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This checklist of parasites of Kerodon rupestris, an endemic rodent from the Brazilian semiarid region, revealed records of 25 enteroparasite taxa comprising Cestoda (Anoplocephalidae), Trematoda, Acanthocephala and Nematoda (Ancylostomidae, Ascarididae, Heterakidae, Oxyuridae, Pharyngodonidae, Trichuridae, Capillariidae, Trichostrongylidae, and Strongyloididae), and two taxa of coccidian. Paleoparasitological and parasitological studies published until 2019 were assessed in the present study and locality information, site of infection, sample dating, and host data were summarized from each reference. Analyses of recent feces and coprolites revealed the highest species richness in the Piauí State. The chronological data corroborated that Trichuris spp. and oxyurids are part of the parasitic fauna of K. rupestris. This represents the first checklist of intestinal parasites from K. rupestris. Resumo Este levantamento de parasitos intestinais de Kerodon rupestris, um roedor endêmico da região semiárida brasileira, revelou registros de 25 táxons de enteroparasitos compreendendo Cestoda (Anoplocephalidae), Trematoda, Acanthocephala e Nematoda (Ancylostomidae, Ascarididae, Heterakidae, Oxyuridae, Pharyngodonidae, Trichuridae, Capillariidae, Trichostrongylidae, and Strongyloididae), e dois táxons de coccídios. Os estudos paleoparasitológicos e parasitológicos publicados até 2019 foram avaliados no presente trabalho e as informações de localização, local da infecção, datação da amostra e dados do hospedeiro, foram resumidas a partir de cada referência. Análises de fezes recentes e coprólitos revelaram a maior riqueza de espécies no estado do Piauí. Os dados cronológicos corroboram que Trichuris spp. e oxiurídeos fazem parte da fauna parasitária de K. rupestris. Essa é a primeira lista de verificação de parasitos intestinais de K. rupestris.

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in wild Testudo graeca tortoises in Morocco. A total of 102 tortoises sampled in two arid areas: Central Jbilets Mountains (CJM) and Sidi Kaouki Forest (SKF) were macroscopically examined and subjected to qualitative (flotation and Baermann techniques) and quantitative (McMaster technique) microscopic examinations. The identified gastrointestinal parasites belong to two nematode families (Pharyngodonidae and Ascarididae) and three protozoa families (Balantidiidae, Eimeriidae and Entamoebidae). 92.1% of tortoises were determined to harbor one or more parasite types. Oxyurid adults were the most frequently encountered with a prevalence of 22.7% and 72.4% in CJM and SKF, respectively. Nematode eggs were found in almost all individuals of both populations studied. The prevalence of protozoa was 9.1% and 3.4% in CJM and SKF, respectively. Oxyurid adults showed the highest intensity in SKF (36.5 ± 30.2) whereas, ascarid adults are absent in CJM. Statistical analysis showed that the prevalence of infection by ascarids was significantly higher in adults than in juveniles. The intensity of infection by ascarid and oxyurid eggs differed significantly between sexes and localities, respectively. Our results showed a difference of infection between the two localities, which could be in relation with habitat quality. SKF is affected by both agriculture and overgrazing. In addition, the tortoises from this locality are active for a large part of the year, which increases their chance of encountering the parasites.

Helminths are endoparasites that infect a variety of bird species. Endoparasite infections can cause severe diseases, including kill captive avian hosts and represents a problem to maintenance and conservation. The eggs and larval forms of these parasites are usually eliminated in the host feces. The main interest of this study is to report the occurrence of eggs and oocysts in feces from captive wild birds in Goiânia Zoo and free-living birds in its surroundings. The fecal samples were subjected to parasitological examination to identify the presence of helminths and to classify their eggs based on morphological characteristics. Eggs of nematode parasites (Positive/N) were identified as Ascaridia spp. in Brotogeris chiriri (2/2), Dromaius novaehollandiae (1/1) and Rhea americana (2/2); Ascarididae in Pavo cristatus nigripensis (1/1); Capillaria spp. in Ara chloropterus (1/1) and Penelope jacucaca (1/1); Capillaria plagiaticia in Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (1/2) and Ara spp. (2/2); Capillaria venusta in Rhamphastus tucanus (1/2); and unidentified nematode eggs from Amazona amazonica (2/2). Eimeria spp. oocyst was founded in feces from A. hyacinthinus (1/2). Considering free-living birds, Diphyllobothrium spp. eggs were founded in Ardea alba (2/2) and Nycticorax nycticorax (2/3). Co-infection of Eustrongylides spp. was founded in A. alba (1/2). This is the first occurrence of: Ascaridia spp. parasitizing B. chiriri; and C. venusta parasitizing R. tucanus. In conclusion, the helminth eggs found in the abovementioned host bird species are consistent with those reported in the literature, and treatment and control protocols were based on their identification.

Introduction: The relationship of parasite infections and promotion or protection from allergy and asthma is controversial. Currently, over 1.5 billion people are infected with parasites worldwide, and Ascaris lumbricoides is the most frequent soil-transmitted helminth. Objectives: To evaluate the biological activity of recombinant A. lumbricoides tropomyosin and investigate IgE cross-reactive responses to tropomyosins by means of microarray methodology for the detection of sensitization to allergen components. Methods: Forty patients 12–75 years of age (25 males) with asthma and/or rhinitis and 10 nonallergic control subjects participated in this study. All patients presented positive skin tests to cockroach extracts and underwent skin prick testing (SPT) with recombinant (r) tropomyosins rPer a 7 from Periplaneta americana and rAsc l 3 from A. lumbricoides, at 10 μg/mL. IgE to cockroach and parasite tropomyosins were measured by chimeric ELISA and ImmunoCAP-ISAC, and total IgE was quantitated by ImmunoCAP. Agreement of results was assessed by κ statistics. Results: Recombinant A. lumbricoides showed biological activity, inducing positive skin tests in 50% patients with asthma and/or rhinitis. IgE to cockroach and parasite tropomyosins were detected in 55–62% of patients. There was good-to-excellent agreement of results of SPT and IgE measurements by ELISA and ImmunoCAP-ISAC, with κ indices of 0.66–0.95. No skin test reactivity or IgE antibodies to tropomyosins were found in nonallergic individuals. Conclusions: Our results suggest that IgE responses to tropomyosin from A. lumbricoides may enhance reactivity to homologous allergens upon exposure by inhalation or ingestion, promoting allergic reactions and asthma, or increasing the severity of these clinical conditions.

We analyzed an 11-year time series (2005–2015) of parasite abundance for three intestinal nematode species in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a function of the multi-annual rodent population cycle in low-arctic Norway, while correcting for other potential covariates that could influence prevalence and abundance. Rodents are paratenic and facultative intermediate hosts for the two Ascarididae species Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara canis, respectively and key prey for the red fox. Still the relative importance of indirect transmission through rodents and direct transmission through free-living stages is unclear. Abundance of these Ascarididae species in individual red foxes (N = 612) exhibited strongly cyclic dynamics that closely mirrored the 4-year rodent cycle. Negative binomial models provided evidence for a direct proportional increase in Ascarididae abundance with rodent density suggesting that predator functional response to rodent prey is the key transmission mechanism. In contrast, no cycles and constantly very low abundance were apparent for Uncinaria stenocephala – a third nematode species recorded without paratenic or intermediate stages., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Long-term study identified host-parasite relationship in low-arctic red foxes. • Indirect transmission through rodent an important pathway for Ascarididae spp. • Multi-annual rodent population cycle key determinant of Ascarididae spp. prevalence.

Since the past 2 decades, an increasing number of resistance to the Benzimidazoles (BZs) have been reported in nematode parasites of livestock. More recently, detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at codons of 167, 198 or 200 of the β-tubulin gene has been attributed to the occurrence of resistance. In the present study, we investigated the presence of those SNPs in the β-tubulin isotype-1 gene in different isolates of Parascaris in horse. Also, the mitochondrial (mt) and ribosomal genes were sequenced for species confirmation of the isolates. The analysis of sequences inferred from COII gene confirmed that those isolates were P. equorum. The distance between mt genes obtained here and several ascarid species in equids and other hosts suggests the need for the combination of more genetic data with morphologic and other diagnostic measures. The analysis on β-tubulin isotype-1 gene revealed no resistance-related SNPs or substitutions at the expected codon positions and selection pressure with BZs has not occurred for Parascaris worms. Although the molecular data showed the susceptibility of Parascaris isolates against BZs, other mechanisms of resistance should be also investigated to confirm the validity of molecular results.

Reintroducing captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) to the wild is the ultimate goal of their ex situ conservation. Choosing higher fitness candidates to train prior to release is the first step in the giant panda reintroduction program. Disease resistance is one important index of individual fitness and presumed to be related to variation at major histocompatibility complex genes (MHC). Here, we used seven polymorphic functional MHC genes (Aime-C, Aime-I, Aime-L, Aime-DQA1, Aime-DQA2, Aime-DQB1 and Aime-DRB3) and estimate their relationship with Baylisascaris schroederi (Ascarididae) infection in giant panda. We found that DQA1 heterozygous pandas were less frequently infected than homozygotes. The presence of one MHC genotype and one MHC allele were also associated with B. schroederi infection: Aime-C*0203 and Aime-L*08 were both associated with B. schroederi resistance. Our results indicate that both heterozygosity and certain MHC variants are important for panda disease resistance, and should therefore be considered in future reintroduction programs for this species alongside conventional selection criteria (such as physical condition and pedigree-based information)., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • MHC heterozygous pandas were less frequently infected by Baylisascaris schroederi than homozygotes. • Presence of Aime-C*0203 and Aime-L*08 are associated with Baylisascaris schroederi resistance. • MHC types are important for panda parasite resistance.

Adult ascarid worms from the field mice, Apodemus agrarius, were observed with a light and scanning electron microscope, and molecularly analized with 18S rRNA gene. In the scanning electron microscope, 3 prominent labia were present in the anterior end of male and female worms, but the interlabia and gubernaculum were absent. Scanning electron micrographs showed cervical alae as vestigial organs that looked like a slightly uplifted superficial sewing stitch. Total 6 pairs of post-cloacal papillae were observed on the tail of the male worms. The tail of female worms was blunt and conical shape with a spine-like structure, mucron. The eggs were sub-globular, coated with the albuminous layer and 73 by 82 μm in average size. The superficial pits of T. apodemi egg (mean 8.6×6.7 μm) are obviously bigger than those of Toxocara spp. The partial sequence of 18S rRNA showed the sequence homology of Toxocara canis (99.6%), Toxocara cati (99.4%), Toxascaris leonina (99.4%), and Toxocara vitulorum (99.2%). Conclusively, it was confirmed that ascarid nematodes, Toxocara apodemi, recovered from striped field mice in Korea are taxonomically conspecific relationship with genus Toxocara and genetic divergence from other Toxocara species.

Occasionally, abnormal forms of parasitic helminth eggs are detected during routine diagnostics. This finding can prove problematic in diagnosis because morphologic analysis based on tightly defined measurements is the primary method used to identify the infecting species and molecular confirmation of species is not always feasible. We describe instances of malformed nematode eggs (primarily from members of the superfamily Ascaridoidea) from human clinical practice and experimental trials on animals. On the basis of our observations and historical literature, we propose that unusual development and morphology of nematode and trematode eggs are associated with early infection. Further observational studies and experimentation are needed to identify additional factors that might cause abnormalities in egg morphology and production. Abnormal egg morphology can be observed early in the course of infection and can confound accurate diagnosis of intestinal helminthiases.

Lagochilascariosis is an emerging parasitic disease limited to the American continent, caused by nematodes of the genus Lagochilascaris. Its life cycle is heteroxenous, involving natural definitive hosts (wild carnivores), accidental hosts (domestic carnivores and humans), and intermediate hosts (rodents). Here we report, for the first time, the occurrence of Lagochilascaris major in female of a Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) which was found in the Mar Chiquita basin, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. At necropsy, multiple Lagochilascaris larvae and several adults (1 female and 5 male) were observed inserted in the mucosa of the trachea and a male was also collected in the stomach. The diagnosis was made by observing the different stages with optical microscopy, by scanning electron microscopy of adult males and coproparasitological analysis. Although cases of lagochilascariosis have been reported in wildlife in different countries of the American continent, in Argentina, cases are really rare and were only found in domestic cats. Graphical abstract ᅟLagochilascariosis is an emerging parasitic disease limited to the American continent. In Argentina, sporadic cases of Lagochilascariosis were reported in domestic cats but this work represents the first record in a wild carnivore (L. gymnocercus) naturally infected with L. major.

Seuratascaris numidica (Seurat, 1917) is a specialized nematode species parasitizing amphibians only. In the present study, the detailed morphology of this poorly known species was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy based on the newly material collected from Hoplobatrachus chinensis (Osbeck) (Amphibia: Anura) in China. We found that the relative length of intestinal caecum in our male specimens (representing 68.4–71.1% of oesophageal length) is slighter longer than the previously reported data (not over 60.0% of oesophageal length). Our SEM observations also revealed the presence of ca. 64–76 small conical denticles on each lip. In addition, Angusticaecum wuyiensis Wang, 1981, collected from Rana schmackeri Boettger (Amphibia: Anura) from Wuyi Mountain in Fujian Province, China was considered as a new synonym of S. numidica. The ITS and cox1 sequences of S. numidica were also sequenced for the first time and there is no nucleotide variability detected in both regions. The present supplementary morphological and molecular data (especially the ITS and cox1 sequences) obtained herein is extremely important and useful to determine the morphological variability, population genetics and phylogenetic position of S. numidica in the future.

Toxascaris leonina (Nematoda, Ascarididae) is a cosmopolitan nematode of canids and felids and poses potential threats to public health due to aberrant larva migrans. Herein, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a representative of this nematode from the dog in China was determined using next-generation sequencing technology. The assembled genome was 14,357 bp in length and encoded 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs. The phylogeny revealed that the canid-originated T. leonina were phylogenetic distinctiveness from the felid-originated T. leonina within the genus Toxascaris of Ascarididae, supporting that T. leonina may represent a species complex.

Studies on parasites infecting non-human primates are essential to better understand the potential threat to humans of zoonoses transmission, particularly under the current processes of pervasive land use change and biodiversity loss. The natural ecosystems in the Middle Magdalena river basin in Colombia have suffered a dramatic reduction and transformation into pastures and agroindustrial monocultures, threatening their biodiversity, and probably affecting the dynamics between parasites and their hosts, as well as altering the disease transmission cycles between wild populations and humans. This study evaluated seasonality, prevalence and richness of intestinal parasites in three species of neotropical primates: Cebus versicolor, Ateles hybridus and Alouatta seniculus, in a fragmented forest in the Middle Magdalena river valley, Colombia. One hundred and eighty five faecal samples were collected between 2010 and 2015. Direct faecal smears were performed with saline solution (0.85%) and iodine solution (1%), in order to identify larvae and eggs based on their morphology. A large proportion of the samples examined (72.9%) was positive for intestinal parasites; seven families of nematodes were identified: Trichuridae, Trichostrongylidae, Oxyuridae, Strongyloididae, Ancylostomatidae, Ascarididae and Gnathostomatidae, two of protozoans: Entamoebidae and Balantiididae, as well as some eggs of trematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalans. Additionally, DNA extraction and sequencing were conducted on 30 faecal samples in order to identify Giardia sp. and Blastocystis hominis, two parasite species also present in humans. Molecular testing for Giardia sp. was negative and Blastocystis hominis was identified in a single sample of Alouatta seniculus. No clear patterns were observed for prevalence of intestinal parasites according to the season; nonetheless, parasite species richness was higher during the dry season. This study builds on our current understanding of intestinal parasites infecting wild neotropical primates and provides novel information on the patterns of intestinal parasites in primate communities exposed to anthropogenic disturbance. Keywords: Faecal smears, Fragmented forest, Intestinal parasites, Howler monkeys, Spider monkeys, Capuchin monkeys

Aulonocephalus pennula is a nematode living in the caeca of the wild Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) present throughout the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas. The cytochrome oxidase 1 (COX 1) gene of the mitochondrial genome was used to screen A. pennula in wild quail. Through BLAST analysis, similarity of A. pennula to other nematode parasites was compared at the nucleotide level. Phylogenetic analysis of A. pennula COX1 indicated relationships to Subuluridae, Ascarididae, and Anisakidae. This study on molecular characterization of A. pennula provides new insight for the diagnosis of caecal worm infections of quail in the Rolling plains Ecoregion of Texas. Keywords: Aulonocephalus pennula, Caecal worm, Northern bobwhite, Phylogeny, PCR, COX1

Five species of toads (Bufonidae) (n = 22) from Peninsular Malaysia were examined for helminths: Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Ingerophrynus parvus, Leptophryne borbonica, Phrynoidis asper, and Rentapia hosii. The helminth community contained 10 species of Nematoda, consisting of mature individuals of Abbreviata bufonis, Aplectana macintoshii, Cosmocerca ornata, Falcaustra pahangi, Meteterakis singaporensis, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Oswaldocruzia hoepplii, Seuratascaris numidica, and larvae assigned to Ascarididae and Physalopteridae. Nematoda reported in this study are mainly Old World in distribution. Bufonid species from Peninsular Malaysia are infected by generalist nematodes that also infect other anurans. Seven new host records are reported.

The article summarizes information on the nematodes parasitic in wild Carnivora of Ukraine. Totally, 50 species of nematodes are known to parasitise carnivorans in the country, 30 species were registered in the present study. Nematodes were found in 14 species of examined hosts from the families Canidae, Mustelidae and Felidae. Maximum diversity of nematodes of carnivorans was observed in Polissia (forest zone in the north of the country) and in Kherson Region in the south. Hosts from the family Canidae harboured 19 nematode species; studied species of the Mustelidae were infected with 15 nematode species, 6 of them were also found in Canidae. The wildcat (Felis silvestris Schreber) and the lynx (Lynx lynx Linnaeus) harboured only two species of nematodes, both are specific parasites of these hosts. The most comprehensive information concerns the nematode communities of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus) and the wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus), with 19 and 9 nematode species found, correspondingly. From 1 to 6 nematode species were found in other species of carnivorans.

Background. Low helminth diversity has been reported in West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus ). Most studies were conducted on the Florida sub species T. m. latirostris in subtropical environments, therefore limited information is available for the tropical Antillean subspecies T. m. manatus. In Mexico, there are apparently two population units of T. m. manatus. Goals. The objective of this study was to survey the presence and prevalence of helminth parasite eggs in the feces of T. m. manatus from the Gulf of Mexico (GM) and Caribbean coasts (CAR) of Mexico. Methods. We used 31 fecal samples collected from GM (n = 22) and CAR (n = 9), from 2005 to 2008. Feces were fixed and preserved in 70% ethanol until analysis. Both floatation and sedimentation techniques were used. Helminth eggs were identified using specialized literature and graphic catalogs. Results. We found parasite eggs in 61.2% of feces; all samples from CAR had helminths. We documented eggs from five helminths: three digenetic (Chiorchis fabaceus, C. groschafti, and Pulmonicola cochleotrema) and two Nematoda (Heterocheilus tunicatus and Ascarididae gen. sp.). Two species were found exclusively from GM, one exclusively from CAR, and two species were common to both locales. Conclusions. Diversity was consistently low in the samples. Four of the species found are common to Florida and Caribbean islands and one is a new registry for this host. Future examination of manatee carcasses could confirm the presence of adult helminth species for new registries for this host.

Different species of the genus Ophidascaris (Baylis, 1921; Nematoda: Ascaridida, Ascaridoidea) are intestinal parasites of various snake species. More than 30 Ophidascaris species have been reported worldwide; however, few molecular genetic studies have been conducted on this genus. We sequenced the complete mitogenome of Ophidascaris wangi parasitizing two snake species of the family Colubridae, i.e., Elaphe carinata (Gunther, 1864) and Dinodon rufozonatum. The mitogenome sequence of O. wangi was approximately 14,660 base pairs (bp) long and encoded 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. Gene arrangement, genome content, and transcription direction were in line with those in Toxascaris leonina (Linstow, 1902; Ascaridida: Ascarididae). Phylogenetics of O. wangi and other ascaridoids were reconstructed based on the concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 PCGs, and on nucleotide sequences of 12 PCGs and two rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, and the results suggested that O. wangi constitutes a sister clade of Ascaris, Parascaris, Baylisascaris, and Toxascaris within the family Ascarididae, which is a sister clade of Toxocaridae. The mitogenome sequence of O. wangi obtained from the present study will be useful for future identification of the nematode worms in the genus Ophidascaris and will increase the understanding of population genetics, molecular epidemiology, and phylogenetics of ascaridoid nematodes in snakes.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:54:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 This paper describes the discovery of Lagochilascaris minor parasitizing a stray cat (Felis catus) in São Sebastião, a coastal city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The cat presented fistulas with purulent secretion in the ventral cervical region. A thorough evaluation revealed nematodes in the site. The parasites were removed, amounting to a total of about 100 specimens. The parasite species was identified based on measurements and morphological characteristics of adult worms. This report of parasitism by L. minor in domestic cats in the state of São Paulo reinforces the need for greater attention to this parasitosis, given the increase in cases among carnivores in Brazil. School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science – FMVZ São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Animal Production College of Higher Education and Comprehensive Training – FAEF Department of Parasitology Institute of Biosciences – IBB São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science – FMVZ São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Parasitology Institute of Biosciences – IBB São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Lagochilascariasis is a parasitic disease caused by nematodes of the genus Lagochilascaris. These parasites occur in the neotropical region and their definitive hosts are wild animals, domestic dogs and felids and, accidentally, humans. Here, infection by Lagochilascaris minor is recorded for the first time in a wild felid, in Brazil.

Ascaris and Parascaris are important parasites in the family Ascarididae, large, ubiquitous intestinal-dwelling nematodes infecting all classes of vertebrates. Parasitic nematode drug resistance in veterinary medicine and drug recalcitrance in human medicine are increasing worldwide, with few if any new therapeutic classes on the horizon. Some of these parasites are zoonotic, e.g., Ascaris is passed from humans to pigs and vice versa. The development of new therapies against this family of parasites would have major implications for both human and livestock health. Here we tested the therapeutic ability of a paraprobiotic or dead probiotic that expresses the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry5B protein with known anthelmintic properties, against zoonotic Ascaris suum and Parascaris spp. This paraprobiotic, known as IBaCC, intoxicated A. suum larvae in vitro and was highly effective in vivo against intestinal A. suum infections in a new mouse model for this parasite. Fermentation was scaled up to 350 l to treat pigs and horses. Single dose Cry5B IBaCC nearly completely cleared A. suum infections in pigs. Furthermore, single dose Cry5B IBaCC drove fecal egg counts in Parascaris-infected foals to zero, showing at least parity with, and potential superiority to, current efficacy of anthelmintics used against this parasite. Cry5B IBaCC therefore represents a new, paraprobiotic One Health approach towards targeting Ascarididae that is safe, effective, massively scalable, stable, and useful in human and veterinary medicine in both the developed and developing regions of the world.

Ten species of Cyrtodactylus from Southeast Asia were examined for gastrointestinal helminths. Samples consisted of eight species from Malaysia: Cyrtodactylus aurensis, Cyrtodactylus australotitiwangsaensis, Cyrtodactylus batucolus, Cyrtodactylus consobrinus, Cyrtodactylus ingeri, Cyrtodactylus macrotuberculatus, Cyrtodactylus semenanjungensis, and Cyrtodactylus tiomanensis; and two species from Vietnam: Cyrtodactylus condorensis and Cyrtodactylus huynhi. The helminth community consisted of one species of Cestoda, Oochoristica javaensis, and eight species of Nematoda: Bakeria schadi, Cosmocerca ornata, Parapharyngodon maplestoni, Physalopteroides dactyluris, Spauligodon bintangensis, Abbreviata sp. (larvae), Ascarididae gen. sp. (larvae), and Physalopteridae gen. sp. (larvae). Parapharyngodon maplestoni had the largest number of individuals and the greatest prevalence (100% in each of C. aurensis and C. ingeri). Twenty-one new host records are reported.

Five species of Gonocephalus lizards (N = 27) from Peninsular Malaysia were examined for gastrointestinal helminths: Gonocephalus abbotti (n = 6), Gonocephalus bellii (n = 8), Gonocephalus chamaeleontinus (n = 4), Gonocephalus grandis (n = 5), Gonocephalus robinsoni (n = 4). The aggregate helminth community consisted of two species of Cestoda, represented by Oochoristica javaensis and cysticercoid and nine species of Nematoda: Abbreviata borneensis, Cosmocercoides malayensis, Falcaustra malaysiaia, Meteterakis singaporensis, Orneoascaris sandoshami, Strongyluris calotis, Physocephalus sp., Physalopteridae gen. sp., Ascarididae gen. sp. Species of Gonocephalus are infected by generalist helminths that have potential for infecting a variety of lizards. Twenty-one new host records are reported.

Toxascaris leonina (Ascarididae) is a cosmopolitan and polyxenical parasite whose host are canids and felids. To date, molecular phylogenetic studies included toxascarid representatives collected only from dogs or felids, therefore the intra-species differences between T. leonina collected from different host species has not been noticed. In this paper, we test the hypothesis of cryptic speciation in the T. leonina complex based on extended sequence data (ITS1, nad1, cox1) and individuals collected from dogs, felids and foxes. Phylogenetic analysis clustered T. leonina representatives into three well-supported clades depending on their host species, i.e. dogs and wolves, wild felids and foxes. Both genetic distances and the barcoding-gap analysis strongly support the species status of populations inhabiting different hosts. The results suggest additional genetic separation in felids. However, to determine the actual size of the Toxascaris complex, it would be necessary to analyse individuals collected from other canid and felid Toxascaris leonina host species.

Objectives. This study was designed to determine the frequency of anti-Toxocaraantibodies in youngsters aging from 2 to 20 years in northwest Iran.Materials and Methods. 397 samples were taken randomly almost equally from four locations in Urmia, west Azerbaijan, during August 2014 to September 2015. Anti-ToxocaraIgG antibody assays were done on sera by using ELISA kit (IBL, Germany). In order to prevent cross-reaction, the samples of the patients who are infected with other parasites in stool exam, especially Ascarididae family, were also excluded. SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results. 12 (3%) of the serum samples were positive for anti-ToxocaraIgG. According to the Chi-square analysis, risk factors such as mother’s educational level, keeping dogs or cats as pets, and history of coughing were related toToxocarainfection (P<0.05). There was no relationship between toxocariasis and gender, history of onychophagy, pica, fever, abdominal pain, and anorexia; however, we found a significant relationship betweenToxocarainfection and chronic coughing (P=0.045).Conclusion. Toxocariasis in northwest Iran can be considered as a public health problem. This study may also help to increase the awareness about this infection.

Anisakiasis/anisakidosis caused by anisakid nematodes is an emerging infectious disease that can cause a wide range of clinical syndromes and are difficult to diagnose and treat in humans. In spite of their significance as pathogens, the systematics, genetics, epidemiology and biology of these parasites remain poorly understood. In the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Pseudoterranova azarasi, which is one of the most important zoonotic anisakid parasites. The circular mt genome is 13,954 bp in size and encodes of 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding, 2 ribosomal RNA and 22 transfer RNA genes. The mt gene order of P. azarasi is the same as those of Ascaris spp. (Ascarididae), Toxocara spp. (Toxocaridae) and Anisakis simplex (Anisakidae), but distinct from those of Ascaridia spp. (Ascaridiidae) and Cucullanus robustus (Cucullanidae). Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes by Bayesian inference (BI) showed that Pseudoterranova were more closely related to Anisakis than they were to Contracaecum with strong a posterior probability support. This mt genome provides a novel genetic markers for exploring cryptic/sibling species and host affiliations, and should have implications for the diagnosis, prevention and control of anisakidosis in humans.

This study summarizes the results of the necropsy of a python found dead in a zoo in Sistan, Iran. Two nematodes, ultimately identified as Ophidascaris sp., were extracted from the python’s body. Nematode of Ascarididae family, Ophidascaris sp., is principally found in pythonid and colubrid snakes. Nematodes often cause gastrointestinal, hepatic, and pulmonary lesions. Ascarid nematoda is an important pathogen for snakes, and infestation can be fatal. In this study, the Ophidascaris filaria species was isolated from an Indian python (Python molurus), in Sistan. To the author’s knowledge, O. filaria is recorded for the first time from a python in Iran.

I analyzed 28 fecal samples from Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) collected between 2003 and 2007 from the Laquipampa Wildlife Refuge and Yanachaga Chemillen National Park, Peru. I used the direct faeces test and spontaneous sedimentation tube technique to detect cysts, ova, and larvae. To detect intestinal coccidia, I applied acid stain using the Ziehl–Neelsen modified method. I detected parasites in 16 scats (57.1%), identifying 3 protozoa for the first time in the Andean bear: Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium sp., and Giardia sp.; as well as 3 nematodes: Strongyloides sp., an undetermined species of Ascarididae, and Ancylostomatidae. The greatest prevalence of parasites were of the family Strongyloididae (25.0%), followed by Ascarididae (21.4%), and Cryptosporidiidae (14.3%). Parasites were found in a greater percentage of scats collected during the dry season (87.5%) compared with the rainy season (16.7%). Overall, 8 species of endoparasites and 1 species of ectoparasite have been identifie...

We document parasitation of a wild cougar (Puma concolor) by the nematode Lagochilascaris minor in Hidalgo State, Mexico. This finding contributes to our understanding of the epidemiology of this zoonotic agent in Mexico.

Studies on nematode parasites from anuran hosts from Eastern India, particularly West Bengal, are rare. To our knowledge, there is a report of larvae of Monhysterides sp. (a fish parasite) from cysts within the body cavity and musculature of Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus and Euphlyctis hexadactylus as well as descriptions of Aplectana duttaphryni from D. melanostictus, Aplectana dubrajpuri from H. tigerinus, Cosmocerca microhylae from Microhyla rubra and Rhabdias bulbicauda from D. melanostictus. Here, we report mature individuals of typical anuran parasites, Diplodiscus amphichrus and Seuratascaris numidica, from H. tigerinus and larvae of Acuariidae (a bird parasite) from Fejervarya limnocharis collected in Kulti, West Bengal.

Ascaridoids are among the commonest groups of zooparasitic nematodes (roundworms) and occur in the alimentary canal of all major vertebrate groups, including humans. They have an extremely high diversity and are of major socio-economic importance. However, their evolutionary history remains poorly known. Herein, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Ascaridoidea. Our results divided the Ascaridoidea into six monophyletic major clades, i.e., the Heterocheilidae, Acanthocheilidae, Anisakidae, Ascarididae, Toxocaridae, and Raphidascarididae, among which the Heterocheilidae, rather than the Acanthocheilidae, represents the sister clade to the remaining ascaridoids. The phylogeny was calibrated using an approach that involves time priors from fossils of the co-evolving hosts, and dates the common ancestor of the Ascaridoidea back to the Early Carboniferous (approximately 360.47-325.27 Ma). The divergence dates and ancestral host types indicated by our study suggest that members of the Ascaridoidea first parasitized terrestrial tetrapods, and subsequently, extended their host range to elasmobranchs and teleosts. We also propose that the fundamental terrestrial-aquatic switches of these nematodes were affected by changes in sea-level during the Triassic to the Early Cretaceous.

A total of 100 samples of Oreochromis niloticus from the lower New Calabar River were examined to determine their levels of nematode parasitemia using standard parasitological techniques. An overall prevalence of (59%) was recorded comprising (5%) ectoparasites and (54%) endoparasites. Sex related parasitemia showed that males harboured more parasites (43%) compared to (16%) recovered in the females (P>0.05). Parasite specificity revealed three nematodes; Capillaria spp. (21%); Eustrongylide spp. (15%) and Goezia sigalasi (Ascarididae) (18%), and Lernaeocera branchialis; (5%) a crustacean were recovered from the samples. However, the study revealed a progressive increase in parasitemia as age of the fish host increased (P

* Pseudoterranova sp. Synonyms: “ Porrocaecum -type” sp. auct.; Phocanema sp. auct.; “codworm”; “sealworm” Sites: alimentary tract, body cavity, mesenteries, musculature, viscera Hosts: Amblyraja radiata (15); Anoplarchus purpurescens (13); Anoplopoma fimbria (4); Atheresthes stomias (14); Gadus macrocephalus (4); Gadus morhua (1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18); Gadus macrocephalus (6); Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (6, 11); Hippoglossoides platessoides (6, 11); Hippoglossus hippoglossus (11); Leucoraja ocellata (9); Limanda ferrugineus (6, 11); Lophius americanus (6); Melanogrammus aeglefinus (6); Microgadus tomcod (6); Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus (6); Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus (13); Oncorhynchus nerka (5); Ophiodon elongatus (4, 13); Osmerus mordax (6, 20); Pleuronectes putnami (11); Pseudopleuronectes americanus (11); Raja sp. (10); Rhamphocottus richardsonii (13); Scophthalmus aquosus (11); Sebastes flavidus (21); Sebastes norvegicus (6); Squalus acanthias (15); Tautogolabrus adspersus (17); Theragra chalcogramma (13); unspecified “cod” (2, 7, 16); unspecified “fish” (19) Distribution: Atlantic, British Columbia, Canada, Pacific Records: 1. Smedley 1934 (AT); 2. Needler 1947 (AT); 3. Heller 1949 (AT); 4. Margolis 1952b (PA); 5. Margolis 1957 (BC); 6. Templeman et al. 1957 (AT); 7. Crampton et al. 1960 (AT); 8. Fleming 1960 (AT); 9. Myers 1959a (AT); 10. Myers 1960 (AT); 11. Ronald 1963 (AT); 12. Wiles 1968 (AT); 13. Arai 1969 (PA); 14. Kovalenko 1969 (PA); 15. Threlfall 1969 (AT); 16. Chitwood 1970 (CA); 17. Sekhar S. [sic] & Threlfall 1970 (AT); 18. Kates et al. 1973 (AT); 19. Redkozubova 1976 (AT); 20. Threlfall 1981 (AT); 21. Stanley et al. 1992 (PA), Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on pages 127-128, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Smedley, E. M. (1934) Some parasitic nematodes from Canadian fishes. Journal of Helminthology, 12, 205 - 220. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0022149 x 00004260","Needler, A. W. H. (1947) Appendix 1. Report for 1946 of the Atlantic Biological Station, St Andrews, N. B. In: J. R. Diamond. Annual Report of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada for the year 1946, p. 24 - 27.","Heller, A. F. (1949) Parasites of cod and other marine fish from the Baie de Chaleur region. Canadian Journal of Research, 27 D, 243 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / cjr 49 d- 022","Margolis, L. (1952 b) Studies on the parasites and diseases of marine and anadromous fish from the Canadian Pacific coast. Ph. D. Dissertation, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.","Margolis, L. (1957) A study of the parasites of sockeye and pink salmon with particular reference to their application in distinguishing between Asiatic and North American stocks of these fishes on the high seas ̶ report of results of examination of 1956 samples. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manuscript Report (Biology), No. 641, 24 pp.","Templeman, W., Squires, H. J. & Fleming, A. M. (1957) Nematodes in the fillets of cod and other fishes in Newfoundland and neighbouring areas. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 14, 831 - 897. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 57 - 037","Crampton, E. W., Donefer, E. & Schad, D. J. (1960) Effect of the ingestion of Porrocaecum (codworm) on growth, voluntary intake and feed efficiency of beagle pups. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 17, 501 - 505. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 60 - 035","Fleming, A. M. (1960) Age, growth and sexual maturity of cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Newfoundland area, 1947 - 1950. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 17, 775 - 809. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 60 - 065","Myers, B. J. (1959 a) Parasites of elasmobranch hosts from the Magdalen Islands region of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 37, 245 - 246. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 59 - 029","Myers, B. J. (1960) On the morphology and life history of Phocanema decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) Myers, 1959 (Nematoda: Anisakidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 38, 331 - 344. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 60 - 038","Ronald, K. (1963) The metazoan parasites of the Heterosomata of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. VII. Nematoda and Acanthocephala. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 41, 15 - 21. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 63 - 002","Wiles, M. (1968) Possible effects of the harbour seal bounty on codworm infections of Atlantic cod in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Strait of Belle Isle, and the Labrador Sea. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 25, 2749 - 2753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 68 - 254","Arai, H. P. (1969) Preliminary report on the parasites of certain marine fishes of British Columbia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 26, 2319 - 2337. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 69 - 226","Kovalenko, L. M. (1969) [Helminth infections in Atheresthes stomias.] In: Voprosy Morskoi Biologii. Tezisy II. Vsesoyuznogo Simpoziuma Molodykh Ucheny, Sevastopol 1969. \" Naukova Dumka \", Kiev SSSR, pp. 61 - 62. (In Russian.)","Chitwood, M. (1970) Nematodes of medical significance found in market fish. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 19, 599 - 602.","Kates, S., Wright, K. A. & Wright, H. (1973) A case of human infection with the cod nematode Phocanema sp. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 22, 606 - 608.","Redkozubova, O. I. (1976) [Parasitological situation in the region of southern Labrador and northern Newfoundland Bank.] In: Kratkie Tezisy Dokladov II Vsesoyuznogo Simpoziuma po Parazitam I Boleznyam Morskikh Zhivotnykh, p. 5354. [Proceedings of the 2 nd All-Union Symposium on the parasites and diseases of marine animals. Abstracts.] Ministerstvo RybnogoKhozyaistva SSSR. AtlantNIRO, Kaliningrad USSR, 84 pp. (In Russian.)","Threlfall, W. (1981) Metazoan parasites of two populations of rainbow smelt in Newfoundland, Canada. Journal of Parasitology, 67, 129 - 131. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3280798","Stanley, R. D., Lee, D. L. & Whitaker, D. J. (1992) Parasites of yellowtail rockfish, Sebastes flavidus (Ayres, 1862) (Pisces: Teleostei) from the Pacific coast of North America as potential biological tags for stock identification. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 1086 - 1096. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 92 - 152"]}

Key to species of Hysterothylacium from Canadian fresh-water fishes 1 Broad lateral alae present; tail tip with few sharply pointed spines..................................** H. brachyurum - Lateral alae absent; tail tip with numerous blunt spines............................................** H. analarum, Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530

* Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) Gibson, 1983 (sensu lato) Synonyms: Terranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) Mozgovoi, 1953; Phocanema decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) Myers 1959 Includes P. decipiens B auct. Description (after McClelland & Ronald 1974, McClelland et al. 1983, Hurst 1984, J. W. Smith & Wootten 1984a, McClelland 1995, and Martell & McClelland 1995). With characteristics of the genus. Creamy white, yellow, brown, red, or reddish brown in colour, L3 lie coiled in capsules of irregular shape. About 1.5 to 60 long. Cuticular striations transverse and irregular. Anterior and posterior ends of an L3 shown diagrammatically in Fig.74 A,B. Mouth, lips, boring tooth, and excretory pore similar to those of Anisakis simplex L3 (see Fig. 73 A,B,C). L3 from cod musculature 15–60 long, from cod viscera, mesenteries and peritoneum 8–42 long. The largest of five relatively small L3 found free in a flatfish stomach (from Canadian waters) was 8.078 long; length of preventriculus, ventriculus, intestinal caecum and tail 0.871, 0.533, 0.194, and 0.105 respectively. The smallest of these L3 was 1.592 long; corresponding measurements 0.290, 0.158, not stated, and 0.066. Mean length of ten L3 from barracouta (from New Zealand waters) was 29.8 (range 25.0–36.0); corresponding measurements 2.03 (1.54– 2.65), 0.90 (0.71–1.14), 1.11 (0.87–1.29), and 0.12 (0.10–0.13). Tail bluntly rounded with small mucron. Sites: body cavity, mesenteries, musculature Hosts: Alosa aestivalis (110); Alosa pseudoharengus (110, 127); Amblyraja radiata (99); Ammodytes sp. (99); Anarhichas lupus (55, 138); Anoplopoma fimbria (69); Apeltes quadracus (112, 113); Artediellus atlanticus (138); Aspidophoroides monopterygius (99, 138); Atheresthes stomias (69, 134); Boreogadus saida (106, 145); Brosme brosme (99); Clupea harengus (56, 79); Clupea pallasi (43); Coregonus huntsmani (145); Cryptacanthodes maculatus (138); Cyclopterus lumpus (99, 138); Enchelyopus cimbrius (138); Eumesogrammus praecisus (138); Eumicrotremus spinosus (99, 138); Fundulus heteroclitus (127); Gadus morhua (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 58, 62, 63, 68, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129, 136, 138, 143, 144); Gadus macrocephalus (1, 6, 21, 106, 125); Gasterosteus aculeatus (113, 127); Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (1, 6, 10, 19, 46, 62, 63, 71, 73, 77, 99, 125, 138); Hemitripterus americanus (1, 6, 21, 46, 89, 92, 93, 99, 103, 105, 114, 125, 129, 138); Hippoglossoides platessoides (1, 5, 6, 10, 19, 21, 46, 55, 62, 63, 71, 73, 75, 77, 86, 99, 105, 114, 124, 126, 129, 136, 137, 138, 139); Hippoglossus hippoglossus (77, 99, 129); Hippoglossus stenolepis (43, 128, 133, 140); Limanda ferrugineus (6, 21, 45, 63, 71, 73, 77, 99, 105, 114, 125, 126, 138); Lophius americanus (99, 125, 138); Lumpenus lumpretaeformis (138); Leptoclinus maculatu s (138); Lycodes reticulatus (138); Lycodes vahlii (99, 138); Lycodes spp. (125); Mallotus villosus (123); Melanogrammus aeglefinus (99, 105, 114, 138); Menidia menidia (127); Merluccius bilinearis (1, 99, 138); Merluccius productus (64); Microgadus tomcod (145); Microstomus pacificus (69); Myoxocephalus aenaeus (127); Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus (6, 21, 99, 105, 114, 125, 138, 145); Myoxocephalus scorpius (6, 21, 65, 106, 125, 129, 145); Myoxocephalus sp. (19); Nezumia bairdii (57); Oncorhynchus mykiss (70, 101, 102, 107); Ophiodon elongatus (43); Osmerus mordax (1, 5, 6, 21, 61, 85, 86, 89, 92, 95, 96, 97, 103, 127); Peprilus triacanthus (99, 138); Phycis chesteri (99); Pollachius virens (99, 106, 127); Pseudopleuronectes americanus (6, 77, 99, 105, 125, 126, 127, 135, 138, 141); Raja sp. (21); Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (60, 99, 108, 109, 115, 120, 125, 129, 132, 138); Salmo salar (127, 145); Salvelinus alpinus (145); Salvelinus fontinalis (93, 127); Scophthalmus aquosus (99, 105, 114, 138); Sebastes alutus (18, 24); Sebastes fasciatus (1, 99, 131, 138); Sebastes flavidus (98); Sebastes mentella (99, 131); Sebastes norvegicus (6, 45); Tautogolabrus adspersus (125, 127); Theregra chalcogramma (59, 67, 69, 78); Triglops murrayi (6, 138); Triglops pingelii (21); Urophycis chuss (99); Urophycis tenuis (6, 99, 125, 138, 142); unspecified “cod” (5, 9, 12, 13, 16, 20, 25, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 48, 66, 72, 84, 94); unspecified “fish” (22, 23, 26, 76, 82, 83, 88, 91); unspecified “hake” (1); Zoarces americanus (1, 5, 6, 21, 46, 92, 99, 125, 138) Distribution: Atlantic, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Pacific Records: 1. Scott 1950 (AT); 2. Baer 1953 (AT); 3. Martin 1953 (AT); 4. Reed 1953 (AT); 5. Scott 1953 (AT); 6. Scott 1954 (AT); 7. Ronald 1956 (AT); 8. Scott 1956 (AT); 9. W. F. Black 1957 (AT); 10. Homans & MacFarlane 1957 (AT); 11. Scott & Martin 1957 (AT); 12. Fairbairn 1958 (AT); 13. Power 1958 (AT); 14. Scott & Fisher 1958 (AT); 15. Kohler 1959 (AT); 16. Myers 1959b (AT); 17. Scott & Martin 1959 (AT); 18. Liston et al. 1960 (PA); 19. Myers 1960 (EX, AT); 20. Ronald 1960 (AT); 21. Scott & Black 1960 (AT); 22. Bradley 1961a (AT); 23. Bradley 1961b (AT); 24. Liston & Hitz 1961 (PA); 25. Power 1961 (AT); 26. Ronald 1962 (AT); 27. Freeman et al. 1963 (AT); 28. Townsley et al. 1963 (AT); 29. McCracken & Fitzgerald 1964 (AT); 30. Davey 1965 (AT); 31. Davey 1966 (AT); 32. Wiles 1968 (AT); 33. Kan & Davey 1968a (AT); 34. Kan & Davey 1968b (AT); 35. Davey 1969 (AT); 36. Pippy 1970 (AT); 37. Davey 1971 (AT); 38. Davey & Sommerville 1974 (AT); 39. McClelland & Ronald 1974 (AT); 40. Ackman & Gjelstad 1975 (AT); 41. Boghen & Davey 1975 (AT); 42. Ackman 1976 (AT); 43. Hoskins et al. 1976 (PA); 44. McClelland 1976 (AT); 45. Gaevskaya & Umnova 1977 (AT); 46. Linkletter et al. 1977 (AT); 47. Goil & Harpur 1978 (AT); 48. Davey 1979 (AT); 49. Goil & Harpur 1979 (AT); 50. Cain & Raj 1980 (AT); 51. Croll et al. 1980 (AT); 52. McClelland 1980a (AT); 53. McClelland 1980b (AT); 54. McClelland 1980c (AT); 55. Zubchenko 1980 (AT); 56. McGladdery 1981 (AT); 57. Zubchenko 1981a (AT); 58. Appy & Burt 1982 (AT); 59. Arthur et al. 1982 (PA); 60. Khan et al. 1982 (AT); 61. Fréchet et al. 1983 (AT); 62. McClelland et al. 1983a (AT); 63. McClelland et al. 1983b (AT); 64. Sankurathri et al. 1983 (PA); 65. Stewart & Bernier 1983 (NT); 66. Apold et al. 1984 (AT); 67. Arthur 1984 (PA); 68. Davey & Goh 1984 (AT); 69. Kabata & Whitaker 1984 (PA); 70. Margolis 1984 (PA); 71. McClelland et al. 1984 (AT); 72. Goh & Davey 1985 (AT); 73. McClelland et al. 1985 (AT); 74. Wells et al. 1985 (AT); 75. Zubchenko 1985a (AT); 76. Davey 1986 (AT); 77. Morrison et al. 1986 (AT); 78. Priebe 1986 (PA); 79. Brattey 1988 (AT); 80. Chandra & Khan 1988 (AT); 81. Lee 1988 (AT); 82. Berland et al. 1989 (AT); 83. Burt et al. 1989a (AT); 84. des Clers 1989 (AT); 85. Landry 1989a (AT); 86. Landry 1989b (AT); 87. Likely & Burt 1989 (AT); 88. Mattiucci & Paggi 1989 (AT); 89. Appleton & Burt 1990 (AT); 90. Brattey et al. 1990 (AT); 91. Burt et al. 1990a (AT); 92. Burt et al. 1990b (AT); 93. Burt et al. 1990c (EX, AT); 94. Burt et al. 1990d (AT); 95. Landry 1990a (AT); 96. Landry 1990b (AT); 97. Landry & Hare 1990 (AT); 98. Lee et al. 1990 (PA); 99. McClelland et al. 1990 (AT); 100. Myers & Brattey 1990 (AT); 101. Ramakrishna & Burt 1990 (EX, AT); 102. J. W. Smith et al. 1990 (EX, AT); 103. Appleton & Burt 1991 (AT); 104. des Clers 1991 (AT); 105. Marcogliese 1991 (AT); 106. Paggi et al. 1991 (AT); 107. Ramakrishna & Burt 1991 (EX, AT); 108. Arthur & Albert 1992a (AT); 109. Arthur & Albert 1992b (AT); 110. Landry et al. 1992 (AT); 111. MacKinnon & Burt 1992 (AT); 112. Marcogliese 1992a (NS); 113. Marcogliese 1992b (NS); 114. Marcogliese & McClelland 1992 (AT); 115. Arthur & Albert 1993 (AT); 116. Dixon et al. 1993 (AT); 117. Fusé et al. 1993a (AT); 118. Fusé et al. 1993b (AT); 119. Ramakrishna et al. 1993 (AT); 120. Arthur & Albert 1994 (AT); 121. Marcogliese & Boily 1994 (AT); 122. McClelland & Marcogliese 1994 (AT); 123. Arthur et al. 1995 (AT); 124. Boily & Marcogliese 1995 (AT); 125. Marcogliese 1995a (AT); 126. Martell & McClelland 1995 (AT); 127. McClelland 1995 (EX, AT); 128. Blaycock 1996 (PA); 129. Brattey & Davidson 1996 (AT); 130. Marcogliese 1996 (NS); 131. Moran et al. 1996 (AT); 132. Boje et al. 1997 (AT); 133. Blaycock et al. 1998a (PA); 134. Wierzbicka & Piasecki 1998 (PA); 135. Khan 1999 (AT); 136. McClelland 2000 (AT); 137. McClelland et al. 2000 (AT); 138. McClelland & Martell 2001a (AT); 139. McClelland & Martell 2001b (AT); 140. Blaycock et al. 2003 (PA); 141. McClelland et al. 2005 (AT); 142. Melendy et al. 2005 (AT); 143. Khan et al. 2011 (NF); 144. McClelland & Melendy 2011 (AT); 145. Pufall et al. 2012 (NU), Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references": ["McClelland, G. & Ronald, K. (1974) In vitro development of Terranova decipiens (Nematoda) (Krabbe, 1878). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 52, 471 - 479. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 74 - 058", "Hurst, R. J. (1984) Identification and description of larval Anisakis simplex and Pseudoterranova decipiens (Anisakidae: Nematoda) from New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 18, 177 - 186. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288330.1984.9516040", "Smith, J. W. & Wootten, R. (1984 a) Pseudoterranova larvae (' codworm \") (Nematoda) in fish. Fiche 7. In: Fiches d'Identification des Maladies et Parasites des Poissons, Crustaces et Mollusques. 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Report of the Atlantic Biological Station for 1953, pp. 72 - 73.", "Reed, G. B. (1953) Atlantic Biological Station, St Andrews, New Brunswick In: G. B. Reed. Annual Report of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada \u0336 1952, pp. 21 - 48.", "Scott, D. M. (1953) Experiments with the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, a definitive host of a marine nematode, Porrocaecum decipiens. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 10, 539 - 547. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 53 - 031", "Scott, D. M. (1954) Experimental infection of Atlantic cod with a larval marine nematode from smelt. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 11, 894 - 900. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 54 - 050", "Ronald, K. (1956) A possible test for nematode viability. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 34, 76 - 77. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 56 - 012", "Scott, D. M. (1956) On the specific identity of the larval Porrocaecum (Nematoda) in Atlantic cod. 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Hysterothylacium magnum (Smedley, 1934) Deardorff & Overstreet, 1981 Synonyms: Contracaecum magnum Smedley, 1934; Thynnascaris magnum (Smedley, 1934) Margolis & Arthur, 1979 Comments: as noted by McDonald & Margolis (1995), Margolis & Arthur (1979) listed a previous Canadian record as Thynnascaris magna. Deardorff & Overstreet (1981) considered the genus Thynnascaris to be a junior synonym of Hysterothylacium and listed the species as H. magnum n. comb. In agreement with McDonald & Margolis (1995) the validity of this species requires re-assessment (see also Comments on H. melanogrammi below). Site:? Hosts: Apodichthys flavidus; Leptocottus armatus; Ophiodon elongatus Distribution: Pacific Record: Smedley 1934

** Hysterothylacium sp. Synonym: Thynnascaris sp. Sites: alimentary tract, body cavity, mesenteries Hosts: Alosa aestivalis (8, 14); Alosa pseudoharengus (8, 14); Ambloplites rupestris (1); Boreogadus saida (6); Catostomus columbianus (4); Coregonus clupeaformis (4); Cottunculus microps (7); Cottus aleuticus (4); Culaea inconstans (11); Fundulus diaphanus (10); Gadus morhua (3, 9); Gasterosteus aculeatus (10); Lepomis macrochirus (10); Lycodes esmarkii (7); Lycodonus mirabilis (7); Macrourus berglax (7); Mallotus villosus (5); Melanogrammus aeglefinus (9); Merluccius bilinearis (9); Morone americana (10); Nezumia bairdii (7); Oncorhynchus mykiss (4); Oncorhynchus nerka (4); Osmerus mordax (12); Pleuronectidae gen. sp. (9); Pollachius virens (9); Prosopium williamsoni (4); Ptychocheilus oregonensis (4); Salvelinus fontinalis (2, 13); Salvelinus malma (4); Scomber scombrus (9); Sebastes sp. (9); Synaphobranchus kaupii (7) Distribution: Atlantic, British Columbia, Labrador, New Brunswick, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec Records: 1. Szuks 1980 (AT); 2. G. A. Black 1981a (QC); 3. Appy & Burt 1982 (AT); 4. Anon. 1984 (BC); 5. Pálsson & Beverley-Burton 1984 (AT); 6. Bradstreet et al. 1986 (NU); 7. Houston & Haedrich 1986 (AT); 8. Landry et al. 1986 (NB); 9. Morrison et al. 1986 (AT); 10. Dechtiar & Christie 1988 (ON); 11. Dechtiar et al. 1988 (ON); 12. Landry & Hare 1990 (AT); 13. Marcogliese & Cone (LB); 14. Landry et al. 1992 (AT)

Key to species of Hysterothylacium from marine fishes 1 Deep interlabial grooves present; spicules 2.6–8.7 long, ratio 1: 0.9–1.0; cuticle with enlarged and modified annules on ventral surface of males near cloaca; tail tip usually lacking spines.......................................... H. incurvum - Interlabial grooves absent.............................................................................. 2 2 Tail tip lacking spines; spicules 1.2–2.6 long, ratio about equal...................................... H. corrugatum - Tail tip with spines................................................................................... 3 3 Tail tip multispinous; spicules 1.7–2.4 long, ratio variable............................................ H. reliquens - Tail tip with few spines; spicules 2.0–4.65, ratio equal............................................... H. aduncum

** Hysterothylacium sp. Synonym: Thynnascaris sp. Sites: alimentary tract, body cavity, mesenteries Hosts: Alosa aestivalis (8, 14); Alosa pseudoharengus (8, 14); Ambloplites rupestris (1); Boreogadus saida (6); Catostomus columbianus (4); Coregonus clupeaformis (4); Cottunculus microps (7); Cottus aleuticus (4); Culaea inconstans (11); Fundulus diaphanus (10); Gadus morhua (3, 9); Gasterosteus aculeatus (10); Lepomis macrochirus (10); Lycodes esmarkii (7); Lycodonus mirabilis (7); Macrourus berglax (7); Mallotus villosus (5); Melanogrammus aeglefinus (9); Merluccius bilinearis (9); Morone americana (10); Nezumia bairdii (7); Oncorhynchus mykiss (4); Oncorhynchus nerka (4); Osmerus mordax (12); Pleuronectidae gen. sp. (9); Pollachius virens (9); Prosopium williamsoni (4); Ptychocheilus oregonensis (4); Salvelinus fontinalis (2, 13); Salvelinus malma (4); Scomber scombrus (9); Sebastes sp. (9); Synaphobranchus kaupii (7) Distribution: Atlantic, British Columbia, Labrador, New Brunswick, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec Records: 1. Szuks 1980 (AT); 2. G. A. Black 1981a (QC); 3. Appy & Burt 1982 (AT); 4. Anon. 1984 (BC); 5. Pálsson & Beverley-Burton 1984 (AT); 6. Bradstreet et al. 1986 (NU); 7. Houston & Haedrich 1986 (AT); 8. Landry et al. 1986 (NB); 9. Morrison et al. 1986 (AT); 10. Dechtiar & Christie 1988 (ON); 11. Dechtiar et al. 1988 (ON); 12. Landry & Hare 1990 (AT); 13. Marcogliese & Cone (LB); 14. Landry et al. 1992 (AT), Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Szuks, H. (1980) Die Verenbarkeit von Parasiten zur Gruppen trennung beim Grenadierfisch Macrourus rupestris. Angewandte Parasitologie, 21, 211 - 214.","Appy, R. G. & Burt, M. D. B. (1982) Metazoan parasites of cod, Gadus morhua L., in Canadian Atlantic waters. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 1573 - 1579. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 82 - 207","Anthony, D. D. (1984) Helminth parasites of white bass (Morone chrysops) from Lake Nipissing, Ontario. Program and Abstracts. 59 th Annual Meeting, American Society of Parasitologists, 05 - 09 August 1984. Snowbird, Utah, p. 27.","Palsson, J. & Beverley-Burton, M. (1984) Helminth parasites of capelin, Mallotus villosus (Pisces: Osmeridae) of the North Atlantic. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 51, 248 - 254.","Bradstreet, M. S. W., Finley, K. J., Sekerak, A. D., Griffiths, W. B., Evans, C. R., Fabijan, M. F. & Stallard, H. E. (1986) Aspects of the biology of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and its importance in Arctic marine food chains. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 1491, 193 pp.","Houston, K. A. & Haedrich, R. L. (1986) Food habits and intestinal parasites of deep demersal fishes from the upper continental slope east of Newfoundland, northwest Atlantic. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 92, 563 - 574. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00392516","Landry, T., Boghen, A. D. & Hare, G. M. (1986) A comparative study of the parasites of alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and blueback herring Alosa aestivalis from the Miramichi River, N. B. Program and Abstracts. 25 th Annual Meeting, Canadian Society of Zoologists, University of Saskatchewan, 11 - 14 May 1986. Bulletin of the Canadian Society of Zoologists, 17, p. 23.","Morrison, C. M., McClelland, G., Cornick, J. & Marcogliese, D. (1986) Parasites and diseases of some marine finfish off Nova Scotia. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 1424, 36 pp.","Dechtiar, A. O. & Christie, W. J. (1988) Survey of the parasite fauna of Lake Ontario fishes, 1961 to 1971. In: Nepszy, S. J. (Ed.), Parasites of Fishes in the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Technical Report, No. 51, 66 - 95.","Landry, T. & Hare, G. M. (1990) Abundance of sealworm, Pseudoterranova decipiens, in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) from the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence. In: Bowen, W. D. (Ed.). Population Biology of Sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) in Relation to its Intermediate and Seal Hosts, pp. 199 - 127. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 222, 306 pp.","Landry, T., Boghen, A. D. & Hare, G. M. (1992) Les parasites de l'alose d'ete (Alosa aestivalis) et du gaspareau (Alosa pseudoharengus) de la riviere Miramichi, New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 1622 - 1624. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 92 - 223"]}

Key to species of Hysterothylacium from marine fishes 1 Deep interlabial grooves present; spicules 2.6–8.7 long, ratio 1: 0.9–1.0; cuticle with enlarged and modified annules on ventral surface of males near cloaca; tail tip usually lacking spines.......................................... H. incurvum - Interlabial grooves absent.............................................................................. 2 2 Tail tip lacking spines; spicules 1.2–2.6 long, ratio about equal...................................... H. corrugatum - Tail tip with spines................................................................................... 3 3 Tail tip multispinous; spicules 1.7–2.4 long, ratio variable............................................ H. reliquens - Tail tip with few spines; spicules 2.0–4.65, ratio equal............................................... H. aduncum, Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on pages 137-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530

* Pseudoterranova sp. Synonyms: “ Porrocaecum -type” sp. auct.; Phocanema sp. auct.; “codworm”; “sealworm” Sites: alimentary tract, body cavity, mesenteries, musculature, viscera Hosts: Amblyraja radiata (15); Anoplarchus purpurescens (13); Anoplopoma fimbria (4); Atheresthes stomias (14); Gadus macrocephalus (4); Gadus morhua (1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18); Gadus macrocephalus (6); Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (6, 11); Hippoglossoides platessoides (6, 11); Hippoglossus hippoglossus (11); Leucoraja ocellata (9); Limanda ferrugineus (6, 11); Lophius americanus (6); Melanogrammus aeglefinus (6); Microgadus tomcod (6); Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus (6); Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus (13); Oncorhynchus nerka (5); Ophiodon elongatus (4, 13); Osmerus mordax (6, 20); Pleuronectes putnami (11); Pseudopleuronectes americanus (11); Raja sp. (10); Rhamphocottus richardsonii (13); Scophthalmus aquosus (11); Sebastes flavidus (21); Sebastes norvegicus (6); Squalus acanthias (15); Tautogolabrus adspersus (17); Theragra chalcogramma (13); unspecified “cod” (2, 7, 16); unspecified “fish” (19) Distribution: Atlantic, British Columbia, Canada, Pacific Records: 1. Smedley 1934 (AT); 2. Needler 1947 (AT); 3. Heller 1949 (AT); 4. Margolis 1952b (PA); 5. Margolis 1957 (BC); 6. Templeman et al. 1957 (AT); 7. Crampton et al. 1960 (AT); 8. Fleming 1960 (AT); 9. Myers 1959a (AT); 10. Myers 1960 (AT); 11. Ronald 1963 (AT); 12. Wiles 1968 (AT); 13. Arai 1969 (PA); 14. Kovalenko 1969 (PA); 15. Threlfall 1969 (AT); 16. Chitwood 1970 (CA); 17. Sekhar S. [sic] & Threlfall 1970 (AT); 18. Kates et al. 1973 (AT); 19. Redkozubova 1976 (AT); 20. Threlfall 1981 (AT); 21. Stanley et al. 1992 (PA)

Hysterothylacium Ward and Magath, 1917 Synonyms: Thynnascaris Dollfus, 1933; Contracaecum (Thynnascaris) Dollfus 1935; Contracaecum (Erschovicaecum) Mozgovoi, 1951; Contracaecum (Simplexonema) Kreis, 1952 nom. nud.; Iheringascaris Pereira, 1935; Contracaecum (Acollaris) Araujo, 1970 Generic diagnosis (after Deardorff & Overstreet 1981). Raphidascaridinae. Body elongate, reaching greatest width near midbody. Cuticle with annulations moderately or weakly defined or lacking (presumably unreported). Cuticular alae distinct or indistinct. Lips approximately equal in size, usually wider than long, bearing transparent cuticular flanges on lateral margins: flanges with or without indentations; internal pulp usually pedunculated; dorsal lip with two lateral doubled papillae; subventral lips with amphid, adjacent mediolateral doubled papilla, and single lateral papilla. Dentigerous ridges absent. Interlabia present. Interlabial grooves present or absent. Ventriculus almost spherical; ventricular appendix sac-like or cylindrical, with septum dividing structure into two equal longitudinal pouches; intestinal caecum usually shorter than ventricular appendix. Excretory system with excretory pore at or near nerve ring level, with duct extending to at least left lateral cord. Rectal glands present or absent (presumably unreported). Spicules similar, alate, equal or slightly unequal in length. Gubernaculum absent. Vulva anterior to midbody. Uterus didelphic, opisthodelphic. Tail conical, tip with or without spines. Medioventral pre-cloacal organ usually distinct on pre-cloacal fold. Phasmids usually distinct. Parasites of marine, estuarine and fresh-water fishes. Comments: Gopar-Merino et al. (2005) claimed that 61 species of Hysterothylacium have been recognized; however, there are more than 61species if “morphospecies”, “sibling species” and “cryptic species” are taken into account. According to Rye & Baker (1992) most Hysterothylacium species occur in the alimentary tract of marine fishes rather than fresh-water ones. In common with some other aquatic ascaridoids, species of Hysterothylacium have evolved remarkable flexibility in completing the life-cycle. For example, Luque et al. (2007) reported L4 of Hysterothylacium sp. in the haemocoel of amphipods, Paracorophium excavatum, from New Zealand waters. Furthermore, several of the adult males showed precocious sexual development, having undergone the 3rd and 4th (final) moults in the amphipod host. Moreover, H. haze also departs from the life-cycle known for many other species. Yoshinaga et al. (1989) studied natural and experimental infections of H. haze in gobies Acanthogobius flavimanus from Tokyo Bay, concluding that the life-cycle may be direct and involve invertebrates as paratenic hosts; this life-cycle might represent an example of extreme precocity in which the fish intermediate host has also become a final host (Anderson 1998). Like Contracaecum and Phocascaris (see above) the genus Hysterothylacium is defined by characteristics of the adults, and agreeing again with Moravec (2013) it is difficult to assign larvae to any one species. It is not possible to design a key for their reliable identification, and the following keys are for the identification of the adults only. Feeding experiments to rear larvae to adults and the application of molecular markers to identify species may be solutions to this and similar problems. Several taxa are considered and, where possible, described, their names having appeared in the relevant Canadian literature. Only two Hysterothylacium species (** H. analarum and ** H. brachyurum) are known from Canadian fresh-water fishes. While four species (** H. aduncum, H. corrugatum, H. incurvum and H. reliquens) have been reported from Canadian marine fishes, only ** H. aduncum is abundant, having been recorded from a wide variety of fish species. In contrast, there is only one report, that of Hogans et al. (1983), for each of the other three Hysterothylacium species. All of the specimens were recovered from the stomachs of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, collected from the “northwest Atlantic Ocean”. The coordinates for the collection site(s) are not given but it may be assumed that these were within Canadian waters, so the descriptions are given below. Swordfish are oceanic travellers that enter Canadian waters usually about June and leave in October and November. They move through a great range of depths, feeding on various fish species and shortfin squid, Illex illecebrosus (Scott and Scott 1988). It is possible, therefore, that infections with the three species of Hysterothylacium were acquired by swordfish at locations remote from Canadian waters. It is worth noting that Hogans et al. (1983) deposited representative specimens of each nematode species (and of the other helminths collected) at a public museum and provided catalogue numbers; details may be found in the original paper. While two other species of Hysterothylacium, H. magnum and H. melanogrammi, have been recorded from Canadian marine fishes the species are of doubtful validity, as discussed below., Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 134, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Deardorff, T. L. & Overstreet, R. M. (1981) Review of Hysterothylacium and Iheringascaris (both previously = Thynnascaris) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 93, 1035 - 1079.","Gopar-Merino, L., Osorio-Sarabia, D. & Garcia-Prieto, L. (2005) A new species of Hysterothylacium (Nematoda: Anisakidae) parasite of Ariopsis guatamalensis (Osteichthyes: Ariidae) from Tres Palos Lagoon, Mexico. Journal of Parasitology, 91, 909 - 914. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / ge- 411 r. 1","Rye, L. A. & Baker, M. R. (1992) The life history of Hysterothylacium analarum Rye and Baker, 1984 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Lepomis gibbosus (Pisces: Centrarchidae) in southern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 1576 - 1584. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 92 - 217","Luque, J. L., Bannock, L. M., Lagrue, C. & Poulin, R. (2007) Larval Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda, Anisakidae) and trematode metacercariae from the amphipod Paracorophium excavatum (Cotrophiidae) in New Zealand. Acta Parasitologica, 52, 146 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2478 / s 11686 - 007 - 0022 - 3","Yoshinaga, T., Ogawa, K. & Wakabayashi, H. (1989) Life cycle of Hysterothylacium haze (Nematoda: Anisakidae: Raphidascaridinae). Journal of Parasitology, 75, 756 - 763. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3283061","Hogans, W. E., Brattey, J., Uhazy, L. S. & Hurley, P. C. (1983) Helminth parasites of swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.) from the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Parasitology, 69, 1178 - 1179. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3280895","Scott, W. B. & Scott, M. G. (1988) Atlantic Fishes of Canada. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 210, 731 pp."]}

Hysterothylacium reliquens (Norris & Overstreet, 1975) Deardorff & Overstreet, 1981 Synonym: Thynnascaris reliquens Norris & Overstreet, 1975 Description (after Deardorff & Overstreet 1981). With characteristics of the genus. Body reaching greatest width near midbody. Cuticle with inconspicuous annulations and minute lateral alae. Alae become more apparent at levels behind rectum. Lips approximately equal in size, all longer than wide; flanges constricted near middle of lip; pulp pedunculated. Interlabia with height equal to or slightly greater than width at base. Interlabial grooves absent (Fig. 83 A). Preventriculus 11–13% of body length. Ventriculus narrower than widest level of preventriculus. Usually longer than broad; ventricular appendix departing without angulation from posterior portion of ventriculus. Nerve ring located at anterior 16–28% of preventriculus. Excretory pore at or immediately posterior to level of nerve ring. Tail with spined conical mucron. Males: body 25–40 long by 0.5–0.9 wide. Preventriculus 3.3–4.5, ventriculus 0.141–300, ventricular appendix 1.2–1.7, and intestinal caecum 0.315–598 long. Spicules 1.7–2.4 long, relative length varies: spicule ratio 1:0.6– 1.3. Caudal papillae 27 to 33 pairs: 23 to 29 pre–cloacal pairs, four to five post–cloacal pairs with 3rd pair from tail end doubled; para-anal papillae lacking. Distinct medio-ventral organ, papillated. Tail reflexed ventrad, 0.123– 0.185 long, including multispinous process (Fig. 83 B). Females: body 21–44 long by 0.5–1.1 wide. Preventriculus 2.9–5.0, ventriculus 0.142–0.286, ventricular appendix 1.0–2.9, and intestinal caecum 0.394–0.788 long. Vulva without protruding lips, opens 6.5–17.0 from anterior end. Ovaries rarely extend beyond anterior level of vulva. Tail 0.370–0.574 long, including multispinous process (Fig. 83 C). Site: stomach Host: Xiphias gladius Distribution: Atlantic Record: Hogans et al. 1983, Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 145, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Deardorff, T. L. & Overstreet, R. M. (1981) Review of Hysterothylacium and Iheringascaris (both previously = Thynnascaris) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 93, 1035 - 1079.","Hogans, W. E., Brattey, J., Uhazy, L. S. & Hurley, P. C. (1983) Helminth parasites of swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.) from the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Parasitology, 69, 1178 - 1179. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3280895"]}

** Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) Deardorff & Overstreet, 1981 Synonyms: Thynnascaris adunca (Rudolphi, 1802) Hartwich, 1957; Contracaecum aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) Baylis, 1920; Contracaecum gadi (O. F. Müller, 1777) Johnston & Mawson, 1945; Contracaecum clavatum (Rudolphi, 1809) Baylis, 1920 Description (after Moravec 2013). With characteristics of the genus. Females larger than males. Lips of approximately equal size, with wide membranous flanges broadest near their base; dorsal lip with two subdorsal papillae; each subventral lip with one double subventral papilla and small simple papilla and amphid situated laterally; pulp of lips with at either side small rounded lobe at its anterior margin. Interlabia triangular, broad, with distinct cuticular margin. Interlabial grooves absent. Cervical alae starting short distance below level of base of subventral lips, gradually becoming wider (maximum width 0.04–0.05) and extending posteriorly to posterior limit of preventriculus. Preventriculus narrow, small ventriculus globular; ventricular appendix narrow, about as long as intestinal caecum; intestinal caecum represents about 30–40% of preventricular length. Nerve ring encircling preventriculus at border of first and second fifths of its length; excretory pore just below nerve ring level. Intestine dark, straight. Rectum short, hyaline, surrounded by three unicellular rectal glands. Tail of both sexes conical, ending in small process covered with fine spines. Males: 18.0–35.0 long, maximum width 0.430–0.800. Dorsal lip 0.151–0.153 long, 0.144 wide; ventro-lateral lips 0.138–0.150 long, 0.131–0.138 wide (Fig. 80 A). Preventriculus 1.94–3.23 long, ventriculus 0.154–0.170 x 0.124–0.144, ventricular appendix 0.54–0.64 long, and intestinal caecum 0.65–0.93 long. Nerve ring and deirids 0.530–0.540 and 0.590–0.600 from anterior end. Tail conical, 0.108–0.139 long, ending in small process covered with fine spines (Fig. 80 D). Twenty three pairs pre-cloacal papillae, two pairs ad-cloacal papillae, and four to five pairs post-cloacal papillae—last pair lateral, remaining pairs subventral. Anterior cloacal lip with one unpaired papilla. Spicules equal, 2.00–4.65 long, with narrow membranous wings; distal tip of spicules rounded (Fig. 80 C). Females: 24.0–48.0 long, maximum width 0.72–1.40. Dorsal lip 0.143–0.155 long, 0.149–0.181 wide; ventrolateral lips 0.153 long, 0.159–0.163 wide. Preventriculus 2.25–4.12 long, ventriculus 0.171–0.180 x 0.155–0.165, ventricular appendix 0.62–0.69 long, and intestinal caecum 0.91–1.08 long. Nerve ring and deirids 0.66–0.90 and 1.08 from anterior end (Fig. 80 B). Tail conical 0.270–0.420 long, ending in small process covered with fine spines. Vulva at end of first third of body length, 9.0–16.5 from anterior end. Vagina narrow, long, directed posteriorly and dividing into two posteriorly directed uterine branches filled with eggs; ovaries situated in posterior part of body. Eggs almost spherical, 0.062–0.070 x 0.046–0.047. L4: 12.0–31.0 long, maximum width 0.22–0.47. Mouth surrounded by three lips comparatively narrow, lacking the large flanges of adults. Preventriculus 1.85–3.85 long, ventricular appendix 0.61–0.98, intestinal caecum 0.65–1.23. Nerve ring and excretory pore 0.34–0.61 and 0.42–0.66 from anterior end. Tail conical, 0.11– 0.29 long, tail tip covered with numerous minute projections. L3: 6.6–21.6 long, maximum width 0.16–0.33. Mouth opening usually T-shaped, two basal projections of ventral boring tooth extending along its margin. No distinct lips present. Two subventral and two subdorsal papillae at anterior end as well as one dorsal antero-median papilla. Cuticle transversely striated. Preventriculus 1.00–2.00 long, ventriculus small. Ventricular appendix 0.40–0.68 long, intestinal caecum 0.33–0.92 long. Nerve ring and excretory pore 0.28–0.45 and 0.31–0.50 from anterior end. Tail conical, 0.12–0.21 long, with pointed tip. Comments: Hysterothylacium aduncum appears to be the most abundant species of the genus known from marine fishes in Canadian waters. According to Klimpel & Ruckert (2005) it is also the most abundant anisakid nematode of North Sea fishes. Hysterothylacium aduncum may be carried into Canadian fresh waters by anadromous or catadromous fishes but is not able to reproduce there. Sites: alimentary tract, body cavity, intestinal lumen, mesenteries, musculature, stomach, stomach wall, viscera Hosts: Alosa pseudoharengus (13); Alosa sapidissima (28, 58); Ammodytes dubius (10); Anarhichas lupus (47); Atheresthes stomias (36, 66); Aulorhynchus flavidus (5); Clupea harengus (38, 40, 44); Clupea pallasi (16, 17, 18, 19); Coryphaenoides rupestris (11, 12, 23, 24, 43); Cryptacanthodes giganteus (3); Eopsetta jordani (2, 3); Gadus macrocephalus (3); Gadus morhua (1, 13, 14, 25, 29, 53, 68, 72, 73); Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (4, 21, 29); Glyptocephalus zachirus (2, 3); Hippoglossoides elassodon (2, 3); Hippoglossoides platessoides (4, 21, 29, 42, 61); Hippoglossus hippoglossus (4, 21); Hippoglossus stenolepis (62, 65); Hypomesus pretiosus (3); Limanda ferrugineus (4, 61); Macrourus berglax (23); Mallotus villosus (46, 60); Melanogrammus aeglefinus (13, 14, 22); Merluccius albidus (50); Merluccius bilinearis (50); Merluccius productus (30); Microgadus tomcod (1); Microstomus pacificus (36); Myoxocephalus scorpius (1); Nezumia bairdii (23); Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (27, 32); Oncorhynchus keta (32, 41); Oncorhynchus kisutch (3, 32); Oncorhynchus mykiss (37); Oncorhynchus nerka (3, 32); Ophiodon elongatus (3); Parophrys vetulus (2, 3, 36); Phycis chesteri (50); Podothecus accipenserinus (5); Pseudopleuronectes americanus (1, 4, 61, 67, 70); Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (21, 51, 55, 56, 57, 59, 64); Rhinochimaera atlantica (35); Salmo salar (1, 6, 7, 9, 20); Salvelinus alpinus (9, 31, 39, 52); Salvelinus fontinalis (45, 48, 49); Salvelinus namaycush (9, 31); Scomber scombrus (1, 13); Sebastes aleutianus (15); Sebastes alutus (3, 15); Sebastes babcocki (15); Sebastes brevispinis (15); Sebastes caurinus (15); Sebastes crameri (15); Sebastes diploproa (15); Sebastes entomelas (15); Sebastes fasciatus (34, 63); Sebastes flavidus (15); Sebastes helvomaculatus (15); Sebastes maliger (15); Sebastes mentella (34, 63, 69); Sebastes nebulosus (15, 54); Sebastes norvegicus (34); Sebastes paucispinis (15); Sebastes pinniger (15); Sebastes polyspinis (15); Sebastes proriger (15); Sebastes reedi (15); Sebastes ruberrimus (3, 15); Sebastes variegatus (15); Sebastes zacentrus (15); Tautogolabrus adspersus (1); Theragra chalcogramma (3, 26, 33, 36); Urophycis chuss (50); Urophycis tenuis (50, 71); Xiphias gladius (28) Distribution: Atlantic, British Columbia, Labrador, New Bruswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Pacific Records: 1. Heller 1949 (AT); 2. Margolis 1952a (PA); 3. Margolis 1952b (PA); 4. Ronald 1963 (AT); 5. Arai 1969 (PA); 6. Pippy 1969 (AT, NS); 7. Pippy 1970 (AT); 8. Sekhar S. [sic] & Threlfall 1970 (AT); 9. Hicks & Threlfall 1973 (LB); 10. Scott 1973 (AT); 11. Zubchenko 1975 (AT); 12. Zubchenko 1976 (AT); 13. Gaevskaya & Umnova 1977 (AT); 14. Linkletter et al. 1977 (AT); 15. Sekerak & Arai 1977 (PA); 16. Arthur 1978 (PA); 17. Arthur & Arai 1979 (PA); 18. Arthur & Arai 1980a (PA); 19. Arthur & Arai 1980b (PA); 20. Pippy 1980 (AT); 21. Zubchenko 1980 (AT); 22. Scott 1981 (AT); 23. Zubchenko 1981a (AT); 24. Zubchenko 1981b (AT); 25. Appy & Burt 1982 (AT); 26. Arthur et al. 1982 (PA); 27. Margolis 1982 (NF); 28. Hogans et al. 1983 (AT); 29. McClelland et al. 1983a (AT); 30. Sankurathri et al. (PA); 31. Stewart & Bernier 1983 (NT); 32. Anon. 1984 (BC); 33. Arthur 1984 (PA); 34. Bourgeois & Ni 1984 (AT); 35. Hogans & Hurlbut (AT); 36. Kabata & Whitaker 1984 (PA); 37. Margolis 1984 (PA); 38. McGladdery 1984 (AT); 39. Stewart & Bernier 1984 (NT); 40. McGladdery & Burt 1985 (AT); 41. Whitaker 1985 (PA); 42. Zubchenko 1985a (AT); 43. Zubchenko 1985b (AT); 44. Chenoweth et al. 1986 (AT); 45. Frimeth 1986 (NB); 46. Pálsson 1986 (AT); 47. Bray 1987 (AT); 48. Frimeth 1987a (NB); 49. Frimeth 1987b (NB); 50. Scott 1987 (AT); 51. Wierzbicka 1988 (AT); 52. Bouillon & Dempson 1989 (LB); 53. Brattey et al. 1990 (AT); 54. Holmes 1990 (PA); 55. Wierzbicka 1991a (AT); 56. Wierzbicka 1991b (AT); 57. Krzykawski & Wierzbicka 1992 (AT); 58. Hogans et al. 1993 (AT); 59. Arthur & Albert 1994 (AT); 60. Arthur et al. 1995 (AT); 61. Martell & McClelland 1995 (AT); 62. Blaycock 1996 (PA); 63. Moran et al. 1996 (AT); 64. Boje et al. 1997 (AT); 65. Blaycock et al. 1998a (PA); 66. Wierzbicka & Piasecki 1998 (PA); 67. Khan 1999 (AT); 68. Lee & Khan 2000 (AT); 69. Marcogliese et al. 2003 (AT); 70. McClelland et al. 2005 (AT); 71. Melendy et al. 2005 (AT); 71. Khan et al. 2011 (NF); 73. McClelland & Melendy 2011 (AT), Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on pages 139-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Deardorff, T. L. & Overstreet, R. M. (1981) Review of Hysterothylacium and Iheringascaris (both previously = Thynnascaris) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 93, 1035 - 1079.","Klimpel, S. & Ruckert, S. (2005) Life cycle strategy of Hysterothylacium aduncum to become the most abundant anisakid fish nematode in the North Sea. Parasitology Research, 97, 141 - 149. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 005 - 1407 - 6","Heller, A. F. (1949) Parasites of cod and other marine fish from the Baie de Chaleur region. Canadian Journal of Research, 27 D, 243 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / cjr 49 d- 022","Margolis, L. (1952 a) Unpublished data. Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.","Margolis, L. (1952 b) Studies on the parasites and diseases of marine and anadromous fish from the Canadian Pacific coast. Ph. D. Dissertation, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.","Ronald, K. (1963) The metazoan parasites of the Heterosomata of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. VII. Nematoda and Acanthocephala. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 41, 15 - 21. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 63 - 002","Arai, H. P. (1969) Preliminary report on the parasites of certain marine fishes of British Columbia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 26, 2319 - 2337. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 69 - 226","Pippy, J. H. C. (1969) Preliminary report on parasites as biological tags in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). I. Investigations 1966 to 1968. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Technical Report, No. 134, 60 pp.","Pippy, J. H. C. (1970) Use of ultraviolet light to find parasitic nematodes in situ. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27, 963 - 965. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 70 - 107","Hicks, F. J. & Threlfall, W. (1973) Metazoan parasites of salmonids and coregonids from coastal Labrador. Journal of Fish Biology, 5, 399 - 415. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1973. tb 04468. x","Scott, J. S. (1973) Intestinal helminth parasites of northern sand lance (Ammodytes dubius). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30, 291 - 292. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 73 - 050","Zubchenko, A. V. (1975) [On the parasite fauna of macrourids in the North Atlantic.] Trudy Polyarni Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii i Proektnyi Institut Morskogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii, 35, 234 - 238. [In Russian]","Zubchenko, A. V. (1976) [On the question of the existence of separate populations of the blunt-nosed macrurid (Macrourus rupestris Gunner) from the northwest Atlantic in the light of its parasitological data.] In: Gaevskaya, A. V. (Ed.). Summaries of Reports from the Second All-Union Symposium on Parasites and Diseases of Marine Animals. AtlantNIRO, Kaliningrad, pp. 29 - 30. [In Russian]","Gaevskaya, A. V. & Umnova, B. A. (1977) [On the parasite fauna of the principal commercial fishes of the northwest Atlantic.] Biologiya Morya (Vladivostok), 4, 40 - 48. [In Russian]","Linkletter, L. E., Lord, E. L. & Dadswell, M. J. (1977) A checklist and catalogue of the marine fauna and flora of the lower Bay of Fundy shore of New Brunswick. Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, vii + 68 pp.","Sekerak, A. D. & Arai, H. P. (1977) Some metazoan parasites of rockfishes of the genus Sebastes from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Syesis, 10, 139 - 144.","Arthur, J. R. (1978) Studies on the parasites of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in North American waters. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Biology, University of Calgary, Alberta, 206 pp.","Arthur, J. R. & Arai, H. P. (1979) A preliminary analysis of the value of parasites as biological indicators for stocks of Pacific herring. Program and Abstracts. 18 th Annual Meeting, Canadian Society of Zoologists, Quebec City, Quebec, 13 - 16 May 1979, p. 97.","Arthur, J. R. & Arai, H. P. (1980 a) Studies on the parasites of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi Valenciennes): survey results. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58, 64 - 70. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 80 - 008","Arthur, J. R. & Arai, H. P. (1980 b) Studies on the parasites of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi Valenciennes): a preliminary evaluation of parasites as indicators of geographical origin for spawning herring. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58, 521 - 527. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 80 - 072","Pippy, J. H. C. (1980) The value of parasites as biological tags in Atlantic salmon at West Greenland. Rapports et Proces- Verbaux des Reunions. Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 176, 76 - 81.","Zubchenko, A. V. (1980) Parasitic fauna of Anarhichadidae and Pleuronectidae families of fish in the northwest Atlantic. International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Selected Papers, No. 6, 41 - 46.","Scott, J. S. (1981) Alimentary tract parasites of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.) on the Scotian Shelf. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59, 2244 - 2252. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 81 - 304","Zubchenko, A. V. (1981 a) Parasitic fauna of some Macrouridae in the northwest Atlantic. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science, 2, 67 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2960 / j. v 2. a 8","Zubchenko, A. V. (1981 b) [Using parasitological data in studying rock grenadier (Coryphaenoides rupestris Gunner) local groupings.] In: Bauer, O. N. (Eds.), Symposium on Parasitology and Pathology of Marine Organisms, Leningrad. (Abstract), pp. 25 - 32. [In Russian: for English version see NOAA Technical Report, 25, 19 - 23]","Appy, R. G. & Burt, M. D. B. (1982) Metazoan parasites of cod, Gadus morhua L., in Canadian Atlantic waters. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 1573 - 1579. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 82 - 207","Arthur, J. R., Margolis, L., Whitaker, D. J. & McDonald, T. E. (1982) A quantitative study of economically important parasites of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from British Columbian waters and effects of postmortem handling on their abundance in the musculature. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 39, 710 - 726. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 82 - 100","Hogans, W. E., Brattey, J., Uhazy, L. S. & Hurley, P. C. (1983) Helminth parasites of swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.) from the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Parasitology, 69, 1178 - 1179. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3280895","McClelland, G., Misra, R. K. & Marcogliese, D. J. (1983 a) Variations in abundance of larval anisakines, sealworm (Phocanema decipiens) and related species in cod and flatfish from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (4 T) and the Breton Shelf (4 Vn). Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 1201, 51 pp.","Stewart, D. B. & Bernier, L. M. J. (1983) An aquatic resource survey of Victoria and King William islands and the northeastern District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories. Environment Canada and Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Northern Environmental Protection Branch, Land Directorate. Northern Land Use Series, Background Report, No. 3, 127 pp.","Anthony, D. D. (1984) Helminth parasites of white bass (Morone chrysops) from Lake Nipissing, Ontario. Program and Abstracts. 59 th Annual Meeting, American Society of Parasitologists, 05 - 09 August 1984. Snowbird, Utah, p. 27.","Bourgeois, C. E. & Ni, I. - H. (1984) Metazoan parasites of northwest Atlantic redfishes (Sebastes spp.). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62, 1879 - 1885. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 84 - 274","Kabata, Z. & Whitaker, D. J. (1984) Results of three investigations of the parasite fauna of several marine fishes of British Columbia. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 1303, 19 pp.","McGladdery, S. E. (1984) Studies of the parasite fauna of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Ph. D. Thesis. Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, 286 pp.","Stewart, D. B. & Bernier, L. M. J. (1984) An aquatic resource survey of Melville Peninsula, Southampton Island, and the northeastern District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories. Environment Canada and Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Northern Environmental Protection Branch, Land Directorate. Northern Land Use Series, Background Report, No. 4, 144 pp.","McGladdery, S. E. & Burt, M. D. B. (1985) Potential of parasites for use as biological indicators of migration, feeding, and spawning behavior of northwest Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42, 1957 - 1968. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 85 - 243","Whitaker, D. J. (1985) A parasite survey of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) from the Nanaimo River. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63, 2875 - 2877. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 85 - 428","Zubchenko, A. V. (1985 a) Parasite fauna of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) from the northwest Atlantic. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science, 6, 165 - 171. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2960 / j. v 6. a 17","Zubchenko, A. V. (1985 b) Use of parasitological data in studies of the local groupings of rock grenadier, Coryphaenoides rupestris Gunner. In: Hargis Jr, W. J. (Ed.). Parasitology and Pathology of Marine Animals of the World Oceans (pp. 19 - 23). United States Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service, No. 25, iv + 135 pp.","Chenoweth, J. F., McGladdery, S. E., Sindermann, C. J., Sawyer, T. K. & Bier, J. W. (1986) An investigation into the usefulness of parasites as tags for herring (Clupea harengus) stocks in the western North Atlantic, with emphasis on use of the larval nematode Anisakis simplex. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 7, 25 - 33. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2960 / j. v 7. a 3","Frimeth, J. P. (1986) Parasites as indicators of brook charr biology in the Tabusintac River, New Brunswick. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N. B., Canada. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 87 - 303","Palsson, J. (1986) Quantitative studies on the helminth fauna of capelin (Mallotus villosus (Muller )) in the northwest Atlantic for purposes of stock determination. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 1499, v + 21 pp.","Bray, R. A. (1987) A study of the helminth parasites of Anarhichas lupus (Perciformes: Anarhichadidae) in the North Atlantic. Journal of Fish Biology, 31, 237 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1987. tb 05229. x","Frimeth, J. P. (1987 a) A survey of the parasites of nonanadromous brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Tabusintac River, New Brunswick, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 1354 - 1362. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 87 - 215","Frimeth, J. P. (1987 b) Potential use of certain parasites of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) as biological indicators in the Tabusintac River, New Brunswick, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 1989 - 1995. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 87 - 303","Scott, J. S. (1987) Helminth parasites of the alimentary tracts of hakes (Merluccius, Urophycis, Phycis: Teleostei) of the Scotian Shelf. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 6, 304 - 311. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 87 - 047","Wierzbicka, J. (1988) Parasite fauna of the blue halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Walbaum, 1792) from selected districts of its distribution area. Akademia Rolnicza, Szczecin, Poland. 87 pp. (Translated from Polish by Canadian Translation of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 5520, 115 pp.)","Bouillon, D. R. & Dempson, J. B. (1989) Metazoan parasite infections in landlocked and anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus Linnaeus), and their use as indicators of movement to sea in young anadromous charr. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2478 - 2485. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 89 - 350","Holmes, J. C. (1990) Helminth communities in marine fishes. In: Esch, G., Bush, A. O. & Aho, J. (Eds.), Parasite Communities: Patterns and Processes. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 101 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 0837 - 6 _ 5","Wierzbicka, J. (1991 a) Parasite fauna of the Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum) from Labrador area. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 21, 21 - 29.","Wierzbicka, J. (1991 b) An analysis of the parasitic fauna of Greenland halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792), in different age groups. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 21, 31 - 41. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3750 / AIP 1991.21.1.02","Krzykawski, S. & Wierbicka, J. (1992) An attempt to determine systematic position of Greenland halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792), from Labrador region and Barents Sea on the basis of morphometric, biologic, and parasitological studies. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 22, 59 - 75. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3750 / AIP 1992.22.2.04","Hogans, W. E., Dadswell, M. J., Uhazy, L. S. & Appy, R. G. (1993) Parasites of American shad, Alosa sapidissima (Osteichthyes: Clupeidae) from rivers of the North American Atlantic coast and the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71, 941 - 946. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 93 - 123","Arthur, J. R. & Albert, E. (1994) A survey of the parasites of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) caught off Atlantic Canada, with notes on their zoogeography in this fish. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 756 - 778. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 94 - 103","Arthur, J. R., Albert, E. & Boily, F. (1995) Parasites of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the St. Lawrence estuary and gulf. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52 (Suppl. 1), 246 - 253. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 95 - 532","Martell, D. J. & McClelland, G. (1995) Transmission of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) via benthic macrofauna to sympatric flatfishes (Hippoglossoides platessoides, Pleuronectes ferrugineus, P. americanus) on Sable Island Bank, Canada. Marine Biology, 122, 129 - 135. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00349286","Blaycock, R. B. (1996) The parasites of Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, in the northeastern Pacific: ecological patterns in time and space. Ph. D. Dissertation. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, 156 pp.","Moran, J. D. W., Arthur, J. R. & Burt, M. D. B. (1996) Parasites of sharp-beaked redfishes (Sebastes fasciatus and Sebastes mentella) collected from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53, 1821 - 1826. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / cjfas- 53 - 8 - 1821","Boje, J., Riget, F. & Koie, M. (1997) Helminth parasites as biological tags in population studies of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum )), in the north - west Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54, 886 - 895. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / jmsc. 1997.0214","Blaycock, R. B., Holmes, J. C. & Margolis, L. (1998 a) The parasites of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) in the eastern North Pacific: host-level influences. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76, 536 - 547. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 97 - 214","Wierzbicka, J. & Piasecki, W. (1998) Parasite fauna of Atheresthes stomias (Jordan et Gilbert, 1880) (Pleuronectiformes) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 28, 49 - 57. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3750 / AIP 1998.28.1.06","Khan, R. A. (1999) Length-mass relationship, histopathology, and parasitism in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) living near a PCB-contaminated naval facility in Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77, 381 - 388. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 98 - 239","Lee, E. M. & Khan, R. A. (2000) Length-weight-age relationships, food, and parasites of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off coastal Labrador within NAFO divisions 2 H and 2 J- 3 K. Fisheries Research, 45, 65 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0165 - 7836 (99) 00101 - 0","Marcogliese, D. J., Albert, E., Gagnon, P. & Sevigny, J. - M. (2003) Use of parasites in stock identification of the deepwater redfish (Sebastes mentella) in the Northwest Atlantic. Fisheries Bulletin, 101, 183 - 188.","Khan, R. A., Chandra, C. V. & Earle, P. (2011) Comparison of metazoan parasites of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, from three geographical areas of coastal Newfoundland. Journal of Parasitology, 97, 270 - 274. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / ge- 2510.1","McClelland, G. & Melendy, J. (2011) Use of parasites as tags in delineating stocks of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Cape Breton Shelf. Fisheries Research, 107, 233 - 238. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. fishres. 2010.10.022"]}

** Hysterothylacium brachyurum Ward & Magath, 1917 Synonyms: Contracaecum brachyurum (Ward & Magath, 1917) Van Cleave & Mueller, 1934; Thynnascaris brachyura (Ward & Magath, 1917) Margolis & Arthur, 1979 Description (after Van Cleave & Mueller 1934, and Rye & Baker 1984). With characteristics of the genus. Lips large and prominent with well developed interlabia. Lateral alae arise from the interlabia between the subventral and dorsal lips and extend posteriorly to about the level of the posterior end of the preventriculus. A pair of minute, blind-ending deirids are located within the alae at nerve ring level. Nerve ring about 0.5 behind anterior end (Fig. 79 A). Preventriculus 6.0–7.0 long, with “a clearly defined ventriculus”. Intestinal caecum 5.6 long, ventricular appendix relatively short, about 1.0 long. Tail tip of both sexes with few relatively large spines, sharply pointed (Fig. 79 B). Males: about 60 long and 0.9 wide. Spicules equal, about 0.84 long. Arrangement of male caudal papillae not clear. Females: about 80 to 90 long and 1.0 wide. Vulva “some distance” anterior to middle of body. Eggs in utero 0.060 x 0.050. Comments: Hysterothylacium brachyurum should be redescribed, especially as it is the type species of the genus. Moreover, an account of the life-history of H. brachyurum —like that provided by Rye & Baker (1992) for H. analarum —does not appear to be available. In view of the possibility that larvae of H. brachyurum occur in the organs and tissues of Canadian fishes the taxon is adorned with a double asterisk. H. brachyurum has been reported frequently from a variety of fresh-water hosts throughout North America but, as Rye & Baker (1984) pointed out, in most surveys no voucher specimens were deposited in permanent collections so identifications cannot be confirmed; there is evidence that H. brachyurum has been confused in the past with H. analarum and Raphidascaris acus (Rye & Baker 1984). Sites: intestinal lumen, liver, mesenteries, pyloric caeca Hosts: Ambloplites rupestris (4, 7, 8, 18, 19); Anguilla rostrata (3); Coregonus artedi (10, 14); Culaea inconstans (22); Esox lucius (4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21); Esox masquinongy (4, 7, 8, 18); Etheostoma exile (4, 7); Lepomis gibbosus (2, 18); Lota lota (3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 17, 19, 21); Micropterus dolomieu (2, 4, 7, 18, 20, 21); Micropterus salmoides (1, 2, 4, 7); Moxostoma anisurum (8); Notemigonus crysoleucas (4, 7); Notropis atherinoides (4, 8); Noturus flavus (21); Perca flavescens (12, 18, 19, 20, 22); Percopsis omiscomaycus (4, 7, 8, 21); Salvelinus fontinalis (3, 19, 22); Salvelinus fontinalis x Salvelinus namaycush (9, 13, 21, 22); Salvelinus malma (9, 11, 17); Salvelinus namaycush (9); Sander canadensis (8); Sander vitreus (4, 7, 8, 12, 18, 21) Distribution: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec Records: Bangham & Hunter 1939 (ON); 2. Bangham 1941 (ON); 3. Bangham &Venard 1946 (ON); 4. Bangham 1951 (ON); 5. Worley & Bangham 1952 (QC); 6. Bangham & Adams 1954 (BC); 7. Bangham 1955 (ON); 8. Dechtiar 1972a (ON); 9. Mudry & Anderson 1977 (AB); 10. Watson 1977 (MB); 11. Anon. 1978 (BC); 12. Anthony 1978b (ON); 13. Dechtiar & Berst 1978 (ON); 14. Watson & Dick 1979 (MB); 15. Watson & Dick 1980 (MB); 16. Anthony 1983 (ON); 17. Arai & Mudry 1983 (BC); 18. Dechtiar & Christie 1988 (ON); 19. Dechtiar & Lawrie 1988 (ON); 20. Dechtiar & Nepszy 1988 (ON); 21. Dechtiar et al. 1988 (ON); 22. Dechtiar et al. 1989 (ON)

* Pseudoterranova bulbosa (Cobb, 1888) Mattiucci, Paggi, Nascetti, Ishikura, Kikuchi, Sato, Cianchi & Bullini, 1998 Includes P. decipiens C auct. Description: see that for P. decipiens below. Site:? Hosts: Gadus macrocephalus (5); Hippoglossus hippoglossus (5); Myoxocephalus quadricornis (5); Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (3, 4); unspecified “fish” (1, 2) Distribution: Atlantic, Labrador, Pacific Records: 1. Berland et al. 1989 (LB); 2. Mattiucci & Paggi 1989 (LB); 3. Paggi et al. 1991 (AT); 4. Mattiucci et al. 1998 (AT); 5. Paggi et al. 1998b (AT, PA)., Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on pages 124-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Mattiucci, S., Paggi, L., Nascetti, G., Ishikura, H., Kikuchi, K., Sato, N., Cianchi, R. & Bullini, L. (1998) Allozyme and morphological identification of Anisakis, Contracaecum and Pseudoterranova from Japanese waters (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea). Systematic Parasitology, 40, 81 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1005914926720","Berland, B., Brattey, J., D'Amelio, S., Mattiucci, S., Nascetti, G., Orecchia, P., Paggi, L. & Smith, J. W. (1989) Multilocus electrophoresis in the study of marine ascaridoid nematodes: species, hosts and geographic distribution in the North Atlantic. Program and Abstracts. 64 th Annual Meeting, American Society of Parasitologists, 06 - 10 August 1989. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, p. 71.","Paggi, L., Nascetti, G., Cianchi, R., Orecchia, P., Mattiucci, S., D'Amelio, S., Berland., B., Brattey, J., Smith, J. W. & Bullini, L. (1991) Genetic evidence for three species within Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda, Ascaridida, Ascaridoidea) in the North Atlantic and Norwegian and Barents Seas. International Journal for Parasitology, 21, 195 - 212. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0020 - 7519 (91) 90010 - 5","Paggi, L., Mattiucci, S., Ishikura, H., Kikuchi, K., Nascetti, G., Cianchi, R. & Bullini. L. (1998 b) Molecular genetics in anisakid nematodes from the Pacific Boreal Region. In: H. Ishikura, M. Aikawa, H. Itakura & K. Kikuchi (Eds.) Host Response to International Parasitic Zoonoses. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, pp. 83 - 107 (total 122 pp.) http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 4 - 431 - 68281 - 3 _ 8"]}

** Hysterothylacium brachyurum Ward & Magath, 1917 Synonyms: Contracaecum brachyurum (Ward & Magath, 1917) Van Cleave & Mueller, 1934; Thynnascaris brachyura (Ward & Magath, 1917) Margolis & Arthur, 1979 Description (after Van Cleave & Mueller 1934, and Rye & Baker 1984). With characteristics of the genus. Lips large and prominent with well developed interlabia. Lateral alae arise from the interlabia between the subventral and dorsal lips and extend posteriorly to about the level of the posterior end of the preventriculus. A pair of minute, blind-ending deirids are located within the alae at nerve ring level. Nerve ring about 0.5 behind anterior end (Fig. 79 A). Preventriculus 6.0–7.0 long, with “a clearly defined ventriculus”. Intestinal caecum 5.6 long, ventricular appendix relatively short, about 1.0 long. Tail tip of both sexes with few relatively large spines, sharply pointed (Fig. 79 B). Males: about 60 long and 0.9 wide. Spicules equal, about 0.84 long. Arrangement of male caudal papillae not clear. Females: about 80 to 90 long and 1.0 wide. Vulva “some distance” anterior to middle of body. Eggs in utero 0.060 x 0.050. Comments: Hysterothylacium brachyurum should be redescribed, especially as it is the type species of the genus. Moreover, an account of the life-history of H. brachyurum —like that provided by Rye & Baker (1992) for H. analarum —does not appear to be available. In view of the possibility that larvae of H. brachyurum occur in the organs and tissues of Canadian fishes the taxon is adorned with a double asterisk. H. brachyurum has been reported frequently from a variety of fresh-water hosts throughout North America but, as Rye & Baker (1984) pointed out, in most surveys no voucher specimens were deposited in permanent collections so identifications cannot be confirmed; there is evidence that H. brachyurum has been confused in the past with H. analarum and Raphidascaris acus (Rye & Baker 1984). Sites: intestinal lumen, liver, mesenteries, pyloric caeca Hosts: Ambloplites rupestris (4, 7, 8, 18, 19); Anguilla rostrata (3); Coregonus artedi (10, 14); Culaea inconstans (22); Esox lucius (4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21); Esox masquinongy (4, 7, 8, 18); Etheostoma exile (4, 7); Lepomis gibbosus (2, 18); Lota lota (3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 17, 19, 21); Micropterus dolomieu (2, 4, 7, 18, 20, 21); Micropterus salmoides (1, 2, 4, 7); Moxostoma anisurum (8); Notemigonus crysoleucas (4, 7); Notropis atherinoides (4, 8); Noturus flavus (21); Perca flavescens (12, 18, 19, 20, 22); Percopsis omiscomaycus (4, 7, 8, 21); Salvelinus fontinalis (3, 19, 22); Salvelinus fontinalis x Salvelinus namaycush (9, 13, 21, 22); Salvelinus malma (9, 11, 17); Salvelinus namaycush (9); Sander canadensis (8); Sander vitreus (4, 7, 8, 12, 18, 21) Distribution: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec Records: Bangham & Hunter 1939 (ON); 2. Bangham 1941 (ON); 3. Bangham &Venard 1946 (ON); 4. Bangham 1951 (ON); 5. Worley & Bangham 1952 (QC); 6. Bangham & Adams 1954 (BC); 7. Bangham 1955 (ON); 8. Dechtiar 1972a (ON); 9. Mudry & Anderson 1977 (AB); 10. Watson 1977 (MB); 11. Anon. 1978 (BC); 12. Anthony 1978b (ON); 13. Dechtiar & Berst 1978 (ON); 14. Watson & Dick 1979 (MB); 15. Watson & Dick 1980 (MB); 16. Anthony 1983 (ON); 17. Arai & Mudry 1983 (BC); 18. Dechtiar & Christie 1988 (ON); 19. Dechtiar & Lawrie 1988 (ON); 20. Dechtiar & Nepszy 1988 (ON); 21. Dechtiar et al. 1988 (ON); 22. Dechtiar et al. 1989 (ON), Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Van Cleave, H. J. & Mueller, J. F. (1934) Parasites of Oneida Lake fishes. Part III. A biological and ecological survey of the worm parasites. Roosevelt Wild Life Annals, 3 (3), 161 - 334.","Margolis, L. & Arthur, J. R. (1979) Synopsis of the Parasites of Fishes of Canada. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, No. 199, 269 pp.","Rye, L. A. & Baker, M. R. (1984) Hysterothylacium analarum n. sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus), in southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62, 2307 - 2312. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 84 - 337","Rye, L. A. & Baker, M. R. (1992) The life history of Hysterothylacium analarum Rye and Baker, 1984 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Lepomis gibbosus (Pisces: Centrarchidae) in southern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 1576 - 1584. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 92 - 217","Bangham, R. V. & Hunter, G. W. III. (1939) Studies on fish parasites of Lake Erie. Distribution studies. Zoologica (New York), 24, 385 - 444.","Bangham, R. V. (1941) Parasites of fish of Algonquin Park lakes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 70, 161 - 171. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1577 / 1548 - 8659 (1940) 70 [161: pofoap] 2.0. co; 2","Bangham, R. V. & Venard, C. E. (1946) Parasites of fish of Algonquin Park lakes. II. Distribution studies. University of Toronto Studies in Biology Series, 53, 31 - 46. (Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory Publication. No. 65.)","Bangham, R. V. (1951) Parasite records by location in 1951: Manitoulin Island and surrounding waters. University of Toronto, Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory Report, 27 pp.","Worley, D. E. & Bangham, R. V. (1952) Some parasites of fishes of the upper Gatineau River valley. Ohio Journal of Science, 52, 210 - 212.","Bangham, R. V. & Adams, J. R. (1954) A survey of the parasites of freshwater fishes from the mainland of British Columbia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 11, 673 - 708. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 54 - 043","Bangham, R. V. (1955) Studies on fish parasites of Lake Huron and Manitoulin Island. American Midland Naturalist, 53, 184 - 194. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422308","Dechtiar, A. O. (1972 a) Parasites of fish from Lake of the Woods, Ontario. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 29, 275 - 283. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 72 - 046","Mudry, D. R. & Anderson, R. S. (1977) Helminth and arthropod parasites of freshwater fishes in Alberta, 1932 - 1975. Journal of Fish Biology, 11, 21 - 33. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1977. tb 04095. x","Watson, R. A. (1977) Metazoan parasites from whitefish, cisco, and pike from Southern Indian Lake, Manitoba. A preimpoundment and diversion analysis. M. Sc. Thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 197 pp.","Anthony, D. D. (1978 b) Metazoan parasites of percids from Lake Nipissing, Ontario, Canada. Proceedings. 4 th International Congress of Parasitology, 19 - 26 August 1978, Warsaw, Poland. Short Communications, Section H, pp. 39 - 40.","Dechtiar, A. O. & Berst, A. H. (1978) Parasite fauna of splake (Salvelinus fontinalis x S. namaycush). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 45, 249 - 254.","Watson, R. A. & Dick, T. A. (1979) Metazoan parasites of whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill) and C. artedi LeSueur from Southern Indian Lake, Manitoba. Journal of Fish Biology, 15, 579 - 587. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1979. tb 03648. x","Watson, R. A. & Dick, T. A. (1980) Metazoan parasites of pike, Esox lucius Linnaeus, from Southern Indian Lake, Manitoba. Journal of Fish Biology, 17, 255 - 261. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1980. tb 02759. x","Anthony, D. D. (1983) Metazoan parasites of esocids from Lake Nipissing, Ontario. Program and Abstracts. 58 th Annual Meeting, American Society of Parasitologists, 04 - 08 December 1983, San Antonio, Texas, p. 41.","Arai, H. P. & Mudry, D. R. (1983) Protozoan and metazoan parasites of fishes from the headwaters of the Parsnip and McGregor Rivers, British Columbia: a study of possible parasite transfaunations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40, 1676 - 1684. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 83 - 194","Dechtiar, A. O. & Christie, W. J. (1988) Survey of the parasite fauna of Lake Ontario fishes, 1961 to 1971. In: Nepszy, S. J. (Ed.), Parasites of Fishes in the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Technical Report, No. 51, 66 - 95.","Dechtiar, A. O. & Lawrie, A. H. (1988) Survey of the parasite fauna of Lake Superior fishes, 1969 to 1975. In: Nepszy, S. J. (Ed.), Parasites of Fishes in the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Technical Report, No. 51, 1 - 18.","Dechtiar, A. O. & Nepszy, S. J. (1988) Survey of the parasite fauna of selected fish species from Lake Erie, 1970 ̶ 1975. In: Nepszy, S. J. (Ed.), Parasites of Fishes in the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Technical Report, No. 51, 49 - 65.","Dechtiar, A. O., MacLean, J. A. & Nepszy, S. J. (1989) Parasites of Fishes from Algonquin Park lakes. Ontario Fisheries, Technical Report. Series, No. 29, 10 pp."]}

Hysterothylacium incurvum (Rudolphi, 1819) Deardorff & Overstreet, 1981 Synonyms: Thynnascaris incurva (Rudolphi, 1819) Dollfus, 1935; Contracaecum incurvum (Rudolphi, 1819) Baylis & Daubney, 1922 Description (after Deardorff & Overstreet 1981). With characteristics of the genus. Body reaching greatest width near midbody. Cuticle with inconspicuous annulations except ventrally on male’s posterior. Lateral alae bifurcate at their tips throughout worm. Cervical alae not flaring. Lips approximately equal in size, all wider than long; flanges widest near base, indented at anterior 1/3. Pulp conspicuously narrow near base. Interlabia with height two times greater than width at base, with rounded tips. Interlabial grooves deep, adjacent grooves nearly merging at base of each lip (Fig. 82 A). Preventriculus clavate, 7–16% of body length. Ventriculus narrower than widest level of preventriculus. Nerve ring located between anterior 7–19% of preventriculus. Excretory pore immediately posterior to nerve ring level. Tail gradually tapering, usually without spines. Males: body 17–34 long by 0.606–0.772 wide. Preventriculus 2.3–5.2, ventriculus 0.117–0.166, ventricular appendix 1.7–2.6, and intestinal caecum 1.9–4.5 long. Spicules 2.6–8.7 long, equal in eight specimens, left one longer in two specimens: spicule ratio 1:0.9–1.0, Caudal papillae 31 to 32 pairs: 27 to 28 pre-cloacal pairs, four post-cloacal pairs, one para-anal papilla, doubled. Distinct medioventral pre-cloacal organ, papillated. Modified annules on ventral surface, beginning near anus, extending anteriorly 2.0–6.1 (Fig. 82 B). Tail flexed ventrad, without spines. Females: body 25–69 long by 0.5–1.7 wide. Preventriculus 2.6–7.2, ventriculus 0.173–0.362, ventricular appendix 0.6–4.0, and intestinal caecum 1.5–5.1 long. Vulva opening 7.3–35.1 from anterior end. Ovaries rarely extending anteriad to vulva level. Eggs 0.018–0.063 in diameter. Tail usually without spines. Site: stomach Host: Xiphias gladius Distribution: Atlantic Records: Nigrelli 1938; Tibbo et al. 1961; Iles 1971; Hogans et al. 1983, Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on pages 143-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Deardorff, T. L. & Overstreet, R. M. (1981) Review of Hysterothylacium and Iheringascaris (both previously = Thynnascaris) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 93, 1035 - 1079.","Nigrelli, R. F. (1938) Parasites of the swordfish, Xiphias gladius Linne. American Museum Novitates No. 996, 16 pp.","Tibbo, S. N., Day, L. R. & Doucet, W. F. (1961) The swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.), its life history and economic significance in the northwest Atlantic. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, No. 130, 47 pp.","Iles, C. (1971) Fisticula plicatus (Cestoda) and Tristoma spp. (Trematoda) on [sic] swordfish from the northwest Atlantic. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 28, 31 - 34. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 71 - 005","Hogans, W. E., Brattey, J., Uhazy, L. S. & Hurley, P. C. (1983) Helminth parasites of swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.) from the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Parasitology, 69, 1178 - 1179. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3280895"]}

Hysterothylacium reliquens (Norris & Overstreet, 1975) Deardorff & Overstreet, 1981 Synonym: Thynnascaris reliquens Norris & Overstreet, 1975 Description (after Deardorff & Overstreet 1981). With characteristics of the genus. Body reaching greatest width near midbody. Cuticle with inconspicuous annulations and minute lateral alae. Alae become more apparent at levels behind rectum. Lips approximately equal in size, all longer than wide; flanges constricted near middle of lip; pulp pedunculated. Interlabia with height equal to or slightly greater than width at base. Interlabial grooves absent (Fig. 83 A). Preventriculus 11–13% of body length. Ventriculus narrower than widest level of preventriculus. Usually longer than broad; ventricular appendix departing without angulation from posterior portion of ventriculus. Nerve ring located at anterior 16–28% of preventriculus. Excretory pore at or immediately posterior to level of nerve ring. Tail with spined conical mucron. Males: body 25–40 long by 0.5–0.9 wide. Preventriculus 3.3–4.5, ventriculus 0.141–300, ventricular appendix 1.2–1.7, and intestinal caecum 0.315–598 long. Spicules 1.7–2.4 long, relative length varies: spicule ratio 1:0.6– 1.3. Caudal papillae 27 to 33 pairs: 23 to 29 pre–cloacal pairs, four to five post–cloacal pairs with 3rd pair from tail end doubled; para-anal papillae lacking. Distinct medio-ventral organ, papillated. Tail reflexed ventrad, 0.123– 0.185 long, including multispinous process (Fig. 83 B). Females: body 21–44 long by 0.5–1.1 wide. Preventriculus 2.9–5.0, ventriculus 0.142–0.286, ventricular appendix 1.0–2.9, and intestinal caecum 0.394–0.788 long. Vulva without protruding lips, opens 6.5–17.0 from anterior end. Ovaries rarely extend beyond anterior level of vulva. Tail 0.370–0.574 long, including multispinous process (Fig. 83 C). Site: stomach Host: Xiphias gladius Distribution: Atlantic Record: Hogans et al. 1983