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Combined use of a chemotherapeutic agent and an autophagy inhibitor is a novel cancer treatment strategy. We investigated the effects of chloroquine (CQ) on lung pathology caused by both solid Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and doxorubicin (DXR). A control group and eight experimental groups of adult female mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 2.5 × 106 EAC cells. DXR (1.5 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg) and CQ (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) alone or in combination were injected intraperitoneally on days 2, 7 and 12 following inoculation with EAC cells. Lung tissue samples were examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for endothelial (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Serum catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured using ELISA. We found decreased levels of iNOS and eNOS in the groups that received 1.5 mg/kg DXR alone and in combination with 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg CQ. Combined administration of DXR and CQ partially prevented disruption of alveolar structure. Levels of antioxidant enzymes and MDA were lower in all treated groups; the greatest reduction was observed in mice that received the combination of 25 mg/kg CQ + 1.5 mg/kg DXR. Levels of NGAL were elevated in all treated groups. We found that CQ ameliorated both EAC and DOX induced lung pathology in female mice with solid EAC by reducing oxidative stress. 35240890

Thinking is a skill that involves complex mental actions and shows individual differences. Thinking ability is the most important feature that makes humankind superior to other living things. Individual differences cause thinking to evolve into different types. Analytical thinking can also be defined as an act of thinking and understanding all parts of a whole. According to the philosophy of analytical thinking, all parts of the whole must be understood in order to understand the whole. There is a flow from piece to whole in the analytical thinking approach. In other words, it is an inductive approach. When considered in this context, the understanding of an interior space can be achieved by understanding all the parts of the interior one by one and establishing the relationship with the whole. A limited number of studies related to an analytical interior analysis tool were reached in the literature. For this reason, the aim of the research is to develop an analytical interior analysis tool and to evaluate this method developed within the scope of an example. For this purpose, an interior analysis tool has been developedin the light of the information obtained from the literature review. For an exemplary evaluation, Mersin Train Station Building, one of the works of the Second National Architecture Period, was chosen and was evaluated within the scope of this tool. As a result, it has been found that the use of an interior analysis tool in interior studies allows the examination of all elements of the entire interior, and enables the detection of erroneous and uncontrolled applications carried out in the process, especially in historical places without ignoring.

Bu çalışma, Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu’nda yapılan yasal düzenlemeler çerçevesinde iç mimar tarafından tasarlanmış her mekânın eser olma özelliği taşıdığını ortaya koyarak eser ve fikrin korunmasının önemini açıklamaktadır. İç mimarın, eserinin sahip olduğu niteliklerin ve bu eserlerin korunması konusunda yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadığı görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla FSEK kapsamında iç mimarın, mesleğin ve fikrin önemi anlaşılıp, kişilerin ve eserlerinin sahip oldukları hakları konusunda daha bilinçli, yeterli ve konuya daha egemen olmaları açısından yol gösterici bir kaynak olması düşünülmektedir. Bu bilincin ve konuya hâkimiyet durumunun oluşmasına buna bağlı olarak iç mimarların fikirleri ve bu fikirler doğrultusunda ortaya çıkan ve eser olarak nitelendirilen “sonuç ürünü” için bir farkındalık sağlanmış olacaktır.

Ağırlığına oranla yüksek dayanım ve rijitliğe sahip olmalarından dolayı birçok uygulama alanı bulunan tabakalı kompozit malzemeler, tabakalar arası temas kuvvetlerinin yarattığı etkilerden dolayı karşı koyabileceklerinden daha düşük yüklerde hasara uğramaktadırlar. Bu problemi tamamen ortadan kaldırmak adına malzeme (yapı) fonksiyonel derecelendirilme ile üretilmektedir. Fonksiyonel derecelendirilmiş malzemeler (FDM) belirli bir doğrultuda değişen malzeme özelliklerine sahip yüksek performanslı malzemelerdir. Bu malzemeler, özelliklerin keskin olarak değiştiği ara yüzeyleri ortadan kaldırarak bu yüzeyler arası temas kuvvetlerinin yarattığı hasarları en aza indirir. Bu benzersiz özelliklerinden dolayı birçok uygulama alanında hızla yayılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada dört farklı polimer malzeme kullanılarak eklemeli imalat yöntemi ile fonksiyonel derecelendirilmiş malzemeler üretilmiş, çekme testi ile mekanik özellikleri tespit edilmiş ve sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Fonksiyonel derecelendirilmiş malzemelerin mekanik özellikleri en büyük çekme dayanımı, elastisite modülü ve kopma uzaması sonuçları ile değerlendirilmiştir.

For synchronization of high-precision stage systems, in particular the synchronization between a wafer and a reticle stage system of a wafer scanner, a master–slave controller design is presented. The design consists of a synchronization controller based on FIR filters and a data-driven self-tuning approach is used to find the coefficients of these filters. In the context of Lur'e systems, i.e. the reticle stage slave system has a variable gain controller with saturation nonlinearity, a part of the gradients needed for self-tuning is obtained from reconstruction using closed-loop nonlinear models. The remaining part is given by sampled data obtained primarily from time-series measurements. Performance with the synchronization controller is shown to be bounded by a waterbed effect: low-frequency suppression comes at the price of high-frequency amplification. For the considered Lur'e stage systems the ability of the self-tuning to induce improved tracking is discussed in view of this waterbed effect for either simulation results or experimental results.

A generalized vibrational model of cubic nonlinear continuous system with arbitrary parametric excitation is considered. The method of multiple scales (a perturbation method) is used to find an approximate analytical solution. The primary parametric resonance of the parametric excitation is considered. The amplitude and phase modulation equations are derived. Steady state solutions and their stability are discussed. The solution algorithm is applied to the problem of nonlinear vibrations of viscoelastic pipes conveying fluids. Natural frequencies of viscoelastic pipes are found. Frequency response curves and bifurcation points are drawn. Stable and unstable regions of trivial and nontrivial solutions are obtained.

A general vibrational model of a continuous system with arbitrary linear and cubic operators is considered. Approximate analytical solutions are found using the method of multiple scales. The primary resonances of the external excitation and three-to-one internal resonances between two arbitrary natural frequencies are treated. The amplitude and phase modulation equations are derived. The steady-state solutions and their stability are discussed. The solution algorithm is applied to two specific problems: (1) axially moving Euler–Bernoulli beam, and (2) axially moving viscoelastic beam.

Nonlinear vibrations of a general model of continuous system is considered. The model consists of arbitrary linear and cubic operators. The equation of motion is solved by the method of multiple scales (a perturbation method). The primary resonances of external excitation is analysed. The amplitude and phase modulation equations are presented. Approximate analytical solution is derived. Steady-state solutions and their stability are discussed. Finally, the solution algorithm is applied to two different engineering problems. One of the application is the transverse vibration of an axially moving Euler–Bernoulli beam and the other is a viscoelastic beam.

Konferans Bildirisi -- Teorik ve Uygulamalı Mekanik Türk Milli Komitesi, 2015, Conference Paper -- Theoretical and Applied Mechanical Turkish National Committee, 2015, Osteoporoza bağlı vertebra (omur) sorununa çözüm üretmek için yeni bir genişleyebilir pedikül vida tasarlanmıştır. Tasarım SOLIDWORKS© programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Tasarlanan vidaya standartlara uygun olarak çekme, eğilme, burulma ve sıyırma testlerinin bilgisayarlı benzetimleri (simülasyonları) uygulanmış, yapılan analizlerin sonuçları, standartlarda ve daha önce yapılmış çalışmalarda bulunan değerlerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Analizler için ANSYS© sonlu elemanlar paket programı kullanılmıştır., In this study, a new “Expandable Pedicular Screw” is designed for use in osteoporosis vertebral patients’ treatments. Solid model of the screw is designed by using the SOLIDWORKS© program. In the light of the standards and the literature, tensile test, bending test, torsion test and peel test are simulated separately by using finite element analysis (FEA) program ANSYS©. Results of the analyses are discussed and compared with existing results.

The goal of this work is to demonstrate the necessity of using the complex ray theory for a correct interpretation of the data obtained in photodeflection experiments with solids. In this work there is presented the comparison of methods of description of the probe beam interaction with thermal waves -the ray theory, the wave one and the complex ray theory with the experimental results. Some parameters of experimental setup are determined through multiparameter fitting the theoretical curves to the experimental data by the use of a weighted least square method.

Summary Objectives A new measuring technique for the determination of thermal diffusivity is proposed. Using this technique, the thermal properties of a few different dental filling materials were measured. Methods The proposed method for measurement of thermal diffusivity is based on the classical Angstrom's method. The method exploits the propagation of a plane thermal wave generated by a Peltier's device in a cylindrical sample along its axis. The thermal diffusivity of the sample is calculated from the phase difference between harmonic components of temperatures measured at sample surfaces, perpendicular to the direction of thermal wave propagation. The estimated accuracy of measurement is typically about 10% for samples with low thermal diffusivity. The proposed method was used for the determination of thermal diffusivities of Achatit Bichromatic , Charisma and Dentimet dental filling materials. Results The measured thermal diffusivities were: 0.295(0.020)×10 −6 m 2 s −1 for Achatit Bichromatic , 0.321(0.015)×10 −6 m 2 s −1 for Charisma and 1.70(0.12)×10 −6 m 2 s −1 for Dentimet . The thermal conductivities of these materials were also estimated. The results were compared with values obtained from independent constant flux measurements with marble as a reference material. Significance There are no standard techniques for the determination of the thermal properties of dental filling materials. Moreover, it is difficult to find the thermal diffusivity and the thermal conductivity of many of them. The method proposed in this paper allows the simple and accurate measurement of thermal diffusivity. Thermal parameters of dental filling materials should be compatible with the parameters of human teeth. Lack of thermal compatibility can cause not only patient discomfort but also mechanical stresses leading to microcracks.

The comparison of the ray theory, the complex ray theory with the experimental results was studied in the work. The least-squares procedure was used in multiparameter fitting of experimental data and theoretical result. Some parameters of experimental setup were also determined. There was proved in the work that the complex ray theory better describes the experimental results than the ray theory. Moreover, the complex ray theory takes into account some effects that do not occur in the ray theory at all.

Thermal properties of thin AlN, AlN–GaN films are analyzed. The investigated films are deposited on different substrates (Si and GaAs). The photothermal measuring method based on thermal wave propagation in layered structure in 3D geometry is used. A new method for experimental data analysis is proposed. The analysis is carried out after the transformation of measured dependences to the inverse space. Obtained results show that the thermal conductivity is higher for films deposited on GaAs substrates and for AlN–GaN films.

The influence of crystal doping on thermal diffusivity of LiNbO 3 crystal has been studied. Thermal diffusivities of investigated samples have been measured by modified Angstrom method. This method requires that phase lag of a thermal wave propagating in the sample be determined. One plane of rectangular prismatic sample is periodically heated and cooled while others remain thermally insulated. Periodical changes in the temperature of heated plane and the plane opposite to it are measured and used to determine phase lag between the two signals. The measurements have been taken for different frequencies and thermal diffusivity value has been found from frequency dependence of phase lag. Examined crystals have been grown using Czochralski's method. One of them has been pure LiNbO 3 , others have been doped with the following elements: Cu (0.05 %at.), Fe (0.1 %at.), Dy (0.1 %at., 1.0 %at., and 1.7 %at.), Er (0. %at.), and Er + Yb (1.0 %at. Er + 0.1 %at. Yb, 1.0 %at. Er + 0.5 %at. Yb, 1.0 %at. Er + 1.0 %at. Yb). The measurements have been carried out for crystallographic directions [100], [120] and [001]. Measured value of thermal diffusivity of pure lithium niobate is in good agreement with values reported by other researchers, values obtained for samples doped with Cu and Fe are comparable to those obtained for pure crystals. Crystals doped with rare earth elements have considerably lower thermal diffusivities.

Thermal properties of thin AIN, A1N-GaN and Si 3 N 4 films are investigated. The investigated films have different thickness (∼90 nm and ∼270 nm) and are deposited on different substrates (Si and GaAs). Photothermal measuring method based on thermal wave propagation in layered structure in 3D geometry is used. A new method for experimental data analysis is proposed. The analysis is carried out after transformation of measured dependences to the inverse space. Obtained results show that the thermal conductivity is higher for films deposited on GaAs substrates and for AIN-GaN films.

A sensor for the detection of hydrogen gas dissolved in the transformer oil is proposed. The absorption of hydrogen in thin palladium film causes changes in the electrical and optical properties of the film. The proposed structure can be simultaneously used as a resistance and optical sensor. The sensor has been tested for different hydrogen concentration and in different temperatures. The hydrogen concentration was varied from 200 to 1500 ppm (in the transformer oil) and the oil temperature was changed from 20 to 120 °C. The sensor exhibits good sensitivity for low hydrogen concentration and the long-term stability of parameters in the transformer oil up to 90 °C. The sensitivity and the reaction time of the sensor strongly depend on the operation temperature. It should be possible to use such a sensor structure for the continuous monitoring of electric power systems.

ulkay, muzaffer basak/0000-0002-0928-0462; keskin, ilknur/0000-0002-7059-1884; ESENER, Osman/0000-0001-9444-3598; Kaplan, Suleyman/0000-0003-1477-5002 WOS: 000351794000001 PubMed: 25485952 The potential ability of melatonin to protect against impairment of the fetal peripheral nerve system due to maternal consumption of diclofenac sodium (DS) was investigated. Eighty-four pregnant rats were divided into seven groups: control (CONT), saline administered (PS), DS administered (DS), DS with low-dose melatonin administered (DS + MLT10), DS with high-dose melatonin administered (DS+MLT50), low-dose melatonin administered (MLT10), and high-dose melatonin administered (MLT50). After the pregnancy, six male newborn rats from each group were sacrificed at 4 and 20 weeks of age. Their right sciatic nerves were harvested, and nerve fibers were evaluated using stereological techniques. Mean numbers of myelinated axons, axon cross-section areas and the mean thickness of the myelin sheet were estimated. Four-week-old prenatally DS-exposed rats had significantly fewer axons, a smaller myelinated axonal area, and a thinner myelin sheath compared to CONT group (p < 0.05). Although melatonin at both doses significantly increased axon numbers, only a high dose of melatonin increased the diameter of those axons (p < 0.05). At 20-weeks of age, myelinated axon number in the DS group was not only significantly lower than all other groups (p < 0.05) but also the cross-sectional area of these axons was smaller than all other groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences between the groups regarding the mean thickness of the myelin sheet. The current study indicates that prenatal exposure to DS decreases the number and the diameter of sciatic nerve axons and that melatonin prophylaxis can prevent these effects. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Scientific and Technical Research Council of Selcuk UniversitySelcuk University [10102002] This work was supported by a grant from the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Selcuk University [Grant # 10102002]. The authors are grateful to Osman Akdag, MD for skillful technical assistance in the research laboratory; Ender Erdogan, MD, PhD for help with the histological analysis, and Sinan Canan, PhD for assistance during the preparation of the manuscript.

For improved output synchronization in master-slave systems, a data-based control tuning is presented. Herein the coefficients of two finite-duration impulse response (FIR) filters are found through machine-in-the-loop optimization. One filter is used to shape the input to the slave system while the other filter is used as feedforward controller. With this two-filter structure we circumvent the problem of being limited either by model uncertainty in approximating the inverse plant dynamics or by closed-loop bandwidth constraints of the slave system. The optimized controller induces machine-specific (improved) output synchronization. This is demonstrated on the high-precision motion systems of an industrial wafer scanner.

Konferans Bildirisi -- Teorik ve Uygulamalı Mekanik Türk Milli Komitesi, 2010, Conference Paper -- Theoretical and Applied Mechanical Turkish National Committee, 2010, Sürekli ortamların titreşimlerinde karşılaşılan genelleştirilmiş yeni bir matematiksel model ele alınmıştır. Modeldeki lineer ve nonlineer kısımlar keyfi operatörler kullanılarak ifade edilmiştir. Hareket denkleminin genel çözümü bir perturbasyon tekniği olan çok zaman ölçekli metod kullanılarak genel formda yapılmıştır. Parametrik titreşimlere ait temel parametrik rezonans durumu göz önüne alınmıştır. Genlik ve faz modulasyon denklemleri ve frekans tepki ilişkisi genel formda elde edilmiştir. Bulunan genel çözüm algoritması akışkan taşıyan viskoelastik boruların nonlineer titreşimleri problemine uygulanmıştır. Viskoelastik boru doğal frekansları ve frekans tepki grafikleri elde edilmiştir. Basit ve basit olmayan çözümlerin kararlılığı tartışılmıştır., A new generalized mathematical model encountered in nonlinear vibrations of continuous system is developed. Linear and cubic nonlinear parts of the model are represented by arbitrary operators. The equation of motion is solved by using the method o f multiple scales (a perturbation technique). The principal parametric resonances o f excitation are investigated. Amplitude and phase modulation equations are found in their general form. Frequency response relation is also obtained in general sense. The general solution algorithm is applied to the model o f nonlinear vibrations of viscoelastic pipe conveying fluid. Natural frequencies and frequency response relations of viscoelastic pipe are derived. Stabilities of nontrivial and trivial Solutions are discussed.

Previous studies of the varved sensitive clays from the Thunder Bay area indicated that the geotechnical properties were influenced by their layered structure. When sheared along the bedding planes, double strength envelopes were apparent, with strength parameters depending on the stress levels applied. Thus, a series of consolidated isotropical undrained triaxial tests with pore-pressure measurements was carried out on specimens with the varves inclined to the vertical axis. A number of unusual results were observed: (i) low B-values for presumably saturated samples; (ii) failure of the specimens along the clay seams at stress levels above precompression load, exhibiting highly compressive behaviour and considerable cohesion; (iii) failure of the specimens in the silt seams at stress levels below the precompression load, exhibiting dilatancy and a lower cohesion than in the normally consolidated range; (iv) slightly anisotropic elastic deformation behaviour almost up to failure for testing in the precompression range; however, strongly anisotropic, largely nonelastic behaviour in the normally consolidated stress range, indicating larger stiffnesses vertically than horizontally. The stress paths in the normally consolidated stress range suggested also that consolidation of the clay seams occurred during undrained shear owing to internal dissipation of pore pressures into dilating silt seams. Key words: varved sensitive cemented clay, pore-pressure response, undrained shear, internal pore-pressure dissipation, anisotropic elastic behaviour, critical-state conditions.

There is a substantial evidence that large quantities of melatonin are produced in gastrointestinal tract, however, is still unclear which is the role of melatonin in digestive system in human physiology and pathophysiology. In the present study we investigated urinary excretion of a main melatonin metabolite, 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The investigation was carried out in 67 persons, both sexes, aged 20-45 years old who according to Rome III Criteria were diagnosed as sufferers of constipation (C-IBS, n=21 persons) or diarrhoea (D-IBS, n=24 persons) form of irritable bowel syndrome and as healthy subjects (K, n=22), matched for control. Samples were obtained from the collected diurnal urine. The concentration of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (6-SMLT) was measured with ELISA method, creatinine (crea) was automatically analyzed with biochemical analyzer and 6-SMLT/crea calculated. There were statistically significant differences between groups: the 6-SMLT/crea level was lower in C-IBS (103.86+/- 82.83 ng/mg) and D-IBS (112.72+/-85.29 ng/mg) groups compared to K group (202.7+/-89.28 ng/mg), respectively, p=0.002, p=0.003. There were no differences between C-IBS and D-IBS groups, however, there were observed differences between men and women with C-IBS. The 6-SMLT/crea. level was higher in women with C-IBS (139.31+/-96.45) compared to men with C-IBS (35.51+/-41.05) (p=0.04). These results suggest that different melatonin secretion and metabolism may be involved in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome.

Determination of thermal properties of thin films deposited on thick substrates is a very complicated measuring problem. The influence of such films on the average thermal properties of the sample is small, which is why quite sophisticated experimental techniques must be used to solve the problem. The authors present two photothermal measuring methods allowing estimation of thermal properties of the film in two directions - parallel and perpendicular to the sample surface. The first method allows determination of the thermal conductivity of the film in the direction parallel to the sample surface. The method is based on analysis of thermal wave propagation from a point source. Signals are measured for a sample coated by a thin film and second sample without a coating are compared. This comparison allows an estimation of the influence of the thin film on heat transport and a determination of its thermal conductivity. The second method is based on the analysis of a thermal wave transition through an interface between the sample and its surroundings. This transition depends on the thermal properties of contacting media and may be modified by the film deposited on the sample surface. It is convenient to describe the influence of the film by its thermal resistance. This parameter may be interpreted as a ratio of film thickness to its effective thermal conductivity. In this case it is thermal conductivity in the direction perpendicular to the sample surface. As in the previous method signals are measured for a coated sample and a sample without coating are compared. Thermal properties of the thin films are measured by photothermal methods.

Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor of increasingly wide application in the treatment of different gastroenterological diseases. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of omeprazole (O) on the level of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA).Omeprazole was administered intraperitoneally to male Wistar rats twice a day, for 3 days, in two doses: O1-0.57 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), O2-5.71 mg/kg b.w. Twelve hours after the last injection half of the animals were terminated (I). The remaining rats were kept for the next 6 weeks without any xenobiotics (II). The blood was taken from the still beating heart and then centrifuged. The plasma level of MDA was determined and compared to the 1 mg of the blood protein.A significant (p0.05) increase of MDA level was found in the O2II group, as compared with the O2I group. The level of MDA was higher after 6 weeks' period in relation to the animals that were terminated on the 4th day of the experiment.Three-day omeprazole administration did not change the MDA level in the rat plasma.

The study evaluates the effect of cimetidine (C), ranitidine (R) and famotidine (F) on the level of the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA). The tested drugs were given intraperitoneally to the male Wistar rats twice a day, during 6 weeks' period, in two doses. CI--2.85 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), R1--0.71 mg/kg b.w., F1--0.28 mg/kg b.w. The second doses (C2, R2, F2) were 10 times higher than C1, R1, F1. At the end of the 6th week of the experiment half of the animals were terminated. The remaining rats were kept for the next 6 weeks without any medications and were killed at the end of 12th week of the experiment. Blood was taken from still beating heart and centrifuged. The level of the MDA was determined from the plasma and compared to the 1 mg of the blood protein. None of administered H2 blockers changed the malondialdehyde level in serum of the experimental rats.

A comparison is made of three methods for modeling the interaction of a laser probe beam with the temperature field of a thermal wave. The three methods include: (1) a new method based on complex ray theory, which allows us to take into account the disturbance of the amplitude and phase of the electric field of the probe beam, (2) the ray deflection averaging theory of Aamodt and Murphy, and (3) the wave theory (WT) of Glazov and Muratikov. To carry out this comparison, it is necessary to reformulate the description of the photodeflection signal in either the WT or the ray deflection averaging theory. It is shown that the differences between calculated signals using the different theories are most pronounced when the radius of the probe beam is comparable with the length of the thermal wave in the region of their interaction. Predictions of the theories are compared with experimental results. A few parameters of the experimental setup are determined through multiparameter fitting of the theoretical curves to the experimental data. A least-squares procedure was chosen as a fitting method. The conclusion is that the calculation of the photodeflection signal in the framework of the complex ray theory is a more accurate approach than the ray deflection averaging theory or the wave one.

A theoretical study of Gaussian probe beam interaction with thermal waves on the basis of the complex geometrical optics equations is presented. This method of describing probe beam propagation in a nonhomogeneous medium, called the complex ray theory, takes into account the influence of the thermal wave on both amplitude and phase of electric field in the probe Gaussian beam. A comparison between the complex ray theory and previously proposed theories is made. Adequate experimental data confirming the correctness of the presented theory are also given. The least-squares procedure was used in multiparameter fitting the theoretical results to the experimental data and some parameters of the experimental setup were determined. It is proven that the complex ray theory allows correct quantitative interpretation of the data obtained in photodeflection experiments.