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Introduction. The relevance of the presented work is, first of all, due to the significant number of employees of oil companies. There are more than a million of such specialists working in Russia. At the same time, world statistics claim that more than a third of critical deviations in the health indicators of workers are associated with harmful production factors. In order to avoid the relevant risks, it is important, in particular, to organize productive training in labor safety standards and rules, and to form risk-oriented thinking. Problem Statement. The conducted research is aimed, first, at identifying typical occupational risks in the field of oil production. The Standard Regulation on the Occupational Health and Safety Management System developed by the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation is used as the basis for classification. Secondly, the features of modular training in labor safety standards and rules, taking into account the risks in the workplace, are justified. Theoretical Part. The regulatory and legal framework of labor protection, including enterprises with high accident risks, is considered. The paper provides key professions and main labor functions taking into account the production practices of two oil-producing enterprises operating in Russia. The analysis of actual workplaces and regulatory documents allowed us to establish typical occupational risks for the specialties under consideration. The recommendations for improving the system of training in labor safety standards and rules are proposed. Conclusions. Occupational risks are identified from the list of hazards presented in the Standard Regulation on the Occupational Health and Safety Management System. The recommendations for the implementation of the identified occupational risks in the system of training in occupational safety standards and rules are proposed. With this information, you can reduce the time spent on identifying occupational risks in oil production, which generally optimizes the risk management of this field.

Violations of the labor safety regulation and disregard of the rules concerning work performance are the main causes of industrial accidents. Labor safety propaganda should be organized at each enterprise. Propaganda teaches workers to have clearly perceived need to comply with the requirements for safe work performance, and is also an integral part of injury prevention. The paper presents the results of improving the safety of the work of the signaler and an automobile crane operator by means of promoting labor safety. The main traumatic factors for the above professions were identified. They are: the work of the machine operator, not performed at the signal of the signaler; work with a faulty safety lock, as well as work with faulty safety devices and faulty equipment; unloaded cargo at the end of work and during work breaks, excess load capacity; performance of works when there are people in the danger zone (unfenced territory), and as a result, presence of the injured person in the danger zone of the crane work; contact with electric current, in the absence of grounding of the crane. For each identified factor, a poster was developed reminding of the need to comply with labor safety rules. The developed posters were introduced into production during the operation of automobile cranes in the Izhevsk branch of Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Main Military Construction Directorate No. 7” (FGUP “GVSU No. 7”).

The paper discusses the results of applying the methods of correlation-regression analysis and fuzzy logic for analyzing the statistical information of industrial injury rates in the Udmurt Republic, and shows the stages of modeling. Correlation-regression analysis was carried out using the MS Office Excel “Data Analysis” package; processing by the Mamdani algorithm (fuzzy logic) was carried out in the Mathlab environment. For the number of workers injured with further disability per 1 working day or more and fatal outcome in the Udmurt Republic, the results of using both methods are shown. Recommendations are given on the application of a particular method in the practical activities of managing the labor protection of organizations as a whole, by type of economic activity or constituent entity of the federation. Recommendations are provided, the implementation of which will improve the accuracy and efficiency of the analysis of industrial injuries by the considered methods.

The article is devoted to the occupational safety training using the exercise system formed as a test: chain and test, as well as matrix test tasks, which can be included in the structure of these systems. The ability of testing to diagnose competencies is also addressed to in this article.

The work shows the history of the development of the profession of a specialist in the field of labor protection. For the first time in the Russian Empire the training of specialists in the field of labor protection took place in the beginning of the 20th century at the Peter the Great Institute, St. Petersburg. In this paper the professional duties of a specialist in the field of labor protection specified in current regulatory legal acts are considered, including working in commissions on labor protection, accident investigation, drafting documents, orders, plans and reports relating to labor protection and providing advice to heads of departments and enterprises about issues in labor protection. It is indicated they have organizational, managerial and supervisory content. The analysis of the content of professional competencies of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education “Technospheric safety” and the labor functions of a specialist in the field of labor protection is presented. It is indicated that some of the academic disciplines included in educational programs are very distantly related to the activities of a labor protection specialist. At the same time, academic disciplines arising from the professional duties of a labor protection specialist are not included in the curricula, which indicates the need for a substantial adjustment of the content of the educational standard for technospheric safety and, above all, towards a more complete account of those functions that are imposed by current regulatory legal acts on specialists of labor protection services organizations. The list of professionally orienteering disciplines that should be included in the curriculum for preparing students in the “Technospheric safety” training area is presented.

The issues of organization and conducting of the republic’s competition for “The Best Labor Protection Specialist of the Udmurt Republic” are considered. The goal and objectives of the competition, the conditions for participation in the competition, the procedure and stages of the competition are given. The topics of the test assignments and competition works in the stages of the competition as well as the criteria for evaluating the competition works are given. The works of the competition winners are annotated.

The article is devoted to the analysis of control procedure organization as the final stage of labor protection educational process when studying the causes and prevention of injuries. In the course of the control procedures analysis,traditional and innovative methods of control has beenidentified and put into practice, considering the aspect of their effectiveness and efficiency. An examination of the methods of controlling knowledge mastering, as a result of safety briefings on avoiding industrial injuries, has been carried out. The potential of different methods of control has been revealed. It is assumed that the use of interactive methods and innovative forms of control increases the effectiveness of labor protection instructions, since besides the controlling function, they have the training potential.

The paper discusses the application of fuzzy logic and the Mamdani Method for analyzing the statistical information of occupational injury rates in the Udmurt Republic, and justifies the use of this method against classical modeling methods. The stages of building a model are shown, involving the formation of a base of fuzzy input rules, a procedure for fuzzing input data, finding truth degrees and finding a truncated membership function. Statistical data on occupational injuries and indicators of the socio-economic development of Udmurt Republic were used as input parameters. The results of the creation of an algorithm for analyzing industrial injuries applying fuzzy logic in the Matlab environment are presented; an integral index of industrial injuries is proposed as an output parameter. The links of the integral index with indicators of industrial injuries and indicators of socio-economic development of Udmurt Republic are shown.

The paper defines concepts of “dangerous working conditions” and “dangerous actions of workers”. Regulatory and various doctrinal approaches to differentiating the actions of workers violating labor protection requirements are considered, their specific features, advantages and disadvantages for use in industrial enterprises are analyzed. The author proposes a method of categorizing and grading dangerous actions of workers of industrial enterprises. The method is developed with regard to the specifics of the functioning of oil stores. The work is based on the method of expert assessments, applied in the form of an individual expert survey. The survey was conducted among the experienced specialists of electrical and electrotechnological fields, whose professions and positions are typical of a modern warehouse of petroleum products. The survey results allowed compiling the most objective and complete list of all possible behavioral deviations of a particular professional category of workers. The resulting list is the basis of the reference guide of the developed automated system for personified accounting of the dangerous actions of workers engaged in the operation, maintenance and repair of electrical equipment in oil product warehouses.

Показана история развития профессии специалиста в области охраны труда. С начала XX века в Российской империи впервые началась подготовка специалистов по безопасности труда в Институте имени Петра Великого в Санкт-Петербурге. Рассмотрены профессиональные обязанности специалиста в области охраны труда, указанные в действующих нормативных правовых актах, в том числе работа в составе комиссий по вопросам охраны труда, расследованию несчастных случаев, составлению документов, приказов, планов и отчетов, касающихся охраны труда, оказания консультативной помощи руководителям подразделений и предприятия по вопросам охраны труда. Показано, что они имеют организационно-управленческое и контрольно-надзорное содержание. Проведен анализ содержания профессиональных компетенций федерального государственного образовательного стандарта высшего образования «Техносферная безопасность» и трудовых функций специалиста в области охраны труда, показано, что некоторые учебные дисциплины, включаемые в образовательные программы, имеют весьма отдаленное отношение к деятельности специалиста по охране труда. В то же время учебные дисциплины, касающиеся вопроса изучения профессиональных обязанностей специалиста по охране труда, в учебные программы не включаются. Это говорит о необходимости существенной корректировки содержания образовательного стандарта по техносферной безопасности и, прежде всего, в направлении более полного учета тех функций, которые возлагаются действующими нормативными правовыми актами на специалистов служб охраны труда организаций. Приведен перечень профессионально ориентирующих дисциплин, которые должны быть включены в учебные планы подготовки студентов по направлению «Техносферная безопасность».

Проведен анализ информации об авариях, произошедших на нефтехимических и нефтеперабатывающих объектах нефтяной промышленности в РФ и СССР позднего периода. Целью работы является установление соотношения опасных производственных условий и опасных действий персонала как причин аварийности и травматизма на предприятиях нефтяной отрасли, которая является одной из наиболее высокорисковых. Анализ причин аварий на складах нефтепродуктов показал, что в основе большинства лежит человеческий фактор, недостаток производственного контроля, несоблюдение правил охраны труда, халатность. Основными причинами пожаров на нефтебазах являются: нарушение правил техники безопасности, некачественный монтаж и ремонт оборудования, нарушение правил технологического регламента, некачественная молниезащита, износ оборудования. Причинами несчастных случаев чаще всего является игнорирование требований безопасности лицами, ответственными за организацию и ведение работ. Приведенные в работе данные свидетельствуют о том, что в настоящее время опасные производственные действия персонала в качестве причин аварийности и производственного травматизма доминируют над опасными производственными условиями. Полученные результаты рекомендуется учитывать при создании и улучшении системы управления охраной труда на нефтегазовых предприятиях.

Непрерывное совершенствование, повышение эффективности и результативности систем управления охраной труда является одним из элементов, базовым принципом и целью их функционирования. Выработка объективных, достоверных, информативных и практически применимых критериев оценки эффективности таких систем выступает одним из направлений научной и практической деятельности. Критерии оценки эффективности таких систем, подходы к их разработке претерпевали изменения в процессе смены философии управления в целом и перехода от традиционных (советских) к современным системам управления охраной труда. Целью работы является сравнительный анализ сущности и содержания подходов к разработке критериев эффективности функционирования систем управления охраной труда в отечественной промышленности в их динамике. Сопоставлены системы показателей оценки эффективности (результативности), применяемые в позднесоветский период (70-е - начало 90-х гг.) и в постсоветское время. Установлено, что методики оценки систем управления охраной труда в традиционных системах оперировали преимущественно количественными негативными показателями, нацеленными на измерение числа реализовавшихся рисков и оценку ущерба («реактивная» методология оценки). В работе проанализированы обновленные современные принципы разработки критериев оценки эффективности систем управления охраной труда, в том числе риск-ориентированный подход, системный подход, сочетание «активных» и «пассивных» показателей и др. Рассмотрены некоторые авторские методики замеров состояния и отслеживания динамики эффективности функционирования систем управления охраной труда. Особое внимание уделено роли и месту социально-психологических показателей качественной оценки эффективности функционирования таких систем на предприятиях. Сделан вывод о характере, степени и причинах заимствования опыта традиционных систем управления охраной труда в современной промышленности. Намечены объективные причины, препятствующие внедрению прогрессивных новаций, обозначены некоторые способы их преодоления.

The initial multitype Galton--Watson branching process $$ \mu(t)=(\mu_1(t),\mu_2(t)\lz \mu_m(t)),\q t=0,1,2\lz $$ generates a stopped branching process $\xi(t)$, if the evolution of $\mu(t)$ is ``frozen' when it hits a finite set S. It is assumed that the initial branching process $\mu(t)$ is subcritical and indecomposable. We prove that the extinction probability $$ q_r^n=\lim_{t\to\iy}\bP\{\xi(t)=r\mid\xi(0)=n\} $$ is asymptotically approaching, for any $r=(r_1,r_2\lz r_m)\in S$, $n=(n_1\lz n_m)\notin S$ for $\on=n_1+\cdots+n_m\ty$, $n_i/\on\to a_i$, a function which is periodic in $\log_{1/R}\on$ with period~1. Here $R < 1$ is the Perron root of the mean matrix of the initial subcritical branching process $\mu(t)=(\mu_1(t),\mu_2(t)\lz \mu_m(t))$ with elements $A_{ij}=\bE\{\mu_j(1)\mid\mu(0)=e(i)\}$, and $e(i)=(\dt_{i1},\dt_{i2}\lz\dt_{im})$, where $\dt_{ij}$ is the Kronecker symbol.

The spectroscopic characteristics in the 1.3 μm region of nonstoichiometric fluorite phases M 1- x R x F m (1- x )+ nx , doped by Nd 3+ ions were investigated. The direct measurement of excited state absorption and amplification in 1.3 μm region were carried out. The halfwidth of amplification spectrum in Na 0.5- x Y 0.5+ x F 2+2 x and Ca 1- x Y x F 2+ x crystals was found to be less than that the halfwidth of the luminescence spectrum due to excited state absorption (ESA). The maxima of amplification bands are located at ∼1365 nm with halfwidth of ∼40 nm for Na 0.5- x Y 0.5+ x F 2+2 x crystals and ∼60 nm for Ca 0.9 Y 0.1 F 2.11 crystals. The maximum values of effective cross sections σ eff =σ em -σ esa for these crystals are 2.2 ± 0.7 × 10 -21 cm 2 and 4.5 ± 0.9 × 10 -21 cm 2 , respectively.

A random genealogical tree of n generations of a supercritical Galton-Watson branching process with generating function $h(s), h(0) = 0, h'(1) = A > 1$, is considered; the tth level of vertices of the tree corresponds to the particles of the tth generation. Edges of the tree are labelled by independent and identically distributed random variables $\{\xi _\alpha\}$ with distribution function $G(x) = {\bf P}\{ \xi _\alpha \leqq x\} $. The weight of the path from the root to a vertex of the nth level is defined as the sum of labels $\xi _\alpha $ of all the edges of this path. The height $\eta _n $ of the tree is the maximum weight over all such paths. It is shown that the distribution function $F_n (x) = {\bf P}\{ \eta _n 0$, $Aq > 1$ then $\lim _{n \to \inft...

In pseudo-Stark effect studies on the R, R' lines of LGO: Cr 3+ the C 1 point symmetry of both types of Cr 3+ centers in the low-temperature ferroelectric (C 2v ) phase as well as evidence for local compensation of Cr 3+ (Ge 4+ ) extra charge in LGO lattices were established. In direct photoelectric studies it was found that Cr 3+ photoionization takes place in a two-quantum process via the intermediate 2 E excited state. With the help of fluorescent phonon detection the diffusive regime of THz acoustic phonon propagation in LGO at T = 2 K was observed; the anharmonic phonon decay times were measured for frequencies 55 cm −1 (150 ns) and 63 cm −1 (75 ns).

In photoconductivity studies in Al 2 O 3 :Ti 3+ and Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ti 3+ (YAG:Ti 3+ ) a nearly quadratic dependence of photocurrent on excitation intensity is experimentally observed. Spectral and kinetics measurements show that the Ti 3+ photoionization under visible and UV excitation in the t → e transition region takes place as a result of a two-step process via the intermediate e state. The experimentally estimated energy between this e level of Ti 3+ and the conduction band bottom is in Al 2 O 3 larger and in YAG smaller than the zero-phonon e-t line (ZPL) energy. This determines the essential difference in persistent hole-burning in the ZPL of Al 2 O 3 :Ti 3+ and YAG:Ti 3+ [1] and in the efficiency of e level optical pumping.

Temperature dependence of ChT bands of Cr3 ions doped ciystals suggests that ChT process is mainly ofdonor nature e.g. [(3d-÷4s) or 3d-÷(oxygen orbital)]. ChT bands positions of Ti3:Al2O3 and Cr3:Li2Ge7O15crystals measured by ESA spectroscopy and two-step photoionization methods are approximately the same.

Optical properties with more than 120 multicomponent nonstoichiometric fluoride crystals M+,2+Fm-R3+Fn with CaF2 structure doped with Nd3+ and Pr3+ were studied especially in 1.3 micrometers spectral range which is promising for operation in the second telecommunication window. The direct measurements of excited state absorption and single pass gain in 1.3 micrometers range have been carried out for Na0.4Y0.6F2.2 and Ca0.9Y0.1F2.1 crystals. The effective cross-sections and halfwidth of gain band have been determined ((sigma) max equals 2.2 +/- 0.7 10-21 cm2, (Delta) equals 40 cm-1 and (sigma) max equals 4.5 +/- 0.9 10-21 cm2, (delta) equals 60 cm-1, respectively). The line's strengths in Ba1-xGdxF2+x:Pr crystals has been found to be raised in nonstoichiometric crystals in comparison with stoichiometric ones due to formation of another type of optical centers. The energy of destruction of these Pr3+ positions has been determined to be 280 cm-1. The mean decay rate of Yb3+ is found to be proportional to the multiplying of Yb3+ and Pr3+ concentrations in Yb3+ sensibilized BaGdF:Yb,Pr and PbCdF:Yb,Pr crystals. The optimal concentrations of Yb and Pr and single pass gain coefficient have been calculated.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The terminology and notation in this paper are close to those in [1]. In what follows, we consider discrete schemes homogeneous in time t:t runs only through 1, 2, 3,… and can be interpreted as the “generation number” of the particle in question. Accordingly, is the probability that one particle of type T k gives α1, α2,…, α n particles of the types T 1, T 2,…, T n , respectively in t generations. All further computations are based on the generating functions of the probabilities of the various transitions during one generation. Using these probabilities, we define by induction the generating functions for all positive integers t

Presented are the experimental results of direct studies of Ti 3+ ions photoionizatian in Al2O3 and Y3AI5012 (YAG) at T=77 K via the dc electric conductivity measrements under optical excitation .