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The article examines the issues of financing the development of the Russian Arctic territories and the participation of banking structures in this process. A set of strategic documents for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is considered, the dynamics of approved amounts of funding for Arctic development programs are analyzed, and the structure of sources of financing for investment in fixed assets in regions whose territory belongs to the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is studied. It is concluded that banks are not sufficiently involved in investment activities in most of the Arctic regions (except the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous district, where the active role of banking institutions is due to participation in the financing of large gas and oil production projects in the Northern part of the region), and in recent years, foreign banking structures decline investment activity. The article describes the prospects of participation of the largest Russian banking structures in implementing large-scale projects in the Arctic, such as VTB Bank, Sberbank of Russia, and Gazprombank. The analysis of the possibilities of concentration of banking capital, as well as the use of mechanisms of public-private partnership based on the creation of a single financial institution with state participation is performed. The most effective form of improving the efficiency of financial flows management in the framework of strategic development of the Arctic territories can be the creation of The Bank for reconstruction and development of the Arctic.

We develop a general equilibrium theory of the capital structures of banks and firms. The liquidity services of bank deposits make deposits a “cheaper” source of funding than equity. In equilibrium, banks pass on part of this funding advantage in the form of lower interest rates to firms that borrow from them. Firms and banks choose their capital structures to balance the benefits of debt financing against the risk of costly default. An increase in the equity of a firm makes its debt less risky and that in turn reduces the risk of the banks who lend to the firm. Hence there is some substitutability between firm and bank equity. We find that firms have a comparative advantage in providing a buffer against systemic shocks, whereas banks have a comparative advantage in providing a buffer against idiosyncratic shocks.

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the distributional differences of Islamic bank financing responses to financing rate across bank-specific characteristics in dual banking system. The study also aims to provide understanding of how efficiently Islamic banks perform their roles as suppliers of capital for businesses and entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses panel regression methodology covering all Islamic banks in Malaysia. The study estimates the benchmark model for Islamic bank financing with respect to bank characteristics and monetary policy. Findings – The evidence suggests that bank-specific characteristics are important in determining Islamic financing behaviour. The Islamic financing behaviour is consistent with conventional lending behaviour that the Islamic bank financing operates depending on the level of bank size, liquidity and capital. There is no significant difference between Islamic bank financing and conventional bank lending behaviour with respect to changes in monetary policy. Originality/value – Many problems and challenges relating to Islamic financing instruments, financial markets and regulations must be addressed and resolved. In practice, it would be a good idea if Islamic banks move away from developing debt-based instruments and concentrate more efforts to develop profit and loss sharing instruments. Objetivo - Este documento tiene como objetivo examinar las diferencias de distribución de las respuestas de financiación de los bancos islámicos a la tasa de financiación a través de las características específicas de los bancos en el sistema de banca dual. El estudio también tiene como objetivo proporcionar una comprensión de la eficacia con la que los bancos islámicos desempeñan sus funciones como proveedores de capital para empresas y emprendedores. Diseño / metodología / enfoque - El estudio utiliza una metodología de regresión de panel que cubre todos los bancos islámicos de Malasia. El estudio estima el modelo de referencia para el financiamiento bancario islámico con respecto a las características bancarias y la política monetaria. Recomendaciones - La evidencia sugiere que las características específicas de los bancos son importantes para determinar el comportamiento financiero islámico. El comportamiento de la financiación islámica es coherente con el comportamiento de los préstamos convencionales que opera la financiación de los bancos islámicos en función del tamaño del banco, la liquidez y el capital. No existe una diferencia significativa entre el financiamiento de los bancos islámicos y el comportamiento de los préstamos bancarios convencionales con respecto a los cambios en la política monetaria. Originalidad / valor - Se deben abordar y resolver muchos problemas y desafíos relacionados con los instrumentos financieros islámicos, los mercados financieros y las regulaciones. En la práctica, sería una buena idea que los bancos islámicos dejaran de desarrollar instrumentos basados ​​en deuda y concentraran más esfuerzos en desarrollar instrumentos de distribución de pérdidas y ganancias.

Small and medium-sized enterprises are facing many types of business risks, almost unknown or unimportant for the large companies, where the funding risk plays an essential role due to the importance of the need of the external financial sources for their growth. This paper investigates the impact of a size of the company and an age of the owner on the perception of the funding risk in the segment of small and medium-sized enterprises in Slovakia in response to the restraints in their access to credit finance. The results of the research specify the importance of these factors in determining the scope of the funding risk exposure on Slovak SMEs. The paper is based on the data from the scientific research carried out in 2016 in Slovakia among 438 companies. The data were analyzed by Pearson´s chi-square statistics, which allowed to confirm the existence of the statistically significant dependencies between the chosen factors and the perception of the funding risk. The presented statistical evidence confirms that the size of the company and the age of the owner are significant in relation to the funding risk of a company from the segment of SMEs. Smaller companies do perceive the funding risk more intensively than larger ones. The statistically significant impact of the selected factors on the frequency of bank loans rejection was confirmed only in case of the age of the owner, but not in case of the size of the company, when the entrepreneurs of the age between 36 and 45 declared the highest rejection rate of the loan applications. A surprising finding is that younger entrepreneurs are significantly more self-confident in case of the potentially negative influence of the funding risk on their companies than their older colleagues. The results of the research also confirm the existence of the statistically significant dependence between the selected factors and the reasons for the rejection of bank loans applications. We can declare that a credit rejection is most common in case of younger business owners but is not typical for the smaller companies. In the group of entrepreneurs aged between 36 and 45 years the most frequent reason was related to the negative values of the financial indicators, and in case of the oldest entrepreneurs the most often reasons of the rejection of the loan application were the lack of collateral, poor business plan and negative values of the financial indicators. Функціонування малих та середніх підприємств супроводжується низкою фінансових ризиків, які не характерні для великих компаній. При цьому, фінансові ризики виступають головним стримуючим фактором збільшення обсягу залучення зовнішніх інвестицій для фінансування зростання підприємства у майбутньому. У статті авторами визначено вплив розміру компанії та вік її власника на сприйняття фінансових ризиків в умовах обмеженості кредитних ресурсів. Результати дослідження підтверджують вагомий вплив зазначених факторів на рівень фінансових ризиків малих та середніх підприємств Словаччини. У статті об’єктом дослідження було обрано 438 малих та середніх підприємств Словаччини, період проведення дослідження – 2016 рік. Результати тесту Пірсона Хі-квадрат підтверджують гіпотезу про наявність статистично значимої залежності між обраними факторами та сприйняттям фінансових ризиків. Так, розмір компанії та вік її власника є статистично значимими по відношенню до фінансових ризиків малих та середніх підприємств. Авторами встановлено, що менші за розміром компанії є чутливішими до фінансових ризиків, аніж великі корпорації. З іншої сторони, результати дослідження підтверджують статистично значимий вплив вибраних факторів на частоту відмови від банківських кредитів лише за фактором – вік власника. Так, підприємці віком від 36 до 45 років отримують найбільшу кількість відмов у отриманні кредиту. Автори наголошують, що молоді підприємці більш самовпевнені та рішучіші у випадку настання можливих фінансових ризиків, аніж їх старші колеги. Результати дослідження також підтверджують наявність статистично значущої залежності між обраними факторами та причинами відмови у отриманні банківських кредитів. У роботі підтверджено гіпотезу, що відмова у кредитуванні найчастіше зустрічається серед молодих підприємців, але це не є характерним для невеликих компаній. Для підприємців віком від 36 до 45 років головною причиною у відмові кредитування є негативні значення основних фінансових показників. При цьому для іншої аналізованої категорії підприємців (старші за віком) головними причинами відмови у кредитуванні стали: відсутність застави, низька якість бізнес-плану та негативні значення основних фінансових показників.

Access to bank financing is regularly rated as one of the biggest obstacles to SME sustainability. With the introduction of the independent review as an alternative to the statutory audit, banks may have inevitably lost their risk assessment reassurance that audits provided. Previous research found that banks have adjusted to this situation by no longer insisting on audited financial statements. The research undertaken in this study aims to, firstly, investigate SME owner/managers’ perceptions about what banks require when assessing bank loan applications; and, secondly, to gauge SME owner/manager’s attitudes towards the value they perceive accounting may contribute to their sustainability. It was found from an SME perspective, that although an independent review is the current way to go, many SME owner/managers consider their own accounting skills, as the language of business, to be lacking. This could potentially have repercussions in inadvertently promoting further asymmetric financial information, and thereby limiting successes in obtaining finance.

Using comprehensive bank-loan contract information, we show that the power of a firm relative to its suppliers eases its terms of bank financing, specifically through lower loan prices and less restrictive non-price contract terms. Our results are robust to controlling for product-market competition. Supply chain power enables the firm to achieve a greater level of control over its inventory, constituting a significant portion of the reduction in its overall loan cost. We argue that it is important to consider supply-chain related issues when analyzing the external-financing capacity of firms.

Perçu comme une des contraintes majeures au développement et à la croissance, l’accès au crédit bancaire demeure une question d’actualité dans la formulation des politiques de promotion et d’encadrement de la PME. En effet, non seulement la PME est souvent caractérisée par une certaine nébulosité dans sa gestion, mais elle est aussi parfois incapable de présenter des éléments de garantie exigés par les banques. Le capital social est de plus en plus évoqué comme un instrument à même de réduire les coûts de transaction des banques dans la surveillance de leurs clients et, par conséquent, devrait amoindrir les désavantages de l’asymétrie d’information. Ainsi, en se situant dans un environnement caractérisé par de fortes asymétries d’information à l’instar de l’Afrique, cette étude examine l’aptitude du capital social à faciliter l’accès au crédit bancaire de la PME camerounaise. Les tests empiriques effectués à partir du modèle Logit multinomial sur la base d’un échantillon de 413 PME, font ressortir un effet positif et significatif de l’indice du capital social sur l’octroi du crédit bancaire, quel que soit le terme. Globalement, l’aptitude du capital social à faciliter l’accès au crédit bancaire passe par la réduction du degré d’opacité de la PME aux yeux du banquier., Perceived as one of the main constraints to growth and development, access to credit remains an up to date issue in the design of policies aiming at the promotion and framing of SMEs. Often, SMEs are not only characterized by a flaw management process, sometimes they are incapable to provide-elements of collaterals fitting the requirements of banks. Social capital is more and more referred to as an instrument likely to reduce the transaction costs of banks in their monitoring process over their clients and, consequently it is seen as having a high potential of lessening the disadvantages associated to informational asymmetries. Therefore, building on a context of high information asymmetries, this study examines the aptitude of social capital to facilitate access to banking credit for Cameroonian SMEs. Based on a sample of 413 SMEs, a multinomial Logit model confirms a positive and significant effect of the index of social capital in the explanation of access to credit, irrespective of the term of the credit. Globally, the aptitude of social capital to ease the constraint of access to credit passes through the fact that, for the bankers, it serves as a factor that reduces the degree of opacity in the management of SMEs., Percibida como una de las mayores coacciones al desarrollo y al crecimiento, el acceso al crédito bancario queda un asunto de actualidad en la formulación de las políticas de promoción y de encuadramiento de la pequeña y de media empresa (PyME). En efecto, no sólo la PyME es a menudo caracterizada por una cierta nebulosidad en su gestión, pero a veces es también incapaz presentar elementos de garantía exigidos por las bancas. El capital social es cada vez más presentado como un instrumento capaz de disminuir los costes de transacción de las bancas en la vigilancia de sus clientes y, por consiguiente, debería aminorar las desventajas situándose en un entorno caracterizado por fuertes asimetrías de información a ejemplo de África, este estudio examina la aptitud del capital social en facilitar el acceso al crédito bancario de la pequeña y de media empresa camerunesa. Las pruebas empíricas realizadas a partir del modelo Logit multinomial en la base de una muestra de 413 PyME, se destacan un efecto positivo y significativo del índice del capital social en el acceso al crédito bancario cual que sea el término. Globalmente, la aptitud del capital social en facilitar el acceso al crédito bancario pasa por la reducción del grado de opacidad de la PyME a la mirada del banquero.

A unique dataset of over 70,000 firms, most of which are small, in over 100 countries, is utilized to systematically study the use of different financing sources for new and young firms. Consistent age-related patterns emerge. Across all countries younger firms rely less on bank financing and more on informal financing. There is a clear substitution effect: as firms mature, more firms switch out of informal finance toward bank finance, while the total proportion of firms using external finance remains relatively unchanged. Importantly, these relationships hold for firms of different sizes, firms in different sectors, and firms located in countries with different income levels and on different continents. Thus, these patterns of young firm financing show clear universal tendencies. Given that even small firms increasingly use formal bank financing over time, these results suggest that information asymmetry plays an important role in decreasing a young firm's ability to obtain bank finance.

O presente trabalho pretende fornecer subsídio jurídico ao problema social de posses ilegais no Município de São Luís. Faz uma análise comparativa da regularização fundiária prevista nas Leis Federais n. 11.977/09 e 13.465/17, tomando como referência o Município de São Luís. Contudo, antes de utilizá-la, é necessário conhecer os proprietários na área objeto de regularização fundiária para definição dos procedimentos da lei mais recente. Propõe duas soluções para resolver os problemas sociais de moradia: a primeira é a conversão direta de posse em propriedade, sem esperar o tempo de 05 (cinco) anos, contado do registro do título da legitimação de posse e, a segunda, a possibilidade de esse título servir como garantia de financiamento imobiliário, antes da sua conversão em propriedade.Palavras-chave: Posse, propriedade, regularização fundiária, financiamento bancário.

The government, buoyed by the law to recapture the real economy, the Florange act, which establishes the possibility of double voting for patient shareholders (who have held their shares at least two years), has just taken two significant decisions by temporarily increasing its holdings in the capital of Renault and Air France in order to ensure that in a general shareholders meeting the double voting option is not rejected by the qualified majority authorized under the law. The objective spelled out by France’s Minister of the Economy in Le Monde is to help “recapture the industrial spirit of capitalism” by favouring long-term commitments in order to promote investment that will foster solid growth. Under the impulse of the Florange law, that has recently introduced the institute of the double voting for ‘patient’ shareholders (shareholders who have held their company’s shares for at least two years), the government has taken the important decision of increasing temporarily its equity shares into two major French companies: Renault and Air France. [First paragraph]

A mechanism is proposed that aims to reduce the risk of a banking sector liquidity crisis—which is a quintessentially systemic event and thus the object of macroprudential policy—and moderate the effects of a crisis should one occur. The instrument would give banks more incentive to build up buffers of systemically liquid assets as a proportion of their total liabilities, yet these buffers would be usable in times of stress. The modalities of the instrument are considered with a view to making it effective, efficient, and robust.

This paper characterizes politically connected firms and their access to bank financing. We determine that the relationship between political connections and access to long-term bank loans is weaker in Poland than in other emerging economies. The most probable explanation for this result is related to the instability of the political climate in Poland. We find that only certain kinds of political connections, such as recent connections, positively influenced access to bank financing during the sample period from 2001 to 2011. Moreover, we obtain also some evidence that the value of political connections increased during the 2007 crisis period and onward.

The general view that the banks’ lending plays a crucial role in the real estate market was again confirmed during the recent financial crisis. During the pre-crisis period, house prices in Albania increased rapidly, supported also by a fast expansion of mortgage lending. This study aims to empirically analyse the relation between housing prices and banks’ financing in the long run, referring to a VECM model. The estimated results confirm the important role of mortgage to house prices. Meanwhile, the relation between house prices and interest rates resulted statistically insignificant. Unlike the previous literature, exchange rate has been included as an endogenous variable. Results show positive correlation and statistical significance between house prices and exchange rate. Finally, this paper is expected to contribute to the literature as there are very few studies that elaborate on the macroeconomic factors’ influence on the housing prices in Albania.

This paper examines the characteristics of UK small firm bank finance and the causes of the frequently strained relationship between small firms and banks in the UK. Debt, credit rationing, and call option problems under the UK system are examined. The bank’s solutions including the potentially harmful “secured overdraft system” are then considered. It is argued that the majority of solutions tried by the banking system led to a heightened conflict of interest between small firms and banks during the recent recession due to the banks’ loan restructuring to avoid unnecessary risk.

Can distance-related information asymmetries in credit markets be overcome with contract design and credit scoring models? To answer this question, we explore differences in foreign and domestic banks' credit contract terms and pricing models. Using a sample of firms that borrow from both domestic and foreign banks in the same month, we show that foreign banks are more likely to demand collateral and grant shorter maturity loans than domestic banks. Foreign banks also base their pricing on internal credit ratings and collateral pledges, while domestic banks price according to the length, depth, and breadth of their relationship with a firm. These findings confirm that foreign banks can overcome informational disadvantages using contract design and credit scoring models. However, we also show that there are limitations, with foreign banks facing higher default rates and lower returns on lending if not using collateral and short maturity as disciplining tools. This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.

Using data for 91 large banks from 45 countries, this paper finds that foreign, domestic private, and government-owned banks use different lending technologies and organizational structures for SME financing. The extent, type, and pricing of SME loans, however, is not strongly correlated with lending technologies and organizational structures, suggesting that SME financing need not be based only on “relationship lending”. Consistent with these results, we find few significant differences in the extent, type, and pricing of SME loans across bank types. Instead, we find significant differences across developed and developing countries, driven by differences in the institutional and legal environment.

We investigate the changing role and direction of Japanese bank internationalisation with an emphasis on the period from 1995 to 2008. In recent years Japan has gone from being a net receiver of international bank lending of US$230 billion (1995) to a net lender to international banks of US$235 billion (2008). The analysis of the international positions demonstrates that (a) Japanese banks significantly reduced their international exposures to mitigate the effects of their failed loans in the Asia-Pacific region; (b) European integration has been associated with enhanced claims, while during the same period Japanese claims were reduced; (c) Japanese bank internationalisation appears to be at odds with customer-related motivations, although such a low risk strategy would be consistent with socio-cultural or geographic influences, the effects of asymmetries in information and risk aversion. Finally, we can add to existing facts concerning the differences between domestic and international banking.

This paper uses firm-level data from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys to study the process of convergence of transition countries with developed market economies. The study focuses on competition and market structure, finance and the structure of lending to firms, and how firms respond to the economic environment by restructuring. The authors find substantial evidence of convergence in a number of dimensions. The pattern of growth at the country, sector, and firm levels shows rapid growth of the new private sector and of the micro and small-firm sectors, with the size distribution of firms moving toward the pattern observed in the surveys of developed market economies. In finance, increasing reliance on retained earnings in transition countries reflects a maturation of the sector as new firms come to rely less on informal and family sources of finance. The authors find evidence of an inverse-U pattern, with the peak of restructuring activity taking place in 2002, the middle of the period analyzed. Throughout, the regional patterns suggest greater convergence in the transition countries that joined the European Union in 2004 than in the other, lower-income transition economies.

Using data from a survey of 91 banks in 45 countries, the authors characterize bank financing to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) around the world. They find that banks perceive the SME segment to be highly profitable, but perceive macroeconomic instability in developing countries and competition in developed countries as the main obstacles. To serve SMEs banks have set up dedicated departments and decentralized the sale of products to the branches. However, loan approval, risk management, and loan recovery functions remain centralized. Compared with large firms, banks are less exposed to small enterprises, charge them higher interest rates and fees, and experience more non-performing loans from lending to them. Although there are some differences in SMEs financing across government, private, and foreign-owned banks -- with the latter being more likely to engage in arms-length lending -- the most significant differences are found between banks in developed and developing countries. Banks in developing countries tend to be less exposed to SMEs, provide a lower share of investment loans, and charge higher fees and interest rates. Overall, the evidence suggests that the lending environment is more important than firm size or bank ownership type in shaping bank financing to SMEs.

We analyze the transmission of bank-specific liquidity shocks triggered by a credit rating downgrade through the lending channel. Using bank-level data for US Bank Holding Companies, we find that a credit rating downgrade is associated with an immediate and persistent decline in access to non-core deposits and wholesale funding, especially during the global financial crisis. This translates into a reduction in lending to households and non-financial corporates at home and abroad. The effect on domestic lending, however, is mitigated when banks (i) hold a larger buffer of liquid assets, (ii) diversify away from rating-sensitive sources of funding, and (iii) activate internal liquidity support measures. Foreign lending is significantly reduced during a crisis at home only for subsidiaries with weak funding self-sufficiency.

While not all domestic businesses are growth-oriented, at some stage of their development they need capital to improve their competitiveness and adaptability to changes of their business environment. The access to affordable bank loans is crucial for the development of many Bulgarian businesses, which face increasing external and internal competition. This is due to the fact that there are virtually no alternative sources of financing in our country. The present study aims to present an analysis of the credit market in the country in view of the key importance of bank monetary resource, which is a major factor for strengthening the competitive potential of Bulgarian enterprises. The article presents an analysis of the domestic bank loan market in terms of the key importance of banks’ financial resource, which is a major factor for raising the competitiveness of the Bulgarian enterprises.