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This work aims to study cultivable actinobacterial isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Artemisia herba-alba Asso; an important component of the Mediterranean dry steppe flora. The isolates functional attributes with respect to antifungal, in vitro growth-promotion properties and enzymatic capacities, were studied. A total of eleven cultivable actinobacterial strains were isolated and identified as Streptomyces species by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The eleven Streptomyces strains were positive for the production of almost all the hydrolytic enzymes tested, while the majority had ACC deaminase activity (6 strains) and exhibited ammonia (7 strains), siderophores production (9 strains) and phosphate solubilization (6 strains). Two out of the eleven strains named Streptomyces sp. BKS30 and BKS40 showed antifungal activities. One promising Streptomyces sp. strain BKS30 that was in-depth characterized morphologically and biochemically was further tested for its antifungal activity for the filtrate and the butanolic extract against nine target-fungi as well as for its antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABST tests. The obtained results demonstrate that Streptomyces species isolated from the rhizosphere of Artemisia herba-alba Asso have the potential for different biological activities including antifungal and antioxidant activities particularly for strain BKS30.

Introduction: Today, people around the world have resorted to herbal medicine, due to the increase in antibiotic resistance and the side effects of synthetic drugs. Methods: Our research focused on the in vivo antifungal activity of three ointments formulated on the basis of methanolic extract of Citrus aurantium peel, ethanolic extract of the aerial part of Artemisia herba alba asso, and essential oil of Artemisia herba alba asso. Wistar rats were made immunosuppressed by Dexamethazone and Tetracycline. Three strains of Candida albicans, S1, S2 and S3 were inoculated. The fungal load of the area tested, the weight of the rats, as well as the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the skins, were determined. Results: Cutaneous candidiasis was manifested as red, thick, scabbed lesions, mostly located on the infected area of t he animals. Microscopic observation of histological skin sections of animals infected and treated with the ointments, P1, P2 and P3 showed a well-preserved architecture of the skin. Erythema, edema, ulceration, erosion were seen in the skin of animals receiving placebo or Nystatin. The P3 ointment exerted a very powerful antifungal effect against especially the strain S1 compared to the other ointments (log 3.07±0.006 CFU/ml). The weight was regained significantly in the groups of animals receiving the ointments, and regression of growth was observed in the untreated animals and those treated by Nystatin and placebo. Conclusion: The EAH and MCP ointment and the essential oil of Artemisia developed, allowed to retain their significant antifungal activity against Candida.

The endophytic actinobacteria associated with Artemisia herba-alba (synonym: Seriphidium herba-alba) are highly diverse. This study aimed to illustrate the extent of their differences from the free-living actinobacteria in the surrounding environment. A selection of eighteen actinobacteria inhabiting A. herba-alba were compared with twenty and ten actinobatceria isolates from the surrounding desert and groundwater, respectively, representing six genera. Antagonistic and enzymatic activities, plant growth-promoting traits, and the occurrence of biosynthetic genes were compared among the isolates. Data were analyzed statistically using principal component analysis (PCA) and were visualized using heat map. Endophytic strains showed higher antimicrobial activity and production of plant growth promoters compared to desert and groundwater strains. Polyketide synthase and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters were detected at higher frequencies in the endophytic strains (8 and 11 strains, respectively) than the desert strains (1 and 2 strains, respectively). In contrast, both gene clusters were not detected in the groundwater strains. The PCA revealed unique metabolic characteristics of the endophytes. The heatmap clustered the endophytic strains apart from the free-living strains, indicating distinctive qualitative and quantitative bioactivities. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes confirmed the chemotaxonomic identity of all but two strains, with > 94.5% similarity. Six endophytes displayed

The current work was done Artemisia herba-alba and Artemisia compestris essential oils harvested from the Eastern Algerian Sahara, their insecticidal characteristics against the eggs and adults of the date moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae. Indeed, two treatment modes were used; by contact application on eggs and by inhalation against adults. It appears from the results that the hatch rates were less than the hatching rate recorded in the control (96% ±00.00). The hatching rate reported on eggs treated by the highest dose (160 μl/ml) of Artemisia herba-alba and Artemisia compestris essential oils are 16.66 ± 08.81 and 37.77 ± 13.47 respectively. Statistical treatment results by the Chi-square test (χ2), attest that the treatment by A. herba-alba and Artemisia compestris essential oils at the same dose (160 μl/ml) affect significantly (χ2 = 35.62, p = 0.00 and χ2 = 21.17, p = 0.00 respectively) the hatching rate compared to the control. The sensitivity of adults to essential oils is expressed by 100% mortality rates obtained after 10 min of treatment by the highest doses (80 μl/ml and 160 μl/ml) of A. herba-alba essential oils, the same mortality rates (100%) were notified with the same doses (80 μl/ml and 160 μl/ml) after 20 min and 15 min of treatment by Artemisia compestris essential oils respectively. The dose-dependent mortality data revealed that there was a significant difference between the five doses of A. herba-alba essential oil tested except at the last treatment time (20 min) for which it was appeared p = 0.571, while for A. compestris essential oil, a significant difference was recorded with p varying between 0.00 and 0.003. The lowest LD50 value (0.09 μl/ml and 16.71 μl/ml) were noted during the longest treatment time (20 min), while the highest LD50 value (75.85 μl/ml and 263.7 μl/ml) were found during the shortest time (5 min) of A. herba-alba and A. compestris respectively. J. Bio-Sci. 29(2): 09-17, 2021 (December)

Artemisia herba-alba Asso is a medicinal plant used widely in Algerian folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases. The present work is aimed to elucidate the chemical composition of essential oil (EO) of Artemisia herba-alba. The in vitro antibacterial activity against 11 bacterial strains, and the in vivo acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated. In this study fifty-four compounds accounting for 94.1% of total oil were identified by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil obtained from leaves. α-thujone (48.0%), β-thujone (13.4%), and camphor (13.1%) are found to be the major compounds. The results of the antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method revealed inhibition zones ranging from 10.00±0.0 to 36.00±0.9mm. Gram-positive was more sensitive to EO compared with Gram-negative bacteria. EO exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations and bactericidal concentrations of 2.5 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml, and 5 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml respectively. The oil was moderately toxic and belongs to category 4 according to GHS, mortality was achieved at the dose of 2000 mg/kg. EO of A. herba-alba reduced significantly the edema induced by carrageenan in rat paw at 44.07% and 44.37% (after five hours) at the doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg respectively.

Artemisia herba alba plant is spread in forests and desert, cold areas, especially in the Green Mountain region, and it is considered as one of the important medicinal plants in Libya. This study aimed of investigating the stimulating effects of the aqueous extracts of the leaves, seeds and roots of the wormwood plant. The doses (10, 20, 30 mg / kg) effect on testosterone, movement and concentration of sperm for male rabbits were leaded. The results showed that there were highly significant differences with an increase in blood flow, speed and movement of sperm, and level of testosterone compared with the control group at P

The main objective of this study is to highlight the dietary risk of the prevalence of blaESBL producing multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in raw milk, besides evaluating the effect of Artemes...

Biopesticides such as essential oils (EOs) are considered an improvement for integrated pest control as they appear to be less toxic to the environment than chemical acaricides. The current study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of Artemisia herba-alba and Melia azedarach oil loaded nano-emulsion as alternatives for chemical acaricides against the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii, besides evaluating their toxic effect on Swiss albino mice. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for the characterization of loaded nano-emulsions.The immersion test was used for the bioassay of both loaded nanoemulsions on tick stages (egg, nymph, larva, and adult). Mortality percentages and LC50 values of each tick stage were calculated. Reproductive performance for the survived engorged females after treatment was monitored. The toxicity of both loaded nano-emulsions was evaluated on Swiss albino mice by an oral dose of 1500 mg/kg/day for five successive days. The hematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes were evaluated. TEM characterization revealed spherical droplets for A. herba-alba and M. azedarach oil loaded nano-emulsion with droplet size ranging from 62 to 69 nm and 52–91 nm, respectively. FTIR revealed the absence of extra peaks in the loaded nano-emulsions that confirmed no chemical changes existed by ultrasonication. The LC50 values of A. herba-alba and M. azedarach oil loaded nano-emulsion on embryonated eggs, larvae, engorged nymphs, and unfed adults were 0.3 and 1.1%, 0.7 and 1.7%, 0.3 and 0.4%, 4.4 and 22.2%, respectively. The egg productive index (EPI), egg number, and hatchability percentage were lower in the treated females compared with Butox 5% (deltamethrin) and control. The hematological picture and biochemical analysis revealed insignificant changes in the treatment group compared with the negative control group. The liver of the A. herba-alba and M. azedarach oil loaded nano-emulsion treated group exhibited vacuolar degeneration and infiltration of lymphocytic cells. The kidney of mice treated with A. herba-alba and M. azedarach oil loaded nano-emulsion showed hemolysis and slight degeneration of epithelial cells of tubules. It is concluded that A. herba-alba and M. azedarach oil loaded nano-emulsion have good acaricidal activity against camel tick H. dromedarii.

Essential oils are secondary plant metabolites and have many therapeutic properties. The aim of our study is to determine the antibacterial effect of the essential oils of two plants cultivated in a semi-arid region located in the Northeast of Algeria (Tebessa), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) and Artemisia herba alba (Asteraceae). The yield of essential oils of the two plants were 1.45 ± 0.026 and 1.21 ± 0.061 g/100 g of the dry matter of the aerial part respectively. The test of the antibacterial effect is based on the diffusion method on solid medium (sensitivity), this method allows us to determine the susceptibility or resistance of an organism vis-à-vis the sample studied. Our study reveals that E. camaldulensis essential oil had very strong activity on all bacterial strains tested, except on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis for which there was no inhibitory effect. However, A. herba alba essential oil had very strong activity on all bacterial strains tested except on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC of Artemisia essential oil ranged between 0.08 and 1.57 µL/mL, with the lowest activity for S. aureus and P. mirabilis (1.57 µL/mL) and the highest activity was observed against E. feacalis, E. coli, and K. pneumonia (0.09 µL/mL). The MIC of the second plant EO ranged between 0.08 and 0.36 µL/mL, with the lowest activity for P. mirabilis (0.36 µL/mL) and the highest one was observed against S. saprophyticus and E. coli (0.08 µL/mL). Statistical analysis shows that the two plants have the same efficacy against S. saprophyticus while E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis species are affected more by the essential oil of A. herba alba. While, E. camaldulensis has a higher efficiency than that of A. herba alba on the species: S. aureus and E. coli. Therefore, the essential oils of E. camaldulensis and A. herba alba suggests avenues for further non clinical and clinical studies.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli E2346/69 (EPEC) has caused foodborne outbreaks worldwide and the bacterium forms antimicrobial-tolerant biofilms. The anti-biofilm formation of various components ...

Background and aim In the present study, we investigate the phytochemical composition and the nephroprotective effects as well as the antioxidant properties of Artemisia herba alba aqueous extract in alloxan-induced experimental diabetes in rats. Experimental procedure Wistar rats were divided into four groups of seven rats each: Group I: Normal control (NC) received saline solution at 9‰ given by intraperitoneal way; Group II: Diabetic control (DC) received alloxan (150 mg/kg b.w) intraperitoneally; Group III: Normal control (NC + AHA) received saline solution at 9‰ and treated orally by AHA aqueous extract (400 mg/kg/b.w); Group IV: Diabetic control (DC + AHA) received alloxan solution (150 mg/kg b.w) intraperitoneally and treated by aqueous extract of AHA (400 mg/kg/b.w/day) orally after one week of alloxan administration. After 30 days, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis, respectively. Glomerular damage markers, including creatinine, serum urea, urine creatinine and urine urea levels were estimated. Creatinine clearance was also assessed. Oxidative stress parameters were assessed in the kidney homogenate. Results and conclusion Alloxan-exposure resulted in significant increase in blood glucose and serum level of glomerular damage markers. The antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly downregulated associated with an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level over the baseline values. Artemisia herba alba aqueous extract supplementation significantly improved the studied parameters. In concluding, the results obtained suggests that Artemisia herbs-alba aqueous extract supplementation reduces alloxan-induced free radical generation, potentiates the antioxidant defense system and alleviates renal sensitivity to oxidative stress.

In this modest work, a local biopolymer (CHA), biodegradable, non-toxic, and soluble in acidic media, was extracted from the plant Artemisia herba-alba located in the eastern region of Morocco, and characterized by FT-IR, in order to valorize it as a corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 1 M HCl medium. The electrochemical tests show that the extract is an excellent corrosion protective agent, reaching a maximum value of 96.17% at the concentration of 800 mg/L in the inhibitor. The potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) curves indicate the mixed behavior of the extract, to reduce the current density from 3.445 mA/cm2 to 0.104 mA/cm2 in the presence of 800 mg/L in the inhibitor. The biopolymer CHA of the extract of Artemisia herba-alba undergoes the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, whose adsorption energy is −20.75 kJ/mol, which is attributed to the presence of electrostatic and covalent bonds. In addition, the visualization of the metal surface by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicates the formation of a protective layer formed by the extracts of Artemisia herba-alba, which confirms the protective characteristic of the extract used. Theoretical investigations by DFT, MD, and MC confirm previous experimental results.

Given the increase in antibiotic resistance phenomena and the undesirable effects of synthetic drugs. Medicinal plants are used as a direct or indirect source of the active ingredients. Our research constitutes a development of essential oils from Artemisia herba alba Asso cultivated in the Mascara region. A hydrophobic ointment has been formulated based on this essential oil and tested against five strains of Candida albicans. Several physicochemical and microbiological tests were used to verify the quality and the toxicity of the product. Then, the determination of the antifungal activity of this preparation was assessed against five strains of Candida albicans (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5) by the disk-diffusion agar method. The results revealed that this preparation was devoid of total aerobic germs, yeasts and molds. However, the pH value was found equal to 5.98. In addition, the irritation primary index was marked less than 0.5. The ointment was powerful against S1, S3, S4 and S5 strains with inhibition diameters ranging from 16± 4 mm to 23 ± 2 mm. The Nystatin ointment was observed active against strains S2, S4 and S5 with diameters of the zones of inhibition; 21 ± 2 mm, 21± 1 mm and 20 ± 3 mm respectively. The ointment formulated with essential oil from Artemisia herba alba asso has proven useful against candidiasis caused by Candida albicans species.

The concentrations of selected heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe) in stems and leaves of Artemisia herba-alba medicinal plant and soil...

Artemisia herba-alba (Aha) is an aromatic and medicinal plant rich in health-promoting flavonoids compounds that play an important role as antioxidant. For better utilization of this resource, the ...

This study was carried out at the Tissue Culture and Germplasm Conservation Research Laboratory, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. in cooperation with Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt. from 2016 to 2020. Medicinal plants contain many reduction substances e.g. terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides. Melia azedarach and Artemisia herba-alba are rich in these compounds that are able to reduce chromium metal (VI) to chromium nanoparticles (Cr2O3). Chromium oxide nanoparticles were green synthesized by the reduction of potassium dichromate solution with Melia azedarach and Artemisia herba-alba plant extract. In biological methods, Cr2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by two biological agents of Erwinia amylovora dry matter and extraction. The resulting Cr2O3 nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. The antibacterial effect of Cr2O3 nanoparticles against E. amylovora gave the highest inhibition zone for Cr2O3 nanoparticles reduction by Artemisia followed by Melia (31.0 and 25.0 mm respectively). These particles were shown to have an effective bactericide on contaminated callus pear cells by Erwinia bacteria which gave survival 75% and 50% and 0.0% contamination.

This study investigated insecticidal activity of Artemisia herba-alba essential oil (EO) against Tribolium castaneum adults and its impacts on wheat flour quality. GC/MS analysis of the EOs of A. herba-alba showed a predominance of β-thujone (27.79%), camphor (22.65%), chrysanthenone (17.97%) and α-thujone (13.56%). Therefore, the median effective concentrations (LC50 value) of Artemisia herba-alba essential oil used for preliminary screening tests were evaluated. Insect mortalities, occupation space conditions and wheat flour quality were investigated after 30 and 60 days of storage period. The results showed that mortality varies depending on occupation space and storage duration, which reached 42.15% and 59.8% after 30 and 60 days of storage, respectively. Furthermore, moisture, ash, gluten, falling number contents were examined according to international standards. Indeed, rheological dough parameters were examined using a Chopin alveograph and according to ISO standards. Results indicated that A. herba-alba essential oil changed wheat flour physicochemical parameters but did not affect dough rheological parameters which correspond to international ISO standards.

This work aims to research new bio-fungicidal molecules based on the essential oils (EO) of Artemisia herba alba Asso, Mentha pulegium L, Rosmarinus officinalis L and Ocimum basilicum L for the food protection and preservation against fungal attacks, also, to determine the chemical composition and the socio-economic interest of oil. The plant material used in this study is represented by the aerial part of O. basilicum L., A. herba-alba Asso, M. pulegium L and the leaves and flowers of R. officinalis L dried for a week, protected from the light and at room temperature. EO chemical composition analysis by GC/MS revealed 36, 26, 34 and 27 constituents for A. herba alba Asso, R. officinalis L, O. basilicum L and M. pulegium L EO, respectively. The antifungal activity of the oils was tested using the direct contact PDA method by determining mycelial growth rate and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results of the antifungal study showed that all the fungal strains tested are sensitive to different concentrations of the EO applied with a great antifungal potential by an MIC between 139.08 and 1082.76 μg/ml. Thanks to the antifungal power of the EO of the plants studied, the latter demonstrate that the can constitute an important source of several active ingredients including the antifungal activity necessary for a bio-fungicidal product with a more advantageous national socioeconomic level.

Artemisia herba alba asso, peel and leaves of Citrus aurantium grown in the western Algerian city (Mascara) were subjected to hydrodistillation by Clevenger dispositive. The essential oils obtained were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and used for the study of the antifungal activity against five clinical strains of Candida albicans. The results of chemical analysis revealed 40 constituents in Artemisia essential oil, where the major components were camphor (34.89%) and chrysantenone (19.60%). While, the main component of peel and leaves of Citrus essential oils was the lineal (42.33%, 60.62%) respectively. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration value was found in the case of Artemisia essential oil (1.95l/ml) against the (S3) Candida albicans strain. The experimental results confirmed that these extracts are marked by significant anti-fungal activity, which can be used as alternative drugs against candidiasis.

Artemisia (Asteraceae family) has been reported to possess different bioactive phytochemicals including phenols, sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to estimate the anti-proliferative activity of the methanolic extract of Artemisia herba alba using in vitro assays on two of human cancer cell lines compared with the normal cell lines. The obtained results indicated that A.herba alba extract showed highly cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects on tested human cancer cells as revealed by measuring viable mitochondrial oxidation of [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay] (MTT assay). The observed (-IC50-) or the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of A. herba alba extract in the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) was 50.34 μg/ml, while in the lung cancer cell line (A549) it was 29.23 μg/ml. In contrast, the normal liver cells (THLE2) as well as lung normal cells showed very low sensitivity toward tested extract where the IC50 were 1250μg/ml and 1915 μg/ml, respectively. However, flow cytometric analysis for cell cycle using propidium iodide staining revealed increment of G2/M phase cell cycle arrest after treatment of HepG2 cells with A. herba alba extract. At the molecular level, the quantitative real time-PCR technique was used to investigate the alteration of gene expression after exposure of HepG2 cell line to A. herba alba extract by measuring levels of mRNA for p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 genes expression. The apoptotic mechanism was activated by the crude extract of A. herba alba extract included up-regulation of p53 and Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression levels. However, no cytotoxic effect was recorded after exposure of normal cell lines to the plant extract. These data indicated that A. herba alba extract possess anti-proliferative effect by a cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and apoptosis mediated cytotoxicity in carcinoma cells. These results suggested that A.herba alba could contain one or more effective anti-cancer compound(s) and can be used as a natural source of anticancer agents.

Artemisia herba-alba (AHA) is a traditionally used plant to treat various diseases, including diabetes and metabolic dysfunctions. Plant extracts are generally explored empirically without a deeper assessment of their mechanism of action. Here, we describe a combinatorial study of biochemical, molecular, and bioinformatic (metabolite-protein pharmacology network) analyses to elucidate the mechanism of action of AHA and shed light on its multilevel effects in the treatment of diabetes-related advanced glycation end-products (AGE)-induced liver damages. The extract's polyphenols and flavonoids content were measured and then identified via LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Active compounds were used to generate a metabolite-target interaction network via Swiss Target Prediction and other databases. The extract was tested for its antiglycation and aggregation properties. Next, THLE-2 liver cells were challenged with AGEs, and the mechanistic markers were measured [TNF-alpha, IL-6, nitric oxide, total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and caspase 3]. Metabolite and network screening showed the involvement of AHA in diabetes, glycation, liver diseases, aging, and apoptosis. Experimental confirmation showed that AHA inhibited protein modification and AGE formation. Additionally, AHA reduced inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF alpha), oxidative stress markers (NO, LPO), and apoptosis (Caspase 3). On the other hand, cellular total antioxidant capacity was restored to normal levels. The combinatorial study showed that AHA regulates AGE-induced liver damages through MAPK-AKT and AGE-RAGE signaling pathways. This report highlights the combination of experimental and network pharmacology for the exact elucidation of AHA mechanism of action as a multitarget option in the therapy of diabetes and AGEs-related diseases., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey-TUBITAK [120Z200]; Projets de Recherche-Formation Universitaire (PRFU) [D01N01UN160420180008], This project was funded by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey-TUBITAK (120Z200). The current project was partially funded by the Projets de Recherche-Formation Universitaire (PRFU) (D01N01UN160420180008). EGE MATAL (EGE University) is acknowledged for the LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analyses and cell culture experiments.

Background: The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of a natural product to control coccidiosis in broilers. We studied the effect of the dried leaves of Artemisia herba alba Asso supplement against artificially induced coccidiosis in broilers. Methods: One hundred twenty chickens were allocated into four equal groups of thirty, negative control (UUG), positive control (IUG), Monensin-treated Group (MTG), and Artemisia-treated group (ATG). The infected chickens with E. tenella were treated with 100ppm of monensin and, 5% of Artemisia in the feed. Results: No mortality was recorded in ATG animals. Oocysts excretion was significantly (p

This study consists of the evaluation of the anticoccidial effect of Artemisia herba-alba Asso during experimental coccidial infection. Four groups of 30 broiler chickens were formed: the negative control (G1), the positive control (G2), the infected Monensin-treated group (G3), and the infected Artemisia-treated group (G4). Each infected bird received orally 105 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. No mortality was recorded in both G1 and G4. Haematocrit levels showed great variations from the 7th day Post-Infection, especially in G2 (20.87%±5.77). By day 10 P-I, haematocrit recovery was rapid particularly in G4 (28.07%±1.50). Haemoglobin concentration also decreased significantly (pA. herba-alba Asso by improving the lesion score and the haematological parameters affected during coccidian infection.

This study includes the extraction of volatile oil from the Artemisia herba-alba plant (Asteraceae). Take the plant Artemisia from the city of heet Al-Anbar in Iraq, where the research knew the practical chemical components in the A. herba-alba plant. The cold and hot aqueous solvent extracted from the A. herba-alba plant and the study diagnoses their qualitative components. GC-mass, Thin-layer chromatography (T.L.C) used to isolate some active organic compounds from this oil. Ethyl acetate: Toluene 5: 95% used as mobile phase. The separation technique also used by Column (C.C) chromatography. Study the biological of the oil of A. herba-alba extracted by the cold and hot method, and studied its effect on some bacteria were. Results obtained are that plant A. herba-alba is acidic because it contains many compounds, phenol, resins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and turbines. GC-mass obtained got to show accompanying mixtures, camphor, filifolide A, 1-ethynyl-4-methoxy-4-methyl-2-cyclobuten-1-ol, lineatin, 2-pentanoylfuran, davana ether, caryophyllene oxide, beta-Myrcene, vulgarin, trans-caryophyllene, (2-Ethylhexyl), And bis phthalate are available in the accompanying percent 5%, 6%, 10%, 47.5%, 19%, 18.5%, 6%, 8%, 7.5%, 12.5%, 9%, and 6% separately are available in A. herba-alba oil that extricated by cold aqueous dissolvable. Furthermore, acquired demonstrate that the accompanying mixtures, 2-methyl-4-nitroresorcinol, cis-hydroxydavanone, vulgarin, and dihydroxanthin, are available in the simultaneous percent 4%, 8.25%, 7.25%, 5.75% individually are available in Artemisia oil that extracted by Hot aqueous solvent. T.L.C chromate-gram appears six zones for Cold aqueous solvent extract. Three zones of hot aqueous solvent extract identified and characterized by different spectroscopic methods UV-vis. And Ft-IR. Spectra. Some of the compounds appear six zones for Cold aqueous solvent extract, and three zones hot aqueous solvent extract ethyl acetate: Toluene used as mobile phase. Obtained and diagnosed the separation compound by spectroscopy UV-Vis and Ft-IR spectra. The active organic compounds present in the extract of the A. herba-alba plant have proven to have high biological efficacy against bacteria.

The medicinal plants (Artemisia herba-alba) were subjected to mineral analysis, total protein and the phenolic contents. Couple plants were collected from AL-Gabal AL-Akhder region in Northeast of Libya (Coastal and Desert) Artemisia herba-alba 1 Artemisia herba-alba 2 respectively during November (2018). Results showed that mineral content found to vary significantly. Appreciable amounts of calcium Ca was recorded 84.930 ppm in Artemisia herba-alba 1 while 30 ppm in Artemisia herba-alba 2, potassium (K) was 43.3 and 27.6 ppm in Artemisia herba-alba 1 and Artemisia herba-alba 2 respectively. Meanwhile, Fe was recorded as 0.39, 0.52 ppm in Artemisia herba-alba1 and 2. Level of total protein was 9.95 and 7.79 (mg/g) in Artemisia herba-alba 1 and Artemisia herba-alba 2 respectively. Present study found that the phenolic compounds were determined in both plants with high levels. The available data indicate the two plants were found to contain Alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, sterols/triterpenes, and tannins. However, sterols/ triterpenes and coumarins were found in herba-alba 1 significantly, while Alkaloids, flavonoids, and Saponins found highest in herba-alba 2 compared to herba-alba 1 on the other side the quantity of essential oils was higher in the herba-alba 2.

The allelopathic effects of the aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Artemisia herba-alba at different concentrations (20, 40, 80%) were evaluated on germination and seedling growth of Raphanus sativus (Radish) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) after 7 days "in vitro". Artemisia had strong allelopathic effects, it prevented the germination and seedling growth of Radish seeds, at highest concentrations (80%). Results obtained showed significant inhibition in germination percentage (GP), plumule length (PL) and radicle length (RL) of both Radish and Fenugreek seeds, and the degree of inhibition was concentration dependent. At 20 and 40% the germination percentage of Radish seed was reduced to (56.67%) and to (40%), while the germination of Fenugreek seeds was reduced to (80%) and to (63.33%) respectively. This inhibition was markedly in obvious Radish than in Fenugreek, indicating that is Raphanus sativus more sensitive, to the allelophahtic effect of the different concentrations of the aqueous extract of the A. herba alba plant.

The genetic variability of 18 individuals of Artemisia herba-alba from 3 different elevations in Green Mountain—Libya was examined using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques. Results showed distinctive SRAP and RAPD banding pattern in this species scoring a total of 17 SRAP and 61 RAPD bands including 94.12% and 100% polymorphic with amplicon size ranging from 50 to 1600 bp and 150 to 1800 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic relationship between the genotypes was able to divide the samples into two main groups with genetic similarity value ranged from 41 to 84%, indicating that the genetic relationship is slightly related to the geographical location of the studied plant area.

Essential oils, when used as bio-insecticides in the control of insect pests of stored grains have shown specificity and variation in the potentiality of their mode of action. In the present study, three essential oils extracted from three aromatic plants of different families, white wormwood (Artemisia herba alba, Asteraceae), oregano (Origanum vulgare, Lamiaceae) and rue (Ruta montana, Rutaceae), were evaluated for their repellent and fumigant toxic potential against the flour moth larvae, Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), under laboratory conditions. The essential oils extraction was done by the hydrodistillation method. The repellent activity was carried out in Petri dishes using a filter paper treated with different oil dilutions (25, 75, 100, 120, 130, 150 µL/mL). The fumigant toxicity was determined on three concentrations (50, 130, 150 µL/L air). Two plants were shown to be repellent against the E. kuehniella larvae. Origanum oil was the most repellent with 67% of repellency rate followed by Artemisia oil (46%) at 120µL/mL after 2 hours of exposure. The oil of R. montana had an attractant activity against the larvae and was the most toxic with 56.7% of larval mortality in the first 24 hours. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) recorded were 11.6, 175.4 and 1100.0 µL/L air for the plant oils R. montana, O. vulgare and A. herba alba, respectively. R. montana and O. vulgare essential oil are shown to be efficient with high toxic and repellent properties against E. kuehniella larvae. Their specific potential could be integrated in the selection of the best bioinsecticides for the optimum protection of stored grain.

Artemisia herba–alba Asso (known in Arabic as Shih) is an evergreen aromatic shrub endemic in North African rangelands with high pastoral and medicinal relevance. The present work was designed to determine the effect of four soluble salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and CaCl2) on germination of A. herba–alba seeds. Four concentrations (0, 50, 10, and 150 mM) of each salt were used to test the influence of salinities on germination percentage (GP), rate of germination (RG), and germination tolerance index (GTI %). The experiment was conducted in a controlled incubator with a 12h–photoperiod under 15°C dark/25°C light. The results showed that both GP and (RG) decreased significantly with salinity, and the highest GP was observed in the distilled water control (~ 80%). The germination tolerance index (GTI %) revealed that A. herba–alba seeds were more tolerant to CaCl2 than other soluble salts. Comparatively, at high salt concentrations, MgCl2 and Na2SO4 were generally the most toxic salts followed by NaCl and CaCl2. The germination of A. herba–alba over a wide range of soluble salts suggests that this species can establish in salt-degraded soils. Therefore, this species appears a promising candidate for the rehabilitation of rangeland with saline soils.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of harvest at different times on the chemical composition of phenolic compounds of Artemisia herba-alba. Plant material has been harvested at three times (July, November, and May). Methanolic plant extracts were obtained by means of ultrasound-assisted extraction and then analyzed by HPLC–electrospray ionization–Q-TOF–MS for their phenolic profile. The HPLC allowed the identification of 26 phenolic compounds, 12 of them were identified for the first time for this material. The phenolic compounds detected were 8 phenolic acids, 12 flavones, 4 isoflavone, 1 flavonol, and 1 flavanone. Results showed that during the all harvesting date, phenolic acids were predominant. In November, at the flowering period, it revealed the highest accumulation of total phenolic contents (515 ± 142 mg GAE/g dry matter weight [DMW]) in the methanolic extracts. November at the flowering period was characterized by the highest levels of flavonoids 8.3 mg/g DMW and the lowest contents of phenolic acids 3 mg/g DMW.

Introduction: Oxidative stress is involved in many pathological mechanisms especially those due to aging, such as cancer, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Essential oils are known for their biological properties, especially as anti-nociceptive, anticancer, antiviral and antioxidative. The main objective of this study was to study the antioxidant activity of essential oils from Thymus fontanesii, Artemisia herba-alba and Rosmarinus officinalis, individually and in combinations. Materials and Methods: Essential oils of plants aerial parts were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant properties were evaluated using two different methods, α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Results: The essential oil of T. fontanesii was principally characterized by phenolic compounds represented by thymol (76.6%) and p-cymene (7.4%). The constituents identified from A. herba-alba essential oil were principally represented by camphor (32.3%) and chrysanthenone (25.6%). While, R. officinalis essential oil was characterized by 1,8-cineole (18.3%), camphene (15.4%) and α-pinene (12.8%). T. fontanesii essential oil indicated the significantly highest activity in quenching of DPPH radical, followed by R. officinalis and A. herba-alba essential oils with IC50 of 13.7, 24.5 and 79.4 mg/L, respectively. The combination of T. fontanesii, A. herba-alba and R. officinalis essential oils showed the greatest antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 2.6 mg/L almost equal to the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Conclusions: The essential oils blend presented high antioxidant activity compared to individual oils. These findings provide a new source of antioxidant that can be used as a natural food preservative and alternative to chemical synthetic preservatives.

Due to its numerous uses in traditional Moroccan medicine, Artemisia herba alba Asso is intensively exploited from the wild and now is considered as threatened species. In order to contribute to the conservation of this valuable plant, the effect of domestication on the chemical composition and bioactivities of A. herba-alba essential oil (EO) were studied. The GC-MS analyses identified chrysanthenone (56.8–68.2%) and trans -thujone (31.1–17.9%) as the main constituents in oil samples. Cultivation of A. herba alba induced qualitative and quantitative modification marked by a diminution of compounds identified and an increase in chrysanthenone content and a parallel decrease of trans-thujone. Concerning the bioactivities, cultivated A. herba alba EO presented the best antioxidant (IC 50 values 3.71 ± 0.15 mg/mL and 3.57 ± 0.39 mg/mL), and insecticidal properties (LD 50 value of 0.65 and LD 90 value of 1.36 μL/cm 2 in the contact assay and LD 50 and LD 90 values of 701.12 μL/Lair as well as of 1655.24 μL/Lair, respectively, in the fumigation assay), while no significant difference has been observed in the allelopathic potency.

The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of the Moroccan Artemisia herba-alba Asso essential oil against foodborne pathogens. The essential oil of Artemisia herba-alba was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity was assessed against three bacterial strains isolated from foodstuff and three bacterial strains referenced by the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) using the disk diffusion assay and the macrodilution method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) method. The fourteen compounds of the Artemisia herba-alba essential oil were identified; the main components were identified as β-thujone, chrysanthenone, α-terpineol, α-thujone, α-pinene, and bornyl acetate. The results of the antibacterial activity obtained showed a sensitivity of the different strains to Artemisia herba-alba essential oil with an inhibition diameter of 8.50 to 17.00 mm. Concerning the MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations), the essential oil exhibited much higher antibacterial activity with MIC values of 2.5 μl/ml against Bacillus subtilis ATCC and Lactobacillus sp. The essential oil was found to be active by inhibiting free radicals with an IC50 (concentration of an inhibitor where the response is reduced by half) value of 2.9 μg/ml. These results indicate the possible use of the essential oil on food systems as an effective inhibitor of foodborne pathogens, as a natural antioxidant, and for potential pharmaceutical applications. However, further research is needed in order to determine the toxicity, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects in edible products.

Squash or cucurbit (Cucurbita pepo) is one of the famous and important vegetable plants in most world countries. The squash is infected by the critical Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in Egypt. Though pesticides can protect the plants of pest infections, there are no effective compounds that can be applied as virucides. In this work, the effects of aqueous extracts from Jasmina montana and Artemisia herba-alba on ZYMV infection in the squash plants were examined. In addition, SDS-PAGE protein patterns and enzyme activities were evaluated and induction of resistance by plant elicitors against ZYMV was studied The results observed that using of the aqueous extracts from A. herba-alba or J. montana extracts prior to ZYMV inoculation recorded 100% inhibition of virus infection. Also, complete inhibition was obtained by treatment of A. herba-alba extract with the virus inoculum led to destroy the virus particles due to presence of the effective compounds (terpens, phenolics and the essential oils) in the plant extract. SDS-PAGE protein profiles and enzyme activities were studied in treated and untreated plants. Genomic DNA variation was studied using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) loci. The alterations in RAPD and ISSR assays of representative squash plants can be applied to comprehend of induced systemic resistance. These inducers stimulated resistance in the squash plants. Therefore, elicitors should be taken into consideration in the breeding programs for ZYMV control.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two medicinal plants, Fenugreek and sagebrush, on the performance (growth, slaughter parameters and meat quality, biochemical and blood lipid parameters, bacteriological, virological and parasitological analyses) of broiler chickens. 300 Cobb 500 broiler chicks were used. On the 11th day of age, they were weighed and distributed in three lots of 100 chicks at a rate of 04 replicates of 25 chicks. The chickens in the control lot (T) consumed pure water, those in the two experimental lots water, one with Fenugreek infusion (F) and the other with sagebrush infusion (A). The experiment finished when the chickens reached 6 weeks of age, i.e. 42 days. Supplementation with Fenugreek and sagebrush infusions significantly affected final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate and water consumption. However, no significant difference was noted for slaughter parameters except for liver weight which was higher in the sagebrush lot. The blood biochemical parameters of the chickens in the two experimental lots were not affected. In addition, the meat of the chickens in the sagebrush and Control lots was noted to be very tender and juicier than the meat of the chickens in the Fenugreek lot. Mortality was significantly similar in the two experimental lots and the control lot.

Ixodes ricinus (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) is a major vector for the transmission of several important human pathogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of essential oils (Eos) on I. ricinus tick nymphs. Oils were obtained from the leaves of three plants native to Libya: white wormwood (Artemisia herba alba Asso), marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) and Arar (Juniperus phoenicea L., English common name Phoenician juniper). Assays were done using the "open filter paper method". Two concentrations from each oil, 0.5 and 1 mu l/cm, were tested. The acaricidal effect was measured in terms of the lethal concentrations (LC50, LC95) and lethal time (LT50, LT95). Mortality rates were obtained by counting the surviving nymphs every 30 min for the first five hours and then at 24, 48 and 72 h. A mortality of 100% was recorded at the higher concentration of oils (1 mu l/cm(2)) from A. herba alba and J. phoenicea at the first 2 h of exposure. Exposure to O. majorana led to 100% mortality on the third day (72 h), and this effect decreased noticeably with 0.5 mu l/cm(2) oil at the same exposure time. However, 50% of ticks showed a paralysis effect and less movement after 2 h. The LC50 of mortality was reached within the first 24 h of exposure time at 0.5 mu l/cm(2) of O. majorana, which produced 60% tick's mortality. Chemical composition of the essential oils was elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. These results suggest that essential oils deserve further investigation as components of alternative approaches for I. ricinus tick control.

Pistacia lentiscus, Artemisia herba-alba and Citrullus colocynthis are medicinal plants known for a long time in herbal medicine. Here we review their bioactive substances and pharmacological effects from 215 literature articles. Species contain essential oils, oils and phytochemicals such as cucurbitacin, gallic-acid, quercetin, masticadienonic acid and oleanonic acid. Those compounds display hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anticancer, antihypercholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects.

Natural products are a very important source of bio-molecules for drug to treat infectious diseases. New antileishmanial agents are timely needed, due to leishmania toxicity, drug-resistant strains and high costs treatments. In this study, we report the chemical characterization and antileishmanial activity of oil extracts from three medicinal plants belonging to genus Artemisia (Asteracea), that grow in central Tunisia. The chemical composition of volatile compounds had been elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis. Chemical analysis revealed that essential oils were composed of 34 compounds: α-thujone (29.3%), chamazulene (39.2%) and β-pinene (32%), were the main constituents for the essential oils of Artemesia herba alba, Artemesia absinthium and Artemesia campestris, respectively. The hydrodistilled essential oils from these three species of Artemisia showed significant anti-leishmanial activities against Leishmania major. Oils from A. herba alba, A. absinthium and A. campes...

The current study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Artemisia herba-alba essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction against papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus. The essential oil was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the insecticidal activity was recorded for different times and concentrations under laboratory conditions. According to GC-MS results, the chemical components detected of essential oil isolated by ‎hydrodistillation and solvent extraction were 52 and 62 compounds of both extraction methods, the main components of essential oil of hydrodistillation method were eucalyptol (32.81%), &alpha-pinene (28.62%) and linalol (10.18%) while the major components of essential oil isolated by solvent extract were pentadecanoic acid (16.69%) and dihomo-‎‎.gamma.-linolenic acid (15.2%). The essential oil of hydrodistillation method exhibited more insecticidal ‎activity than solvent extract method against P. marginatus, 1000 mg/L of essential oil isolated by ‎hydrodistillation achieved 100% ‎mortality of papaya mealybugs after 120, ‎‎168 h of treatment with LC50 values which ‎was‎‎ 65.362 mg/L after 168 h from treatment and LT50 value which was ‎22.386 h‎‏‎‎ at 1000 mg/L.‎ The findings reveal and propose that the essential oil of A. herba-albais a rich by bioactive components and it is a prospective source of botanical insecticides.

Artemisia herba-alba Asso., known as the desert wormwood, is a medicinal plant and its essential oil is used in Algerian herbal medicine. In the present study the in vitro antibacterial activity against 21 bacterial strains and chemical composition of Artemisia herba-alba essential oil were investigated. The acute toxicity by determination of the median lethal dose was also studied. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the essential oil gave 19 compounds accounting for 98.7% and the major constituent was camphor with an amount of 50.7%. A significant antibacterial effect was observed with important zones of inhibition against Klebsiella oxytoca (31.3 mm) by disc diffusion method and against Acinetobacter baumannnii (47.6 mm) by microatmoshphere method. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration values were ranging from 5 to 10 mg mL−1 and 10–20 mg mL−1, respectively. Moreover, their ratio exhibited by the essential oil was 2. The bactericidal end point was achieved after 24 h of exposure to the essential oil, for all the bacteria assayed. The oil was slightly toxic with a median lethal dose of 615 mg kg−1. The results of this study suggest that the essential oil of Artemisia herba-alba can be a source of natural antibacterial agents with potential pharmacological applications.

30 Pags.- 1 Tabl.- 6 Figs. The definitive version is available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01401963, We investigated the phytotoxic effects of volatile and water soluble chemicals produced by the shrub Artemisia herba-alba Asso. We conducted a number of germination and early seedling growth bioassays on species that co-exist with A. herba-alba in natural semiarid plant communities (Salsola vermiculata L. Lygeum spartum L. Pinus halepensis Mill. and A. herba-alba itself). In addition, we assessed the phytotoxic effects of a mixture of phenols that were identified in the aqueous extract of A. herba-alba on the germination of such species. We found that volatile chemicals inhibited the germination of P. halepensis seeds, promoted the growth of P. halepensis seedlings and reduced the root biomass of S. vermiculata seedlings, while water soluble chemicals promoted the growth of L. spartum and P. halepensis seedlings. On the other hand, both volatile and water soluble compounds inhibited the germination of A. herba-alba seeds, highlighting its strong autotoxic nature. We did not find a phytotoxic effect of phenols identified (catechol, protocatechuic and vanillic acids) on species that co-exists with A. herba-alba, although they had a moderate autotoxic effect. Our results suggest that both the volatile and water soluble chemicals might be involved in chemical interactions among plants in semiarid environments., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (AP-2012-4126 grant to A.I.A., FPU Program) and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL-2012-37508 and CGL-2016-80783-R projects).

The study of bioactive molecules of natural origin is a focus of current research. Thymus algeriensis and Artemisia herba-alba are two medicinal plants widely used by the Moroccan population in the traditional treatment of several pathologies linked to inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the single and combined antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the essential oils extracted from these two medicinal plants, and also their potential toxicity. Essential oils were extracted using hydro-distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by two methods: the scavenging of the free radical DPPH, and the reduction in iron. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by evaluating the edema development induced by carrageenan injecting, while the analgesic power was evaluated according to the number of abdominal contortions induced by the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid (0.7%). The acute oral toxicity was performed to assess the potential toxicity of the studied EOs, followed by an analysis of the blood biochemical parameters. The results of the two antioxidant tests indicated that our extract mixture exhibits good iron reduction capacity and very interesting DPPH free radical scavenging power, with an IC50 of around 4.38 ± 0.98 μg/mL higher than that of the benchmark antioxidant, BHT. The anti-inflammatory test demonstrated that the mixture administered orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg has a better activity, exceeding that of 1% Diclofenac, with a percentage of maximum inhibition of the edema of 89.99 ± 4.08. The number of cramps in the mice treated with the mixture at a dose of 150 mg/kg is significantly lower (29.80 ± 1.92) than those of the group treated with Tramadol (42.00 ± 2.70), respectively. The toxicity results show no signs of toxicity with an LD50 greater than 150 mg/Kg. These interesting results show that the two plants’ EOs had an important anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant activity, and also a powerful synergistic effect, which encourages further in-depth investigations on their pharmacological proprieties.

In this study, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, acute toxicity and the antinociceptive activity of Artemisia campestris and Artemisia herba-alba, individually and in combination, were investigated using multiple forms of pain in animals. Our results have been shown that plants are relatively safe without clinical signs of toxicity in animals. Thus, extracts were presented high levels in phenolic and flavonoid contents. Artemisia decoctions with 100, 200, 400 mg/kg b-w studied dose, clearly attenuate chemical and thermal noxious stimuli in writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests, and significantly reduced paw oedema in formalin test. Additionally, binary combination forms exhibited a great improvement in intensity and amplitude of antinociceptive activity in comparison with both plants used individually by a relative interference with opioid system. Our findings suggested the central and peripheral analgesic properties and confirmed the folkloric medicinal use of these plants in pain symptom treatment.

Artemisia herba alba and Allium sativum grow in Sinai peninsula and, Northern area of Egyptian Delta respectively. Both extracts plants were evaluated as anti–insect products in an effort to develop alternative insecticides considering the environment. The effect of Artemisia and Allium extracts on some Biological aspects as well as some digestive enzymes changes after treatment with those extracts have been studied. The results indicated that treatment the 3rd instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis for 24hours revealed satisfactory effect in larval mortality (50%) and significant prolongation for both larval and pupal durations. This prolongation was accompanied with a decrease in the percentage of pupation and adult emergence. Digestive enzymatic activities were pronounced on estimation of Trehalase, Invertase and Amylase manifested obvious changes in the treated larvae of Spodoptera littoralis.

Essential oils were extracted from Artemisia herba-alba L. and Ruta montana L. by means of steam distillation and thionated with a reagent combination of phosphorus pentasulfide and sodium bicarbonate. Both parent essential oils and their modified ones were screened for their biological and insecticidal activities. The results showed that essential oils were composed mainly of ketones; essential oils from Artemisia herba-alba L. and those from Ruta montana L. consisted of bicyclic monoterpenes and acyclic aliphatic ketones (thujone, camphor and 2-undecanone), respectively. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils was substantially improved upon thionation (from 10 to 34 mm and from 11 to 32 mm). The insecticidal effect of the thionated essential oil from Ruta montana L. was observed to be very significant, but that of the essential oil from Artemisia herba-alba L. was observed to decrease (from 100% to 70% after 24 hrs. The extracted essential oils as well as their thionated forms were characterized by GC-MS, FT-IR, and UV-visible.