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It was held a comprehensive study of animal exterior of Ukrainian black and white and red and white dairy breeds. By appropriate value of measurements, it was set indices of body structure of experimental animals. The bulls of Ukrainian black and white and red and white dairy breeds were the objects of the research, selected on the basis of counterparts. Researches on indexes of body and analysis of body measurements of bulls of Ukrainian black and redspotted dairy breeds shows that different indicators increased differently at different ages of animals. Comparative analysis of linear measurements of the exterior of bulls of Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breed in the experimental farm and at all stages of development, dominated by bulls of Ukrainian black-spotted breed, which indicates a herd difference in favor of the former and exceed with a significant difference peers in all measurements body structure. Thus, the average body structure indexes of bulls of Ukrainian black-spotted and red-spotted dairy breeds are generally characteristic of dairy-type animals. The connecting variability between the measurements that make up the body structure indexes indicates the objective motivation for their use in assessing the exterior type of animals. The obtained highly reliable correlation between the measurements that form the indexes of body structure makes it possible for their further use in the breeding work of the herd.

Despite stringent quality control checks, some bulls with apparently normal semen quality yield lower than expected pregnancy rates. This study profiled the transcriptome and performed histological analysis of the bovine uterus in response to sperm from high-fertility (HF) and low-fertility (LF) bulls. Postmortem uterine biopsies and uterine explants were collected from heifers 12 h after a fixed time artificial insemination (AI) to a synchronized estrus with frozen–thawed semen from five HF (fertility rate 4.01% ± 0.25) and five LF (fertility rate − 11.29% ± 1.11; mean ± SEM) bulls. Uterine biopsies were also collected from control (CTRL) heifers, which were not inseminated. RNA-sequencing and histological analysis were performed for differential gene expression and neutrophil quantification. In the HF treatment relative to CTRL heifers, there were 376 genes significantly differentially expressed in the endometrium with just one gene differentially expressed in the LF treatment relative to CTRL heifers. Comparing the HF and LF treatments directly, there were 40 significantly differentially expressed genes (P

Carcasses from pasture-finished early-maturing (EM), rather than late-maturing (LM), breed bulls may be more suited to meet the minimum carcass fatness classification of 2+ (6.0 on a 15-point scale) required for some markets. The comparative colour and eating quality of beef from grass-fed bulls of different maturities are unknown. Sixty yearling suckler-bred bulls were assigned to a 2 (maturities: EM and LM) × 2 (finishing strategies: grass only (G0) or grass + 4.0 kg concentrate daily (GC)) factorial design. Bulls were at pasture from 7 April, concentrates were introduced (or not) 97 days later, and bulls were slaughtered at 192 d post-turnout (approximately 19 mo of age). Carcass fat scores averaged 5.02, 6.20, 6.33 and 7.30 for LMG0, LMGC, EMG0 and EMGC bulls, respectively. Muscle colour did not differ between treatments. Muscle from LM had lower intramuscular fat concentration, collagen solubility and a tendency (p < 0.1) towards lower ratings for tenderness, texture, and acceptability of 14 d aged beef. Concentrate supplementation decreased the ratings for muscle tenderness but ratings for acceptability were not affected. Achieving the minimum carcass fatness was therefore not required to produce beef of acceptable eating quality and suckler bulls can access the “grass-fed” beef market. This project (11/SF/322, “BullBeef”) was funded by the Irish Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine’s competitive research programmes.

Epicatechin (EPC) is a flavonoid belonging to the family of catechins; it has been described as a powerful scavenger of a wide spectrum of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a modulator of ex vivo sperm vitality. In this study, we assessed the potential protective abilities of EPC on cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa. We focused on conventional quality parameters, as well as the oxidative profile of spermatozoa alongside capacitation patterns, and expression profiles of proteins involved in the process of capacitation. Semen samples were cryopreserved in the presence of 25, 50 or 100 μmol/L EPC and compared to native semen (negative control) as well as ejaculates frozen in the absence of EPC (positive control). A dose-dependent improvement of conventional sperm quality parameters was observed following EPC administration, particularly in case of the sperm motility, membrane, acrosome and DNA integrity in comparison to the positive control. Experimental groups exposed to all EPC doses presented with a significantly lower proportion of capacitated spermatozoa as opposed to the positive control. While no significant effects of EPC were observed in cases of superoxide production, a significant decrease in the levels of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical were recorded particularly in the experimental groups supplemented with 50 and 100 μmol/L EPC. Western blot analysis revealed that supplementation of particularly 100 μmol/L EPC to the semen extender prevented the loss of the cation channel of sperm (CatSper) isoforms 1 and 2, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) and protein kinase A (PKA), which play important roles in the process of sperm capacitation. In summary, we may hypothesize that EPC is particularly effective in the stabilization of the sperm membrane during the freeze–thaw process through its ability to quench ROS involved in damage to the membrane lipids and to prevent the loss of membrane channels crucial to initiate the process of sperm capacitation. These attributes of EPC provide an additional layer of protection to spermatozoa exposed to low temperatures, which may be translated into a higher post-thaw structural integrity and functional activity of male gametes.

[EN] The primary objective of this study was to compare the colour of muscle from bulls finished at pasture or indoors on a high concentrate diet. The ancillary objectives were to identify possible explanations for any differences in the colour observed and the potential of muscle colour to discriminate between bull beef from different production systems. Growth, longissimus muscle colour, fibre type composition and metabolic profile were measured in late-maturing breed sired suckler bulls slaughtered at 19 months of age after 199 days at pasture (G0), 100 days indoors after 98 days at pasture (G0AL) and indoors for 199 days (AL). When compared to bulls finished indoors and offered a high concentrate ration, the carcass weight of G0 bulls was lower, their carcasses were leaner, and their longissimus muscle was similar in lightness but less red and had a lower glycolytic metabolism. The temperature at which the longissimus muscle reached pH 6.0 was lower (19.7 °C) for G0 than for G0AL (29.9 °C) and AL (31.6 °C), which did not differ. Co-variate adjustment for this variable removed the differences in redness. Adjusting the chill settings appears to be a practical strategy for abattoirs to minimise early post-mortem differences in muscle colour between lighter grass-fed and heavier concentrate-fed carcasses. The preliminary results demonstrate the potential of both L*, a*, b* values and the visible reflectance spectra of muscle to discriminate between grass- finished and concentrate-finished bull beef, but further refinement and validation of the models is required. This project (11/SF/322, “BullBeef”) was funded by the competitive research programmes of the Irish Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine.

One hundred and forty-six bulls (178.2 ± 6.64 kg BW and 146.0 ± 0.60 d of age) were randomly allocated to one of eight pens and assigned to control (C) or citrus flavonoid (BF) treatments (Citrus aurantium, Bioflavex CA, HTBA, S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain, 0.4 kg per ton of Bioflavex CA). At the finishing phase, the dietary fat content of the concentrate was increased (58 to 84 g/kg DM). Concentrate intake was recorded daily, and BW and animal behavior by visual scan, fortnightly. After 168 d, bulls were slaughtered, carcass data were recorded, and rumen and duodenum epithelium samples were collected. Performance data were not affected by treatment, except for the growing phase where concentrate intake (p < 0.05) was lesser in the BF compared with the C bulls. Agonistic and sexual behaviors were more frequent (p < 0.01) in the C than in the BF bulls. In the rumen epithelium, in contrast to duodenum, gene expression of some bitter taste receptors (7, 16, 39) and other genes related to behavior and inflammation was higher (p < 0.05) in the BF compared with the C bulls. Supplementing citrus flavonoids in high-fat finishing diets to Holstein bulls reduces growing concentrate consumption and improves animal welfare info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Die bakterielle Kontamination des männlichen Genitaltraktes und vor allem des Seminalplasmas von Bullen ist ein bekanntes Problem in der Rinderzucht. Pathogene Bakterien, die venerische Erkrankungen verursachen, wurden in den letzten Jahren intensiv untersucht. Im Gegensatz dazu ist das Wissen über kommensale Bakterien des Genitaltraktes von Bullen bislang sehr gering. Aus diesem Grund war es das Ziel dieser Studie, kommensale Bakterien aus dem bovinen männlichen Genitaltrakt zu isolieren und deren Effekt auf endometriale Epithelzellen und bovine Spermien in vitro zu untersuchen. 57 Seminalplasmaproben von 40 verschiedenen Zuchtbullen wurden untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden bei 12 geschlachteten Mastbullen Tupferproben von Penisspitze und Präputium genommen. Bakterien wurden in speziellen Nährmedien für die Anzucht von Milchsäurebakterien inkubiert. Erhaltene Isolate wurden durch eine Sequenzierung der 16S-rDNA charakterisiert. Endometriale Epithelzellen wurden bis zur zweiten Passage kultiviert und dann in Ko-Kultur mit isolierten Bakterien verbracht. Diese Ko-Kultur fand immer in drei unterschiedlichen „multiplicities of infection“ (MOI 1, 5 und 10) statt. Jeder untersuchte Bakterienstamm wurde mit Zellen von mindestens vier verschiedenen Schlachttieren kokultiviert. Eine Untersuchung der Zellviabilität via Trypanblau-Färbung wurde alle 24 Stunden über einen Zeitraum von drei Tagen durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurden endometriale Epithelzellen für einen Zeitraum von sechs Stunden ko-kultiviert, welche alle zwei Stunden lysiert wurden. Diese Zell-Lysate dienten der Untersuchung der Chemokin-X-Ligand (CXCL) 1/-2-, CXCL3-, CXCL5-, Interleukin (IL) 6-, IL8- und Prostaglandin-Endoperoxid-Synthase 2-(PTGS2) mRNA-Expression. Dies geschah durch eine reverse Transkription und anschließender Real-time-PCR. Bovine Spermien wurden nach der Samengewinnung für bis zu 4 Stunden mit unterschiedlichen Milchsäurebakterien in dem Verdünner Triladyl kokultiviert. Nach 2 und 4 Stunden wurde via computergestützer Vitalitätsanalyse (CASA) die progressive Motilität der Spermien ermittelt. Die bakteriologische Untersuchung des Seminalplasmas von Zuchtbullen ergab bei 27 der insgesamt 54 Proben kein Nachweis von Bakterien. In 27 Proben konnten Bakterien charakterisiert werden; darunter einige Spezies der Gattungen Staphylococcus, Streptococcus und Bacillus. Allerdings konnten in vier Proben, welche von drei verschiedenen Bullen stammten, Milchsäurebakterien isoliert werden. Drei der Isolate wurden als Lactobacillus (L.) mucosae (L. mucosae 8.1, 8.2 und 31) identifiziert und ein weiteres Isolat als Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Bei den Tupferproben des Genitaltraktes von Mastbullen konnten in allen Proben Bakterien isoliert werden. Darunter war einmal Streptococcus sp. und Corynebacterium sp., während alle anderen Isolate den Milchsäurebakterien zugerechnet werden. Ein Isolat wurde als Lactococcus garviae und alle anderen als Pediococcus spp. (n = 28) oder Weissella spp. (n = 3) identifiziert. Alle vier isolierten Milchsäurebakterien aus dem Seminalplasma wurden weiterführend untersucht, während aus den Isolaten der Mastbullen nur fünf Isolate zufällig ausgesucht und weiter untersucht wurden. Einige der Isolate führten nach Ko-Kultur zu einem Zelltod der Epithelien, während andere Isolate nach 72 Stunden keine Veränderungen an endometrialen Epithelzellen bewirkten. L. mucosae 8.2, L. mucosae 31 und Leuconostoc mesenteroides führten nicht zu Veränderungen der Zell-Viabilität, während Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus garviae, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Weissella thailandensis und Weissella hellenica teilweise bereits nach 24 Stunden zu einem vermehrten Zelltod und zu einer verringerten Konfluenz der endometrialen Epithelzellen führten. L. mucosae 8.2, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus und Weissella hellenica führten nicht zu Veränderungen der mRNA-Expression der untersuchten pro-inflammatorischen Faktoren, während L. mucosae 8.1, L. mucosae 31 und Leuconostoc mesenteroides zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der mRNA-Expression von einigen pro-inflammatorischen Faktoren führten. Die Ko-Kultur von bovinen Spermien mit Milchsäurebakterien zeigte, dass L. buchneri, isoliert aus dem bovinen Uterus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides und L. mucosae 8.1 nicht zu Veränderungen der progressiven Motilität führten. L. mucosae 8.2 und L. mucosae 31 hingegen führten bereits nach 2 Stunden zu einer geringfügigen Verringerung der progressiven Motilität boviner Spermien um maximal 5,5 %. Nach 4 Stunden wurde nur bei L. mucosae 8.2 eine Verringerung der progressiven Motilität um 4,3 % beobachtet. Abschließend lässt sich festhalten, dass kommensale Bakterien im bovinen männlichen Genitaltrakt existieren. Es wurden nur wenige Isolate aus dem Seminalplasma isoliert, während von den Schleimhäuten des Genitaltraktes aller Bullen Milchsäurebakterien kultiviert werden konnten. Der Einfluss dieser Bakterien auf das Uterusepithel und auf bovine Spermien in vitro ist speziesspezifisch sehr unterschiedlich., Bacterial contamination of the bovine male genital tract, especially of the seminal plasma, is a known problem in reproduction of dairy cattle. Pathogenic bacterial which can cause venereal diseases have been investigated intensively. However, knowledge about commensal bacteria in the genital tract of bulls is rare. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of commensal bacteria in the bovine male genital tract and to investigate their effect on endometrial epithelial cells and on bovine spermatozoa in vitro. 57 seminal plasma samples obtained from 40 healthy Holstein-Frisian bulls were examined. In addition, the preputial cavity and penis of 12 slaughtered fattening bulls were examined by swabbing. Samples were incubated on selective agar plates to reveal the presence of lactic acid bacteria. Obtained colonies were further characterized by sequencing of the 16S rDNA. Endometrial epithelial cells were cultured until passage 2 and incubated with isolated bacteria. This co-culture was performed in 3 different “multiplicities of infection” (MOI 1, 5 and 10, respectively). Every bacterial strain was co-cultured with cells from at least 4 different animals. Cell viability staining with trypan blue was performed every 24 hours for 3 days. In addition, endometrial epithelial cells were incubated with selected bacterial strains for 6 hours and cells were lysed every 2 hours. Theses lysed cells were analyzed for mRNA expression of the selected pro-inflammatory factors interleukin (IL) 6, IL8, chemokine-ligand- (CXCL) 1/-2, CXCL3, CXCL5 and prostaglandin-synthase 2 (PTGS2). Therefore, total RNA was extracted and used for reverse-transcription-real-time-PCR. Bovine spermatozoa were co-cultured with different lactic acid bacteria for up to 4 hours in Triladyl. After 2 and 4 hours, progressive motility of spermatozoa was measured by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). 27 of the 54 seminal plasma samples from breeding bulls did not contain any cultivable bacteria. 27 bacterial colonies could be characterized, such as Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. From 4 samples, obtained from 3 different bulls, lactic acid bacteria were isolated. 3 isolates were identified as Lactobacillus (L.) mucosae 8.1, 8.2, 31 and another isolate as Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Concerning the swabs from the genital tract of fattening bulls, bacteria were isolated from all samples. Besides Streptococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp., all other strains belong to the order of lactic acid bacteria. One strain was identified as Lactococcus garviae, all others as Pediococcus spp. (n = 28) and Weissella spp. (n = 3). All 4 lactic acid bacteria from the seminal plasma and 5 bacterial strains from the swabs of fattening bulls were chosen for further experiments. Some isolates caused death of endometrial epithelial cells while other strains did not lead to morphological alterations of cells. L. mucosae 8.2, L. mucosae 31 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides did not cause endometrial cell death while Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus garviae, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Weissella thailandensis and Weissella hellenica caused death of cells and a decrease of cell-confluence, partly after only 24 hours. L. mucosae 8.2, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Weissella hellenica did not influence mRNA-expression of pro-inflammatory factors. In contrast, L. mucosae 8.1, L. mucosae 31 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides caused a significant increase of mRNA-expression of certain pro-inflammatory factors. Co-culture of bovine spermatozoa with lactic acid bacteria revealed that L. buchneri, isolated from the bovine uterus, L. mucosae 8.1 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides did not influence progressive motility of spermatozoa. L. mucosae 8.2 and L. mucosae 31 caused a significant decrease of progressive motility after 2 hours by a maximum of 5.5 %. After 4 hours, a decrease of progressive motility was observed only for L. mucosae 8.2 by 4.3 %. In conclusion, lactic acid bacteria exist in the bovine male genital tract. Only few isolates could be characterized from the seminal plasma while lactic acid bacteria were cultured from mucosal membranes of the genital tract of all animals. The immunological response of endometrial epithelial cells and bovine spermatozoa to these bacteria in vitro varies in a strain specific manner.

A group of purebred Brahman cull heifers (n = 22) and cows (n = 19) were fattened on pasture (165 days) along with Zebu-type bulls (n = 20) to compare their carcass traits, fabrication yield and meat palatability traits. Bulls significantly outperformed females in carcass weight and dressing percentage, conformation and fat cover ratings, and ribeye size. Heifers graded better than cows (P 0.05) from bulls in weights of tenderloin, sirloin, top round, bottom round, and low-value cuts (skirts and ribplate). Loin steaks from cows had lower shear force values (P

This study evaluated the effects of offering growing bulls a diet with 40% modified wet distillers grains plus solubles (MWDGS; dry matter [DM] basis) on growth, composition, hoof scores, and reproductive performance. Simmental × Angus bulls (n = 28) were stratified by body weight (BW; 316 ± 29 kg), sire, and day 0 semen production (Y/N) and assigned into one of six pens. Pens were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments (n = 3 pens/treatment): 1) offered free-choice access to a corn-based diet with no MWDGS (CON) or 2) offered free-choice access to a diet with 40% MWDGS (DST; DM basis). Bulls were offered treatments for 140 d and, then, switched to a free-choice, common, low-energy diet for an additional 70 d. Bull BW, body condition score (BCS), hip height (HH), ultrasound (rump fat depth [RF], 12th rib fat thickness [BF], marbling score [MS], and longissimus muscle depth [MD]), hoof evaluations, breeding soundness examination (BSE), and semen evaluations were performed on days 0, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 175, and 210. There was a tendency (P

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) is a sexually transmitted disease that causes early reproductive failure in natural breeding cattle that are managed extensively. The aim of this study was to assess the BGC prevalence in Spain from 2011 to 2019 using data collected cross-sectionally from the diagnostic reports issued by the SALUVET veterinary diagnostic laboratory from a total of 5,182 breeding bulls from 1,950 herds managed under “dehesa” systems (large herds within fenced pastures and all-year breeding season) or mountain systems (smaller herds with seasonal breeding management and grazing in communal mountain pastures). Infection was detected by PCR in 7.7 and 12.2% of the bulls and herds tested, respectively. The “dehesa” herd management system (OR = 2.078, P = < 0.001, 95% CI = 1.55–1.77), bovine trichomonosis status of the herd (OR = 1.606, P = 0.004, 95% CI = 1.15–2.22), and bulls ≥3 years old (OR = 1.392, P = 0.04, 95% CI = 1.01–1.92) were identified as risk factors associated with Campylobacter fetus venerealis infection. We also studied the high-risk areas for circulation of the infection in extensive beef cattle herds in Spain, showing four significant clusters in “dehesa” areas in the south-western provinces of the country and a fifth cluster located in a mountain area in northern Spain. The results obtained in the present study indicate that BGC is endemic and widely distributed in Spanish beef herds. Specifically, “dehesa” herds are at greater risk for introduction of Cfv based on relatively high local prevalence of the infection and the use of specific management practices.

It has been established that the topography of the spleen in cattle changes depending on the rumen filling and is corrected by a starvation diet, because the spleen is located in the left hypochondrium on the rumen. The animal should be fixed in a lateral position in the stall. Available puncture sites are the 10th, 11th, and 12th intercostal spaces. Ultrasound scanning is best to be performed paracostally, parallel to the caudal surface of the appropriate rib, slightly below the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae at the level of the horizontal line of the hook bone. The biopsy needle should be directed towards the opposite ulnar process (standard G 18 guillotine needle for biopsy of parenchymal organs, diameter 1.2 mm, with the length no less than 75 mm). The needle trajectory is visualized in the focus area of the scanner's ultrasonic sensor. ultasonography

Las fiestas de toros conforman un amplio y diverso complejo iberoamericano. Sin embargo, durante siglos se ha distinguido a la tauromaquia como la más civilizada de estas celebraciones, considerándola un arte que sólo los entendidos pueden apreciar. A partir de las reflexiones del filósofo Francis Wolff, se emprende un recorrido histórico y antropológico para mostrar cuán diversas son las tradiciones taurinas en España y México, así como las tensiones que hay entre ellas. The taurine fests are a wide and diverse Ibero-American complex. However, for centuries the tauromaquia has been distinguished as the most civilized of these celebrations, considering it an art that only connoisseurs can appreciate. Based on the reflections of the philosopher Francis Wolff, a historical and anthropological journey is undertaken to show how diverse the bullfighting traditions are in Spain and Mexico, as well as the tensions that exist between them.

Flavonoid supplementation may modify the behavior and rumen inflammatory response of fattening bulls, and this could be related to the concentrate presentation (mash or pellet) form. In the present study, 150 Holstein bulls (183.0 ± 7.53 kg BW and 137 ± 1.8 d of age) were randomly allocated to one of eight pens and assigned to control (C) or (BF) (Citrus aurantium, Bioflavex CA, HealthTech Bio Actives, Spain, 0.4 kg per ton of concentrate of Bioflavex CA, 20% naringin). Concentrate (pellet) intake was recorded daily, and BW and animal behavior fortnightly. Animals were slaughtered after 168 d of study, and ruminal epithelium samples were collected for gene expression analyses. Treatment did not affect animal performance, however, BF supplementation reduced agonistic interactions and oral non-nutritive behaviors and increased the time devoted to eating concentrate and ruminating activity (p &lt, 0.05). The gene expression of some genes in the rumen epithelium was greater or tended to be greater in BF than C bulls (bitter taste receptor 16, cytokine IL-25, β-defensin, p &lt, 0.10, pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, 0.05). In conclusion, flavonoid supplementation modifies the expression of genes in the rumen epithelium that could be related to inflammation and animal behavior modulation.

It has been found that the growth rate in this type of repair heifers from birth to 7 months of age in the genotype Simmental Canadian3/4 + Simmental Austrian1/16 Simmental German1/8 + Simmental American1/16 is higher; they reliably predominate by 3.4% (P0.095); at 7 months of age r=-0.02 and at 12 months of age r=-0.05 (P>0.095). The studies have determined that the linear and mass di-mensions of a new population Simmental cattle increase with the raise of their heredity in the genotype Sim-mental Canadian3/4 Simmental Austrian1/16 + Simmental German1/8 + Simmental American1/16. Their live weight increased by 15.5 kg, the height at withers – by 3.1 cm, the chest circumference – by 4.8 cm, the oblique length of the torso and buttocks – by 1.7 and 2.1, respectively, and the overall dimensions – by 13.5 cm. It has been found that the growth rate in the repair heifers of meat-based polled Simmental cattle from birth to 7 months of age in a new productive genotype Simmental Canadian3/4 Simmental Austrian1/16 + Sim-mental German1/8 + Simmental American1/16 is 15.7%; they reliably predominate by 3.4% (P

Фізіологічна особливість травної системи жуйних використовувати у рубці небілковий азот і перетворювати його в білковий робить можливим застосування кормових добавок, що містять небілковий азот. Безазотисті кормові добавки мають в своєму складі цінні макроі мікроелементи, що приймають участь у обмінних процесах організму і забезпечують формування продуктивності тварин. Обґрунтування формування продуктивних якостей молодняку великої рогатої худоби, що вирощується на м’ясо, пов’язаних з пристосуванням організму тварин до різних кормових добавок, є актуальною проблемою у тваринництві. А вивчення структур рубця, їх ступеня пристосованості до нового кормового фактору представляє науковий і практичний інтерес., The physiological feature of the digestive system of ruminants to use non-protein nitrogen in the rumen and convert it into protein makes it possible to use feed additives containing non-protein nitrogen. Nitrogen-free feed additives contain valuable macroand microelements that take part in the body's metabolic processes and ensure the formation of animal productivity. Justification of the formation of productive qualities of young cattle raised for meat, associated with the adaptation of the animal body to various feed additives, is an urgent problem in animal husbandry. And the study of rumen structures, their degree of adaptation to the new feed factor is of scientific and practical interest

El calendario de festejos de España -especialmente en verano-, está teñido de la sangre y el dolor de los animales que se usan en ellos para, pretendidamente continuar ritos o tradiciones, que se justifican como expresión de la identidad colectiva, o como defensa de la cultura. En este escrito, se plantea, desde un punto de vista jurídico, la inconsistencia de todo el argumentario que permite que el dinero público se use en espectáculos que degradan a la sociedad que los consiente. The feasts and events calendar in Spain -especially during the summer- is stained with the blood and the suffering of animals that are used for these activities, with the excuse of keeping alive rituals and traditions justified as an expression of collective identity or as safeguarding the cultural heritage. This paper raises the attention, from a legal point of view, on the incoherence of all the arguments that allow public money to be spent in performances that degrade the society that let it happen.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 24 h’ fasting prior to semen collection by electroejaculation on behavioral responses, volume of rectal fecal content, bladder size, penis protrusion, erection, ejaculation stimuli, and ejaculate parameters in young Simmental bulls. Twenty-two Simmental beef bulls with an age of 13.2 ± 1.2 mo (mean ± SD) were used in a prospective randomized blinded controlled cross-over design with two pens fasted for 24 h (n = 9; FAS group), and the other three pens were non-fasted (n = 13; CON group). The bulls were maintained under confined conditions without access to pasture. One week later, the pen treatments were inverted, and semen was collected again under the same conditions and by the same team. The behavioral responses, volume of fecal rectal content, bladder size, as well as the number of stimuli required to obtain penis protrusion, erection, and ejaculation to electroejaculation were measured. The following ejaculate parameters were measured: volume, concentration, spermatozoa motility, and morphology. The behavioral response of the bulls to electroejaculation was not different between the CON group and the FAS group (3.2 ± 0.5 and 3.0 ± 0.7, respectively; P = 0.36). Bladder size was significantly reduced in the FAS group compared with the CON group (2.3 ± 0.8 vs. 2.8 ± 0.9, respectively; P = 0.02). The volume of feces in the rectum was not different between the two groups (CON was 2.3 ± 1.7 and FAS was 3.0 ± 1.8; P = 0.23). Compared with the CON group, the FAS group showed a higher proportion of penis protrusion (100% versus 81.8%, P = 0.10), erection (100% versus 81.8%; P = 0.10), and ejaculation (100% versus 90.9%; P = 0.49). The combined efficiency of penis protrusion, erection, and ejaculation (CE-PPEE) in the FAS group was superior to that of the CON group (P = 0.001). The number of stimuli necessary for penis protrusion, erection, and ejaculation for the CON group were 13.5 ± 3.7, 14.9 ± 3.7, and 20.8 ± 5.8, and they were 15.0 ± 4.2, 16.6 ± 4.2, and 20.2 ± 8.1 for the FAS group. The number of stimuli for penis protrusion (P = 0.09), erection (P = 0.08), and ejaculation (P = 0.77) were no different between the two groups. Ejaculate volume was 4.0 ± 2.6 ml and 4.1 ± 2.3 ml for the CON and FAS groups, respectively (P = 0.90). The motility was 1.4 ± 0.7 and 1.4 ± 0.8 for the CON and FAS groups, respectively (P = 0.72). The concentration of spermatozoa was 336.2 ± 273.1 million and 421.1 ± 300.6 million for the CON and FAS groups, respectively (P = 0.31). The percentage of normal spermatozoa was 50.9 ± 18.8 and 45.6 ± 14.3 for the CON and FAS groups, respectively (P = 0.16). It was concluded that fasting for 24 h prior to semen collection by electroejaculation reduced the bladder size and increased the proportion of bulls with penis protrusion, erection, and ejaculation without any difference detected in behavioral responses, volume of rectal fecal content, and ejaculate parameters.

Alterações de cromatina espermática tem sido estudada nas diversas espécies animais por serem consideradas um importante fator relacionado a infertilidade que prejudicam os resultados de biotecnicas reprodutivas. O objetivo ao realizar este trabalho foi verificar as alterações de cromatina de espermatozoides bovinos em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, classificando-as e correlacionando-as com os resultados na produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE). Bovinos mestiços entre 30 e 36 meses de idade foram submetidos à insulação escrotal por 72 horas e ejaculados foram coletados semanalmente durante 60 dias. Amostras de sêmen dos ejaculados foram processados e as alterações de cromatina avaliadas em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e classificadas em 5 categorias, de acordo com a intensidade da alteração. Rotinas de PIVE foram realizadas semanalmente para avaliar as taxas de clivagem e formação de blastocistos ao utilizar estes ejaculados. Os resultados das rotinas de PIVE não tiveram correlação com as alterações de cromatina avaliadas em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os poucos espermatozoides encontrados com alterações mais intensas de cromatina tinham morfologia também alterada. Pequenos pontos mais claros foram encontrados com grande frequência próximo à inserção do flagelo. Conclui-se que ao avaliar entre 100 e 200 imagens de secções de cabeças de espermatozoides por ejaculado, em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, não foi possível verificar influência das alterações de cromatina nos resultados da PIVE. Sperm chromatin changes has been studied in several animal species to be considered an important factor related to infertility that impair the results of reproductive biotechnologies. The aim of this work was to verify the bovine sperm chromatin changes in transmission electron microscopy, classifying and correlate them with the results of in vitro embryo production (IVP). Crossbred cattle between 30 and 36 months were subjected to scrotal insulation for 72 hours and ejaculates were collected weekly for 60 days. Semen samples of ejaculates were processed and chromatin changes evaluated in transmission electron microscopy and classified into 5 categories according to the intensity of the change. IVP routines were performed weekly to evaluate cleavage and blastocyst rates when using these ejaculates. The results of IVP routines were not correlated with the chromatin changes evaluated in transmission electron microscopy. The few spermatozoa found with more intense changes in chromatin also had morphology changed. Small light dots were found very frequently near to the insertion of the flagellum. It is concluded that when evaluating between 100 and 200 images of sections of sperm heads per ejaculate in transmission electron microscopy, it was not possible to verify the influence of chromatin changes in the results of IVP. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Genomic selection in modern farming demands sufficient semen production in young bulls. Factors affecting semen quality and production capacity in young bulls are not well understood; DNA methylation, a complicated phenomenon in sperm cells, is one such factors. In this study, fresh and frozen-thawed semen samples from the same Norwegian Red (NR) bulls at both 14 and 17 months of age were examined for sperm chromatin integrity parameters, ATP content, viability, and motility. Furthermore, reduced representation bisulfite libraries constructed according to two protocols, the Ovation® RRBS Methyl-Seq System (Ovation method) and a previously optimized gel-free method and were sequenced to study the sperm DNA methylome in frozen-thawed semen samples. Sperm quality analyses indicated that sperm concentration, total motility and progressivity in fresh semen from 17 months old NR bulls were significantly higher compared to individuals at 14 months of age. The percentage of DNA fragmented sperm cells significantly decreased in both fresh and frozen-thawed semen samples in bulls with increasing age. Libraries from the Ovation method exhibited a greater percentage of read loss and shorter read size following trimming. Downstream analyses for reads obtained from the gel-free method revealed similar global sperm DNA methylation but differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between 14- and 17 months old NR bulls. The majority of identified DMRs were hypomethylated in 14 months old bulls. Most of the identified DMRs (69%) exhibited a less than 10% methylation difference while only 1.5% of DMRs exceeded a 25% methylation difference. Pathway analysis showed that genes annotated with DMRs having low methylation differences (less than 10%) and DMRs having between 10 and 25% methylation differences, could be associated with important hormonal signaling and sperm function relevant pathways, respectively. The current research shows that RRBS in parallel with routine sperm quality analyses could be informative in reproductive capacity of young NR bulls. Although global sperm DNA methylation levels in 14 and 17 months old NR bulls were similar, regions with low and varying levels of DNA methylation differences can be identified and linked with important sperm function and hormonal pathways. Copyright © 2020 Khezri, Narud, Stenseth, Zeremichael, Myromslien, Wilson, Ahmad and Kommisrud. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

Experimental investigations carried out using Kholmogory bulls, kept under vivarium conditions, have been aimed to study the effect of different levels of metabolizable protein in the diet on the use intensity of metabolizable energy. The main diet contained 478 g of metabolizable protein and included cereal hay, mixed grass silage and compound feedstuff. According to experimental scheme the bulls were consequently supplied with increasing levels of metabolizable protein (491, 513 and 526 g.) at the expense of partial replacement of the compound feedstuff by feed additives with different protein degradability (sunflower meal or soybean cake). According to the indicators of energy balance, the efficiency of metabolizable energy use for the increase in body weight was established. On the basis of the balance of energy substrates the correlation was determined between substrate expenditures for heat production and expenditures for deposition in body weight gain of bulls during the growing period. When soybean cake (750 g) was supplied with the diet the expenditure of energy substrates for heat production was the highest, that led to the decrease in output gain. When sunflower meal (250 g) was included in the ration the contribution of enegy substrates to gain was most significant.

Experimental investigations carried out using Kholmogory bulls, kept under vivarium conditions, have been aimed to study the effect of different levels of metabolizable protein in the diet on the use intensity of metabolizable energy. The main diet contained 478 g of metabolizable protein and included cereal hay, mixed grass silage and compound feedstuff. According to experimental scheme the bulls were consequently supplied with increasing levels of metabolizable protein (491, 513 and 526 g.) at the expense of partial replacement of the compound feedstuff by feed additives with different protein degradability (sunflower meal or soybean cake). According to the indicators of energy balance, the efficiency of metabolizable energy use for the increase in body weight was established. On the basis of the balance of energy substrates the correlation was determined between substrate expenditures for heat production and expenditures for deposition in body weight gain of bulls during the growing period. When soybean cake (750 g) was supplied with the diet the expenditure of energy substrates for heat production was the highest, that led to the decrease in output gain. When sunflower meal (250 g) was included in the ration the contribution of enegy substrates to gain was most significant.

Ruminal acidosis can penalize cattle performance and modify ruminal microbiota composition; in that sense, providing quality forage may be a useful tool to cope with such dysfunction. This assay aimed to control animals' performance and assess ruminal microbiota shifts and interactions when fattening Holstein bulls are fed corn-based concentrate and different quality forages. Thirty animals (from 119 to 332 d of age and from 164 to 511 kg body weight [BW]) were fed cornbased concentrate and were allotted to three experimental treatments or forage sources: barley straw, considered as control (Hordeum vulgare, CTR), oats haylage (Avena sativa, OATS) or vetch haylage (Vicia sativa, VETCH). Both concentrate and forage were supplied ad libitum in a free choice system and animals had free access to drinking water. Bulls' BW and concentrate intake were automatically recorded on a daily basis. Feces and ruminal fluid were sampled twice, during the growing period (158 d of age and 220 kg BW) and during the finishing period (280 d of age and 434 kg BW), for digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial population characterization. No differences in concentrate intake or BW could be detected between CTR and OATS-fed animals; however, VETCH-fed bulls had lower concentrate intake (P < 0.047) and slaughter BW (P = 0.034) than CTR. The use of oats haylage as forage source did not affect nutrient apparent digestibility rates but vetch haylage did penalize dry matter (P = 0.048) and crude protein (P < 0.001) digestibility in finishing animals. Differences in neither ruminal volatile fatty acids concentration nor pH were detected, but acetate-to-propionate ratio increased with the incorporation of vetch haylage in diet (P < 0.041). Ammonia-nitrogen concentration in ruminal fluid was low (20.63 ± 2.55 mg/L) but it significantly improved when oats (P = 0.001, only in finishing) and vetch (P = 0.001) haylage were provided. Core microbial community gathered 75 % of analyzed sequences; however, ruminal microbial community was different between CTR and OATS (P < 0.001) or VETCH (P < 0.001) bulls. Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes were improved by quality forage feeding, mainly during the growing period (P < 0.081 in OATS and P< 0.004 in VETCH). Microbial network analysis revealed that the use of oats or vetch haylage Authors gratefully acknowledge Horizon 2020 (European GENTORE Project nº727213) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (RTA-14-0.38-C02) for financial support. Sandra Costa-Roura enjoys a grant from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades of Spain (FPU 2016/03761).

8 páginas, 6 tablas., The hypothesis that inclusion of a rumen-inert fat in the diet of dairy-origin bulls would enhance EUROP carcass fat classification and tissue fatty acid composition was tested. Sixty bulls (age = 508 days, s.d. 29.1) were offered ad libitum, a barley-based concentrate ration that contained 0, (control) 26 (MEGA1) or 81 g (MEGA2) calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids (Megalac)/kg such that the rations contained 25, 49 and 116 g acid-hydrolysed ether extract /kg dry matter (DM), respectively. Intake (per pen of 5 bulls), live weight and ultrasonic backfat thickness were measured during a 130 day feeding period after which bulls were slaughtered, carcass characteristics recorded and a sample of longissimus muscle (LT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) collected for fatty acid analysis. Subcutaneous fat depth was similar for control and MEGA1 bulls but lower (P < 0.05) for MEGA2 bulls after 60 days of the study. After 125 days, compared to control bulls subcutaneous fat depth was higher for MEGA1 bulls but lower for MEGA 2 bulls (P < 0.05). Carcass gain tended (P = 0.074) to be lower for MEGA2 bulls compared to control and MEGA1 bulls, which reflected their lower consumption of concentrate DM and metabolisable energy (ME) but the efficiency with which consumed DM or ME was converted to live or carcass weight did not differ significantly between rations. There was no difference between control and MEGA1 bulls for any measurement of carcass fatness. Compared to control and MEGA1 bulls, carcasses from MEGA2 bulls were lighter, had a lower depth of fat covering the LT muscle measured post-mortem (P < 0.05) and a numerically lower carcass fat classification. There were only minor effects of ration composition on the fatty acid profile of LT or SAT. With regard to nutritional indices in meat, compared to control bulls, inclusion of Megalac did not affect the polyunsaturated (P) to saturated fatty acid ratio or the n-6 to n-3 P ratio of tissue lipids. It is concluded that for the type of animal and feeding arrangement in this study, rumen inert fat inclusion was not an effective strategy to enhance carcass fat classification or the nutritional value of beef., This study was supported from within Teagasc core funding.

The study aimed to examine the effect of cadmium load on the level of vitamins A and E in young cattle's blood. The research was conducted based on a farm in the village of Ivanivtsi, Zhydachiv district, Lviv region, on ten six-month-old bulls, Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed, which was formed into two groups of five animals each: control (C) and experimental (E). The bulls of the control group were on a regular diet. The (E) group animals were fed cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight. The test lasted for 30 days. For research, the rules obligatory for performing zootechnical experiments on selecting and keeping analogous animals in groups, harvesting technology, use, and accounting of consumed feed were followed. The animals' diet was balanced in terms of nutrients and minerals, which provided their need for essential nutrients. The investigations were carried out under the principles of humanity set out in the European Community Directive. The experiment results indicate that Cadmium significantly affects liver cells' metabolism, thus stimulating the processes of lipid peroxidation and inhibiting the activity of the non-enzymatic part of the antioxidant system, the level of vitamins A and E in the blood of young cattle. The lowest level of vitamins A and E was in the blood of the (E) group of bulls on the 20th day of the experiment, respectively, fluctuated between 0.62 ± 0.035 and 2.9 ± 0.10 μmol/l. Only on the 5th day of the investigation there was a slight increase in the content of vita-mins, which may be due to the protective effect of bulls' body on the intake of cadmium chloride in a toxic dose. The studies made it possible to more deeply reveal the pathogenesis of Cadmium's poisonous effects on young cattle's body and use these data to develop an antidote for cadmium intoxication.

The article deals with the results of researches of the influence of cadmium load on the organism of young cattle. The purpose of the research was to study the influence of metisevit and lipointersil on the morphological indices of bull blood under cadmium loading. According to the morphological analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of blood, it is possible to judge quite objectively the functional state of the hematopoietic system of the organism of young cattle. The research was conducted on the basis of a farm in the village of Ivanivtsi, Zhydachiv district, Lviv region, on 15 bulls, six months of age, Ukrainian Black-Spotted dairy breed, which were formed into 3 groups, 5 animals in each: control and two experimental. The bulls of the control group were fed cadmium chloride compound feed at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days. The bulls of the first experimental group were fed cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days and fed a dietary supplement "Metisevit" at a dose of 0.36 g/kg of feed. The bulls of the second experimental group were fed cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days and fed a dietary supplement "Metisevit" in the above dose. On the first and seventh days of the experiment, bulls of this experimental group were injected intramuscularly with liposomal preparation "Lipointersil" at a dose of 5 ml per animal. It was found that bulls feeding with cadmium chloride contributed to reduce the level of hemoglobin, red blood cell count and increase methemoglobin content. It was found that the average content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte of bulls blood of the experimental group on the 5th and 10th day was increased by 11.4 and 13.9%. The results of the study revealed a decrease in hematocrit in bulls of the control group for 10, 15 and 20 days of the experiment. A probable increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood of bulls of the experimental group was found on the 15th day of the experiment. “Metisevit” feed supplement and liposomal drug “Lipointersil” under cadmium load in bulls contributed to the normalization of blood morphological indices. It should be noted that the additional use of the drug "Lipointersil" contributed to a better normalization of these indicators than feeding only the feed additive "Metisevit".

The ejaculate is heterogenous and sperm sub-populations with different kinematic patterns can be identified in various species. Nevertheless, although these sub-populations are statistically well defined, the statistical differences are not always relevant. The aim of the present study was to characterize kinematic sub-populations in sperm from two bovine species, and diluted with different commercial extenders, and to determine the statistical relevance of sub-populations through Bayesian analysis. Semen from 10 bulls was evaluated after thawing. An ISAS&reg, v1 computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA)-Mot system was employed with an image acquisition rate of 50 Hz and ISAS&reg, D4C20 counting chambers. Sub-populations of motile spermatozoa were characterized using multivariate procedures such as principal components (PCs) analysis and clustering methods (k-means model). Four different sperm sub-populations were identified from three PCs that involved progressiveness, velocity, and cell undulatory movement. The proportions of the different sperm sub-populations varied with the extender used and in the two species. Despite a statistical difference (p &lt, 0.05) between extenders, the Bayesian analysis confirmed that only one of them (Triladyl&reg, ) presented relevant differences in kinematic patterns when compared with Tris-EY and OptiXcell&reg, Extenders differed in the proportion of sperm cells in each of the kinematic sub-populations. Similar patterns were identified in Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Bayesian results indicate that sub-populations SP1, SP2, and SP3 were different for PC criteria and these differences were relevant. For velocity, linearity, and progressiveness, the SP4 did not show a relevant difference regarding the other sperm sub-populations. The classical approach of clustering or sperm subpopulation thus may not have a direct biological meaning. Therefore, the biological relevance of sperm sub-populations needs to be reevaluated.

RESUMO: A vesiculite é um processo inflamatório das glândulas vesiculares, podendo ser unilateral ou bilateral, que acomete reprodutores. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a utilização da ultrassonografia como meio de diagnóstico precoce das alterações das vesículas seminais em touros. O presente trabalho foi realizado no município de Videira, Santa Catarina. Analisou-se um total 42 reprodutores, com média de idade de 15 meses, das raças Aberdeen Angus e Polled Hereford em semi-confinamento. Foi realizado exame clinico do estado geral dos animais e exame andrológico dos reprodutores. As amostras de sêmen para a realização do exame das características físicas do ejaculado foram obtidas por eletroejaculação. Através da palpação retal, realizou-se a avaliação das glândulas vesiculares por ultrassonografia. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA) para comparação entre médias com nível de significância de 5%. A presença de vesiculite foi observada em 31 animais (73,8%) dos 42 analisados. Dos 31 animais portadores 11 animais (35,5%) apresentaram vesiculite bilateral e 20 apresentaram vesiculite unilateral (64,5%; P

RESUMO: A identificação de dor em bovinos e seu alivio, são essenciais para o bem estar animal, todavia ainda não há um teste ideal para esta avaliação. Alguns pesquisadores têm utilizados cortisol sérico e frequências cardíaca e respiratória para esta avaliação, enquanto outros utilizam escalas baseadas em comportamento ou expressões faciais, não existindo uma escala que leve em consideração a união destes identificadores para bovinos. Além disso, a maioria dos pesquisadores manipulam os animais para identificar a dor, o que poderia mascarar os resultados. Desta maneira o presente trabalho propôs elaborar e validar uma escala análogo visual para identificação de dor em bovinos submetidos à orquiectomia. Para tanto 8 bovinos holandeses de 200 dias de vida e 250 kg de peso vivo foram submetidos a orquiectomia com previa anestesia local e uso de analgésicos. A identificação de dor foi baseada em analises fisiológica (cortisol sérico e frequência respiratória), comportamental, de expressão facial e análogo visual nos momentos -30 (30 minutos antes do procedimento) e 1, 3, 6 12, 24, 72 e 420 horas após o procedimento; e com a exceção do cortisol, todas as analises foram realizadas sem a interferência do avaliador com o animal, por meio de filmagens de vídeos. Notou-se que todas as metodologias propostas foram capazes de identificar dor pós orquiectomia em bovinos, no entanto a graduação de maior dor foi em momentos pós-cirúrgicos distintos conforme o parâmetro avaliado. Assim houve fraca correlação entre os modelos propostos, pois se encontrou limitações para a maioria das metodologias avaliadas, concluindo-se que a associação entre os vários parâmetros de dor, tal qual o utilizado na escala análogo visual, aumenta a acurácia em identificar a dor após orquiectomia em bovinos. ABSTRACT: The identification of pain in cattle and your relief, are essential for animal welfare, however there is still no ideal test for this evaluation. Some researchers have used serum cortisol, heart and respiratory rates for this assessment, while others use scales based on behavior or facial expressions. However, doesn’t exist but a scale that takes into account the union of these identifiers for cattle. Furthermore, most researchers manipulate the animals to identify pain, which could mask the result. In this way, this paper proposed design and validate a visual analog scale for pain identification in cattle undergoing orchiectomy. For this, 8 Holstein calves with 200 days old and 250kg live weight were submitted to orchiectomy with local anesthesia and analgesics. The identification of pain was based on physiological analysis (serum cortisol and respiratory rate), behavioral, and facial expression in the visual-analogue -30 (30 minutes before surgery) and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 72 and 420 hours after the procedure; and with the exception of cortisol, all analyzes were performed without the interference of the appraiser with the animal, by videos. It was noted that all the methods proposed were able to identify post orchiectomy pain in cattle, however the degree of pain were higher in different post-surgical times. There was poor correlation between the proposed models, because it was found limitations for most assessed methodologies. We concluded an association between various parameters of pain, as visual analogue scale, can increase the accuracy to identify pain orchiectomy in bulls.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using different floor types to accommodate growing and finishing beef cattle on lameness. In all, 80 dairy origin bulls were blocked according to live weight and breed into 20 groups, and randomly allocated within groups to one of four treatments. The floor types studied were fully slatted flooring throughout the entire experimental period (CS); fully slatted flooring covered with rubber strips throughout the entire experimental period (RS); fully slatted flooring during the growing period and then moved to a solid floor covered with straw bedding during the finishing period (CS-S) and fully slatted flooring during the growing period and then moved to fully slatted flooring covered with rubber strips during the finishing period (CS-RS). The total duration of the study was 204 days. The first 101 days was defined as the growing period, with the remainder of the study defined as the finishing period. During the growing period, there was a tendency for bulls accommodated on CS to have a higher locomotion score compared with those accommodated on RS (P=0.059). However, floor type had no significant effect on locomotion score during the finishing period. There was also no significant effect of floor type on digital dermatitis during both the growing or finishing period. Floor type had no significant effect on swelling at the leg joints at the end of the finishing period. Bulls accommodated on RS had the least probability of bruised soles during both the growing and finishing period (P

The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical blood indicators in Lithuanian Black-and-White cattle with regard to the intensity of their infection with Sarcocystis spp. In total 945 bull muscle samples and 120 blood samples were used for the analysis. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were increased in infected animals relative to uninfected animals. The AST levels differed significantly between the no infection, low, and moderate infection groups (P < 0.05); ALP differed between the no infection and moderate infection groups (P < 0.05); and ALT differed between the no infection, low infection and intense infection groups (P < 0.05). Total protein levels were higher than physiological limits and differed significantly between the no infection, low infection and intense infection groups (P < 0.05). Iron levels were at the lowest physiological limits and differed significantly between the no infection and low infection groups, as well as between the low infection and intense infection groups (P < 0.05). Triglyceride levels were at their physiological limits, and differed significantly between all examined groups (P < 0.05). The results show that changes in the biochemical markers ALP, AST and ALT are related to the intensity of the Sarcocystis spp. infection.

Scientifically substantiated and experimentally proved the feasibility of the zootechnical application of the developed biological products Prevention-N and Prevention N E in technology of beef production for the realization of bio-resource potential meat quality of calves of black-motley breed. Against the background of the use of biopreparations, activation of growth and development of bulls during cultivation, rearing and fattening was established, which led to higher slaughter and meat qualities of carcasses and, as a result, the yield of valuable cuts: spinogrudnogo – by 6.1 and 4.0 kg (P less than 0.01-0.001), lumbar – by 2.6 and 1.7 kg ( P less than 0.05-0.01) and hip – by 8.6 and 7.1 kg (P less than 0.001). The quality of meat carcasses was proved by organoleptic, biochemical and spectrometric parameters and, consequently, the safety of the tested preparations. It was found that the implementation of the biological potential of the body of bulls due to the activation of hematopoiesis, cellular and humoral factors nonspecific resistance of biopreparations. The novelty of the obtained data is confirmed by the patents of the Russian Federation for invention № 2602687 and № 2622765 registered in the State register of inventions of the Russian Federation on 26.10.2016 and 19.06.2017, respectively.

The aim of the study was to search for new mutations in the previously studied gene loci of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), inhibin α (INHA), inhibin β A (INHAB), prolactin (PRL), transition protein 2 (TNP2), and sperm flagella 2 (SPEF2) by sequencing, as well as the search for associations of previously identified mutations at these loci with fresh semen quality in Russian Holstein bulls. Phenotypic data from 189 bulls was collected. Data was analyzed for most bulls for three years of semen collection. The maximum value of each semen quality indicator (doublet ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, progressive motility and total number of spermatozoa) were selected. SNPs were identified in the FSHR, INHA, INHAB, TNP2, SPEF2 genes. The PRL gene did not have polymorphism. Significant (p &lt, 0.05) associations of polymorphisms in the FSHR gene with double ejaculate volume, concentration and total number of spermatozoa were identified. Polymorphism in the INHA gene was significantly associated (p &lt, 0.05) with sperm concentration. Polymorphism in the INHAB gene was significantly associated (p &lt, 0.05) with doublet ejaculate volume and total number of spermatozoa. Polymorphisms in the TNP2 and SPEF2 genes did not have significant associations with semen quality. The SNPs studied in our pilot work may be considered as candidate genetic markers in the selection of bulls.

This study was conducted to evaluate animal performance, carcase characteristics and meat quality of young bulls and steers (Charolais × Holstein-Friesian), fattened until 15 and 18 months of age. One half of 40 young bulls were castrated at 2 or 3 weeks of age. Starting at 7 months of age, they received grass silage supplemented with concentrates. At the end of the fattening period, the animals were slaughtered, and carcase quality and the quality of meat from Musculus longissimus thoracis (MLT) were evaluated. Bulls had a higher carcase dressing percentage, and their carcases had higher lean meat content than steers. MLT from steers had higher intramuscular fat (IMF) content (by 0.89%); it was less tough, more tender and palatable. IMF from bulls had higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a higher n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio than IMF extracted from steer meat. Older animals had higher carcase quality than those slaughtered at 15 months of age, and slaughtering at a later age had no negative influence on meat quality.

The most important infectious diseases that aff ect fertility of the bull via semen are reviewed in this article. Th e article describes the results of astudy of cryopreserved semen samples from diff erent regions of Ukraine for the period 2013 to 2016. Th e strategy of regular testing of semen donors under offi cial veterinary supervision has been adopted by governments worldwide as a means of avoiding the spread of pathogens and reducing excessive contamination of semen by ubiquitous bacteria and viruses. During this period, four hundred fi ft y (n=450) bull semen samples from 10 farms across Ukraine have been tested, PCR diagnostics was performed by the standard method developed in NSC «IECVM». According to the PCR analysis of cryopreserved semen from the bull-sires, 19 samples (6%) from Kharkiv region contained genetic material of Mycoplasma spp., 2 samples from Poltava region (3.5%) were positive for BoHV-1, and 2 samples from Cherkasy region (4.5%) contained genetic material of Chlamydia spp. Based on the obtained results we can conclude that it is necessary to permanently perform PCR screening of bulls semen.

The experiment was aimed to evaluate the usefulness of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in revealing the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis due to the passage of young bulls from genetic rearing stations to artificial insemination (AI) centre and the influence of this passage on hair testosterone concentrations (HTC). Hair samples on 33 yearling bulls were collected at the time of arrival (ST1) to the AI centre and 3 more hair samples (ST2, ST3, ST4) were collected at monthly intervals. After the end of quarantine each animal was submitted to the standard procedures for collection and production of semen. Overall HCC were significantly affected by period of collection (p .05). The effect of breed was observed only for HTC that was higher in PRI than BS (p .05). On the contrary, the effect of breed was evident. The results of this study replicated the effects of a major environmental stressor on mean cortisol concentrations assessed in hair, and add to the growing body of evidence that HCC is an effective and simply collected marker for long-term activity of the HPA system in response to persistent environmental challenge.

A thesis for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Sciences At present, dairy farming is definitely the most profitable sector of Estonia’s cattle industry. The effectiveness of milk production is dependent not only on the availability of high-quality genetic material but also on several other factors, including the quality of frozen bull semen. The purpose of this research was to assess the effect of different factors such as age, the proportion of Holstein genes, and season of the year on the quality of semen collected from breeding bulls. The studies were also aimed at determining the methods and parameters most suitable for routine semen analysis performed at artificial insemination (AI) stations, predicting pregnancy rates, and developing a relevant mathematical prediction model. Analysis of the experimental data revealed that the above factors affect sperm motility, mitochondrial activity, and the stability and integrity of plasma membranes. A positive correlation was found between pregnancy rates and sperm quality assessed by flow cytometry and the results of conventional laboratory tests used at AI stations. A combination of conventional laboratory tests and flow cytometric analysis of membrane stability and mitochondrial activity of frozen-thawed spermatozoa allowed better prediction of the potential fertility of bull semen in comparison to the conventional laboratory tests alone. Knowledge of these relationships and implementation of the research findings into practice enables AI stations to produce top-quality semen straws the use of which ensures higher pregnancy rates in cows. Based on the findings of the study, the semen collection and processing procedures were modified at the Kehtna AI station to take into accout age-specific and other particular features of each individual bull. Furthermore, collection of ejaculates and production of semen straws were rescheduled mostly for the autumn-winter period. Thanks to the improvements made to the semen collection and processing procedures, the number of semen straws per ejaculate has increased by about 15 percent at the Kehtna AI station. Over the last seven years, an increase in pregnancy rates by about 3 percent has been achieved, as a result of which dairy farmers have saved nearly 300,000 euros on their AI costs. Tänapäeval on Eesti veisekasvatuses kõige tulusam pidada piimakarja. Piimatootmise tõhusus ei sõltu ainult väärtusliku geneetilise materjali olemasolust, vaid ka paljudest teistest teguritest, mille hulgas on tähtsal kohal sügavkülmutatud pullisperma kvaliteet. Uurimistöö eesmärk oli välja selgitada, kuidas mõjutavad sperma kvaliteeti pulli vanus, holsteini veresus ja sperma kogumise aastaaeg ning leida sperma kvaliteeti määravate meetodite seast sellised, mida saaks rakendada seemendusjaama tööprotsessis ja mis sobiksid samas ka emasloomade tiinestumise prognoosimiseks nii üksiktestina kui ka matemaatilise mudeli komponendina. Uuringust selgus, et sugupulli vanus, sperma varumise aastaaeg ja pulli holsteini veresus avaldavad mõju spermide liikuvusele, mitokondrite aktiivsusele, membraanide stabiilsusele ja terviklikkusele. Kehtna kunstliku seemendusjaama tootmisprotsessis arvestatakse pulli ealisi iseärasusi ja individuaalset omapära ning enamik seemendusdoose toodetakse sügistalvisel perioodil. Seemendusjaamas spermide hindamiseks kasutatavate testide ja voolutsütomeetriga määratud spermide kvaliteedi ja emasloomade tiinestumise vahel leiti positiivne korrelatsioon. Kõige parem mudel spermide viljastamisvõime hindamiseks moodustus kombinatsioonist, mis hõlmas nii seemendusjaamas kasutatavaid teste kui ka voolutsütomeetriga määratud spermide omadusi. Tänu selliste seoste väljaselgitamisele on võimalik garanteerida toodetud seemendusdooside tippkvaliteet, mis on vajalik emasloomade õigeaegseks tiinestumiseks. Uuringutest saadud teadmiste ja kogemuste rakendamine seemendusjaama tehnoloogilises protsessis on suurendanud ühest ejakulaadist toodetavate seemendusdooside arvu ~15% võrra. Viimase seitsme aasta jooksul on veiste kunstliku seemenduse tulemuslikkus Eestis tõusnud ~3% võrra ning seeläbi on põllumajandustootjad samal perioodil säästnud ~300 000 € seemendustele tehtavate kulutuste arvelt.

Цель исследования, является разработка полноценного питание бычков на откорме, основным критерием которого является сбалансированность рациона по питательным и биологически активным веществам, и в первую очередь, по протеину. Для интенсивного выращивания бычков мясного направления продуктивности с получением тяжелых туш в годовалом – полуторагодовалом возрасте и качественной говядины, в рацион бычков технологических периодов выращивания и откорма вводили высокопротеиновые корма с высоким содержанием нераспадаемого в рубце протеина. Для выполнения поставленных задач был проведен эксперимент в виварии института ВНИФБиП животных г. Боровск методом групп периодов на 5 бычках абердин-ангуской породы. В результате проведенного эксперимента можно прийти к заключению, что для получения в 13 – 14месячном возрасте тяжеловесных туш с высоким выходом от бычков абердин-ангусской породы возможно использование высококонцентратных рационов с обязательным балансированием их по сырому и нераспадаемому протеину и обеспечением их обменной энергией., The aim of the study is to develop a complete diet of bulls on fattening, the main criterion of which is the balance of the diet of nutrients and biologically active substances, and primarily protein. For intensive cultivation of steers of the meat direction of productivity with reception of heavy carcasses in a year-and-ahalf-year age and qualitative beef, in a diet of steers of the technological periods of cultivation and fattening introduced high-protein forages with the high content of the protein unsolvable in a rumen. To accomplish the objectives an experiment was conducted in the vivarium of the Institute Unibep animals, Borovsk method groups periods on 5 bulls the Aberdeen-Ingushi breed. As a result of the experiment, it can be concluded that in order to obtain heavy carcasses with a high yield from Aberdeen Angus bulls at the age of 13-14 months, it is possible to use high – concentration diets with mandatory balancing them by raw and non-degradable protein and providing them with exchange energy.

The current conditions for the intensification of animal husbandry dictate a significant increase in the physiological and functional load on the body of productive animals, resulting in a failure of adaptive capacity, which manifest themselves in the violation of reproduction function and the development of pathological states. Research by domestic and foreign scientists has shown that stress plays a leading role in the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases leading to a reduction in animal reproduction [3, 4, 9]. Although the topic of stress is often covered in the scientific literature, some of its features are not fully explored. This is particularly true for male producers whose genetic material has a direct impact on livestock productivity and livestock production [1, 3, 4, 11]. Therefore, the study of the influence of stress factors on the reproductive capacity of males and their pharmaco-rectification is relevant. The aim of our research was to assess the degree of influence of technological stress factors on the reproduction function of the bull producers and to develop a pharmaco-correction scheme to prevent stress effects on sperm quality. In relation to the objective, the following objectives were proposed:1. Study the reaction of the ox producers to the effects of technological stress;2. Determine the influence of drugs Amber biostimulator, Azoxyvet on the quality of bull sperm.

RESUMO O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a integridade da membrana plasmática e qualidade seminal de touros suplementados com tocoferol. Foram utilizados 16 touros com idade média de 24 meses e peso médio de 462,2kg, em dois tratamentos: grupo controle (GC) e grupo suplementado com tocoferol (GE- 400 UI de tocoferol/ animal/dia) adicionados ao suplemento concentrado. Os grupos foram mantidos em pastejo com suplementação de 4,5kg/ animal/ dia de concentrado. A suplementação com tocoferol foi fornecida por 60 dias. Foram realizadas 4 coletas de sêmen, sendo: nos dias 0, 30, 60 e 15 dias após o término da suplementação. O sêmen foi coletado por eletroejaculação, aferiu-se as características físicas e morfológicas. Para avaliar a integridade de membrana utilizou-se o teste hiposmótico, coloração eosina/ nigrosina, coloração Pope e trypan blue. Os dados foram analisados através da ANOVA e do teste SNK com um nível de significância de 5%. Foi encontrado efeito da suplementação para vigor (p=0,0183) (GC=2,71±0,095 e GE=2,23±0,16). Não foram encontradas diferenças (p>0,05) para as demais variáveis: volume, motilidade, concentração, morfologia, integridade acrossomal, viabilidade espermática e integridade de membrana. Com os resultados obtidos, nas condições experimentais do presente trabalho, conclui-se que a suplementação oral com tocoferol de 400UI/dia não apresenta melhoria sobre a qualidade seminal nem a integridade da membrana espermática de touros. SUMMARY This study had objective to evaluate the integrity of the plasma membrane and semen quality of bulls supplemented with tocopherol. Bulls were used 16 with an average age of 24 months and average weight of 462.2 kg in two treatments: control group (CG) and group supplemented with tocopherol (GE-400 IU of tocoferol/animal / day) added to the concentrate supplement. The groups were kept in pasture supplemented with 4.5 kg / animal / day concentrate. Tocopherol supplementation was provided for 60 days. 4 semen samples were carried out: on days 0 , 30, 60 and 15 days after the end of supplementation. Semen was collected by electroejaculation , it has measured up the physical and morphological sperm characteristics. To assess the integrity of membrane used the hyposmotic test, eosin / nigrosine, Pope and trypan blue. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with repeated measurements over time. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and SNK test with a 5% significance level with assistance from the SAS statistical program. It found effect of supplementation force (p = 0.0183) (CG = 2.71 ± 0.095 and GE = 2.23 ± 0.16) ;. There were no differences (p> 0.05) for the other variables: motility, concentration, morphology, acrosome integrity, sperm viability and membrane integrity. With the results obtained in the experimental conditions of this study, it is concluded that oral supplementation with tocopherol 400 IU / day showed no improvement over the seminal quality or integrity of the sperm membrane Bulls.

Changes in sale and purchase of livestock allow identification of the type of animal that producers want, variations in supply and demand, and their impact on price. To understand this for Costa Rica, we analyzed the number and sales prices of auctioned livestock from 2007 to 2013. Information provided by the auctions included location, date, number of animals, sex, weight, marketing category and price. Auction was a highly significant variable (p

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:36:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-05-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Humane Slaughter Association Special Travel Award The electroencephalographic (EEG) responses of 31 bulls (zebu crossbred cattle) stunned with either pneumatically powered Jarvis penetrating (PCB) or non-penetrating captive bolt (NPCB) was examined. Animals were organized into two treatment groups: PCB (n = 20); and NPCB (n = 11) stunning, both using airline pressures of 220 psi (1517 kPa). All bulls shot with PCB (n = 20/20) had patterns of EEG activity that were inconsistent with consciousness. Of the cattle shot with NPCB 82% (n = 9/11) showed waveforms suggesting complete unconsciousness. After stunning two NPCB bulls had periods of normal EEG activity and maintenance (Ptot, delta, theta, beta) or increased (alpha) spectral power compared to pre-treatment values, indicating incomplete concussion. The study showed that pneumatic PCB stunning was effective in rendering all bulls unconscious, while NPCB was less effective. This highlights the potential animal welfare risks associated with NPCB compared to PCB stunning of mature bulls in commercial abattoirs. Univ London, Royal Vet Coll, Dept Pathobiol & Populat Sci, London, England Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Programa Posgrad Zootecnia, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Grp Estudos & Pesquisas Etol & Ecol Anim, Dept Zootecnia, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Programa Posgrad Zootecnia, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Grp Estudos & Pesquisas Etol & Ecol Anim, Dept Zootecnia, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2016/24.910-4

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-11-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Brain damage resulting from penetrating and non-penetrating stunning of Nelore cattle using pneumatically powered captive bolt guns was evaluated. Heads were shot using penetrating captive bolt gun with 160psi (P1; n = 10), 175psi (P2; n = 10), 190psi (P3; n = 12), and non-penetrating operating with 220psi (NP; n = 10). Skin and bone thickness, bolt penetration angle, bolt penetration depth, haemorrhage over the cerebral hemispheres and laceration were assessed. Only P1 had shots that failed to perforate the skull (n = 2; 20%). Bolt penetration depth and haemorrhage over the right cerebral hemisphere was significantly (P

Говядина в нашей стране пользуется более высоким спросом, чем другие виды мяса. Это связано, в первую очередь, с традициями и национальным составом населения, а также с природноклиматическими условиями. В нашей стране говядину традиционно получают от молочного скота. В последние годы в связи с его совершенствованием путем скрещивания с лучшей мировой породой – голштинской, количество молодняка для откорма сократилось, качество его, по мнению некоторых ученых, снизилось. Данных о мясных качествах таких животных недостаточно, поэтому оценка современного черно-пестрого скота по мясной продуктивности является актуальной и имеет практическое значение. Установлено, что уже в 15-мес. возрасте от них получают полновесный молодняк, но продолжают содержать до достижения 24 месяцев и более. В возрасте 24 мес. животные достигают живой массы 616 кг бычки и 518 кг телки. Живая масса продолжает увеличиваться и далее, и к 27-мес. возрасту достигает 724 кг – бычки и 591 кг – телки, что говорит о длительности роста животных современной черно-пестрой породы (голштинизированный чернопестрый скот с долей кровности по голштинам более 87%). При проведении контрольного убоя в 18 мес. предубойная масса бычков составила 537 кг, что на 160 кг (29,8%) больше, чем у телок. К 21 мес. величина этого показателя у бычков увеличилась на 3,7%, тогда как у телок на 14,3%, а разница между группами снизилась до 124 кг (22,3%). Убойный выход был выше при убое бычков и возрастал до 21 мес. возраста, снижаясь с его увеличением., Beef in our country is in higher demand than other types of meat. This is primarily due to the traditions and national composition of the population, as well as natural and climatic conditions. In our country, beef is traditionally obtained from dairy cattle. In recent years, due to its improvement by crossing with the best world breed Holstein, the number of young animals for fattening has decreased, the quality of it, according to some scientists, has decreased. Data on the meat quality of such animals is not enough, so the assessment of modern black-and-white cattle on meat productivity is relevant and of practical importance. It is established that at the age of 15 months they receive full-fledged young growth, but continue to contain up to 24 months or more. At the age of 24 months, the animals reach a live weight of 616 kg bulls and 518 kg heifers. Live weight continues to increase further and by the age of 27 months reaches 724 kg-bulls and 591 kg heifers, which indicates the duration of growth of animals of modern black-and-white breed (Holstein black-and-white cattle with a share of blood on Holstein more than 87%). During the control slaughter in 18 months, the pre-slaughter weight of bulls was 537 kg, which is 160 kg (29.8%) more than that of heifers. By 21 months, the value of this indicator in bulls increased by 3.7%, while in heifers by 14.3%, and the difference between the groups decreased to 124 kg (22.3%). Slaughter yield was higher in the slaughter of bulls and increased to 21 months of age, decreasing with its increase.

Изучали закономерностей функционирования иммунной системы у коров разных генетико-иммунологических групп на основе определения диагностических ориентиров иммунокомпетентности. Исследования проведены на ферме Лукошкино (Москва) в 2016-2017 гг. на коровах голштинской породы дочерях 11 быков-производителей, ранее разделенных на группы в зависимости от содержания IgG в крови весной и осенью. По результатам дисперсионного анализа стабильным считали уровень варьирования IgG от 24,1 до 29,0 мг/мл (n=7 голов), нестабильным от 18,0 до 26,3 мг/мл (n=4 головы). Далее из дочерей этих быков сформировали группы: I 16 голов, II 18 голов соответственно. Для определения содержания IgG с использованием простой радиальной иммунодиффузии и клеточных факторов иммунитета у коров брали образцы крови в весенне-летний и осенне-зимний периоды. Функциональные взаимосвязи изучали с помощью корреляционного анализа между клеточными факторами иммунитета. Во II группе в осенне-зимний период значительно повысилось содержания IgG, по сравнению с весеннелетним (28,3 и 26,5 мг/мл соответсвенно), а фагоцитарная активность снизилась, по отношению к нижней границе нормы (32,3 и 48 % соответственно). У коров обеих групп в зимний период количество достоверных корреляционных связей между клеточными компонентами крови равнялось 2. Весной в I группе к связи нейтрофилы/лимфоциты -0,563 добавились связи нейтрофилы/эозинофилы -0,446 и фагоцитарная активность/эозинофилы -0,450. Во II группе в этот период количество достоверных корреляций равнялось 5: IgG/фагоцитарная активность 0,480; нейтрофилы/лимфо-циты -0,674; лимфоциты/моноциты -0,772; лимфоциты/ фагоцитарная активность 0,521; моноциты/фагоцитарная активность -0,528. У коров-дочерей быков с нестабильными генетико-иммунологическими показателями нагрузка на иммунную систему в весенний период была выше, так как увеличенное число корреляционных связей служит признаком функционального напряжения иммунной системы, ее нестабильности и неравновесного состояния., It was studied the regularities of the functioning of the immune system of cows of different genetic and immunologic groups on the basis of the determination of diagnostic landmarks of immunocompetence. The surveys were carried out in the Lukoshkino farm (Moscow) in 2016-2017 with Holstein cows, the daughters of 11 bulls, previously grouped according to the IgG content in spring and autumn. According to the results of analysis of variance, the level of IgG variation was defined as stable if it was from 24.1to 29.0 mg/ mL (n = 7 heads), and it was defined as unstable if it was from 18.0 to 26.3 mg/ mL (n = 4 heads). Further, the daughters of these bulls were grouped: I 16 heads, II 18 heads. To determine the IgG content using simple radial immunodiffusion and cellular immunity factors, blood samples were taken from cows in the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods. Functional interrelations were studied with the help of correlation analysis between cellular immunity factors. In the second group, the IgG content significantly increased in the autumn-winter period, compared with the spring-summer period (28.3 and 26.5 mg/mL, respectively), and the phagocytic activity decreased, in relation to the lower limit of the norm (32.3 and 48.0% respectively). In cows of both groups in winter, the number of reliable correlation links between the cellular components of the blood was equal to 2. In the spring in the first group, the neutrophil/eosinophilic connections (-0.446) and the phagocytic activity/eosinophils (-0.450) added to the neutrophil/lymphocyte connection (-0.563). In group II during this period, the number of reliable correlations was 5: IgG/phagocytic activity (0.480); neutrophils/lymphocytes (-0.674); lymphocytes/ monocytes (-0.772); lymphocytes/phagocytic activity (0.521); monocytes/phagocytic activity (-0.528). In cows-daughters of bulls with unstable genetic and immunological indicators, the load on the immune system in the spring was higher, as the increased number of correlation links serves as a sign of the functional stress of the immune system, its instability and the nonequilibrium state.

153-156 В статье актуализируется проблема преодоления школьной травли, обусловливается недостаточным вниманием к данной проблеме, как общественности так и школьной администрации, психологов и педагогов, родителей. Школьная травля (буллинг) представляет собой длительное физическое или психическое насилие со стороны индивида или группы в отношении индивида, который не способен защитить себя в данной ситуации. Для жертв буллинга характерны: плохое здоровье; неудовлетворительные отношения со сверстниками; низкая самооценка; большие семьи и/или неблагополучные семьи, низкий социальный статус. Рассматриваются также меры по предотвращению насилия: выработка договоренности, предание инцидентов насилия в школе гласности; отказ от поиска виновного. The article actualizes the problem of overcoming school baiting, due to insufficient attention to this problem, both the public and the school administration, psychologists and teachers, parents. School bullying (bullying) is a prolonged physical or mental violence by an individual or group against an individual who is unable to protect himself in a given situation. Bulling victims are characterized by: poor health; unsatisfactory relationships with peers; low self-esteem; Large families and / or disadvantaged families, low social status. Measures are also being considered to prevent violence: the development of an agreement, the reporting of incidents of violence in the school of publicity; refusal to search for the culprit.

The objective of the present study was to compare the quality of the carcass and beef of bulls genotyped for leptin (TT and CT) of the Czech Fleckvieh cattle with Galloway and Charolais bulls. Analysed were 232 bulls. The quality of the carcass body was significantly (p < 0.05) the highest in Charolais bulls (78.1% beef, 1.66% fat) as compared with bulls of the Czech Fleckvieh cattle (77.06% beef, 2.52% fat). The percentage of bones in the weight of the carcass body was the same in all breeds (20.49%; 20.28%; 20.24%, respectively). Indicators of the nutritional quality apart from the energetic value of meat of the Galloway and Charolais breeds were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the breed. In terms of fatty acids significant (p < 0.01) differences were discovered in the intramuscular fat of the MLT between the Czech Fleckvieh cattle and both beef breeds in the levels of C16:0; C20:0; C14:1; C16:1; C20:1; C20:2 and rate of the C14index. A significant (p < 0.05) difference in the level of oleic acid was detected between the meat of the Czech Fleckvieh cattle (37.77 g.100g −1) and Charolais (41.23 g.100g−1). From the viewpoint of human health the most favourable rates of fatty acids (C14index = 22.07; C16index = 13.63; C18index = 64.19; AI = 0.67) were seen in the meat of the Czech Fleckvieh cattle. The smallest diameter of muscle fibres (35.61 µm) was detected in the Czech Fleckvieh cattle as compared to the Galloway (37.60 µm) and Charolais (38.01 µm) breeds.

V praci byla hodnocena kvalita jatecně upravených těl skotu prostřednictvim morfometrických analýz a disekce prave poloviny jatecně upraveneho těla. K analýzam byl použit soubor 379 kusů skotu z kategorie býci (196 ks), jalovice (83 ks), voli (39 ks) a kravy (61 ks). Býci a jalovice byli poraženi v průměrnem věku 661 dnů v hmotnosti 668 ± 93 kg u býků a 480 ± 102 kg u jalovic. Hmotnost volů poražených ve věku 626 dnů byla 574 ± 52 kg. Kravy byly poraženy ve věkovem rozmezi 2,5-8 let, v průměrne hmotnosti 573 ± 121 kg. V delkových a hloubkových rozměrech jatecně upraveneho těla skotu byla nejlepe hodnocena jatecna těla krav. Největsi zmasilost kýty byla prokazana u jatecných těl volů, naopak nejmensi osvaleni kýty bylo u jalovic. Při disekci jatecně upraveneho těla byl prokazan nejvyssi podil masa na jatecných tělech býků, kde byl urcen nejnižsi podil kosti a oddělitelneho tuku. Nejmensi podil masa na jatecnem těle byl zjistěn u jalovic, u kterých bylo ziskano největsi množstvi oddělitelneho loje. Při kvalitativnim hodnoceni ziskaneho masa byl stanoven nejvyssi podil masa I. jakosti u jatecně upravených těl jalovic. U teto kategorie jatecneho skotu byl zjistěn nejnižsi podil masa výrobniho. Nejvyssi podil masa ziskaneho z jatecných těl býků naležel do II. jakostni skupiny. Z výsledků vyplýva, že nejvyssi ekonomicke zhodnoceni je dosahovano při poraženi býků, kdy zpracovatele ziskaji nejvyssi podil masa. U teto kategorie je nejnižsi podil odpadu (kosti a loje). Jatecna těla volů jsou na srovnatelne urovni v podilu masa s jalovicemi, maji vsak vyssi podil kosti. Poraženim krav ziskaji zpracovatele poměrně velký podil masa obdobně jako u býků. Jedna se vsak o maso, u ktereho se předpoklada horsi nutricni a kulinarni vlastnosti, než je tomu u masa ziskaneho poraženim mladých jatecných zviřat.

The objective of this study was to determine beef production traits of purebred Nordic Red (NR), Holstein-Friesian (Hol), Eastern Finncattle (EF), Northern Finncattle (NF) and Western Finncattle (WF) bulls. The data collected from slaughterhouses included observations of 164 862 NR, 87 323 Hol, 283 EF, 523 NF and 1 728 WF bulls. For estimating valuable cuttings also a separate dataset was collected including observations of 16 036 NR, 8 806 Hol, 18 EF, 126 NF, and 133 WF bulls. NR and Hol had the highest carcass gain (532 and 542 g d-1, respectively). Overall, the data showed poorer gain of the Finnish native breeds compared to NR and Hol. Among the native breeds, WF (427 g d-1) showed better growth compared to EF (356 g d-1) and NF (385 g d-1). Less differences were observed in valuable cuttings as might be inferred based on the differences in carcass conformation scores.