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How do elected autocrats come to power? Prominent explanations point to distributive conflict. We propose instead that some candidates advertise democratic deconsolidation as “deepening democracy,” which can have cross-cutting appeal. We evaluate this proposal through the election of Venezuela's Hugo Chávez, an emblematic elected autocrat. Using original data, we find that historical voting patterns and political rhetoric are consistent with our proposal: Chávez came to power with the cross-class support of voters from across the traditional political spectrum, and his campaign emphasized rather than obscured his plan to remake political institutions.

Drawing on the theory of dogmatism and personality traits, this research examines the consumers' shopping behavior and intentions. We propose a model, which incorporates the precepts of stubbornness and retail purchasing conduct. Data were gathered from 446 shoppers in India and analyzed using partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicate that consumers' personality, purchaser conduct, narrowing conduct, and dependability influence their buying behavior. Moreover, consumers’ purchasing goals are influenced by assurance, customization, brand value, and social appeal. The study has practical implications for marketing managers who are focusing on customers with dogmatic behavior.

Occupy Wall Street is an ongoing series of protests, initiated on September 17, 2011 in lower Manhattan's financial district, against alarming trends in social inequality, high rates of home foreclosure and unemployment, and the excessive influence of corporate and financial interests on government. The protests attracted large numbers of participants and gained widespread international attention due to the movement's broad appeal, to “the 99 percent,” and tenacious use of nonviolent protest against variably heavy-handed police response. Keywords: popular culture; democracy; inequality; movements; protests; resistance; student movements; Western Europe; Middle and Near East

Defining “luxury” as expensive and exclusive products and brands that are differentiated from other offers based on their exquisite design and craftmanship, sensory appeal, and distinct socio-cultural narratives, this conceptual paper integrates the established view of wealth-based luxury with an alternative perspective focused on luxury competencies. These competencies include expertise, aesthetic taste, and sensitivity to luxury symbolism and are developed by learning and enjoying the unique luxury features relating to design and craftmanship, sensory appeal, and socio-cultural narratives. The relationship between the wealth-based and competencies-based perspectives is examined for consumption goals; considerations, choice and usage; and consumption outcomes. After identifying individual and societal moderating factors (socio-economic status and self-related factors as well as the effectiveness of social status symbols and the power structure of society), future research issues and research propositions are presented. This paper concludes by advising luxury managers to develop competencies-based strategies to address contemporary luxury challenges.

Beginning with publications in the early 1980s there have been attempts to use syntactic data to determine the highest-order subgroups of Austronesian. These efforts fall into two categories: those which claim that the voice affixes of Philippine-type languages originally had exclusively nominalizing functions, and those which claim that the affixes themselves were innovated after the separation of Rukai from the ancestor of all other Austronesian languages. Although these ideas lay dormant for some years, recently both have been revived in renewed efforts to show that the Austronesian family tree is not ‘rake-like’ in its highest nodes, but shows extensive embedding of subgroups that can be justified by successive layers of syntactic innovations. This paper questions the methodological soundness of both types of arguments on the grounds that they appeal to negative evidence, and logically any such appeal can do no better than reach an inference of indeterminate status rather than the positive conclusions that have been proposed.

Based on the methodology of complex system analysis, measures of administrative coercion in the field of taxes and fees in Ukraine are considered. It is noted that estimates of administrative coercion have a universal character. Types of administrative coercion are analyzed: measures of administrative suspension, measures of administrative recovery, measures of administrative and procedural support, measures of administrative enforcement in the field of taxes and fees. The content, task, purpose, grounds and procedure for applying various measures of administrative coercion are defined. The principles of administrative responsibility in taxes and fees are considered. Different aspects of administrative appeals and appeals in the administrative-jurisdictional process and administrative proceedings of decisions, resolutions and judgements regarding administrative offences in the field of taxes and fees in Ukraine are disclosed. The trends in the application of administrative coercion measures are characterized. It is proposed to solve problematic issues regarding measures of administrative coercion in tax law on the basis of codification, unification and systematization of these measures, which will significantly strengthen the protection of rights and legitimate interests of tax and fee payers, tax agents, and banking institutions in Ukraine., У статті на підставі методології комплексного системного аналізу розглянуто заходи адміністративного примусу у сфері податків і зборів в Україні. Зазначено, що заходи адміністративного примусу мають універсальний характер. Проаналізовано різновиди адміністративного примусу: заходи адміністративного припинення, заходи адміністративного відновлення, заходи адміністративно-процесуального забезпечення, заходи адміністративного стягнення у сфері податків і зборів. Визначено зміст, завдання, мету, підстави та порядок застосування різних заходів адміністративного примусу. Розглянуто засади адміністративної відповідальності у сфері податків і зборів. Розкрито окремі аспекти адміністративного оскарження та оскарження у адміністративно-юрисдикційному процесі та адміністративному судочинстві рішень, постанов та ухвал щодо адміністративних правопорушень у сфері податків і зборів в Україні. Охарактеризовано тенденції у застосуванні заходів адміністративного примусу. Запропоновано вирішення проблемних питань щодо заходів адміністративного примусу в податковому праві на підставі кодифікації, уніфікації та систематизації зазначених заходів, що значно посилить захист прав і законних інтересів платників податку та зборів, податкових агентів, банківських установ в Україні.

Keywords: copyright, providers, rightsholders, users, content, downloads, interactiveaccess, out-of-court settlement of disputes. The article is devoted to the study of the norms of Directive 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market, and Guidance on Article 17 of Directive 2019/790 on Copyright in the Digital Single Market.The purpose of this article is to conduct a legal analysis of the EU Directive and Guidance, and determine the features of protection of copyright and related rights through out-of-court settlement of disputes, in the new realities of digital market development, and the feasibility of considering the relevant norms in the legislation of Ukraine.Article 17 of this EU Directive and the provisions of the reference are analysed in details. Rights and obligations of all participants in legal relations arising in the digital environment are considered: rightholders, users, online content-sharing service providers (hereinafter — providers).The definition of the new term «online content-sharing service providers», proposed in the EU Directive, has been explored. It is stated that providers have the right to provide access to legal content, uploaded by users. At the same time, they are obliged to act based on the permission received from the rightholders, do not affect on users who are using the online content-sharing services in order to legal upload and access to information, to prevent the availability of unauthorized content, uploaded by users.In the article explores the norms about out-of-court mechanisms of compensation for damage and the settlement of disputes. Its advantages are defined. The disadvantages that may arise in the practical application of the norms are indicated. In particular, in the Article 17 of the EU Directive and the Guidance do not provide a clear answer to certain questions, such as the status of the person who will have the authority to resolve the relevant disputes; what will be the decisions made by such a person; the procedure, amount and terms of compensation for damages; cross-border application of decisions.A comparison is made between the norms of the legislation of Ukraine on copyright and related rights and the relevant norms of European legislation. It is noted that in the Law of Ukraine «On Copyright and Related Rights» there is a procedure for termination of infringements of copyright and related rights on the Internet by providers. Out-ofcourtsettlement of disputes is not provided for, but it is not prohibited. The provider restores access to the object if the right holder has not provided him with confirmation of the opening of legal proceedings to protect his rights to the object of copyright and (or) related rights, in respect of which the application for termination of the violation was filed.Unlike the provisions of the Law, according to Art. 17 (9) of the EU Directive and the Guidance, the user can appeal the decision of the provider to block, delete content. Access to content can be restored based on out-of-court settlement of the dispute, i.e., without going to court.It is concluded that these European standards are noteworthy and need further study in the context of the application of out-of-court mechanisms of the settlement of disputes that arise between rightsholders, users and providers in the digital environment.

Nije svaka preinačujuća presuda žalbenog suda koja svojim sadržajem neugodno iznenadi koju od stranaka ujedno i presuda iznenađenja (njemački Überraschungsurteil). Štoviše, trebala bi biti riječ o neželjenoj iznimci. Preinačujuća bi presuda bila presuda iznenađenja ako bi je žalbeni sud donio na temelju pravne ocjene spora bitno različite od one o kojoj se u postupku raspravljalo, a koju ni savjesna i brižljiva stranka nije mogla razumno predvidjeti. Isto tako, o presudi bi iznenađenja bila riječ ako bi je žalbeni sud zasnovao na činjenicama i dokazima o kojima strankama nije bila pružena razumna mogućnost da se o njima izjasne. Presuda je iznenađenja zabranjena jer je u protivnosti s postulatima pravičnog postupka. Zato bi protiv preinačujuće presude žalbenog suda koja je ujedno i presuda iznenađenja Vrhovni sud u povodu prijedloga svakako trebao dopustiti reviziju, a iznenađenoj bi stranci pravnu zaštitu, ako bi to propustio učiniti revizijski sud, trebali pružiti Ustavni sud i Europski sud za ljudska prava., Not every decision of the appellate court varying the first instance judgement which comes as an unpleasant surprise to either party necessarily constitutes what is known as a surprise judgment (German: Überraschungsurteil). On the contrary, a surprise judgment should only be a rare, undesired exception. A varying judgment may be considered a surprised judgment only if the appellate court changed the legal classification of the case from that in the original case into one that a diligent party could not reasonably have foreseen. Also, a surprise judgment would also refer to cases in which the appellate court based its ruling on facts and evidence on which the parties had not been given a reasonable opportunity to comment. Surprise judgments are prohibited as they are in conflict with the postulates of fair trial. According to the case of law of the European Court of Human Rights, each party must be given a reasonable opportunity to comment on all relevant aspects of the case, not only in respect of evidence, but also in respect of the legal issues, i.e. an opportunity to participate effectively in the proceedings. It is to be emphasised that this also refers to legal arguments raised ex officio by the court. The principle iura novit curia cannot be an excuse for not allowing the parties to participate in a debate concerning the legal issues. However, this is not to say that the court should necessarily declare its legal positions to the parties. This duty exists only as an exception; for instance, in order to inform the parties of its intention to deviate from the case law or legal positions announced expressly or implicitly, or in legally intricate cases or cases involving issues with no relevant case law. The point is that the legal reasoning of the court must be reasonably foreseeable in view of the arguments which had been raised during the course of the proceedings by the opposing parties or by the court itself. Certainly, a party to civil proceedings is expected to display due diligence him/herself in that regard. If the legal classification of the case could not have been foreseen by the party as a diligent party, it constitutes a surprise judgment. If legal arguments which had been pursued by the court could not be regarded as substantially different from the observations submitted by the parties during the course of the proceedings, there is no breach of the adversarial principle. These postulates of fair trial refer to all courts, not only appellate ones, but the prohibition of surprise judgments bears special significance in the context of varying judgments of appellate courts considering their immediate effect of rendering the matter res iudicata. The Supreme Court should by all means allow a second appeal against a varying judgment of an appellate court which constitutes a surprise judgment, and if it should fail to provide a remedy to the surprised party, a remedy should invariably be provided by the Constitutional Court or the European Court of Human Rights.

Background: The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide, and the outbreak of the disease was designated a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Such outbreaks would certainly be catastrophic for some of the best-ranked health systems and would be more catastrophic in countries with more fragile health systems. Accordingly, the World Health Organization and other organizations have been appealing to donor countries to support a rapid response plan. The primary objectives of this response plan are to appeal for funds from donors and to distribute these funds to the most affected countries based on the requirements. Methods: In this study, we developed a mathematical model to provide initial insights into the efficient and equitable distribution of urgent funds to high-priority countries. Three phases were proposed for the construction of this mathematical model. In the first phase, the final epidemic sizes in all the target countries were predicted by using three epidemiological models. In the second phase, the urgent requirements for each country were estimated in parallel with the estimates issued by the humanitarian response plan, based on the size of the epidemic and several other factors. In the third and final phase, a multi-objective optimization model was proposed. The first objective was to maximize the funds from donors to cover all the requirements. The second objective was to minimize the unmet demands by ensuring a fair distribution of the urgent funds based on the requirements of the target countries. Results: Predictions of the basic reproduction numbers and the final epidemic sizes were calculated for all target countries. The urgent requirements were estimated, and the requirements issued by the humanitarian response plan for all target countries were also considered. Moreover, a proposed response plan for the distribution network was demonstrated. Donors must provide urgent funds exceeding US$ 2,608,084,209 to cover at least 40 % of each target country’s requirements. Overall, results demonstrate the importance of an urgent and fair distribution of funds to the target countries to overcome the outbreak of COVID-19. Conclusions: Rapid responses by donor countries to humanitarian appeals will facilitate the immediate and fair distribution of relief supplies to the poorest countries. This distribution may help to support health systems, restrain the spread of COVID-19, and prevent an unlimited catastrophe.

Has the COVID-19 pandemic affected pro-sociality among individuals? After the onset of the pandemic, many charitable appeals were updated to include a reference to COVID-19. Did donors increase their giving in response to such changes? In order to answer these questions, we conducted a real-donation online experiment with more than 4200 participants from 149 local areas in England and over 21 weeks. First, we varied the fundraising appeal to either include or exclude a reference to COVID-19. We found that including the reference to COVID-19 in the appeal increased donations. Second, in a natural experiment-like approach, we studied how the relative local severity of the pandemic and media coverage about local COVID-19 severity affected giving in our experiment. We found that both higher local severity and more related articles increased giving of participants in the respective areas. This holds for different specifications, including specifications with location fixed effects, time fixed effects, a broad set of individual characteristics to account for a potentially changing composition of the sample over time and to account for health- and work-related experiences with and expectations regarding the pandemic. While negative experiences with COVID-19 correlate negatively with giving, both approaches led us to conclude that the pure effect of increased salience of the pandemic on pro-sociality is positive. Despite the shift in public attention toward the domestic fight against the pandemic and away from developing countries' challenges, we found that preferences did not shift toward giving more to a national project and less to developing countries.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10683-022-09753-y.

Objective Knowledge of factors associated with intervention non-adherence may provide insights into the clinical utility of non-pharmacologic interventions. Methods This study compared complete and incomplete adherers to two separate components of a novel intervention package for women undergoing curative intent radiotherapy for gynaecological cancer on socio-demographic, clinical and pre-radiotherapy patient-reported outcomes data. Results Adherence to the tailored specialist nurse consultations was satisfactory (71% participated in all available sessions, 19% participated in all but one). Adherence to the telephone peer support sessions was less satisfactory (47% participated in all available sessions, 24% participated in all but one session). Complete adherers to the peer sessions reported significantly lower levels of psychological distress and significantly higher levels of physical, emotional and functional wellbeing before radiotherapy. No other statistically significant differences were observed between complete and incomplete adherers to the nurse- or peer-led sessions. Conclusion Women’s ability or motivation to engage with peer support may be influenced by their health and psychological status. Further, the extent of intervention non-adherence to the peer-led component may have compromised the assessment of its efficacy. Practice implications Peer support may be less acceptable or appropriate for women with more complex care needs. Such women may prefer specialised care from trained professionals.

This study examines different types of organ donation public service announcement appeal messages (narrative, counter argument, and statistical) in relation to their effectiveness on the African American community. Previous studies on public service announcements aimed at African Americans and how effective the different message appeals are examined along with issues effecting the likelihood of African Americans consenting to be organ donors. African American participants were recruited using the Qualtrics survey company. Analysis of survey data suggest that narrative appeals are more effective than statistical and counter argument appeals but statistical and counter argument did not differ from each other. Implications of this finding along with directions for future research is included.

This article analyzes the specific aspects of the lawyer's participation in the higher courts, his tasks and the obstacles that the lawyer may face. In addition, foreign experience in these issues is studied, and the question of applying its positive aspects to the national legislation is highlighted.

Введение. Косметология одна из наиболее активно развивающихся отраслей медицины, однако, как вид медицинской деятельности, она не вносит пока существенный вклад в статистическую отчетность, поэтому необходимо на уровне медицинской организации изучать различные параметры обращаемости пациентов, анализ которой, кроме статистического, имеет важное медико-организационное значение для медицинских организаций косметологического профиля. Цель: изучить медико-организационные аспекты обращаемости пациентов в клинику косметологии на современном этапе. Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на базе Клиники «Нью Лайф» (г. Самара), работающей на рынке косметологических услуг свыше 15 лет. По специально разработанной программе проведено социологическое исследование 348 пациентов Клиники в возрасте 18 лет и старше. Анкетирование пациентов проводилось дистанционно через google-форму, включающую 16 открытых и закрытых вопросов по различным аспектам обращаемости пациентов в косметологическую клинику. Использованы аналитический, социологический и статистический методы исследования. Результаты и обсуждение. Значительная часть (61,5%) пациентов, обратившихся в клинику косметологии, относится к лицам в возрасте от 18 до 44 лет, отмечается достаточно большая доля мужчин (27,6%), свыше половины (56,3%) пациентов – работающие лица трудоспособного возраста. Основные причины обращения – наличие эстетических проблем кожи (26,4% ответов), акне (20,4%), возрастные изменения кожи (12,6%), Основными источниками информации о косметологической клинике являются родственники, друзья и знакомые (51,4% ответов), социальные сети (33,0), интерес к определенному врачу (25,0%). Надежда на качественное (4,83 балла) и комфортное (4,76 балла) обслуживание – важнейшие факторы выбора клиники. Наиболее значимыми для пациентов критериями качества медицинского обслуживания являются поведение медицинского персонала (4,80 баллов), поведение администраторов (4,74 балла), возможность быстро связаться с регистратурой клиники (4,63 балла). Среди факторов взаимодействия пациентов с клиникой наиболее важными оказались состояние туалетов (4,78 балла) и комфортное ожидание приема (4,62 балла). Большинство (80,5%) пациентов не откажутся от услуг клиники косметологии, если цена на услуги поднимется на 10%, но в то же время, при повышении стоимости услуг на 75% останутся лояльными клинике всего 12,7% пациентов. Выводы. Необходимо глубокое изучение показателей деятельности медицинской организации косметологического профиля, связанных с обращаемостью пациентов, с целью качественной оценки работы всех ее служб, управление которыми должно быть предсказуемым, плановым, системным. Такое изучение возможно только при анализе показателей работы клиники косметологии, которые видны не только изнутри – руководителем и коллективом медицинских работников, но и снаружи – пациентами клиники, что обеспечивается социологическим подходом., Cosmetology is one of the most actively developing branches of medicine, however, as a type of medical activity, it does not yet make a significant contribution to statistical reporting, therefore it is necessary to study various parameters of patient appeal at the level of a medical organization, the analysis of which, in addition to statistical, has important medical and organizational significance for medical organizations of a cosmetological profile. Purpose: to study the medical and organizational aspects of patients' access to the cosmetology clinic at the present stage. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the New Life Clinic (Samara), which has been operating in the market of cosmetology services for over 15 years. According to a specially developed program, a sociological study of 348 patients of the Clinic aged 18 years and older was conducted. The survey of patients was conducted remotely via a Google form, which included 16 open and closed questions on various aspects of patients' access to a cosmetology clinic. Analytical, sociological and statistical research methods were used. Results and discussion. A significant part (61.5%) of patients who applied to the cosmetology clinic belong to persons aged 18 to 44 years, there is a fairly large proportion of men (27.6%), more than half (56.3%) of patients are working people of working age. The main reasons for treatment are the presence of aesthetic skin problems (26.4% of responses), acne (20.4%), age–related skin changes (12.6%), The main sources of information about the cosmetology clinic are relatives, friends and acquaintances (51.4% of responses), social networks (33.0), interest in a particular doctor (25.0%). The hope for high–quality (4.83 points) and comfortable (4.76 points) service are the most important factors in choosing a clinic. The most significant criteria for the quality of medical care for patients are the behavior of medical personnel (4.80 points), the behavior of administrators (4.74 points), the ability to quickly contact the clinic's registry (4.63 points). Among the factors of interaction between patients and the clinic, the most important were the state of toilets (4.78 points) and comfortable waiting for admission (4.62 points). The majority (80.5%) of patients will not refuse the services of the cosmetology clinic if the price of services rises by 10%, but at the same time, with an increase in the cost of services by 75%, only 12.7% of patients will remain loyal to the clinic. Conclusions. It is necessary to study in-depth the performance indicators of a medical organization of a cosmetological profile related to the circulation of patients in order to qualitatively assess the work of all its services, the management of which should be predictable, planned, systematic. Such a study is possible only when analyzing the performance indicators of the cosmetology clinic, which are visible not only from the inside – by the head and the team of medical workers, but also from the outside – by the patients of the clinic, which is provided by a sociological approach.

On 28 May 2020 the General Court of the EU annulled the decision of the European Commission to prohibit the proposed acquisition by Hutchinson 3G UK Investments Limited of Telefonica Europe Plc (which trades as O2 in the UK). The General Court’s decision is noteworthy for a number of reasons, such as elucidating a new test for determining whether a merger would result in a significant impediment to effective competition under the Merger Regulation, establishing the standard of proof to be applied, and for the rigorous nature of the General Court’s review of the Commission’s decision. The Commission has been highly critical of the judgment and lodged an appeal on 7 August 2020. However, the case will continue to have significant implications for merger control rules until the appeal is heard, and its impact will be felt for decades to come if the Commission’s appeal is ultimately unsuccessful. This opinion argues that the judgment represents a very troubling precedent from the perspective of European consumers, as it will result in potentially harmful mergers being permitted and ultimately lead to lower competition on already highly concentrated markets. It may also lead to more paltry offers of remedies from merging parties to cure competition concerns. Therefore, the result of the decision may represent a very significant impediment to effective protection of competition on markets for years to come.

В статье рассмотрен проблемы судебного контроля в порядке ст. 125 УПК РФ, связанные с регламентацией пределов обжалования по субъектам вынесения властных решений, действий (бездействия). Основной предмет исследования – это правовая позиция Пленума Верховного Суда РФ, изложенная в Постановлении № 1, о том, что могут быть обжалованы только решения, действия (бездействие) должностных лиц, осуществляющих уголовное преследование в досудебных стадиях уголовного процесса. Применение данного предела осложняется дискуссионностью термина «уголовное преследование», наличием в уголовном судопроизводстве субъектов, осуществляющих помимо уголовного преследования и иные уголовно-процессуальные функции. Понятие уголовного преследования как деятельности стороны обвинения в целях изобличения подозреваемого, обвиняемого в совершении преступления (п. 55 ч. 1 ст. 5 УПК РФ) оставляет широкое поле для различных толкований данной категории в части ее содержания, времени начала и окончания данной деятельности и др. Автор предлагает Пленуму Верховного Суда РФ уточнить содержание термина «уголовное преследование» применительно к п. 3 рассматриваемого Постановления, указав, что данном случае под ней понимается уголовно-процессуальная деятельность должностных лиц, связанная с выявлением, предупреждением, пресечением, раскрытием и расследованием преступлений, проверкой сообщения о преступлении в стадии возбуждения уголовных дел, в том числе осуществляемая до установления лица, совершившего преступление. В статье поддержано предложение Министерства юстиции РФ законодательно закрепить расширение круга субъектов, чьи решения, действия (бездействие) в рамках уголовно-процессуальной или оперативно-розыскной деятельности, осуществляемой по поручению следователя, дознавателя или на этапе проверки сообщения о преступлении, должны входить в предмет судебного контроля. Важно, чтобы складывающаяся практика не противоречила действующему законодательству. Автор предлагает включить в ч. 1 ст. 125 УПК РФ следователя-криминалиста, чьи решения, действия (бездействие) также могут быть предметом обжалования. Закрепленный в настоящее время перечень должностных лиц не учитывает включение в п. 40.1 ч. 1 ст. 5 УПК РФ Федеральным законом от 2 декабря 2008 г. № 226-ФЗ следователя-криминалиста, который вправе как самостоятельно осуществлять предварительное следствие, так и участвовать в отдельных процессуальных действиях или проводить их самостоятельно., The article deals with the problems of judicial control in accordance with Art. 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, related to the regulation of the limits of appeal on the subjects of making power decisions, actions (inaction). The main subject of the study is the legal position of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, set out in Resolution No. 1, that only decisions, actions (inaction) of officials carrying out criminal prosecution in the pre-trial stages of the criminal process can be appealed. The application of this limit is complicated by the debatability of the term “criminal prosecution”, the presence in criminal proceedings of entities that, in addition to criminal prosecution, also carry out other criminal procedural functions. The concept of criminal prosecution as an activity of the prosecution in order to expose a suspect, accused of committing a crime (clause 55, part 1, article 5 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation), leaves a wide field for different interpretations of this category in terms of its content, start and end time of this activity and etc. The author proposes to the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to clarify the content of the term "criminal prosecution" in relation to paragraph 3 of the Resolution under consideration, indicating that in this case it is understood as the criminal procedural activity of officials related to the detection, prevention, suppression, disclosure and investigation of crimes, verification reports of a crime at the stage of initiation of criminal cases, including those carried out before the identification of the person who committed the crime. The article supports the proposal of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation to legislate the expansion of the circle of subjects whose decisions, actions (inaction) in the framework of criminal procedural or operational-search activities carried out on behalf of the investigator, interrogating officer or at the stage of checking a report of a crime, should be included in the subject of judicial control. It is important that the emerging practice does not contradict the current legislation. The author proposes to include in Part 1 of Art. 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the forensic investigator, whose decisions, actions (inaction) may also be subject to appeal. The currently fixed list of officials does not take into account the inclusion in paragraph 40.1 of part 1 of Art. 5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation Federal Law of December 2, 2008 No. 226-FZ of a forensic investigator, who has the right to independently carry out a preliminary investigation, and to participate in certain procedural actions or conduct them independently.

People easily agree with the principle of organ donation; nevertheless, when a person dies, their relatives often refuse to honour this agreement. Because of this persistent social conduct, organ shortage is responsible for the rising mortality of patients on organ waiting lists. This sad reality continues despite the ongoing education effort with the enduring slogan: “Organ donation is a gift of life”.

The article examines in detail the history of the relationship between A.P. Suslova and V.V. Rozanov in connection with the notion existing in the historical and literary science that Rozanovs marriage to Suslova was based on his deep interest in the work of F.M. Dostoevsky and his desire in such an unusual way to penetrate deeper into the secrets of the life and work of the author of The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov. However, an appeal to various documentary evidence shows that Rozanovs marriage motives came from the warehouse of his nature and constituted a complex of rather complex reasons, among which the human, and not literary, research principle still dominates. The desire for a benevolently objective study of the life history of A.P. Suslova makes it possible to clarify at the modern scientific level the important facts of the biography of F.M. Dostoevsky and V.V. Rozanov, to free them from the stratifications of legends and myths.

The article identifies the features of the Ural region in terms of preserving and updating the memory of the epoch of 1812-1814. Based on the analysis of various options for preserving images of the epoch (through “living memory,” “materialized memory,” festive events and other means), the author comes to the conclusion that the Ural region, despite its remoteness from the theater of war, organically fit into the all-Russian memorial context. At the same time the memory is shaped by the region’s focus on military production, and by its providing a significant part of the irregular cavalry recruited from the Orenburg Cossacks and non-Russian peoples. The latter circumstance, through images of “Northern cupids,” gave the Urals an “exotic” fame abroad. Forms of preserving Urals memory of the events of 1812-1814 range from variants of “living memory,” which includes elements left over from the communicative memory, to purposeful activities of central and local authorities to organize “mass events” at anniversary dates. A significant role in memory preservation is traditionally played by educational institutions, which, starting from the school level, form the “memory of childhood.” The greatest concentration of “memory elements” related to the epoch is observed in the Southern Urals, which is predetermined, to a large extent, by the presence of compactly living non-Russian peoples who seek to emphasize their role in the events of all-Russian and even global history. Unlike a number of other national regions of the Russian Federation, the appeal to historical memory in the Urals takes place within the framework of a “unifying and reconciling” tradition. Despite some commemorative “gaps,” the three epochs (pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet) in relation to the historical memory in the Urals about the events of 1812-1814 look quite organic. Images of this great time continue to act as a unifying factor, thus preserving the sense of a “common past” not only with the all-Russian, but also with common European and global history.

The theory of team reasoning has been developed to resolve a long-lasting niggle in orthodox game theory. Despite its intuitive appeal, the theory has received little attention from mainstream game theorists and economists to date. We believe that this is so because of two theoretic issues, which the theory of team reasoning itself needs to resolve. One of these presents a worry that the theory achieves its explanatory and predictive success by abandoning ontological individualism — a fundamental precept in mainstream economics, including game theory. Here we argue that the theory of team reasoning is compatible with ontological individualism. We show that the core principles of the theory — those that give rise to the above worry — are in fact implicitly assumed in some branches of orthodox game theory itself. We also argue against the methodological approach that construes team reasoning as involving a transformation of the interacting players’ payoffs in modelled games.

This article examines the use of populist discourse in South African politics. We investigate speeches of leaders from the ruling African National Congress (ANC) and opposition parties, the Democratic Alliance (DA) and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). We find that the EFF consistently employs populist appeals, while both the incumbent ANC and official opposition DA largely refrain. Our longitudinal analysis allows an examination of fluctuation across party leaders and electoral cycles, and illustrates that neither the ANC nor the DA have modified their political discourses in light of a rising populist challenger. However, there is some evidence that the two most dominant parties have reformed their programmatic offerings and behaviour in an attempt to compete with the EFF's popular appeal. The South African case offers important insights into the study of oppositional populism on the African continent, and a window into how major political parties may respond to emerging populist contenders.

This study contributes to literature on luxury in the sharing economy by holistically examining new forms of luxury consumption which includes on-demand and the product-service economy, second-hand consumption, and co-ownership. Twenty-five depth semi-structured interviews with consumers reveal that the concept of luxury is disrupted in these new luxury contexts. Specifically, the findings challenge the traditional view of ownership as the ultimate form of luxury, and demonstrate the appeal of the temporality reflected in new forms of luxury consumption. Two types of sharing emerge—simultaneous versus sequential— each has its own challenges and opportunities. The findings identify value hedonism, hedonistic egoism, and hedonic escalation as drivers of such consumption, thereby contributing a deeper understanding of the complex nature of hedonism in new forms of luxury consumption. This research empirically supports a more inclusive, less elitist conceptualization of luxury and discusses implications for luxury brands.

Martin Jay introduces his study of Marxism and Totality with a “topography of Western Marxism” that concludes with some remarks about what he calls the “generation of 1968.”1 They were a “distinct generation of non-dogmatically leftist intellectuals,” in whose number he counts himself. Similarly, in the Introduction to a collection of his essays published two years later,2 he explains that although he wanted to move beyond Critical Theory to other projects, “I was drawn back into its orbit.” The reason for this continued appeal was first of all intellectual curiosity, because he was “never certain that Marxism, Western or otherwise, offered all the answers.” But there was a political appeal as well, since he thereby avoided the deadening experience of a “deradicalization” when the excitement of the initial discoveries gave way to a “theoretical and practical” loss of confidence. That changed mood, he goes on to say, was “evident” in my own book published in 1977, The Marxian Legacy, and “apparent” also in articles in the journal Telos. In contrast, Martin Jay cites the volume that Karl Klare and I had published only five years earlier as part of “a burgeoning awareness of the richness as well as the inadequacies of a tradition of thought.”3 Could it have been simply what he calls the “disheartening events of the 1970s” that explains the changed intellectual landscape?4

“Why do you ask questions of roots and branches instead of the necessary questions of chö (Tib. chos)?” asks a character in Tibetan author Dondrup Gyel’s (don rgrub rgyal) controversial 1980 short story, “Tulku” (sprul sku). The Tibetan term chö can be translated in many ways, including to mean ‘the Buddhist teachings,’ ‘religion’ more generally, or even ‘the nature of reality.’ In “Tulku,” however, what chö means is not at all clear, and the various characters claim authority to determine what is legitimate chö. In the story, a Tibetan village is visited by a mysterious stranger claiming to be a tulku—a reincarnated religious leader— but who is actually a fraud. Most scholars have interpreted “Tulku” as a critique of traditional Tibetan religious devotion, and as a call by Gyel for Tibetans to modernize. This paper, however, proposes a new reading of “Tulku.” It suggests that Gyel pairs overt criticism of the corrupt tulku with a subtler critique of the Chinese government’s policy towards Tibetan Buddhism. It argues for such a reading by tracking how the word chö is used in “Tulku.” It shows that Gyel places the word not in the mouths of the Tibetan villagers, but rather in the mouths of the fraudulent tulku and the representatives of the Communist Party. Both thus use chö in order to appeal to the Tibetan villagers, claim power for themselves, and exclude the opposing party. “Tulku” thereby creates parallels between the ways in which the Tulku and the Party use chö to appeal to and manipulate the Tibetan villagers. On this reading, “Tulku” highlights the way chö can be weaponized by both traditional religious authorities and Communist party ideology, and suggests that in this modern period, any claimant to chö must be treated with caution and skepticism.

O presente artigo tem por finalidade verificar a possibilidade de enquadramento do companheiro como herdeiro necessário após a declaração de inconstitucionalidade do artigo 1.790 do Código Civil, que vetou tratamento diferenciado do companheiro em relação ao cônjuge no tocante à sucessão de bens. O método de abordagem utilizado para tanto será o dedutivo porque entende-se que a partir do momento que houve o reconhecimento da inconstitucionalidade do artigo 1.790 do Código Civil, há por via de consequência, o reconhecimento do companheiro como herdeiro necessário. Através de análise jurisprudencial, doutrinária e dos votos prevalecentes no Recurso Extraordinário 878694, que reconheceu a inconstitucionalidade do artigo 1.790 do CC, foi possível identificar uma grande tendência ao reconhecimento do companheiro como herdeiro necessário, sob o fundamento de que o não reconhecimento acarretaria violação aos princípios da isonomia constitucional e da dignidade da pessoa humana. Diante disso entende-se pela extensão dos reflexos da decisão da Suprema Corte aos companheiros igualando-os aos cônjuges como herdeiros necessários.

Introduction. Orchidectomy is the most cost-effective means of hormonal therapy for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer (LAMP). However, cost-effectiveness should not detract from health-related quality of life (HRQoL) considerations. Bilateral simple orchidectomy (BSO) has been linked to negative psychometric deficits from an empty scrotum. This study compared the HRQoL, therapeutic efficacy, and cosmetic appeal of BSO with endogenous pseudotesticular techniques of bilateral subcapsular orchidectomy (BSCO) and bilateral-epididymal-sparing orchidectomy (BESO). Research Design. Nigerian patients with LAMP were randomised into three surgical arms: BSO, BSCO, and BESO. Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite-26 HRQoL and sociodemographic questionnaires were administered before and three months after orchidectomy. Serum testosterone and PSA were measured at 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours; 7 days; and 3 months postoperatively. Pseudotesticular volumes and cosmetic appeal were assessed at 3 months. Result. Sixty-three patients were recruited (24 BSO, 21 BSCO, 18 BESO), 73% of whom were low-income earners. There was no significant difference in the procedure cost nor the PSA or testosterone nadirs achieved over the three-month follow-up period (11.3, 12.6, 15.2 ng/ml ( p = 0.667 ) and 0.44, 0.64, 0.79 nmol/l ( p = 0.603 ) respectively). Those with pseudotesticles (BSCO, BESO) felt less emasculated ( p = 0.010 ). BSCO produced the least sexual bother, highest sexual function, and largest pseudotesticular volumes. The cosmetic appeal scores were similar between groups (77.9 ± 22.8, 81 ± 13.9, and 81.9 ± 22.5, respectively, p = 0.858 ). Conclusion. Endogenous pseudotesticular techniques, when compared with BSO, reduce the negative psychological impact experienced by patients without increasing costs. BSCO produced the best pseudotesticular volumes and postoperative sexual function. This study is registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov of the National Institute of Health U.S. National Library of Medicine as TEPSO study, NCT03744494: Comparison of the Therapeutic Efficacy and Patient Satisfaction of Three Techniques of Bilateral Orchidectomy in Prostate Cancer Patients of a Nigerian Sub-population. Registration completed on 16th of November, 2018 (registered retrospectively) NCT03744494.

A key component of the functioning of a market system of education is the provision of information to consumers. While marketing may be used by schools to provide information to consumers. The marketing information may appeal to some consumers and not others. This study examines independent schools marketing on their websites and how it appeals to consumers in need of special support. The findings show that these schools market their goals and values, studentship, methods and programmes, services as well as facilities. The marketing by these schools may not appeal to students in need of special support in the failure to provide relevant and adequate information to them and framing of their studentship that does not include students in need of special support as well as the focus on academic performance.

This paper develops the question of the important role played by Hippocratic medicine as a paradigm of knowledge and skill in Plato’s thought. Specifically, it focuses on Plato’s exploitation of the analogy between the medical notion of health as a balanced condition of the body, on one hand, and political justice on the other. First, I examine Plato’s thought on the status of the technai and particularly of medicine, prompted by the “Socratic” connection of moral virtue and knowledge, through an analysis of the relevant passages in a number of dialogues from the Apology of Socrates to the Gorgias and the Phaedrus. In the second section I endeavour to clarify the specific function of the references to medical techne in diverse contexts of the Republic and the Laws, aiming to claim its positive role as a model in the Platonic “psychopolitical” project against Levin’s recent attempt at undermining it., Cette communication traite la question du rôle important joué par la médecine hippocratique comme paradigme de la connaissance et de la compétence dans la pensée de Platon. Plus spécifiquement, elle se concentre sur l’exploitation que fait Platon de l’analogie entre d’une part la notion médicale de santé comme condition corporelle équilibrée et d’autre part la justice au sens politique. Nous examinerons d’abord la conception platonicienne du statut des technai et en particulier de la médecine, question qu’appelle le lien «socratique » entre vertu morale et connaissance, en analysant les passages pertinents de divers dialogues, de l’Apologie de Socrate au Gorgias et au Phèdre. Dans la seconde section nous nous efforcerons de clarifier la fonction spécifique des références à la technè médicale dans divers contextes tant dans La République que dans Les Lois, dans le but de défendre son rôle paradigmatique positif dans le projet « psycho-politique » platonicien pour nous opposer aux tentatives récentes de Levin pour le lui dénier., Sassi Maria Michela. Taking Care of the City: the Appeal to Notions and Methods of Hippocratic Medecine in Plato’s Political Thought. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 47, n°2, 2021. pp. 113-133.

Consumers are positioned as vulnerable parties as a result of business actors frequently violating their rights. BPSK is present as a solution for violations committed by business actors against consumers, having regard for the condition of consumers who are frequent victims. BPSK's presence is mandated by law to provide legal protection for consumers. However, BPSK's authority is frequently questioned when it comes to resolving insurance disputes. The writing style is normative juridical with a literature review to describe a fact contained in the Consumer Insurance Legal Protection Decision, which was later decided by BPSK Sampit. According to the study's findings, BPSK was established to resolve simple small-scale consumer disputes in accordance with the two laws and regulations, ensuring that BPSK's decisions were binding on the parties and that all actions had strong legal legitimacy as court decisions.Keywords: Consumer Protection Act; Insurance; BPSK; Court Decision; Review AbstrakKonsumen diposisikan sebagai pihak yang rentan karena haknya sering dilanggar oleh pelaku usaha. Melihat kondisi Konsumen yang kerap menjadi korban maka hadir BPSK sebagai solusi atas pelanggaran yang dilakukan pelaku usaha terhadap konsumen. Hadirnya BPSK sebagai badan yang diamanatkan undang-undang untuk memberikan jaminan perlindungan hukum konsumen. Namun BPSK sering dipertanyakan kewenangannya terkait penyelesaian sengketa dalam kasus perasuransian. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis normatif dan studi literatur yang memaparkan suatu fakta yang ada dalam Putusan Perlindungan Hukum Asuransi Konsumen, yang kemudian diputuskan oleh BPSK Sampit. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa BPSK dibentuk untuk menyelesaikan kasus-kasus sengketa konsumen skala kecil yang bersifat sederhana berdasarkan kedua peraturan perundang-undangan tersebut sehingga Putusan BPSK bersifat kasasi bagi para pihak dan pada segala tindakan mempunyai legitimasi hukum yang kuat sebagai putusan pengadilan.Kata Kunci: UU Perlindungan Konsumen, Asuransi, BPSK, Putusan Pengadilan, Peninjauan Kembali

This paper established prevalence of the characteristics in the shoplifting crimes and determined the supermarket operators’ perception of the effects of shoplifting crimes on society. The study was guided by three objectives: to establish offender characteristics of the shoplifting crimes, to establish prevalence of the characteristics in the shoplifting crimes and to determine the supermarket operators’ perception of the effects of shoplifting crimes on society. The study was guided by Rational Choice and the Routine Activity Theories. The study used a census sampling technique with a sample size of a hundred respondents. These included 90 junior employees of Tuskys, Uchumi and Naivas Supermarkets, 3 branch managers, 3 police officers within the area of the study and 4 officials of the Nairobi Supermarkets Association. Interview schedule was used to collect data. Data collected was organized, summarized and interpreted thematically by use of graphs, frequency tables, and percentages. The findings revealed that the prevalence of shoplifting was 1-2 incidences in a week. The results also revealed that the most commonly used method was concealing of items which were majorly done by women. Further, whereas there are other types of shoplifters, a concern raised by 30% of the respondents is that significant number of criminals has made shoplifting a career. This should inform policy makers, especially in this era of unprecedented unemployment. Additionally, as indicated by 55% of the respondents, staff colluded with criminals to steal from the supermarkets. This should appeal to supermarket operators as this may have an implication on supermarket businesses in the CBD. The study recommends several target hardening strategies to counter shoplifting crimes that included using high Radio-frequency identification (RFID) and Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) programmed surveillance and records linked to the law enforcement through alarm trigger alerts in case of suspicious activities, with high-quality identifiable traceable images of shoplifters, to local law enforcement agencies.

Keywords: objection, opposition, trademark, appellate chamber, period of opposition The article analyses themain approaches to the practice of filing and the consequences of filing objections ofthird parties against trademark applications or international trademark registrationsbased on a study of the provisions of regulations of Ukraine and foreign countries.The filing of an objection to an application for a trademark is defined as theright of any third party to state its views on the inconsistency of the designation appliedfor registration with the conditions of granting legal protection. It is concludedthat this procedure in Ukraine is not fully harmonized with the practice of the EuropeanUnion: Ukrainian law does not provide for the submission — of observation ofthird parties, when the trademark cannot be registered ex officio. Such observationcan be submitted by any person free of charge, but this person will not become a partyto the proceedings during the designation examination.It is determined that this right in Ukraine can be exercised within several instances:1) Objection of a third party, which is filed at the stage of examination of the designation;2) Objection of a third party, which is submitted to the Appeals Chamber of the NationalIntellectual Property Authority;3) Appeal of the approved decision of the Appeals Chamber of the National IntellectualProperty Authority in court.The article provides suggestions for improving the procedure for filing objections toan application for a trademark or the action of international registration of a trademarkin Ukraine:1) granting the right to third parties to submit to the National Intellectual PropertyAuthority free observations against trademark applications that do not relate to«relative» grounds for refusal of the legal protection of the designation.2) increase the fee for filing an objection to a trademark application or internationaltrademark registration to reduce the number of filing of unscrupulous objections,the purpose of which is to increase the term of registration of the applicant'strademark.3) extension of the terms of payment of the state fee for issuing a certificate ofUkraine for a trademark and the fee for the publication of the issuance of a certificatefor up to five months for those applications for trademarks against whichthird parties have filed objections.

Recentemente o STF deu parcial provimento ao RE 760.931 para reafirmar o entendimento assentado na ADC 16 sobre a inexistência de responsabilidade subsidiária da Administração nas terceirizações que ela realize, salvo se comprovada sua culpa na fiscalização do contrato. O julgado impõe a retomada do estudo da terceirização pelo Poder Público. A presente análise não apenas examina os efeitos da decisão do STF, mas também todos os desdobramentos que o tema sofrera nas duas últimas décadas.

Este trabalho propõe uma análise crítica de conceitos e ideias presente no livro de Carlos Sandroni: Feitiço Decente de 2001, sobretudo do capítulo intitulado premissas musicais. A partir de uma postura política procura-se aprofundar a discussão sobre certos equívocos metodológicos na forma como o autor utiliza conceitos musicais, especialmente rítmicos, presentes na música popular brasileira e de matriz africana: como a síncope, as claves e linhas guias, e as métricas aditivas e divisivas. Através da revisão de certa bibliografia, é possível observar autores que se aproximam das visões de Sandroni sobre o tema, e deixam transparecer o caráter ideológico por trás de tal postura analitica: como a supervalorização da percepção individual; do apelo às diferenças e à alteridade; e a recusa em usar o ferramental analitico tradicional nas pesquisas sobre a música popular e de matriz africana. O que se pretende demonstrar é como algumas premissas ideológicas de uma certa musicologia ‘nova’ podem turvar e limitar a visão sobre expressões musicais não hegemônicas.

Despite recent discussions and campaigns to widen nursing's appeal to people of diverse gender identities, it continues to be perceived as a largely female profession. In the context of an ageing workforce, and alongside recruitment and retention challenges, efforts should be directed at developing a more inclusive profession rather than focusing on why people other than women do not become nurses. To attract more men, transgender people and those who identify as nonbinary, as well as women, the approach to nursing recruitment needs to change. The profession must develop a more inclusive culture and examine and promote the advantages that gender diversity can bring to nursing. This article explores the lack of gender diversity in contemporary nursing, briefly examines the history of gender in nursing, and considers how the profession might evolve into a more gender-diverse and inclusive workforce.

This article reviews an abuse of dominance decision against the main outsourced ticketing firm in South Africa. The decision of the Competition Tribunal in January 2019 was upheld by the Competition Appeal Court in October 2019. The case clearly illustrates an economics approach to evaluating exclusionary conduct. As this article sets out, the market and contractual environment in which Computicket operated corresponded closely to the assumptions of the economic theory of anti-competitive exclusive dealing. These conditions, taken together, imply that Computicket’s exclusive contracts are likely to have led to significant anti-competitive effects in the relevant market.

Family leadership is one of the vital aspects that influences and determines both the wellbeing and successful education of a girl-child. Unfortunately, the role of family leadership in ensuring girls' education is oversimplified into getting girls enrolled in school rather than warranting their perseverance in learning and successful completion. As a result, many communities in Tanzania, especially those in rural and marginalized areas are experiencing persistent girl–child school dropouts. It is against this standpoint that we sought to find out how family leadership may influence secondary school girls’ dropouts. We also explored possible measures which should be employed to eliminate girl-child school dropouts. In conducting this study, we employed a mixed research approach and convergent parallel design. We collected data through interviews and questionnaires involving 143 respondents including girl students, teachers, heads of schools, and district educational officers. Our findings from this study indicate that while the government of Tanzania has made remarkable efforts to ensure girls’ continuity and successful completion of secondary education, there are a number of factors hindering girls’ continuity and completion of secondary education. Weak family leadership, the improper raising of the children, less emphasis and interest on the importance of girls’ education, limited cooperation between family leadership were among the reason for continuous girl-child school dropout. Hence, based on our findings and the significance of girl’s education as well as the role which parents should play in ensuring girls achievement of education, we appeal to various educational leaders, to make strategic efforts in raising more awareness among rural and marginalized communities about the importance of educating girls and the role of family leadership in bringing to an end the phenomena of girl-child school dropout which is catastrophic to the long-awaited sustainable development. Moreover, we call upon all parents, to make intentional efforts in mentoring and influencing girls to strive towards achieving formal education.

This article is dedicated to studying the reasons and political meaning of the contemporary Russian government’s increasingly active appeal to the past. Building on the post-fundamentalist traditio...

Family leadership is one of the vital aspects that influences and determines both the wellbeing and successful education of a girl-child. Unfortunately, the role of family leadership in ensuring girls' education is oversimplified into getting girls enrolled in school rather than warranting their perseverance in learning and successful completion. As a result, many communities in Tanzania, especially those in rural and marginalized areas are experiencing persistent girl–child school dropouts. It is against this standpoint that we sought to find out how family leadership may influence secondary school girls’ dropouts. We also explored possible measures which should be employed to eliminate girl-child school dropouts. In conducting this study, we employed a mixed research approach and convergent parallel design. We collected data through interviews and questionnaires involving 143 respondents including girl students, teachers, heads of schools, and district educational officers. Our findings from this study indicate that while the government of Tanzania has made remarkable efforts to ensure girls’ continuity and successful completion of secondary education, there are a number of factors hindering girls’ continuity and completion of secondary education. Weak family leadership, the improper raising of the children, less emphasis and interest on the importance of girls’ education, limited cooperation between family leadership were among the reason for continuous girl-child school dropout. Hence, based on our findings and the significance of girl’s education as well as the role which parents should play in ensuring girls achievement of education, we appeal to various educational leaders, to make strategic efforts in raising more awareness among rural and marginalized communities about the importance of educating girls and the role of family leadership in bringing to an end the phenomena of girl-child school dropout which is catastrophic to the long-awaited sustainable development. Moreover, we call upon all parents, to make intentional efforts in mentoring and influencing girls to strive towards achieving formal education

Ghana's post-independence era has been shaped by a series of coups and numerous attempted military interventions. While the involvement of the Ghana Armed Forces in politics has received widespread academic attention, the detrimental effects of these events on the military as an institution remain largely understudied. Using the coups of 1979 and 1981 as a point of departure, the article explores from an institutional perspective how the disruption of the everyday in the Ghanaian barracks resulted in the temporal breakdown of discipline and the collapse of military hierarchy. The article further examines the measures taken by the Provisional National Defence Council junta to rebuild and nurture hierarchy following its breakdown. It is also argued that restoration of hierarchy in the Ghanaian barracks called not only for an appeal to soldierly values, such as respect for rank and authority, but also for dramatic performances of authority and military hierarchy. The article depicts hierarchy in various settings, while exploring how the military order is expressed and lived in the current constellation. In short, the article not only illustrates a historical evolution, but also demonstrates that the maintenance of order and hierarchy in a closed institution such as the military is an ongoing and continuous negotiation process.

Through detailed analysis of several case studies, this essay investigates a special form of sanqu 散曲 song, namely, songs that embed references to dramas (quzhong daixi 曲中帶戲). A long song suite (changtao 長套) by Yuan author Sun Jichang 孫季昌 (fl. 14th century) is the best-known example of a pastiche of zaju play titles and dramatic protagonists intended to stimulate and guide readers' imagination. When late Ming dramatist Shen Jing 沈璟 (1553–1610) imitated Sun's pastiche song suite, he painstakingly sought to disrupt the obvious association between lyric and invoked play in an appeal to the literati aesthetic of lyrical indirection. Another, shorter song suite from the Ming, this one by an anonymous author, incorporates chuanqi play titles with little literary embellishment, catering to popular tastes. Finally, set to the tunes “Pipo yu” 劈破玉 and “Gua zhen'er” 掛真兒, popular songs featuring chuanqi play titles appear in three late Ming miscellanies. As these songs describe their source play's main protagonists and plot elements, they may be seen as expressing the voice of commoners and at the same time promoting ethical values. Taken together, these examples illustrate that it was not unusual for sanqu songs to incorporate dramatic references. This blending of song and drama can be traced to the arbitrary Yuan dynasty definition of yuefu 樂府 (literally, “Music Bureau songs”) and its relationship with sanqu songs. Thus the heterogeneous and inclusive nature characteristic of sanqu songs can be viewed in a new light.

Desde la Antigüedad, el capítulo 9 de Sobre la interpretación de Aristóteles ha sido objeto de múltiples discusiones interpretativas: desde los principios lógicos que allí están en juego hasta la concepción aristotélica del tiempo y la necesidad. En el presente trabajo, nos proponemos dilucidar los compromisos físico-ontológicos de la teoría aristotélica de la verdad a partir del análisis del problema del valor de verdad de los enunciados sobre futuros contingentes. Nuestro abordaje de Sobre la interpretación 9 partirá de los conceptos de “causalidad”, “necesidad” y “azar”, tal como son conceptualizados en Física II. 1, 8, 9 y Metafísica V. 5 y VI. 3. En efecto, entendemos que la dificultosa reconstrucción de los argumentos allí formulados se debe a que Aristóteles no es explícito acerca de la concepción determinista contra la que discute. Debemos remitirnos a dichos tratados para dilucidar la argumentación determinista y la crítica aristotélica a esta posición.

Article 21(2) of the Ugandan constitution provides that ‘a person shall not be discriminated against on the ground of sex, race, colour, ethnic origin, tribe, birth, creed or religion, social or economic standing, political opinion or disability’. Article 21(3) defines discrimination to mean ‘to give different treatment to different persons attributable only or mainly to their respective descriptions by sex, race, colour, ethnic origin, tribe, birth, creed or religion, social or economic standing, political opinion or disability’. Age is not one of the grounds mentioned in Article 21 against which a person may not be discriminated against. In Madrama Izama v. Attorney General the Ugandan Supreme Court dealt with the issue of whether, notwithstanding the fact that age is not mentioned under Article 21, a person could argue that he has a right not to be discriminated against on the basis of age. The majority judgment answered that question in the negative whereas the minority judgments came to the opposite conclusion. In this article, the author highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the majority and minority judgments.

Humans’ extraordinary intelligence seems to extend beyond the needs for survival. One theory to explain this surplus intelligence is that it evolved via sexual selection as a fitness indicator to advertise genetic quality to prospective mates. Consistent with this idea, self-reported mate preferences suggest intelligence is valued across cultures. Yet, as the validity of these self-reports has been questioned, it remains unclear whether objectively assessed intelligence is indeed attractive. We analysed data from two studies to test this key premise of the sexual selection theory of intelligence. In Study 1, 88 target men had their intelligence measured and based on short video clips were rated on intelligence, funniness, physical attractiveness and mate appeal by 179 women. In Study 2 (N = 729), participants took part in 2 to 5 speed-dating sessions in which their intelligence was measured and they rated each other’s intelligence, funniness, and mate appeal. Measured intelligence did not predict increased mate appeal in either study, whereas perceived intelligence and funniness did. More intelligent people were perceived as more intelligent, but not as funnier. Results suggest that intelligence is not important for initial attraction, which raises doubts concerning the sexual selection theory of intelligence.

O artigo pretende aproximar duas visões teóricas geralmente contrapostas e consideradas incompatíveis: a filosofia (de Hans Jonas) e o pensamento indígena (ameríndio). Para tanto, pretende-se demostrar as similaridades dessas duas posições em torno da interpretação do animal humano e não-humano, a partir do fio condutor da interioridade da vida que, no caso de Jonas conduz à análise do conceito de liberdade e do antropomorfismo e, no caso dos indígenas, ao xamanismo. Entre eles, a noção de perspectivismo acentua os benefícios dessa estratégia: uma compreensão mais aprofundada e rica da história cultural do ocidente (da qual ambas as perspectivas fazem parte) e uma maior sensibilidade em relação ao urgente apelo da vida, que nos chega das ameaças de destruição dos povos originários e da natureza em geral.

The question of ways of creating a spatial continuum in the early stories of I. A. Bunin “On the wrong side”, “On the farm” and “On the Donets”, united by a single principle of nomination and included in the first book of the writer’s prose “To the end of the world” (1897) is considered in the article. The semantics of the title actualizes the spatial component of the author’s linguistic picture of the world, which determined the path of linguistic and stylistic analysis of the linguistic material of stories. The authors pay special attention to the means of lexical representation of space as one of the basic linguo-cognitive categories. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the language material has been identified, systematized and described, which makes it possible to determine the individual author's characteristics in the creation of the spatial continuum of I. A. Bunin’s early stories. The relevance of the study is due to the appeal to the problems of cognitive linguistics. On the basis of statistical, descriptive and linguo-cognitive methods of analysis, the authors identify and describe the means of lexical representation of the spatial model created in the stories of I. A. Bunin, which is characterized by a clear structuredness and individuality of the author’s approach. In the course of the study, the authors come to conclusions that make it possible to characterize the features of the construction of space in the early stories of the writer, taking into account the individual characteristics of the author's world modeling, and also to analyze the linguistic parameters of the idiostyle of I. A. Bunin.

Poster is a two-dimensional visual media with large format that is useful for conveying commercial, social, cultural, political messages. Large format is used to display messages through images. Images on a poster are generally large and have a strong appeal so that it can attract the attention of the public immediately see it. The development of posters began in the late 17th century until now. European countries have an excellent poster tradition. Germany is one of them, the growth of posters in the country became part of the life of its modern society. Many moral and social messages that inspire reason are delivered routinely. Plaque-Sozial e.V. und vom Bund Mitteldeutscher Grafdesigner or social poster association and graphic designer Germany regularly holds competitions and exhibitions on an international scale. In the middle of 2016, a competition and exhibition was held for the third time with the theme "Vision". Participants consisted of artists and poster designers from all over the world. Poster works by the author were also selected by the jury and exhibited at The Association of German Museums for Galvanotechnik e. V. Leipzig, Germany takes place from August 13-25, 2016. The author displays poster visualization through a metaphorical approach. Key words : poster, visual metaphor