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Aim & objective To report mid-term follow-up result of transcatheter closure of perimembranous Ventricular septal defect (VSD) in children weighing less than 10 kg using Amplatzer Duct Occlude-I (ADO-I) by left ventricular (LV) mid-cavity approach. Material & method This is retrospective review of 35 children weighing less than 10 kg with moderate to large perimembranous VSD who were selected for transcatheter closure of VSD using ADO-I in between October 2016 to September 2018. Mean age was 2.08 ± 0.67 years (mean ± SD) and mean weight was 7.2 ± 1.2 kg (mean ± SD). Procedure was done by crossing the VSD from right ventricular side instead of using the standard approach by forming arterio-venous loop. Average fluoroscopic time was 9.2 ± 2.9 min (mean ± SD) and mean procedure time was 34.1 ± 13.1 min (mean ± SD). Mean follow-up period was 8.7 months (3–12 months) Result Device closure was successfully done in 32 patients. There was device induced aortic regurgitation (AR) in one case who was sent for surgery. One child was found to have complete heart block on first post-procedure day requiring permanent pace-maker implantation. During follow up none of them had any residual VSD, rhythm disturbance, AR and left or right ventricular outflow obstruction. Conclusion Device closure can be successfully done in moderate to large perimembranous VSD using left ventricular mid cavity approach in small children. LV mid-cavity approach has advantages in terms of lesser hemodynamic instability, lesser fluoroscopy and lesser chance of device induced AR than standard technique particularly in smaller children.

This paper highlights the process of integration of sound to form a language and the consequent effect it poses on human mind both on a neurological and psychological basis. Here, we display the chronological sequence of language development starting from the root vibration level. The origin of sound and subsequent creation of the universe is explained in brief and then the influence of nature’s sound which poses on human beings to develop a language of their own is shown here. An analysis of the language being acquired is made on a neuroanatomical ground. Further, in this paper, discussions are made on people affected with aphasia, a language impairment and possible solutions to aid such people are suggested.

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a platform which receives brain signals, measures and analyses them, providing a pathway for the human brain to interact with external utilities in real-time. It is entirely independent of the normal output of peripheral nerves and muscles. On the other hand, with the exposure of Internet of Things, the concept of connectivity of devices has evolved. The number of connected devices is expected to grow phenomenally across multiple industries, thereby boosting productivity and efficiency in coming years. This paper elaborates the procedure of developing a system merging Brain Computer interface and internet of things, the possible applications of human-thing cognitive interactivity and the challenges we face while working with it.

Introduction:Lifetech Konar-multifunctional occluder is a novel device which is primarily used for the closure of ventricular septal defects. Being “multifunctional”, the occluder has the potential to be useful in various structural cardiac defects.Materials and methods:We share our retrospective review from two centres regarding non-conventional usage of multifunctional occluders in CHD. Eight patients who underwent interventions using multifunctional occluders for lesions other than ventricular septal defects between March 2019 to September 2019 were included in the study. The patients were analysed based on demography, the size and type of lesion, procedural success, and development of complications. All patients were followed up in the outpatient department for a minimum period of 6 months.Results:The median age and weight of the cohort were 3.2 years and 9 kg, respectively. Six patients had patent ductus arteriosus, while one patient had aorto-pulmonary window and one had a coronary arterio-venous fistula. The sizing of the occluders and the procedural approach were based on the underlying pathology. The most commonly used occluder was 6 × 4 mm variant. One patient had successful implantation but had significant intra-device residual flow and was thus replaced by a different occluder. There were no major complications, nor any incidences of device embolisation or malposition. On follow-up, all patients had uneventful course.Conclusion:Konar-multifunctional occluder can be safely used in lesions other than ventricular septal defects, when needed under specific circumstances. Its unique characteristics make it a versatile choice in a variety of cardiac lesions.

Background In majority of children bidirectional Glenn shunt is a safe and efficacious procedure with minimal post-operative issues. Rarely, there may be dysfunction in the Glenn pathway due loss of anatomical integrity or derangements in normal physiological or hemodynamic milieu. We report 4 cases in the last 3 years (2016-2019) where complications in the Glenn circuit led to serious consequences requiring transcatheter interventions. Case presentation Two of our patients presented with frank features of superior vena cava syndrome. One of them had right Glenn anastomotic site narrowing leading to severe obstruction along with significant left pulmonary artery origin stenosis. The other child had excessive antegrade flow impeding normal Glenn flow leading to superior vena cava syndrome. The next child in our series was initially lost to follow-up after bidirectional Glenn surgery. Later on, this child was noted to have discontinuous left pulmonary artery with perfusion only to the right lung from the Glenn. The remaining child described in this series had developed a large tortuous venous collateral post Glenn shunt leading to severe cyanosis. All the above children needed prompt percutaneous interventions to revert back to their basal state. On follow-up, the benefit was sustained in all. Conclusions Percutaneous intervention procedures often provide a successful bailout option in various complicated situations post Glenn surgery with reasonable efficacy and safety.

A 7-month-old infant presented with bilateral blocked cavo-pulmonary anastomosis within 2 months of surgery. Due to extreme haemodynamic instability, surgical options were abandoned and rescue intervention from left jugular line was planned. Acute thrombosis of the left-sided Glenn was noted with significant anastomotic narrowing. Successful rescue thrombolysis was done using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (Alteplase) along with balloon dilatation of the attenuated segments.

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare anomaly of pulmonary veins draining into the right heart with or without obstruction. Commonly the TAPVC is classified based upon the site of drainage viz. supracardiac, cardiac, infracardiac and mixed. Dual drainage of the common chamber of pulmonary veins communicating separately into the left innominate vein and coronary sinus is an extremely rare anomaly. We report a case of dual draining of the confluent chamber of TAPVC with obstruction at both the levels. The infant underwent successful re-routing of pulmonary venous confluence to the left atrium and is doing well on short term follow up.

Varying degrees of atrioventricular block are not uncommon following transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects. It is however extremely rare following use of Amplatzer duct occluder-II device. The onset of the atrioventricular block and understanding its underlying mechanism are important for successful management. We hereby report a case of delayed onset high-grade atrioventricular block following closure of a perimembranous ventricular septal defect using a duct occluder-II device where the rhythm reverted to sinus following high dose steroid therapy. Such delayed onset atrioventricular block following use of duct a occluder-II device has not yet been reported in literature.

Anatomically corrected malposition of great arteries constitutes a rare form of congenital cardiac malformation where aorta and pulmonary artery arise from respective ventricles but the alignment of the great vessels does not conform to that of a normal heart. It often poses a diagnostic challenge due to a close resemblance to other great vessel malposition defects. The majority of the patients with this disorder are physiologically corrected and present due to associated lesions, most commonly ventricular septal defects. In this review, we present two children of anatomically corrected malposition who presented with hemodynamically significant ventricular septal defects. The older child had a restrictive defect and was successfully managed by percutaneous closure in-spite of associated septal malalignment. The younger child had a larger defect and underwent surgical closure for the same. None of the children had any associated outflow tract obstructions. Closure of ventricular septal defect with such an anatomy either surgically or by percutaneous route has its own set of challenges. Although the risks of conduction abnormalities are not increased, there is a potential for future development of outflow tract obstruction requiring periodic follow-up. Detailed echocardiography and proper understanding of the unique anatomy forms the basis of successful management of associated lesions in anatomically corrected malposition of great arteries.

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a multifocal, monophasic, acute demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, which is commonly preceded by viral infections and occasionally bacterial infections or immunizations. Its occurrence following malarial infection, especially Plasmodium vivax Malaria is very uncommon. We report an 11-year girl who presented with clinical features of encephalopathy and generalized convulsions, 10 days following complete recovery from the Plasmodium vivax Malaria. Diagnosis of ADEM as a complication of Plasmodium vivax Malaria was made based on acute onset of neurological events, characteristic findings on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of brain and prompt response to corticosteroid therapy. Follow-up MRI, 6 months after discharge, showed complete resolution of change found on the initial MRI. To the best of our knowledge, only two such cases have been reported in the English literature till date.

To determine the etiology, clinical spectrum and outcome of metabolic liver diseases (MLD) in children admitted in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India.An observational study.Paediatric Liver Clinic and Paediatrics Inpatient Department of Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, Eastern India, from April 2009 to March 2011.All children aged 0 - 12 years having characteristic clinical features along with diagnostic hallmark of any MLDs were included in this study and data were collected on a pre-designed proforma. After appropriate management and discharge, all patients were followed-up for next 6 months.Fifty one children with mean age 4.34 ± 3.78 years (range 2 days - 12 years), male: female ratio 1.55:1, were studied. The etiologies were Wilson's disease (33.33%, n = 17); glycogen storage disorder (23.53%, n = 12); galactosemia (19.61%, n = 10); non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (11.76%, n = 6); Gaucher disease (5.88%, n = 3); mucopolysaccharidoses (3.92%, n = 2) and familial hyperlipoproteinemia type-I (1.96%, n = 1). Jaundice (n = 24) and hepatomegaly (n = 47), was the commonest symptom and sign respectively. Of the 17 non-responders, most were Wilson's disease (n = 7) cases. There was statistical difference in outcome with respect to INR1.3 at diagnosis (p = 0.026).High index of suspicion, early detection and screening, simple dietary modification and cost effective drugs along with good compliance are sufficient to treat and even prevent evolution of most causes of the MLDs.