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La Antártida y el Ártico son regiones tan remotas e inhóspitas como atractivas. Numerosas expediciones han llegado hasta los confines de nuestro planeta en busca de recursos naturales, con el fin de abrir nuevas vías de transporte marítimo y comercio, o simplemente por el mero interés de explorar y descubrir lugares desconocidos. Pero, sobre todo, las zonas polares han sido visitadas por su gran interés científico. De hecho, a día de hoy constituyen los principales motores reguladores del clima de la Tierra y son un “laboratorio” ideal para el estudio de los contaminantes a nivel global. El libro Observando los polos (CSIC-Catarata) ofrece una visión multidisciplinar del conocimiento científico sobre ambas regiones a la vez que describe la historia y la situación actual de la investigación polar en España. Un total de 56 especialistas entre personal científico y técnico pertenecientes a la plataforma temática interdisciplinar POLARCSIC, han participado en la elaboración del nuevo título de la colección Divulgación. Editado por Vanessa Balagué, Clara Cardelús y Magda Vila, investigadoras del CSIC en el Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, el texto aborda cuestiones como la evolución geológica de los polos, sus ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos, el clima pasado, presente y futuro de ambos lugares, los acuciantes problemas de contaminación que sufren estos territorios o el papel que pioneras como Josefina Castellví han tenido en su investigación. “Con esta publicación perseguimos concienciar a las nuevas generaciones sobre la importancia y vulnerabilidad de las regiones polares, y plantear la necesidad de una investigación especialmente enfocada a comprender y evaluar su papel en el futuro incierto de nuestro planeta”, afirman las investigadoras del CSIC. Compuesta por doce capítulos, la publicación también incluye una espectacular colección de imágenes tanto de la flora, fauna y paisajes del Ártico y de la Antártida, como de las instalaciones, equipamientos científicos y de las campañas llevadas a cabo por el personal investigador del CSIC.

Publicado en Madrid, 174 p. : 17 cm The environmental sustainability of the Earth system is at risk, and so do human welfare because of our dependency on it. Here we present challenges dealing with the understanding of how drivers of global change work, and how to minimize their effects on natural and human managed systems, with the aid of new concepts and edge-cutting technology. Their achievement should allow us to detect, understand, forecast and mitigate global change impacts related to climate change, the biodiversity crisis, polar regions, and managed ecosystems, and to improve the health of our planet in the coming decades.

19 pages, 1 figure, The Arctic and the Antarctic are the regions where temperature has raised most and faster than any other Earth’s place, producing a large number of impacts and feedback to the polar/climate system. Moreover, since polar oceans play a fundamental role in the Earth’s climate and global ecosystem, those changes produce climate consequences at mid latitudes . The study and monitoring of the poles from a global perspective and holistically is fundamental to better assess and understand the changes the polar regions are facing and its consequences on ocean circulation and climate, changes on the oceanic biogeochemistry composition and consequences on the oceanic living beings. Understanding the past to infer the future is another important leg to understand how the whole system is changing. The revision of the going on transformation and the continuous monitoring can be achieved with the combination of large amounts of observations (in situ and remote sensing) and numerical models

The polar regions provide valuable insights into the functioning of the Earth’s regulating systems. Conducting field research in such harsh and remote environments requires strong international cooperation, extended planning horizons, sizable budgets and long-term investment. Consequently, polar research is particularly vulnerable to societal and economic pressures during periods of austerity. The global financial crisis of 2008, and the ensuing decade of economic slowdown, have already adversely affected polar research, and the current COVID-19 pandemic has added further pressure. In this article we present the outcomes of a community survey that aimed to assess the main barriers and success factors identified by academic researchers at all career stages in response to these global crises. The survey results indicate that the primary barriers faced by polar early and mid-career researchers (EMCRs) act at institutional level, while mitigating factors are developed at individual and group levels. Later career scientists report pressure toward taking early retirement as a means of institutions saving money, reducing both academic leadership and the often unrecognized but vital mentor roles that many play. Gender and social inequalities are also perceived as important barriers. Reorganization of institutional operations and more effective strategies for long-term capacity building and retaining of talent, along with reduction in non-research duties shouldered by EMCRs, would make important contributions toward ensuring continued vitality and innovation in the polar research community.

CSIC SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES: TOWARDS 2030, Vol. 7: GLOBAL CHANGE IMPACTS, CHALLENGE 4, The Polar Regions are key Earth’s climate regulators and, hence, any perturbation in their baseline conditions can have global repercussions. Owing their intrinsic particularities such as the presence of huge amounts of sea and continental ice, their terrestrial and marine ecosystems are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. In fact, both the Arctic and the Antarctic Peninsula are the regions where temperature has raised most and faster than any other Earth’s place. Moreover, other environmental issues related to anthropogenic changes such as the occurrence of contaminants, invasive species, emerging diseases and exploitation of living marine resources are also affecting the Polar Regions. Therefore, sound, detailed and long-term knowledge of the polar systems functioning, interactions and feedbacks is of paramount importance to establish and characterize the main impacts and consequences in both polar and extra-polar latitudes. Only then, efficient and environmentally friendly measures would be established both to mitigate the negative effects of current anthropogenic impacts

24 pages, 14 figures

Theenvironmentalsustainability of the Earth systemisat risk, and so do human welfare because ofour dependency on it.Here we presentchallengesdealingwith the understanding of how drivers of global change work, andhow to minimize their effectson natural and human managed systems, with the aid of new concepts and edge-cutting technology. Their achievement should allow usto detect, understand, forecast and mitigate global change impacts related to climate change, the biodiversity crisis, polar regions, and managed ecosystems, and toimprove the health of our planet in the coming decades.

El presente trabajo expone, los presupuestos, el diseño y resultados de un proceso investigativo en el cual se buscó establecer las posibilidades de vinculación de la literatura juvenil en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje del área de filosofía para la educación media, a través, del análisis semiótico de algunos fragmentos de estas nuevas narrativas. Se presentan tres capítulos así: preliminares y formulación de la investigación, marco de referencia y articulación conceptual, finalmente la discusión de resultados y las conclusiones. The present work exposes, the budgets, the design and results of a research process in which it was sought to establish the possibilities of linking youth literature in the teaching-learning process of the philosophy area for secondary education, through the analysis semiotic of some fragments of these new narratives. Three chapters are presented as follows: preliminary and formulation of the research, frame of reference and conceptual articulation, finally the discussion of results and conclusions. http://www.ustadistancia.edu.co/?page_id=3956 Pregrado

[EN] Forest birds can be good indicators of changes in protected area management. Especially woodland cavity nesters are considered indicators of the presence of trees with natural cavities and therefore of a certain age. Our results indicate that the use of nest-boxes for breeding and as winter roosts can contribute to maintain these populations in a favourable conservation status without negatively affecting non-cavity nesters. This has been studied in an altitudinal gradient (1300 to 1700 m) in the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park to establish an initial set-point of the state of these populations before possible changes derived from forest management in the National Park or from impacts of Global Change. Our results indicate that at present the birds that are at lower altitudes are those that have the highest population densities. Our results suggest that the number of breeding pairs was limited by availability of nest sites at the population scale., [ES] Los pájaros forestales pueden ser buenos indicadores de cambios en la gestión de las áreas protegidas. Las especies trogloditas estrictamente forestales en especial se consideran indicadores de la presencia de arbolado con presencia de cavidades naturales y por tanto de cierta edad. Nuestros resultados indican que la utilización de nidales para nidificar y como dormidero invernal contribuye a mantener estas poblaciones en un estado favorable de conservación sin afectar negativamente a especies que no utilizan cavidades. Esto se estudió en un gradiente altitudinal (1300 a 1700 m) en el Parque Nacional de Guadarrama para establecer una foto fija del estado de estas poblaciones antes de posibles cambios derivados de la gestión forestal en el Parque Nacional o de impactos del cambio global. Nuestros resultados indican que en la actualidad las aves que se encuentran a altitudes más bajas son las que tiene las mayores densidades. Nuestros datos sugieren que el número de parejas reproductoras está limitado por la disponibilidad de cavidades para nidificar a escala poblacional.

Penguins face a wide range of threats. Most observed population changes have been negative and have happened over the last 60 years. Today, populations of 11 penguin species are decreasing. Here we present a review that synthesizes details of threats faced by the world's 18 species of penguins. We discuss alterations to their environment at both breeding sites on land and at sea where they forage. The major drivers of change appear to be climate, and food web alterations by marine fisheries. In addition, we also consider other critical and/or emerging threats, namely human disturbance near nesting sites, pollution due to oil, plastics and chemicals such as mercury and persistent organic compounds. Finally, we assess the importance of emerging pathogens and diseases on the health of penguins. We suggest that in the context of climate change, habitat degradation, introduced exotic species and resource competition with fisheries, successful conservation outcomes will require new and unprecedented levels of science and advocacy. Successful conservation stories of penguin species across their geographical range have occurred where there has been concerted effort across local, national and international boundaries to implement effective conservation planning., This work was supported by the WWF-UK and PEW Foundation. SJ is supported by NSF OPP PICA #1643901.

Figure S2. Plot of assignment probabilities from BAPS. Vertical lines represent each individual and the color refers to clusters found through this analysis. A) spatial with both, mixture and admixture models (K = 1) and B) non-spatial admixture model (K = 7). (DOCX 16 kb)

Figure S1. Plot of assignment probabilities from STRUCTURE. A vertical bar represents an individual, and colors represent the different clusters found. All plots were generated via running 10 replicates. Figures show the optimal number of clusters for no admixture model, with independent allele frequency and no location information supplied using A) Posterior probability of K (LnP(D)) and B) Evanno’s method. (DOCX 20 kb)

POLAR 2018 - XXXV SCAR Meetings and SCAR/IASC Open Science Conference, 19-23 June 2018, Davos, Switzerland.-- 1 page, The gastrointestinal microbiota is composed by a complex community which depends of different factors, external/ internal and environmental/genetics. We carried out a cross-fostering experiment in nesting chinstrap penguins. In experimental nests one of the chicks was exchanged at seven days old with a chick from another nest with the same hatching date. In control nests, chicks were briefly removed and put back in the nest again. After twenty days we collected cloacal samples of adults and chicks and carried out sequencing of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rDNA by Illumina. We did not find any effect of chick manipulation in bacteria diversity as no differences were found between experimental and control chicks. We found differences in bacteria diversity between adults and biological chicks but not with adopted chicks. We did not find significant relationships of bacteria diversity between chicks reared in the same nest but from different parents and either between siblings reared in different nests. Moreover, we did not find significant relationships between parents and the biological chicks or the adopted chicks. This suggests that chick bacteria diversity is not dependent of the parents or external factors and should be dependent of chick intrinsic factors

Barbosa, Andrés ... et. al.-- IX Simposio de Estudios Polares del Comité Español del Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), 5-7 September 2018, Madrid, España.-- 1 page, El cambio global es uno de los factores ambientales más notables en la Península Antártica. Entre los distintos componentes que lo determinan se encuentra el cambio climático, la contaminación y la introducción de especies invasoras. En las últimas décadas la variación de las temperaturas ha producido profundos cambios ambientales tanto en el medio físico como en la biota de esta región. Los pingüinos antárticos constituyen el 80% de la biomasa de vertebrados del ecosistema antártico y junto con su posición en la parte alta de la cadena trófica les confiere el papel de centinelas del ecosistema al reflejar en su biología muchos de los cambios que se producen en el ambiente. Durante los últimos 15 años se están desarrollando un conjunto de proyectos dentro del macroproyecto PINGUCLIM cuyos objetivos están dirigidos a identificar los posibles efectos que el cambio global puede producir en la fisiología de los pingüinos antárticos. Paraello se ha llevado a cabo una aproximación a tres escalas, una a largo plazo para determinar dichos potenciales efectos, otra a corto plazo para la descripción de información básica y la identificación de los mecanismos que puedan explicar dichos efectos,y una geográfica que aprovechando las diferencias ambientales existentes a lo largo de la península antártica permita entender los cambios esperables. Con toda la información obtenida se ha construido un marco de efectos potenciales en cascada que relaciona los cambios ambientales ya producidos o esperables con distintos aspectos de la biología de los pingüinos. En esta comunicación se presentarán los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de estos años en aspectos tales como la dieta, ingestión de componentes esenciales como antioxidantes, presencia y efectos de parásitos/patógenos, respuesta inmunitaria, estrés oxidativo, presencia y efectos de contaminantes

We have investigated the prevalence of avian haematozoa in Trumpeter finches at two localities situated in arid habitats. This study reports the first record of infection for this bird species. Two out of 58 individuals were infected by Leucocytozoon sp. We discuss several hypotheses accounting for low parasitemia in arid bird species., This work has been supported by Project No. REN 2002-00169 of Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología and gently sponsored by Honda-Alvisa S.L.

11 páginas, 4 figuras, 1 tabla., El Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, a través de los proyectos REN2002-00169 y CGL 2005-01771 y las becas predoctorales, la Junta de Andalucía y la Unión Europea, a través de los fondos FEDER, financiaron estos estudios.

Geographical expansion of species is a common process. Environmental changes over long timescales have produced new conditions that have allowed some species, including both plants and animals, to increase their range of distribution following such changes (Blondel & Mourer-Chauviré 1998, Svenning & Skov 2004). But such modifications can also come about on shorter timescales, mainly due to the effects of human activity (Johnson 1994, Sanchez-Lafuente et al. 2001, Wehtje 2003). More recent changes in distribution range seem to be related to current climate change (e.g. Valiela & Bowen 2003) and some predictions for the future have been made (Peterson et al. 2002). Available climate data for the past century indicate an increase in mean global temperature (IPCC 2001). Such temperature increases affect living species in different ways, including physiological adaptations (Clarke 2003), changes in phenological patterns (Walkowszky 1998) and/or changes in their distribution. Studies of such effects in southern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are scarce (but see Peñuelas et al. 2002, Sanz 2002) despite the rapid alteration of Mediterranean biodiversity owing to the combination of both climate change and human pressure (Santos & Telleria 1995, Sanz 2002, Opdam & Wascher 2004). Sanz (2002) pointed out the particular interest in studying how Mediterranean species respond to climate change in order to predict likely responses to future changes in the Mediterranean region.

[EN] Aims: This paper analyses the papers published in Ardeola over the last 50 years with respect to research topics in comparison with the papers published in other ornithological journal such as Ibis and with those of Spanish authors in ornithology published in other journals included in the SCI. Methods: The whole issues published by both Ardeola and Ibis were reviewed. The data base of ISI Web of Science was used to look for papers published in ornithology by Spanish authors as well. Results and Conclusions: The results show an increase in both the number of papers (797) and the number of authors (1,365) publishing in Ardeola over the last 50 years (Fig. 2 and 3). A 13.11% of authors were foreign researchers. The research topics most investigated were biogeography, reproduction, diet/trophic ecology and migration (Fig. 1). The number of papers devoted to biogeography and taxonomy decreased (Fig. 14 and 15), while those devoted to migration (Fig. 16), genetics and pollution did not show any temporal trend. The remaining research topics showed an increase during these 50 years. The comparison with Ibis shows that this journal published more papers than Ardeola. After correction for this factor, more papers were published in Ibis in relation to reproduction (Fig. 5), population dynamics (Fig. 7), morphology (Fig. 10), taxonomy (Fig. 15) and behaviour (Fig. 13). However, more papers were published in Ardeola dealing with biogeography (Fig. 14) and conservation (Fig. 8). The comparison with papers published by Spanish authors in journals covered by ISI shows that Spanish ornithologists preferred Ardeola to publish their papers on migration (Fig. 1). They did not show any preference in relation to publication of studies dealing with habitat selection or diet/trophic ecology, while they preferred to publish the papers of the remaining topics in SCI journals (Fig. 1). The analysis of the preferences of research by avian orders and families shows that paseriforms, charadriforms and raptors focused the attention of Spanish ornithologists (Fig. 17). Within paseriforms, sylvids, corvids, parids, muscicapids, and fringilids were the families most studied (Fig. 18)., [ES] Objetivos: En el presente artículo se analizan los artículos publicados a lo largo de los 50 años de historia de Ardeola en lo que respecta a su contribución a la investigación en diferentes campos de estudio de la ornitología. Se realiza también una comparación con los artículos publicados en una revista de prestigio internacional en el campo de la ornitología como es Ibis y con los que los autores españoles han publicado en otras revistas del SCI. Se analizan así mismo las preferencias taxonómicas de investigación según órdenes. En el orden Passeriformes el análisis se realizó por familias. Métodos: Se revisaron todos los números publicados de Ardeola y de Ibis en los últimos 50 años. Además se hizo una búsqueda en la base de datos del ISI Web of Science de los artículos publicados por autores españoles relacionados con la ornitología en diferentes campos de estudio. Resultados y Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que en el periodo analizado ha habido un incremento tanto en el número de artículos publicados como en el número de autores, de los que el 13,11% son autores extranjeros. Los campos de estudio en los que más intensamente se ha publicado en Ardeola han sido los dedicados a faunística/biogeografía, reproducción, dieta/ecología trófica y migración. Respecto a la variación temporal, se observa una disminución en el número de artículos publicados en faunística/biogeografía y en taxonomía. El resto de campos a excepción de los estudios sobre migración, genética y contaminación que no han variado a lo largo del tiempo, muestran un incremento en la intensidad de investigación en estos 50 años de vida de Ardeola. La comparación con lo publicado en Ibis muestra en primer lugar un mayor número de artículos publicados en esta revista, en segundo lugar y después de corregir por esa diferencia en el número de artículos se observa que en Ibis se han publicado más artículos dedicados a reproducción, dinámica de poblaciones, morfología, taxonomía y conducta. Sin embargo, Ardeola ha publicado más artículos dedicados a faunística/biogeografía y a conservación. Respecto a la comparación con lo publicado por autores españoles en revistas del SCI, Ardeola fue más atractiva para publicar trabajos sobre migración, igual de atractiva para publicar estudios sobre selección/uso del hábitat y dieta/ecología trófica, mientras que en el resto de campos los ornitólogos españoles prefirieron publicar sus trabajos en otras revistas del SCI. Por último el examen de las preferencias taxonómicas de estudios muestra que paseriformes, charadriformes y rapaces (nocturnas y diurnas) centran la atención de la investigación y que dentro de los Passeriformes los sílvidos, córvidos, páridos, muscicápidos y fringílidos son los grupos sobre los que más se ha publicado en estos 50 años de ornitología española en Ardeola.

We studied the effect of daily body mass increase on the foraging preferences of two tit species, crested tit, Parus cristatus and blue tit, P. caeruleus, contrasting in morphology and behaviour. We found that both species show a diurnal increase in body mass during winter. Using an experiment with feeders we show that in the crested tit, the proportion of time spent foraging while hanging decreased as body mass increased. In contrast, in the blue tit, foraging behaviour did not change with mass gain. We propose that the species with a morphological design providing a high ecological plasticity in terms of foraging postures can counteract the negative effect of body mass on the ecological options (foraging niche) more than species with a morphological design providing a low ecological plasticity in terms of foraging postures. Our results suggest that blue tits had the advantage of being able to choose to feed on different patches in the habitat throughout the day, which makes resources more predictable for them. In contrast, crested tits might be more restricted in their foraging options as their body mass increases, and this might explain why they hoard food., This study was funded by projects PB95 0103 and PB 98 0506 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology.

A.B. was supported by a Marie Curie grant from the European Union and by a grant from the Dirección General de Enseñanza, Universidades e Investigación from the Junta de Extremadura (TEM98212) during fieldwork and by Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior project PB 98-0506 during writing. S.M. was supported by a postdoctoral grant of the Spanish Ministry of Education. F.d.L. was supported by grants for the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology BOS 2000-0293 and Junta de Extremadura IPR00A021, and A.P.M. was supported by an ATIPE BLANCHE from Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique., [EN] Parasites may affect host behavior in a number of ways, including their locomotory performance. We investigated whether the number of holes produced by the feather louse (Myrsidea rustica) affected flight behavior in adult male Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) by video-taping flight performance of individuals during escape and level flight. Percentage of time spent flapping during foraging flight was positively related to number of holes, but not to other flight parameters such as wingbeat frequency. These results suggest indirect effects of feather lice on host performance that must be considered together with effects of thermoregulation and feather breakage. This is the first report of an effect of parasite load on flight behavior., [ES] Los parásitos pueden afectar el comportamiento de sus hospederos de diferentes maneras entre las que se incluye la locomoción. Investigamos si el número de agujeros en el plumaje producidos por el piojo de pluma Myrsidea rustica afecta el comportamiento de vuelo de machos adultos de Hirundo rustica durante el escape y la alimentación. El número de agujeros producidos por los piojos estuvo relacionado positivamente con el porcentaje de tiempo empleado en vuelo batido, pero no se encontró ninguna relació con otros parámetros de vuelo tales como la frecuencia de batido de las alas. Estos resultados sugieren la existencia de efectos indirectos de los piojos de pluma sobre sus hospederos que deben considerarse junto con sus efec- 5 E-mail: barbosa@eeza.csic.es tos sobre la termorregulacio´n y el plumaje. Esta es la primera vez que se encuentra un efecto de un parásito sobre el comportamiento de vuelo.

The hunting impact on waders in Spain was studied to test the efficiency of species protection measures. Using information on ringed bird recoveries in Spain of 28 species a hunting impact index was calculated. The results show a high hunting pressure similar to that of other groups of birds. The hunting impact on quarry species was higher than on protected species. The change of protection level in a group of species from quarry to protected species resulted in a decrease in hunting impact. A negative trend in the hunting impact was found during a 15-year period. This result could be due to under-reporting or falsification of death causes in the recovery report. However, recoveries of shot and dead birds showed a positive relationship in contrast with expected if found dead reports increased by falsification, suggesting that there has not been a falsification of the ring recovery reports. Nevertheless, in spite of the decrease in the hunting pressure when protection measures were applied, hunting impact remains very high on protected species for a long time and studies evaluating the impact of hunting on the population dynamics of waders needs further study

In the Mediterranean sea tides oscillate only-a few meters and water displacement is mainly due to the influence of winds and changes in atmospheric pressure. This makes Mediterranean estuaries an unpredictable system for shorebirds. The causal mechanisms on habitat selection of Dunlin was studied in such system at Ebro Delta, where littoral and rice field habitats were available for shorebirds. Dunlins choose to forage littoral habitats where prey are more abundant showing higher intake rate in this habitat, however, this species also uses rice fields. No differences in microhabitat use and foraging technique was found between habitats. Intake rate and searching speed were lower when high bird density was present in littoral but not in rice fields. Therefore, the use of both habitats can be explained by a combination of density-dependent effects following the ideal free distribution model and the unpredictability of water movements that reinforce that effect. The study suggests the importance of rice fields as alternative habitats and that the availability of these alternative habitats could contribute significantly to the maintenance of wintering populations of shorebirds in Mediterranean estuaries

Foraging behaviour of waders has been widely studied and different feedings trategies well established(Goss- Custard 1969; Baker & Baker 1973; Pienkowski 1978; Puttick1 979). Sandpipers(Scolopacidae usually feed with a continous searching strategy as they walk.

Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología. Fecha de lectura: 21-04-2017, Esta tesis tiene embargado el acceso al texto completo hasta el 21-10-2018, This thesis has been supported by a Predoctoral Scholarship (FPI, Formación de Personal Investigador) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES2012-059299). The thesis is included in the project CTM2011-24427 supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Moreover, two mobility grants by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (EEBB-I-14-078877 and EEBB-I-15-10497) funded Roger Colominas Ciuró.