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Background\ud Treatment for adults who set fires relies upon valid and reliable assessment. Research is needed to ensure self-report measures are available for adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities and that they are robust.\ud \ud Method\ud Qualitative and quantitative data from three rounds of a Delphi exercise with practitioners and a focus group discussion with adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities were used to generate consensus about the accessibility of item adaptations made to the Fire Interest Rating Scale, Fire Attitudes Scale, and the Identification with Fire Questionnaire.\ud \ud Results\ud Findings suggested the accessibility of current measures could be improved to better meet the needs of adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities and adaptations to all questionnaire items were needed.\ud \ud Conclusion\ud Following feedback, revisions to current measures were implemented leading to the development of the Adapted Firesetting Assessment Scale with improved accessibility for adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities.

Objective Given the up to 70% fatality rate of self-immolation, with tragic consequences for survivors, proposals have been made for a global task force to prevent self-immolation. However, little research has recently been conducted on the actual situation of patients who attempt self-immolation in Japan. The current study aimed to investigate the actual situation of patients who attempt self-immolation in Akita Prefecture. Result Within Akita Prefecture, 13 individuals had attempted self-immolation in the past 5 years, with a predominance of a history of psychiatric disorders (46%). The following three novel findings were also revealed. First, patients with low a prognostic burn index tended to commit arson, while those with a high prognostic burn index tended to self-immolate. Second, patients attempting suicide tended to have a higher incidence of carbon monoxide poisoning. Third, those whose clothes caught on fire tended have more severe burns, regardless of whether suicide was attempted. Conclusion Self-immolation tends to be serious, and prevention is imperative. In Akita Prefecture, the percentage of patients with a history of psychiatric disorders may be higher than commonly believed, and a more detailed understanding of the mental state of self-immolation is necessary in the future to develop effective prevention measures.

A large and growing segment of the United States population resides in nursing homes. Many nursing home residents have multiple comorbidities, are unable to perform activities of daily living, and need assistance for their daily functioning. They are some of the most fragile and vulnerable members of the population. Disasters are increasing in frequency and severity. This makes it likely that disasters will strike nursing homes and affect their residents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of disasters in the United States that resulted in nursing home evacuations. There were 51 reported nursing home evacuations due to a disaster over 22.5 years between 1995 and 2017. Natural disasters were responsible for the majority of evacuations (58.8 percent) followed by man-made unintentional disasters (37.3 percent) and man-made intentional (arson) (3.9 percent). The single most common reason for evacuation was hurricanes (23.5 percent, N = 12) and internal fires (23.5 percent, N = 12). Water-related disasters accounted for nearly three-fourths of the natural disasters (hurricanes 40 percent, N = 12; floods, 33.3 percent, N = 10; total 73.3 percent, N = 22), then snow/ice storms (13.3 percent, N = 4). Of man-made disasters, over two-thirds (66.7 percent) were due to internal fires (internal fires, n = 12, 57.1 percent and arson n = 2, 9.5 percent; total N = 14, 66.7 percent). The highest number of evacuations occurred in Texas, Louisiana, Missouri, New York, and Pennsylvania. This knowledge should enable nursing home administrators, disaster planners, public health officials, and others to improve preparedness for disasters that lead to nursing home evacuations.

Purpose: This paper contends that even though the doctrine of eschatology is one of the core teachings of the Christian doctrine, the reality is that it has not always received due attention in the postmodern church. The relegation of this important doctrine to the background of church activity has therefore meant that eschatology has almost been forgotten in church circles. This research sought to establish the interaction of the church with eschatological teachings, beliefs and practices as understood by the pastors, elders/deacons, leaders, and members of Christ Is The Answer Ministries (CITAM). Methodology: The study used mixed methods research design. The target population was the pastors, elders/deacons, leaders, and members of CITAM in two selected assemblies in Nairobi. The assemblies were: CITAM Parklands and CITAM Valley Road. Data was collected from a sample of 68 respondents using stratified sampling technique by use of a questionnaire. The data was then analysed by use of descriptive statistical analysis. Data collected from open-ended sections of the questionnaire were discussed and presented in narrative form. Findings: It was found that the church has done some work as regards to teaching and discussing eschatology. However, the paper also finds that what the church has done to popularize eschatology amongst its members is insufficient and inefficient. More needs to be done in popularizing eschatological themes in church circles. Recommendations: It was recommended that the church should be intentional and committed to doing more in promoting interactions with the doctrine of eschatology. It was also recommended that further studies on the methodologies and ways of systematically inducting eschatology into the everyday church activities and teachings be undertaken.

Houses of worship are an essential religious means for every religious people. In addition to being a "symbol" of religiosity, houses of worship are also a means of broadcasting religious teachings. Religious conflicts related to the establishment of houses of prayer again occurred in Garut Regency. In Indonesia, history records that one of the potential sources of conflict that often leads to arson and destruction is establishing houses of worship. People needed to revitalize local wisdom in their respective regions. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach by taking location in Nyalindung Village, Cilawu District, Garut Regency, West Java. The results of the study found that various riots befall Ahmadiyah pilgrims because there are also many radical groups in Garut. The number of Ahmadiyya worshippers who often hide to conduct religious activities because of citizens' fears does not accept a dispute. The stigma of infidels makes them suspicious. The situation is getting worse as law enforcement turns a blind eye to intimidation. As a compound area, Garut Regency is not spared from the conflict of establishing houses of worship. However, most Muslims in Nyalindung Village are still not tolerant of minorities.

Progress has been made in the psychological study of arson and firesetting but existing research is predominantly offence-focussed, meaning that the nuances of humans’ relationship with fire have not been fully captured. This study explored the fire – fire user relationship from the perspective of an incarcerated sample. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 adults with arson convictions and/or a record of institutional firesetting. Data analysis was based on the principles of grounded theory. Three themes were identified, underpinning participants’ life-long psychological relationship with fire, namely: 1) Immediate Gratification, 2) Self-Concept, and 3) Self-Preservation. This study is the first to explore the lifelong fire – fire user relationship. Implications are discussed, most notably in relation to how findings could inform youth firesetting prevention initiatives.

The burning of 5G sites across the UK in April 2020 has shocked the scientific and industrial society in the UK. The UK's mobile networks have reported 20 cases of masts being targeted in suspected arson attacks over the Easter weekend [1]. The attacks have been driven by conspiracy theories, which claim that the deployment of 5G networks has caused or helped accelerating the spread of COVID-19. But scientists say the connection between COVID-19 and 5G is a "complete nonsense" and biologically impossible. This article discusses the claims about 5G technology and its link to COVID-19 and will make a conclusion whether conspiracy theories have any ground. Our fact checking investigation lead to the conclusion that any claims connecting this technology to the pandemic are false. Inversely, the huge capabilities offered by 5G especially with IoT and AI that could be used to revolutionize the healthcare sector by providing better assistance to the frontline staff, and facilitating improved virus tracking, patient monitoring, data collection, and analysis.

A Nemzeti Szakértői és Kutató Központ két különálló intézete foglalkozik a járművezetőktől származó biológiai minták vizsgálatával. A Véralkohol Szakértői Laboratórium a vér- és vizeletminták alkoholtartalmát, míg a Toxikológiai Szakértői Intézet a minták gyógyszer és kábítószer tartalmát határozza meg annak kiderítésére, hogy az érintett járművezető vezetési képességeit befolyásolta-e valamilyen legális vagy illegális anyag fogyasztása. Ebben a cikkben a 2019-ben, az NSZKK-ban vizsgált, járművezetőktől vagy közlekedési balesetben érintett személyektől származó biológiai minták eredményeit foglaltuk össze.

Criminal theorists struggle to account for the “totality principle”—the idea that no matter how many small crimes you commit, your punishment should not exceed that for a more serious offense. Andrew Ashworth, for instance, argues that “overall proportionality” should be preserved but that this is a “pragmatic” solution. This paper argues that a retributivist can accept overall proportionality without abandoning her retributivism. I offer two lines of defense. The first is to show that the unit that we are aggregating may be more complex than first appears. The second relies on insights from the headaches versus lives literature, and how we should rescue one person dying before preventing one million people from headaches. The harms that we impose on others, and the harms that defendants suffer because of punishment, do not exist on one single scale. Hence, the true problem, I maintain, is not how culpability functions, but how our particular mode of punishment does. When we only have one primary mechanism to punish (particularly once we start aggregating)—put people in prison—then aggregating offenses appears as though it must quickly lead to numerous acts of littering being punished more than arson. With a more nuanced punitive response, we can punish minor offenses every time without surpassing the kinds of punishment we impose on more significant offenses.

Places with persistently high levels of crime, hot spots, are an important object of study. To some extent, the high levels of crime at such hot spots are likely to be related to flows of people. City center locations with large flows of people are quite often also hot spots, e.g., hot spots for pick pocketing at a central train station, or hot spots for assault in the nightlife district. This can be related to crime pattern theory, or to the routine activity perspective, which both suggest that flows of people can affect crime. The present study attempts to explore and quantify whether there are differences in the association between flows of people and crime for different crime types. The analysis considers locations with high crime counts for six crime types in the city of Malmö, Sweden. For each crime type, hot spots are identified and mapped, and in order to explore whether, or how, these are related to flows of people, the crime levels are then analyzed in relation to the number of people who boarded a local bus (N = 33,134,198) nearby. The paper shows that all six crime types are associated with flows of people, although less so for arson and vandalism. This is hypothesized to be due to the relatively constant target availability for these crimes as opposed to the other crime types studied.

The protection and sustainable management of forests are widely accepted and considered a solution for mitigating climate change. Although there are many variables concerning economic, political, social, and legal aspects in terms of forest protection, the main target is always focused on human behavior. Legal instruments are one of the most effective methods in regulating human behavior. Since illegal activities are often the most destructive human behavior, this study aims to examine the public’s perception regarding forest crimes: illegal logging, illegal transportation/smuggling, open land expansion, squatting, and arson. It has been explained in previous studies that legal regulations alone do not sufficiently prevent forest crimes. Although forest villagers themselves benefit greatly from healthy forests, it was determined that occurrences of criminal activity in forests are directly correlated with low-income levels, lack of awareness of laws and sanctions, low penalties on crimes, and a low level of education. Those administrations responsible for the management of forests need to identify the socio-economic needs of these groups and communities through social analysis within the parameters of SFM.

Investigation of an arson case presents several challenges to the forensic investigator. Identification of the ignitable liquid residues in the fire debris is one of the crucial tasks that may help to determine the nature and cause of fire. Detection of the ignitable liquids using different analytical methods has been practiced for a long period across the globe. Diesel is a petroleum product that shows stable burning than gasoline and it is frequently used as accelerant also. This study was conducted to diagnose the efficiency of solvent as well as of the matrices for the detection of diesel residue. In this study, four different matrices (cotton cloth, wood, glaze tile, and PVC) were selected to create simulated miniature version of arson with diesel as an accelerant. After extinguishing the fire, diesel residues were extracted from the fire debris using hexane and diethylether as extraction solvents under ultrasonication. Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify the major compounds from standard and burnt diesel. Diethylether extracted higher amount of diesel residues from the burnt matrices than hexane. Tile and cotton proved to be the better matrices for the extraction in hexane solvent. However, diethylether present advantageous results and significantly detected the diesel residues in tile, wood and cotton. Findings of this study may help an investigator to select the suitable matrices and solvent for the extraction of diesel residues and may efficaciously contribute in the forensic arson investigation.

Vacant houses, a typical phenomenon during the decline of a region, can give rise to social problems, including deteriorated surrounding landscapes and crimes such as arson, as well as inefficient utilization of social capital. This study empirically compared and analyzed local characteristics affecting the occurrence of vacant houses through a multi-regression analysis using statistical data from South Korea and Japan. By applying national, metropolitan, urban, and rural models using variables for both countries, the results revealed significant differences in the factors affecting the occurrence of vacant houses between South Korea and Japan. In particular, Japan avoided suburbanization and implemented an urban shrinkage policy of demolishing deteriorated houses in the existing urban areas and constructing new houses, thereby reducing the ratio of vacant houses. Conversely, South Korea focused on the development of underdeveloped suburban areas by supplying new houses, resulting in an increase in vacant houses. Furthermore, because South Korea has a significant gap between urban and rural areas, its rural areas are similar to those of Japan; hence, these areas experience serious vacant house problems. Therefore, South Korea should establish policies that consider local characteristics, including preferential regeneration of existing and deprived urban areas, rather than the new development of underdeveloped suburban areas.

In connection with the development of modern industry, various means appear to make the life of citizens easier, but this is also used by criminals, modifying, and sometimes leaving some objects in their original state. This is exactly what happened with a new type of ignition means – liquids for lighting firewood and charcoal. Criminals began to use such liquids as a means of crime when setting fire to buildings, structures, cars. The article discusses the physicochemical study of liquids for ignition, sold in the retail trade network as a product for lighting firewood and coal. The wide selection and availability of these objects allows them to be used in the commission of crimes related to arson. The paper considers the range of liquids for ignition with the establishment of their chemical composition, compliance with the composition declared by the manufacturer. A study of eleven samples, often found in the sale of means for ignition, was carried out by gas chromatography using a gas chromatograph Kristall-5000.2 with a flame ionization detector, in addition, the obtained compositions were compared with the manufacturer's declared on the label. It was found that for a number of samples the compositions differ from those declared, for example, the manufacturer declared a mixture of hydrocarbons for the ignition fluid "Lighter", but in fact only methanol, the fluid for ignition "FLAME" declared a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, and in fact, ethanol, ethyl acetate and diethyl acetate. Thus, the manufacturer, trying to save on ingredients and production methods, uses cheaper and simpler chemical compositions.

The Nigerian criminal justice system is not entirely ignorant or unaware of the use and the merits of the application of criminal profiling as a tool in crime investigation. The technique was introduced to help law enforcement agencies solve serious crimes such as serial rape or murder and to a lesser extent arson and property crime. At the heart of profiling lies the belief that by combining psychological principles with crime scene analysis, it is possible to identify the likely characteristics of a perpetrator. However, criminal profiling in Nigeria has not nearly reached the level of recognition, functionality, or institutionalization that it has attained in other jurisdictions. This study aims to examine the feasibility and the practicality of offender profiling in a criminal investigation of violent crimes with a particular focus on the Nigerian criminal justice system. It will also give an expository critique of the loopholes and impediments in the Nigerian criminal justice system and ways criminal profiling can fill up these holes. The research methods employed in this study include a combination of both primary and secondary sources. The work highlighted the effectiveness of this field and thus concluded that criminal investigative analysis should be effectively immersed into the justice system and should also receive as much recognition as it has in other jurisdictions especially in the United States and in major parts of Europe. Keywords: Criminal Profiling, Crime Investigation, Violent Crime, Criminal Justice System.

In order to develop the scientific and technical foundations of creating an artificial intelligence system for monitoring terrorist acts, the paper presents the results of a study of the amplitude-frequency spectra of acoustic emission (AE) of the combustion process of cellulose-containing materials (as one of the main materials used to carry out arson and attacks in organizing terrorist actions in the form of law and order violations in the local territory) of various physicochemical composition. The technical implementation of this effect in the development of automated devices for monitoring acoustic space as part of an operational monitoring system for the terrorist zone, aimed at early identification of the sources of terrorist threats to the normal functioning of the local territory of the state.

The article purpose is to systematize the external (visual) signs of the use of flammable and combustible liquids as a combustion intensifier at the scene of fire and the methodology of the analysis of these signs to provide reasonable, reliable conclusions when conducting forensic examination in the forensic specialty 10.8. Research on the circumstances of fire occurrence and spread and compliance with fire safety requirements. A particular relevance of using a set of special knowledge while investiga- tion of crimes related to fires is explained by the fact that almost only conclu- sions of forensic examinations make it possible to establish the very fact of the commission of such a crime as arson. The analysis of forensic practice showed that a significant part of crimes related to fires occurs when flammable and com- bustible liquids are used. At the same time, a reliable establishment of the fact of flammable liquids and combustible liquids use as intensifiers (initiators and ac- celerators) of burning is a crucial, key factor that must be defined for the inves- tigation completeness. The fact of determining unpredicted release of flammable and combustible liquids in the area of fire is a direct indication of committing a crime, yet this sign is quite often the only proof of the criminal nature of fire. However, the establishment of the fact of the use of flammable and combusti- ble liquids usually occurs during the analysis of quite specific visible signs left at the fire scene. In the suggested paper, the authors systematized the external (visual) signs of the use of flammable and combustible liquids as an intensifier of combustion at the fire scene and a methodology for the analysis of all these signs to provide reasonable and reliable conclusions when conducting forensic examinations in the forensic specialty 10.8 Research on the circumstances of fire occurrence and spread and compliance with fire safety requirements.

This project examines a Canadian court case that involves the largest arson homicide in the history of Vancouver, British Columbia. In May 2006 a fire killed four members of a Congolese refugee family (Adela Etibako and three of her children, Benedicta, Edita, and Stephane) along with Ashley Singh, the South Asian girlfriend of the target and sole survivor of the fire, Bolingo Etibako. On October 5, 2008 the accused, Nathan Fry, a 20-year-old white male, was found guilty of five counts of first-degree murder and one count of attempted murder. Fry received an automatic life sentence without the possibility of parole for 25 years. This paper considers this crime and the legal proceedings as a case study that can further our understanding of discourses of race, racism, and citizenship in Canada, and their link to Mbembe’s (2003) notion of necropolitics, what he terms as the politics of life and death. I argue that the viciousness of the crime, an offense involving a white male perpetrator and victims all of whom are racialized as Black and Brown, reflects the embodied practices and psychological processes that are both emblematic of, and integral to, the violence of coloniality, and the racial relations and structural arrangements of present-day white settler society (Martinot, 2010; Razack, 2002, 2005). I show how the crime, the investigation, and the trial communicate symbolically and materially what bell hooks (1992) characterizes as the “terrorizing force of white supremacy” (p. 344).

One of the most important elements of the criminological characteristic of intentional destruction of property through arson is the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the commission of this crime, which include the level, structure, dynamics and geography. A full characterization of intentional destruction or damage to property by arson requires consideration of a number of criminological elements, including quantitative and qualitative indicators of intentional destruction or damage to property by arson, characterization of the offender committing intentional destruction or damage to property by arson, cause damage to property by arson. The article looks at statistics from 1960-2018 that reflect the level of crimes related to the deliberate destruction or damage to another's property by arson. The analysis is based on official statistics of the Interior Ministry of Ukraine. The focus is on the dynamics of reported crimes. The study of statistics from 1960-2018 on the deliberate destruction or damage of another's property by means of arson allows to obtain a considerable amount of useful information about the mechanism and means of arson, about the conditions and circumstances under which it was prepared and committed, the identity of the offender, etc. Identifying typical methods of arson can be the basis for developing versions, determining the direction of the investigation and the most appropriate ways to search the offender, establishing and further eliminating the circumstances contributing to the arson. The purpose and purpose of this article is to investigate statistics from 1960-2018 that reflect the results of the activities of law enforcement agencies in the detection of crimes related to the deliberate destruction and damage to property, including those committed by arson. The overall crime rate can be traced to the tables provided in the article. Investigations can form the basis of law-making activities, as well as serve as a basis for further scientific inquiries concerning the criminal-law characteristics of intentional destruction or damage to property.

This article focuses on fire management practices in Algeria during the colonial period. Focusing on environmental usages of fires in Algerian rural society, this article shows that these practices were submitted to varied and opposite interpretations resulting in significant and durable conflicts. These conflicts exploded under the French colonial forestry administration, which forcefully imposed new legislation to criminalize existing agricultural practices, including fires. Despite this ban, these practices continued. The administration interpreted this persistence as rebellion and responded with severe sanctions. This only aggravated the situation, resulting in a real war of attrition. On the one hand, this situation does not diverge from the rural violence typical of the nineteenth century. On the other, the responses of the administration in colonial Algeria represent specific digressions compared to the policies carried out in metropolitan areas.

This article reports findings from a study of police interviews of people suspected of having committed relatively minor criminal offences, in a police station in England. The data comprise audio-recorded investigative interviews which were analysed using conversation analysis. It is focused on a communicative practice employed by police officers while questioning suspects. This practice is to ‘formulate’ what the suspect has just said; formulations are a means of summarising the suspect’s evidence in a particular phase of questioning, in such a way as to represent the suspect’s own words. Formulations, as a practice in talk-in-interaction, enable police officers to a) summarise the upshot of what a suspect has said during a period or phase of questioning, b) attribute this summary directly to a suspect’s ‘own words’, c) construct a suspect’s account (confirmation) as legally relevant, and which can d) elicit from the suspect a form of admission. Formulations are employed as a mechanism to rework prior descriptions and utterances by transforming and elaborating them and consolidating their legal relevance. Through this practice, police officers manage to attribute legal labels to what suspects have said during the interview, to their evidence (e.g. as denying, admitting, telling, etc.) as well as to the character of the incidents or events in question (e.g. assault, breach of harassment warning, criminal damage, arson). Formulating, therefore, is an interactional practice through which key legal work is accomplished in police interviews with suspects in England. It is a device that constitutes the fabric of law-in-action.

Arson is a recurrent problem in Kenyan secondary schools. Although school violence – notably gun violence – has received significant attention, there has been less academic attention paid to school arson, especially in Africa. This study explores how newspaper reports in Kenya framed school arson and links these framings to broader questions about the understanding and production of Kenyan identity. A thematic analysis of 334 newspaper reports revealed multiple understandings of school arson. Print media discourse afforded journalists an opportunity to make a commentary on the post-colonial globalized Kenyan society. We discuss the implications of this for understanding post-colonial media in Africa.

Two-dimensional gas chromatography is a mature, yet underutilised, separation technique able to provide the high resolution and peak capacity required for the study of complex samples such as oils. This paper presents the development of a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography method with flame ionisation detection to profile easily available ignitable liquids commonly found in arson cases. The use of 2D chromatograms to profile different potential ignitable liquids was also explored for classification purposes. The chemical fingerprints produced were visually different and allowed the distinction of all the petroleum products tested. How the chemical fingerprints of each fuel changed over time was also assessed. Each sample was subjected to weathering with aliquots (1 mL) being collected every half hour for a five-hour period. Principal component analysis of the resulting data was able to demonstrate the effect of weathering for all fuels tested and established that it was still possible to differentiate between the various petrochemicals even after weathering. The work demonstrates an optimised analytical method for petrochemical product analysis that provides forensic scientists with a robust, fast and sensitive technique that can be used to determine not only which ignitable liquid was used in a fire (even after the fact) but also provide information on the specific fuel used.

In this paper, the number and cost of fires which erupted in İstanbul at 1908 has been analysed according to the information given in the newspaper Le Moniteur Oriental which was published in French between 1884 and 1915. Aim of this paper is witnessing the events in the light of that periods; most important mass medium, while combining the geographical significance of İstanbul and historical significance of year 1908. 1908 is a significant year because constitutional monarchy was declared and İstanbul is a significant city for that period because of being a cosmopolite capital. To gather information, all year 1908 issues of the newspaper (299 issues in total) has been scanned to locate point of origins, detect causes and identify the costs of fires. To conclude, in 1908, 42 fire eruptions (39 micro and medium scale, 3 large scale) not only ruined the districts but also caused economic and demographic changes in many neighbourhoods of the Constitutional İstanbul. It’s been noticed that, large scale fires erupted especially in crowded and more cosmopolite districts. It’s also been noticed that, after the proclamation of constitution in July, there was an increase in arson attempts and press mentioned the possibility of involvement by people who oppose the current regime., Bu çalışmada, 1908 yılında İstanbul’da çıkan yangınların sayısı ve bilançoları, 1884-1915 yılları arasında Fransızca yayınlanan Le Moniteur Oriental Gazetesine göre incelenmiştir. Amaç, 1908 yılının tarihi önemi ile İstanbul’un coğrafi önemini bir araya getirmek ve dönemin atmosferine ışık tutan kitle iletişim aracıyla olaylara tanıklık etmektir. 1908 yılı Meşrutiyet’in ilan edildiği yıl olması; İstanbul ise kozmopolit bir başkent olması bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Çalışma için gazetenin 1908 yılında çıkan bütün sayıları (299 sayı) taranmış; yangınların çıktığı mahalleler, biliniyorsa çıkma sebepleri ve bilançoları tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçta, 1908 yılında, otuz dokuzu küçük ve orta ölçekli, üçü büyük ölçekli olmak üzere, kırk iki yangının çıktığı ve bu yangınların sadece semtleri tahrip etmekle kalmayıp Meşrutiyet İstanbul’unun çoğu mahallesinde iktisadî ve demografik değişimlere sebep olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Büyük ölçekli yangınların özellikle nüfusu kalabalık ve kozmopolit semtlerde çıktığı görülmüştür. Meşrutiyetin ilan edildiği temmuz ayı ve sonrasında kundaklama girişimlerinin arttığı gözden kaçmamış, değişen rejime karşı duranların bu tip eylemlere girişmiş olma ihtimali basına yansımıştır.

Fear is associated with several adverse health behaviors and outcomes. Fear of crime is associated with less exercise and outdoor activity, worse self-rated health status, and increased BMI. Fear of crime is also associated with more anxiety, depression, and psychological distress. Yet little is known about the predictors of fear of specific types of crime. The objectives of this study are to (1) determine the prevalence of fear of violent victimization and fear of property crime among university students, (2) assess the association between sociodemographic predictors and (a) fear of violent victimization and (b) property crimes. A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students (n = 1415). Data on sociodemographics, fear of a variety of types of violent crime (physical assault, sexual assault, robbery/burglary, murder, and verbal threats), and property crime (arson, theft, and vandalism) were collected using online surveys. Summary variables for fear of violent crime and fear of property crime were created. Wilcoxen rank-sum and Kruskal–Wallis tests, and multivariate negative binomial regression models were used to assess relationships between sociodemographic predictors and fear variables. Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander students had the highest mean fear scores of physical assault, robbery/burglary, arson, and theft, while fear of verbal threats and vandalism were highest among Middle Eastern students. Muslim students reported the highest fear of verbal threats, arson, and vandalism. In multivariate models, fear of violent crime was significantly higher among Black (ME: 5.59), Hispanic (ME: 5.16), Asian (ME: 3.07), female (ME: 8.19), transgender/gender non-conforming (ME: 9.82), gay (ME: 12.16), and bisexual (ME: 3.74) students while fear of property crime was significantly higher among Black (ME: 2.81), Hispanic (ME: 2.10), Asian (ME: 1.84), female (ME: 2.49), and gay (ME: 3.11) students. Minority students have higher levels of fear than their peers. Universities must consider the issue of fear among minority students in an effort to prevent this public health issue.

This article engages with the spatial turn in the analyses of and activism against political violence. It does so through an ethnography of memory activism around an arson attack in Turkey, which took place in 1993 in the central-eastern city of Sivas before live TV cameras and thousands of onlookers, including law enforcement officers. The attack killed 33 guests of a culture festival organized by an association representing Alevism, one of Turkey’s demographically minor faiths. A prevalent approach to remembering the arson attack has hinged on mobilizing testimony’s cognates witnessing and martyrdom as spatial mechanisms, drawing on the site of the arson attack and/or its widely televised images. This mobilization has followed its contemporaries from around the world in that it has considered violence’s effects on the subjectivity of its spatial witnesses reducible to unambiguous subject positions adopted in discrete historical moments, using the affective trope of shame to rigidify and hierarchize this positionality. In-depth conversations with, and observations among, memory activists discussed in this article, however, indicate two reasons why this consideration might be limited. First, the mutual impact between activists’ subjectivity and each in-person or visually mediated encounter they have had with the site of the arson attack has taken shape in entanglement with rather than in isolation from other such encounters. Second, the historical moments featuring in these encounters are also manifold rather than singular. The article argues that the politics of spatial testimony hinges on this manifoldness and entanglement.

Most forensic chemistry experiments focus on the usual suspects involving criminal scenarios: illicit drug identification, gunshot residue detection, blood and fingerprint analysis, and arson investigations. However, environmental forensics involves chemical techniques that can expand the breadth of experience for forensic chemistry students. An experimental case study was designed to determine the potential source of groundwater contamination along a series of treatment steps designed to mitigate the environmental effects of an abandoned mine drainage site. Simulated drainage samples representing each treatment step are analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy to quantify the metals present, a gravimetric method to determine the concentration of sulfate, and a pH meter to measure relative acidity of the drainage water. Using the data obtained from the simulated samples, students can determine the effectiveness of each treatment step as well as identify the location along the drainage treatment series that is the most likely source of the groundwater contamination.

Throughout the mofussil of the Bombay Presidency British judges and magistrates called upon panchayats, that is, caste or village councils, to help them administer justice. By the mid-nineteenth century, panchayats were being deployed by British justices not only to offer their advice to judges attempting to decide a case, but much more frequently to investigate crimes, including murder, assault, robbery, arson, forgery, rape, and property disputes. Moreover, the active participation of the panchayat in the administration of criminal law varied as much in form as in function. In different scenarios, the panchayat functioned as a coroner's court, a criminal investigation team, and a general witnessing agent for the courts. With very few exceptions, they almost always appear in a supporting role on the prosecution side of any case offering their opinions on the crime in question in written form. Judges, for their part, appear to have relied quite heavily upon these recommendations and there are very few instances in which the panchayat's opinions were either ignored or rejected. There thus developed a hybrid system of justice whereby judges and magistrates adapted, transformed, and incorporated the expertise and knowledge of the ‘customary’ panchayat to suit the needs of British governance and legal administration.

Violent crime increased and most property crime decreased in many United States (US) cities during the coronavirus pandemic. Using negative binomial regressions, we examined the association between physical distancing (a central coronavirus containment strategy) and crime within 16 large cities (in 12 US states and the District of Columbia) through July 2020. Physical distancing was measured with aggregated smartphone data and defined as the average change in the percentage of the population staying completely at home. Outcome data were obtained from the Gun Violence Archive and city open data portals. In multivariable models, increases in the percentage of the population staying home were associated with decreases in reported incidents of aggravated assault, interpersonal firearm violence, theft, rape, and robbery, and increases in arson, burglary, and motor vehicle theft. Results suggest that changes in the frequency of interpersonal interactions affected crime during the coronavirus pandemic. More research is needed on the specificity of these assocations and their underlying mechanisms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11524-021-00593-4.

Fire is of great significance in the process of human civilization, carrying multiple functions such as hunting, sacrifice, cooking, and punishment. Arson, as one of the means of destroying objects, often appears in literary and artistic works. Why arson has become a means of evil favored by creators, and occasionally presents a strong sense of beauty in the text. This article will start with Bertha Mason’s arson in "Jane Eyre", linking classic texts with arson as an important plot, such as "Burn the Warehouse" and "Golden Pavilion", and explore the unique literary meaning of the dialectic of the beauty and evil of arson in combination with archetypal criticism.

The literature examining gender differences in the aetiology and course of firesetting is limited. This study used a sample of 32 female firesetters and 64 male firesetter-controls, matched for age...

The different methods of both DNA and fingerprint recovery from arson scenes are analysed within this literature. Arson is often used as a mode of concealment due to the wide misconception that fire destroys fundamental evidence. Advances in recent research and technologies have meant that techniques have been developed to further aid and enhance the recovery of evidence that has been exposed to the extreme conditions of a fire. In the forefront of all fire investigations where evidence recovery is paramount, the stages of the fire should be taken into consideration and pre-eminent soot removal techniques carried out in order to expose and visualise any evidence present. Although evaluation of current literature demonstrates that exceptional results from both fingerprints and DNA exposed to fire can be obtained, through different enhancement techniques, further research and developments are required in order to ensure these essential developments are standardised and mandatory to all arson scenes.

Purpose This paper aims to examine two underexplored topics in organizations, i.e. vulnerable narcissists in organizational settings and possible effects of territorial infringements among vulnerable narcissistic employees. The movie, Office Space, illustrates prototypical employee behavior mixed with comedically maladaptive personalities in a modern organizational context. However, the arson committed by character, Milton Waddams, suggests that some employees, especially those with disordered personalities, might violently respond to perceived territorial infringements. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper combines personality factors with territorial behavior to examine employee reactions to perceived injustices. Theoretical and practical implications are offered, as well as future research directions. Findings The argument presented suggests that the vulnerable narcissists may initiate destructive behavior in organizations with ego threats like territorial infringements. While anger is a natural defensive reaction, vulnerable narcissists are more likely to behave aggressively toward perceived territorial infringements due to their general negative affect. Practical implications Employees may react to infringement over seemingly subjective things; thus, managers must understand the nature of ownership by addressing territorial claims. Managers must remain cognizant that some disordered personalities are prone toward fulfilling threats, including organizational sabotage, deviance and white-collar crime. Environmental conditions can also compound the negative behavior of personalities like vulnerable narcissists in the workplace. Originality/value This conceptual paper adds to the organizational behavior literature and contributes to the fields of psychology and territoriality by exploring vulnerable narcissists in organizational settings and by considering the magnitude of defensive behavior toward perceived infringements.

This study aims to describe the small and distinct subgroup of arsonists diagnosed with schizophrenia, their motives, personal, and crime scene characteristics. While prior research identified significant differences to other criminals, firesetters in general, or mentally disordered offenders, there are no comparisons with other offender patients with schizophrenia so far. In a forensic institution in Switzerland, a group of 30 arsonists with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) was compared to 340 other offender patients with SSD using retrograde file analysis and multiple adapted Fisher´s exact tests. While symptoms of SSD were most defining of both groups, arsonists with SSD were more often single, unemployed, prescribed psychiatric medication at index offense, had a smaller variety of criminal motives, and acted out of anger or revenge in the context of a relationship. In conclusion, symptoms of SSD may be more defining and useful in guiding clinical practice than aspects specific to arsonists.

This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in fire analysis and investigation sciences from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.

O presente relato de caso tem por objetivo demonstrar a aplicação de um inusitado método de coleta de substância acelerante empregada em uma ocorrência de incendiarismo, utilizando farinha de trigo como material absorvente. Além de sua viabilidade, foi possível corroborar a conclusão acerca de fogo posto intencionalmente, por meio do reconhecimento da presença de padrões de queima característicos no veículo objeto do incêndio.

The article discloses attempts by the German authorities to use certain captive Ukrainians from the Russian army to destabilize its arson during World War I. Due to the lack of relevant archival sources, it is not possible to determine the degree of informative nature of agent messages recruited by the German Ukrainian activists, as well as the extent of their importance in planning strategic or tactical military operations at the front by the German command. The author of the article assumes that the most successful Ukrainian “turns” from captivity acted in the cause of revolutionizing Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire. It should also be noted that by agreeing to cooperate with the German military authorities, not all captive Ukrainians were guided by ideological motives. Some of them were driven by the desire to use this opportunity to accelerate their return home, and they were not a priori planning to collect and transmit intelligence to the Germans and to carry out the work of revolutionary content. Finally, a small proportion of Ukrainians who were sent home by the efforts of the Union of Liberation of Ukraine and the German authorities, joined the disintegration of imperial institutes at Ukrainian lands, and also took an active part in the Ukrainian state-building in 1917–1920.

Analysis of arson debris is the foremost challenging task to the forensic investigators. Identification of the ignitable liquid residues in the fire debris is one of the prime objectives of forensic quest. This study evaluates the potential of derivative ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric methods for the analysis and identification of ignitable liquid residues. In this work, arson was simulated using kerosene as an ignitable liquid on various matrices. Derivative UV spectra of kerosene were recorded in their neat state and compared with those obtained from simulated fire debris samples for the identification and detection of ignitable liquid residues. It was observed that different burnt substrates did not cause any interference. The obtained results indicated that the ignitable liquid absorption capacity of the substrate can play an important role in the extraction and identification of ignitable liquid from fire debris. The used technique proved to be rapid, easy, reproducible and efficient.

Objective: To present a new concept for the extinguishment of wildfires by saturation water bombing.Design: Following an exhaustive literature search, a published mathematical model and a published empirical rainfall model were used to estimate the rate at which water would have to be applied to extinguish intense wildfires. Applying the estimated amount by quasi-continuous saturation water bombing was then evaluated.Results: The mathematical model yielded a regression equation that estimates the amount of water to extinguish wildfires of varying sizes as y = 0.1041 x − 5.0096 where y is the quantity of water and x is the size of the fire. The predicted quantities of 1000 metric tonnes ha for intense wildfires vastly exceed the minimum of 50 metric tonnes ha of the empirical rain model, likely due to the limited data available. They nevertheless serve to define the likely range of water application rates that must be applied for wildfire extinguishment. These application rates are shown to be feasible by deploying a team of large, amphibious water scooping aircraft operating in relay continuously day and night. The operating cost of such a team (±$10 million annually) is trivial compared to the potential for reducing the current economic burden of US wildfire of $71.1-347.8 billion annually. Conclusions: The saturation water bombing concept seems promising enough to warrant the commitment of funds to implement field trials on the ground that it could, potentially, result in savings of billions of dollars.

In arson cases, the detection and identification of fire accelerants is of high importance for elucidation of such crimes. The present study aims to investigate the remaining fraction of kerosene hydrocarbons impregnated on four kinds of textiles (nylon, polyester, wool and cotton). The volatile fraction was collected by SPME on non-burnt and burnt samples at successive times (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h.), then analyzed by GC-MS. Among the 27 characteristic compounds identified in kerosene, aromatic hydrocarbons were the predominant components, but their evaporation was faster than alkanes in unburnt textiles. Also, in the case of non-burnt samples, the total amount of kerosene residues was higher in synthetic tissues than in natural materials. After burning the different kinds of impregnated textiles, 22 hydrocarbons were detected with a decreasing amount over time, while the concentration of linear alkanes remained higher during the sampling time. All the partially burnt samples displayed much less kerosene residues than in the same unburnt samples. Unlike the non-burnt samples, the profile of kerosene amount as function of time was very similar on the four investigated kinds of fabrics after burning. These results and the proposed procedure should help forensic investigators in the field of fire debris analysis, in arson cases.