric and meristic data are presen- ted in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I.22-24; A.II.8; P. 16-18; gill rake- rs 21-24; pored lateral line scales 49-52; scale rows above lateral line 8-9, below 10-11. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile nearly straight, ascending until first dorsal fin origin, posteriorly slightly convex until caudal peduncle. Ventral profile straight from pelvic fin to anal fin. Head relatively short, low. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth nearly terminal, oblique in lateral view; posterior tip of premaxilla reaching vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with two rows, external row with about 40 larger teeth; dentary with two rows, external row with about 35 larger teeth. Orbit lateral; eye round and relatively small, orbital diameter smaller than snout length. Interorbital space slightly convex, covered with cycloid scales. Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sensory canals on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary tip, one small, central, oval, and two pores on each side. Preopercle margin serrated, with spines, two or three at angle largest. Opercle tip angled, slightly posterior to ver- tical through pectoral fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base and predor- sal region, cycloid on opercle, preopercle, infraorbital and interorbital. Lateral line simple, slightly arched below first dorsal fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without scales, second dorsal fin with a row of cycloid scales on proximal half of membranes; membranes of anal fin covered by a row of cycloid scales, except at distal third; pectoral fin base covered by cycloid scales; caudal fin base covered by a cluster of small cycloid sca- les, rows of cycloid scales on nearly two thirds of caudal fin rays. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, third spine longest; small notch between first and second dorsal fin; ori- gin of second dorsal fin slightly in front of vertical through pectoral tip, with second dorsal soft ray about the same len- gth of longest first dorsal spine. Anal fin short, emarginated (more prominently in small specimens), first spine as long and slightly stouter than last spine of first dorsal, second anal spine very stout and longer than remaining spines, width ne- arly two thirds of pupil diameter. Pectoral fin long, falcate, almost reaching vent; pelvic fin origin behind vertical thou- gh pectoral fin base; first pelvic fin longest, reaching vent. ±Caudal peduncle depth slightly larger than eye diameter, 8.7-10.8% SL, length 20.0-21.9% SL; caudal fin slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Coloration. Grayish sections near the dorsal fin, but mostly silver above lateral line, silver below lateral line, tenuous bands of pigment on the flanks, oblique over lateral line and more or less parallel ventral to it. Distal portion of dorsal, anal and caudal fins black, pelvic fin yellowish and base of pectoral fin yellowish. Distribution and habitat. Northern Greater Caribbean Province, Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 3). Material examined. CNPE 720, 1, 236 mm SL, Mexico, Tabasco, Laguna La Redonda; CNPE 2455, 1, 152 mm SL, Mexico, Tamaulipas, Rio Soto la Marina, Vista Hermosa; CNPE 1125, 1, 173 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tamiahua; CNPE 4817, 3, 130- 168 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tampamachoco; CNPE 4882, 2, 155- 176 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tampamachoco; CNPE 11083, 2, 125- 130 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tamiahua; USNM 61676, 1, 201 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz, Jordan, D. S (Holotype); USNM 62275, 1, 234 mm SL, Mexico, Tampico.

The Salton Sea is a closed-basin, 980 km2 salt lake in the Sonoran Desert of southern California. Three marine species, bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), and sargo (Anisotremus davidsoni), established from introductions of over 34 species beginning in 1929. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, a hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. urolepis hornorum) invaded the Salton Sea and became dominant by number and weight. Recent surveys show a precipitous decline of all four species above starting sometime between 2001 and 2002. Declines were more evident in nearshore than in estuarine habitats. Corvina has probably declined the soonest, followed by Gulf croaker. Tilapia declines were followed by more recent increases in population numbers. The tilapia rebound observed are probably only sustainable if a curb in Salton Sea salinity levels is realized. The marine species will likely need restocking to reach historic levels, if the salinity of the lake is managed at 40 g•L–1 or below. Restoration alternatives for the Salton Sea must take into consideration estuarine areas as essential fish habitats and fish refuge against high salinities.

Se describe el comportamiento de los parámetros de temperatura, salinidad, transparencia del agua y temperatura ambiente, y de la abundancia y diversidad de la comunidad del peces del sistema Candelaria-Panlau en escalas temporal y espacial. Los trabajos de campo se realizaron de manera mensual en cinco estaciones entre abril de 1993 y abril de 1994. La comunidad de peces quedó representada por 50 especies con 7 926 organismos y 144.7 kg de peso. Los valores de abundancia y diversidad de la comunidad fueron: 0.09 ind/m², 1.61 g/m² 18.25 g/ind, H’n = 1.879, J = 0.475 y D = 5.681. Las especies con dominio ecológico fueron: Cathorops melanopus, Diapterus rhombeus, Anchoa mitchilli, Sphoeroides testudineus, Bairdiella chrysura, B. ronchus, Cynoscion arenarius, y C. nebulosus, que en conjunto representan el 90.9 % en número y el 78.9 % en peso de la captura total. Las matrices de valores de los parámetros ambientales y de abundancia numérica de la comunidad de peces, fueron sometidas a un análisis de factores con el método de extracción de componentes principales, su representación gráfica confirma la definición de especies dominantes y demuestra que la salinidad, estación cinco y mes de febrero son los componentes que caracterizan al sistema y a la comunidad de peces.The environmental and ecological patterns of the fish community in Candelaria-Panlau system (Mexico) are described. Parameters of the water temperature, salinity and transparency, and density, biomass and diversity of the fish community were analyzed. Between April 1993 and April 1994 five stations were sampled monthly. The fish community had 50 species (7 926 individuals, 144.7 kg of weight). The abundance and diversity values for the fish community were: 0.09 ind/m² ; 1.61 g/m²; 18.25 g/ind ; H'n = 1.879; J = 0.475 and D = 5.681. The species with ecological dominance were: Cathorops melanopus, Diapterus rhombeus, Anchoa mitchilli, Sphoeroides testudineus, Bairdiella chrysura, B. ronchus, Cynoscion arenarius, and C. nebulosus. The matrixes of the environmental parameters and of fish abundance, were tested with a factor analysis (principal components extraction method); its graphical representation confirms the dominant species and indicates that salinity, station number five and February are the components that characterize the system and the fish community.

The Salton Sea is the largest lake in California. Inflows are primarily from agricultural runoff, which render it eutrophic and able to support extensive fisheries. The lake and its surrounding wetlands are critical links for the Pacific Flyway, providing refuge and food for an extensive and diverse avifauna. We document fish size distributions, body shapes and growth rates and consider how they determine availability of fish to birds. Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. urolepis hornorum) is the most important resource for fish-eating birds. Tilapia grow fast to a size that is readily handled by large birds and are the most abundant fish in the lake. Bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia) grow to a smaller size over a longer period. Corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), sargo (Anisotremus davidsoni), and shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) are less important for fish-eating birds because they quickly grow to sizes outside bird handling capabilities (corvina) or are not readily catchable and currently of low abundanc...

A summary of all existing information gathered since 1980 on contaminants in bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), and sargo (Anisotremus davidsonii) living in the Salton Sea is presented. Comparisons are made with an earlier analysis of contaminants in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. urolepis hornorum hybrid). Risks are assessed for humans and piscivorous birds consuming these fish and for the health of the fish populations themselves. Of the 17 trace elements, 42 organic pesticides and 48 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) sampled in whole-body and fillet samples of fish collected from the Salton Sea, only arsenic (As), selenium (Se), total DDT (tDDT), and total PCBs (tPCBs) were determined to be of potential concern for the health of human consumers. Recent average concentrations of total As in fillet tissue are 1.3 μg g−1 wet weight (ww) for bairdiella and 1.2 μg g−1 ww for corvina and tilapia, respectively, with the inorganic As fraction representing...

The Salton Sea is a highly saline lake that has long supported sportfishery and large populations of fish-eating birds. A study was initiated in 1999 to assess the status of orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia) and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. urolepis). Multimesh (50 × 2 m) gillnets were set at nine stations in 1999, ten stations in 2000 and six stations in 2002. These stations were sampled every two months in 1999, every three months in 2000 and once in 2002. O. mossambicus was the most abundant of the four species, with a maximum mean catch per unit effort (CPUE) 13.8 kg net−1 h−1 or 29.9 fish net−1 h−1 being observed at the river mouth stations in August 1999. From spring to summer, tilapia CPUE increased at nearshore and river mouth stations and decreased at pelagic stations, apparently reflecting migration away from midlake areas in response to anoxia or hypoxia caused by periodic springtime overturn events in deep waters. Tilapia catches in nearshore, river mouth and pelagic habitats were 83 and 60% males in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Tilapia catches in rivers in August 1999 averaged only 6% male. During 1999–2000, the tilapia population consisted essentially of only the 1995 and 2000 year classes. Harsh conditions at the Salton Sea have led to erratic reproduction and survival rates and unstable age structures for its resident fishes. Massive parasite infestations of fry and physiological stressors such as anoxia, high sulfide levels, high salinity and high and low temperatures are potential causes of the irregular recruitment and periodic dieoffs of tilapia. The abundance of all fish species declined over the years of study. Between 1999 and 2002, the late summer mean CPUEs for tilapia, bairdiella and orangemouth corvina at four nearshore stations dropped from 16 fish to 0.02 fish, from 4.7 fish net to 0.23 fish, and from 0.08 fish to 0.02 fish, respectively. During 2000–2003, parallel declines occurred in estimated numbers of adult fish involved in mass mortality events at the Sea. The boom-and-bust dynamics of tilapia and other fish populations in the Sea have major consequences for fish-eating bird populations, for other components of the ecosystem, and for the recreational value of the lake.

The Salton Sea is an endorheic, 980-km2 salt lake in the Sonoran Desert of southern California. The historical fish community switched from freshwater to marine species as salinity increased due to evaporation and brackish water inflows. Three species, bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), and sargo (Anisotremus davidsoni), established from introductions beginning in 1929. Thirty-four marine fish species from the northern Gulf of California were introduced between 1929 and 1956. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, a hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. urolepis hornorum) invaded the Salton Sea and became dominant by numbers and weight. Research has shown that nearshore and estuarine areas have the highest catch rates of tilapia (over 11 kg/50 m net/h). Orangemouth corvina, bairdiella, sargo, and the hybrid tilapia grew faster, but had shorter life spans than conspecifics elsewhere, and Salton Sea conspecifics of 50 years ago. All four species aggregated alo...

Species of Rhamnocercinae Monaco, Wood et Mizelle, 1954 are gill parasites of sciaenid fishes (Perciformes). Seven are marine species (three in the western Atlantic and four in oriental Pacific) and one is a neotropical freshwater species (Rio Doce Basin, Brazil). While the status of the subfamily may be questioned, this assemblage of species is apparently supported by several shared apomorphic and plesiomorphic characters, such as: (1) peduncular spines with anterior and posterior roots; (2) haptor laterally expanded, armed with anchors (two pairs); bars (one ventral, two dorsal); 14 hooks and haptoral accessory spines; and (3) double (nested) tubes of the male copulatory organ (MCO), directed posteriorly with the genital pore lying posterior to the MCO. The phylogenetic hypothesis for the eight known species of this clade is: (Spinomatrix penteormos (Rhamnocercoides stichospinus, Rhamnocercoides menticirrhi) Rhamnocercus oliveri (Rhamnocercus rhamnocercus (Rhamnocercus stelliferi, Rhamnocercus bairdiella, Rhamnocercus margaritae)). This hypothesis indicates that Spinomatrix penteormos represents the sister group of all remaining rhamnocercines. The resulting phylogenetic sister-group relationships support the transfer of Rhamnocercus stichospinus Seamster et Wood, 1956 to Rhamnocercoides Luque et Iannacone, 1991 as Rhamnocercoides stichospinus (Seamster et Wood, 1956) n. comb.

Chemical contamination of fish from the Salton Sea, a quasi-marine lake in Southern California, could adversely impact millions of birds using the Pacific Flyway and thousands of humans using the lake for recreation. Bairdiella icistia (bairdiella), Cynoscion xanthulus (orangemouth corvina), and Oreochromis spp. (tilapia) were sampled from two river mouths and two nearshore areas of the Salton Sea. Muscle tissues were analyzed for a complete suite of 14 trace metals and 53 pesticides. Fish muscle tissues had concentrations of selenium ranging between 1.89 and 2:73 lg=g wet weight. 4,4 0 -DDE accounted for 94% of the total DDT metabolites. Total DDTs ranged between 17.1 and 239.0 and total PCBs between 2.5 and 18.6 ng/g wet weight. PCB congeners 132, 138, 153, 168, and 180 comprised over 50% of the total PCBs. Given the potential implementation of a commercial fishing at the Salton Sea in the future, the presence of persistent organic pollutants and selenium warrants further research into the effects of these mixtures on fish populations, and on wildlife and humans consuming fish. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Studies of the fisheries ecology and fish biology of the Salton Sea, California, were conducted in 1999 and 2000 using 50 m gill nets in river, nearshore, pelagic, and estuarine areas. Total lengths and weights were measured for all fish captured, and sub-samples were dissected for gonad weights and aging. Ten fish species were captured of which a hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. urolepis hornorum) was dominant by number and weight. Nearshore and estuarine areas had highest catch rates (over 11 kg h−1 net−1 for tilapia). Rivers were richest in the number of species (6 of 10 species were exclusively riverine), but lowest in fish abundance. Orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), sargo (Anisotremus davidsoni), and tilapia grew faster, but had shorter life spans than conspecifics elsewhere and Salton Sea conspecifics of 50 years ago. Reproduction occurred mostly in the nearshore and estuarine areas. Onset of reproduction of bairdiella and sargo was in the spring and extended through the beginning of summer. Reproduction of orangemouth corvina started in the summer and of tilapia in the spring. Reproduction of orangemouth corvina and tilapia extended through the fall. Gender ratios of tilapia were skewed toward males in all areas, except the rivers, where females predominated. All four species aggregated along the nearshore and estuarine areas in the summer when dissolved oxygen in the pelagic area was limited. Any restoration alternative for the Salton Sea should consider areas close to shore as primary areas for fish reproduction and survival.

The Salton Sea is the largest inland body of water in California. It currently supports a sportfishery for orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus). Other species of importance are the bairdiella (Bairdiella icistius) and sargo (Anisotremus davidsonii). The future status of the fishery is uncertain for several reasons including possible impacts from chemical contaminants entering the Sea via agricultural drains and rivers. There are also relatively large inputs of sewage from the New River and the Alamo River. Although these rivers discharge into the south end, strong currents and winds create rapid dispersion throughout the Salton Sea. Responding to environmental concerns, the State of California Department of Fish and Game supported a study on the population dynamics of Salton Sea fishes. Ichthyoplankton samples were collected for three spawning seasons, and fish embryos were evaluated for normal development. The development of fish embryos has been used for monitoring the effects of pollution in the New York Bight and in northern Europe, where malformation rates of up to 50% were found in embryos collected near highly contaminated rivers and waste dumping areas. This report describes significant incidences of malformed fish embryos collected from the Salton Sea. However, because of extreme hydrographical conditions present atmore » the Sea which might be at least partially responsible for the observed malformations, supporting information on embryonic development was obtained in this study by controlled spawning of Salton Sea fishes in the laboratory. 18 refs., 1 tab.« less

The Salton Sea is a 93 000 ha saline lake fed by drainage water from more than 283 000 ha of irrigated lands in the Imperial and Coachella valleys of California. A total of 21 composite samples of four recreationally important fish species — bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), sargo (Anisotremus davidsoni), and Mozambique tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) —collected there were analyzed for 14 elements. Twelve of these elements were detected in one or more of the samples: As, B, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, V, and Zn. Cadmium and Tl were not detected. The ranges in concentrations of elements in the skinless fillets of bairdiella, corvina, and sargo, and in whole bodies of all four fishes were comparable to levels that are typically measured in saltwater fishes. Only Se concentrations were elevated (as much as 14 µg g−1 dry weight in both fillets and whole bodies) in this series of samples. Elevated concentrations of Se have already led to public health advisories concerning the consumption of fish and might eventually cause the demise of fish populations from toxic effects.

Many fishes in the family Sciaenidae engage in nightly chorusing events where sound production starts near dusk and lasts for several hours. This paper examines the periodicity and dynamics of chorusing in the Sciaenidae. Underwater acoustic recorders have been deployed in southwest Florida to record sound production with a high temporal resolution (10 s of recording every 10 min) over a large spatial area. Sound production was dominated by three sciaenid species: silver perch (Bairdiella chyrsoura), sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius), and spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus). Sounds produced by black drum (Pogonias cromis), gafftopsail catfish (Bagre marinus), and gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) were also recorded. Sound levels in sciaenid choruses typically reach levels of approximately 110–120 dB re 1 μPa spectrum level, and are among the loudest sources of sustained ambient noise in temperate and subtropical coastal waters. Little is known about the behavior accompanying sound production, because it occurs in turbid water at night. The use of hydrophone arrays to document fine‐scale spatial patterns of sound production will be discussed.

The isopods Lironeca ovalis and Olencira praegustator infest the gill and buccal cavities of at least seven species of fishes taken in the lower Delaware River Estuary. The free-swimming male stages of these two species are external facultative parasites, apparently feeding on lipid substances of the many fishes which serve as intermediate hosts. Both male and female stages of L. ovalis were most prevalent on bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, which served as both an intermediate and terminal host. Female L. ovalis showed the highest incidence of infestation among bluefish, 19.1%; silver perch, Bairdiella chrysura, 6.1%; white perch, Morone americana, 4.1%; weakfish, Cynoscion regalis, 2.8%; and striped bass, Morone saxatilis, 1.5%. Female O. praegustator were found only in 0.8% of the 590 Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, observed.

Digenetic trematodes from the white perch, Morone americana, were identified by Linton (1900) as Distomum areolatum Rudolphi, 1809. He (1901) referred specimens from the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, and the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, to the same species. These worms were collected at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Other specimens were taken from Bairdiella chrysura, Micropogon undulatus, Orthopristis chrysopterus, and Sciaaenops ocellatus at Beaufort, North Carolina. Linton (1940) included all these worms in a new species, Lepocreadium trullaforme. But they are not specifically identical with L. trullaforme and their taxonomic status has been uncertain. The metacercariae of these worms have been known for many years an unencysted distomes in the ctenophores and medusae taken in plankton collections. The discovery of an ophthalmotrichocercous cercaria from Nassarius trivittatus with the same morphology, has led to the completion of the life-cycle and the resolution of the taxonomic sta...

A cell designated SP-1 was established from tissue of the silver perch, Bairdiella chrysura. Cells were fibroblast-like and grew best at 26 degrees C in Leibovitz medium (L-15) containing 15% fetal bovine serum and 0.150 M sodium chloride. Passage 1 to passage 9 SP-1 cells contained a chromosome number of 48; at passages 27 and 50 the modal numbers were 51 and 54, respectively. Confirmation of the origin of SP-1 cells was made by the cytotoxic antibody dye-exclusion test. This cell line supported the growth of lymphocystis virus from the silver perch but was not found to replicate various other fish and mammalian viruses.

Brooks, Daniel R. 1975. Ecological and zoogeographical relationships of platyhelminths of Nebraska anurans. Journal of Parasitology 61(Sup.):69. -. 1976. Analysis of the interrelationships of plagiorchioid trematodes from the intestines of amphibians. Journalof the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 2 l(Sup.): 72. ~. 1976. Analysis of the interrelationships of plagiorchioid trematodes from the intestines of amphibians. Southwestern Association of Parasitologists. Ninth Annual Meeting, p. 9. -. 1976. Evolutionary history of some plagiorchioid trematodes of anurans. American Zoologist 16(2):270. Cake, Edwin W., Jr. 1975. Larval and postlarval cestode parasites of shallow-water, benthic mollusks of the Gulf of Mexico from the Florida Keys to the Mississippi Sound. Dissertation Abstracts International 36( 1): 4041B. Cake, Edwin W., Jr. 1976. Larval cestode parasites of edible mollusks of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 21(Sup.):71. Lawler, Adrian R., Harold D. Howse & David W. Cook. 1975. Lymphocystis infections in the silver perch, Bairdiella chvysura. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 19(1973-1974): 183. Mattis, T. E. 1976. Hook symmetry and measurement in armed tetraphyllidean cestodes. Southwestern Association of Parasitologists. Ninth Annual Meeting, p. 9. Ogle, John, Bill Wardlek Tom Bullington. 1976. Techniques for suspension culture of oysters utilizing offshore petroleum platforms. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 2 l(Sup.):67. Otvos, Ervin J. 1976. Holocene barrier island development over preexisting Pleistocene high ground: Dauphin Island, Alabama. Geological Society of America, Southeast Section, Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting, pp. 239-240. ~. 1976. Geological evolution and Holocene development of the Mississippi-Alabama Gulf Coast. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 2i(Sup.):76. Overstreet, Robin M. 1975. Ecological aspects of the acanthocephalan Dollfusentis chandleri Golvan, 1969 in an estuarine fish. Journal of Parasitology (Supplement) 61:lOl.

The fine structure of normal heart muscle from the silver perch, Bairdiella chrysum (Lacdp\ede), is similar to that previously reported for marine and freshwater teleosts. Cardiac lymphocystis is a viral disease manifested by single, giant-cell lesions variously located in the epicardium, trabecular spaces, and subendocardium-in direct apposition to myocardial cells. Occasionally, the hyaline capsule of lymphocystis cells partially surround myocardial cells but cause no pathological changes or inflammatory reaction. The lymphocystis cells contain typical cellular organelles, including the viroplasmic net unique to these cells. Annulate lamellae, often continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, are present, usually along the periphery of the cell. Some elements of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are dilated and contain a finely granular material, but others contain cross-banded fibrils, each having a periodicity of 30 nm. Similar fibrils are present in the perinuclear cisternae.

Baseline data on several of the Salton Sea fishes are reported. Morphometric (dimensions) and meristic (counting elements) data are presented as a baseline to evaluate any accumulation and physiological stresses that the fishes may experience as a result of geothermal development. Trace elements were analyzed in selected tissues or whole fish. The trace elements evaluated were K, Cu, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, and Pb. The major fishes studied were corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), gulf coaker (Bairdiella icistius, and molly (Poecilia latapinna). Other fishes occasionally tested were Tilapia sp. and sargo (Anisotremus davidsonii).

Baseline data are provided on three species of fish from the Salton Sea, California. The fishes considered were the orange mouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), gulf croaker (Bairdiella icistius) and sargo (Anisotremus davidsonii). Morphometric and meristic data are presented as a baseline to aid in the evaluation of any physiological stress the fish may experience as a result of geothermal development. Analyses were made on muscle, liver, and bone of the fishes sampled to provide baseline data on elemental tissue burdens. The elements measured were: As, Br, Ca, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Mn, Mi, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Zn, and Zr. These data are important if an environmentally sound progression of geothermal power production is to occur at the Salton Sea.

Anilocra acuta (Isopoda: Cymothoidae), previously known from Georgia and from Tampa Bay, Florida, is recorded from the lower Ochlockenee River and from Alligator Harbor, Florida, from Louisiana, and from the lower Hudson River, New York. New hosts areLepisosteus spatula, Bairdiella chrysura, andExox niger.

The food habits of five species of the family Sciaenidae,Bairdiella chrysura, Cynoscion regalis, Leiostomus xanthurus, Micropogon undulatus andStellifer lanceolatus, were examined in specimens of less than 200 mm standard length collected in estuaries between Georgetown, South Carolina, and Jacksonville, Florida.B. chrysura, M. undulatus andS. lanceolatus did not appear to be highly selective in their food habits;C. regalis fed heavily on the mysid shrimp,Neomysis americana, and on fish; andL. xanthurus was selective toward harpacticoid and calanoid copepods. The food habits of the five species of fish examined were relatively constant with season and location within the estuary; however, in general, larger food organisms were consumed as the sciaenids increased in size. The exception wasL. xanthurus which maintained the same food habits at all sizes examined.