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This study aims at describing the evolution of Spanish population preventive practices during the COVID-19 pandemic of the between January and June 2021, and differences by age group. Data was drawn from the COSMO-Spain online survey, rounds (R) 4, 5 and 6. Multiple linear regression models with preventive practices as dependent variable were performed. Preventive practices (p = 0.001) and concern about coronavirus (p = 0.003) decreased throughout the three rounds, knowledge decreased from R4 to R6 (p = 0.002) and health literacy had a higher value in R6 (p

Additional file 2: Appendix 1. Description of the Variables.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the sample variables.

La mejora de las condiciones de vida y los avances de la medicina han facilitado un considerable aumento de la esperanza de vida y, como consecuencia, un importante envejecimiento poblacional. En España, las personas mayores de 65 años representan casi el 20% de la población, y se prevé que este porcentaje crezca significativamente en los próximos años. Afrontar esta situación demográfica es uno de los principales retos de la sociedad en la actualidad. Uno de los desafíos más relevantes es ocuparse de lo que se ha denominado «epidemia de la soledad», es decir, el impacto negativo que la soledad no deseada y el aislamiento social tienen en la salud mental y la calidad de vida de las personas mayores. En España, un 20% de las personas mayores de 65 años declara niveles altos de soledad, un 25% de aislamiento social y 1 de cada 4 sufre depresión. La evidencia científica apunta también a que su abordaje mediante intervenciones multidisciplinares y multidimensionales, sustentadas por recursos institucionales y comunitarios apropiados, tiene un impacto positivo en la calidad de vida y en la salud mental de las personas mayores. La soledad y la mala salud mental que padecen las personas mayores requiere de medidas urgentes orientadas a promover, entre ellas, un buen estado de salud y una calidad de vida óptima. Este documento presenta recomendaciones de actuación basadas en la investigación realizada por el Proyecto QASP - Quality of Life and Aging in Spain, Sweden and Portugal. A melhoria das condições de vida e os avanços da medicina permitiram um aumento considerável da esperança de vida e, como consequência, um expressivo envelhecimento da população. Em Portugal, as pessoas com 65 e mais anos representam hoje 22.3% da população residente, e prevê-se que este valor aumente significativamente nos próximos anos. Enfrentar esta realidade demográfica é um dos principais desafios da sociedade. Um dos desafios mais relevantes é a gestão do que já se designou de “epidemia da solidão”, ou seja, o impacto negativo que a solidão não desejada e o isolamento social têm na saúde mental e na qualidade de vida dos mais velhos. Em Portugal, estudos comunitários indicam que entre 14% e 36% das pessoas com 65 e mais anos refere sentir sentimentos de solidão, e que cerca de 27% apresenta distress psicológico. A evidência científica dá-nos conta, também, que a abordagem a estas problemáticas deve considerar intervenções multidisciplinares e multidimensionais, sustentadas por recursos institucionais e comunitários apropriados, já que as mesmas têm um impacto positivo na qualidade de vida e na saúde mental das pessoas mais velhas. A solidão e os problemas de saúde mental requerem medidas urgentes destinadas à promoção da saúde e da qualidade de vida. Este documento apresenta um conjunto de recomendações baseadas no Projeto QASP – Quality of Life and Aging in Spain, Sweden and Portugal. Policy brief elaborado por el proyecto de investigación QASP, financiado por el Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento de la Acción Estratégica en Salud Intramural AESI 2018, Ref: PI18CIII/00046. No

Part 1a of the ICF Checklist used in the study (text and table). (DOCX 16 kb)

Epidemiología y Teratología: Resultados sobre los datos del ECEMC Apert and Crouzon syndromes are the most frequent ones among those syndromes with craniosynostosis. We have used data from the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC), to analyze some clinical and epidemiological characteristics of both syndromes. A total of 19 cases of Apert and 21 cases of Crouzon syndromes were identified among 1,914,726 liveborn infants. Their birth prevalence has diminished along the time although the decrease is only statistically significant for Crouzon syndrome. Mean parental ages, and mean differences between the parental ages, are significantly higher in Apert cases than in controls, what is indicating a relationship between paternal age and mutations for this syndrome. The differences between the parental ages of Crouzon cases and controls are not statistically significant. All the cases with Apert syndrome of our series were the first occurrence in the family, while 38.10% of the Crouzon cases were familial. We also observed a significant increasing linear trend in the frequency of infants with Apert syndrome, with the increasing paternal age, which is more noticeable since the age of 35 years. However, this is not observed for Crouzon cases whether sporadic or familial. Regarding the clinical aspects, Apert syndrome is more frequently associated to other defects than Crouzon syndrome. With respect to the affectation of hands in the Apert cases, the most frequent defect was the so-called "mitten hand", wich was present in 50% of our cases. In 28.57% the first finger was separated from the rest that are fused. Interestingly, in one case only the fifth finger was separated for the other four that remain fused. No

Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/), This study aimed to analyze the determinants of quality of life (QoL) in older people in three European countries (Portugal, Spain and Sweden). A sample of 7589 participants in waves 4 (2011) and 6 (2015) of the Survey on Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) project, aged 50 and over and living in Portugal, Spain and Sweden, was included. The CASP-12 scale was used to measure QoL. A principal component analysis was performed to group preselected variables related to active and healthy ageing into the dimensions of health, social participation, and lifelong learning. A linear regression model was built using the change in CASP-12 scores over the 4-year follow-up as the dependent variable, including the interactions between country and each independent variable in the model. After four years, the average QoL increased in Portugal (difference = 0.8, p < 0.001), decreased in Spain (−0.8, p < 0.001), and remained constant in Sweden (0.1, p = 0.408). A significant country-participation component interaction (p = 0.039) was found. In Spain, a higher participation (β = 0.031, p = 0.002) was related to a higher QoL improvement at 4 years, but not in Sweden or Portugal. Physical health and emotional components (β = 0.099, p < 0.001), functional ability (β = 0.044, p = 0.023), and cognitive and sensory ability (β = 0.021, p = 0.026) were associated with QoL changes over time in all countries. The country-specific associations between health, social participation and QoL should be taken into account when developing public health policies to promote QoL among European older people., This work is part of the QASP research project and has been funded by the Institute of Health Carlos III, Intramural Strategical Action in Health AESI 2018 (PI18CIII/00046). It has been partially funded by REDISSEC (RD16/0005/0002 and RD16/0001/0005, co-funded by European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund “A way to make Europe”/”Investing in your future”) projects, and the ENCAGEN-CM project (H2019/HUM-5698) funded by the Community of Madrid and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund. This paper uses data from SHARE Waves 4 and 6 (doi: 10.6103/SHARE.w4.710; 10.6103/SHARE.w6.710); see Börsch-Supan et al. (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection is funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005- 028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N◦211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N◦227822, SHARE M4: GA N◦261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N◦676536, SERISS: GA N◦654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the U.S. National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064 and HHSN271201300071C) and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged (see www.share-project.org accessed on 13 April 2021)

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), This paper investigates positive perceptions of ageing in rural people aged 65 and over as a key predictor of the self-assessment of one’s health. Method: The sample covers a total of 3389 people from the ‘Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement’ (SHARE), wave 6 (W6, 2015). This research analyses men and women who live in a rural environment. A linear regression model is proposed to consider the dependent variable ‘self-rated health’ and independent variables based on measures of quality of life in older adults. This study confirms that rural women perceive their health on the basis of factors different to those of their male contemporaries. The variable ‘How often do you feel/think that you can do the things that you want to do?’ is associated with women’s self-perceived health. In men, a high relationship (with p < 0.001) is obtained for the variables ‘How often do you feel/think look back on your life with a sense of happiness?’ and ‘How often do you feel/think that family responsibilities prevent you from doing what you want to do?’ Certain daily activities (e.g., leisure or care), along with a positive perception of life, influence one’s perceptions of one’s own health, especially in the case of women. In sum, rural older women make a positive evaluation of their own health and ageing, while rural older men relate self-rated health to passivity and reminiscing. There is a need for further research on psycho-social and socio-spatial issues from an intergenerational, technological and gender perspective for rural and territorial influences to attain better health and quality of life for rural older people in comparison to urban people., This work is part of the ‘Quality of life and Ageing in Spain, Sweden and Portugal’. The QASP research project is funded by the Institute of Health Carlos III, Intramural Strategical Action in Health AESI 2018, Ref: PI18CIII/00046, PR: MR Forjaz. https://qaspresearch.wixsite.com/blog (accessed on 20 November 2021). We appreciate the support of the ‘Active Aging, Quality of Life and Gender. Promoting a positive image of old age and aging combating ageism’ Program—ENCAGEn cm R&D Activities Program. Ref. H2019/HUM-5698. Funded by Programs of R&D in Community of Madrid Social Sciences and Humanities, co-financed with the European Social Fund.PR: G. Fernández-Mayoralas, C Rodriguez-Blazquez, D. Zamarrón, M.S. Agulló-Tomás, M.A. Molina. https://encage-cm.es/ (accessed on 20 November 2021）

Trabajo fin de master reaizado en el Máster en Salud Pública 2018-2019. Escuela Nacional de Sanidad. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. INTRODUCIÓN: La soledad percibida se considera un problema de salud pública prevalente y grave que puede afectar a personas de todas las edades, aunque hasta ahora los estudios se han centrado en personas de edad avanzada Es un marcador de riesgo de alta relevancia clínica, con efectos similares al tabaquismo y obesidad. Se han identificado gran cantidad de factores de riesgo para la soledad percibida y su distribución y efecto puede ser diferente en los distintos grupos de edad. El objetivo de nuestro estudio ha sido describir su prevalencia en población madrileña, según grupo de edad e identificar las variables sociodemográficas y socioeconómicas asociados a la soledad en distintos grupos de edad. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio transversal de la Encuesta de Salud de la Ciudad de Madrid 2017. La técnica de recogida de información ha sido la entrevista telefónica (CATI). El marco muestral utilizado ha sido una base de datos de teléfonos móviles y fijos de la ciudad de Madrid. El tipo de muestreo utilizado ha sido aleatorio bietápico.. RESULTADOS: Se observa que tanto la prevalencia de soledad percibida, como las variables asociadas a ésta -demográficas, socioeconómicas y relacionadas con la salud- varían en los tres grupos de edad considerados. CONCLUSIONES: Los grupos de población más vulnerables para experimentar soledad son los jóvenes, mayores de edad avanzada, mujeres de edad media, extranjeros y personas que viven solas. El factor más asociado a soledad es el riesgo de mala salud mental.