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Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) Enterion roseum Savigny, 1826: 182. Aporrectodea (Aporrectodea) rosea rosea: Mršić 1991: 296. Aporrectodea rosea: Dhora 2010: 82. Szederjesi & Csuzdi 2012: 262. Szederjesi 2017: 84. Distribution type: peregrine (Szederjesi 2017). Distribution in Albania: Macukull (Szederjesi & Csuzdi 2012). New record: HNHM/17652 1 ex., Prokletije Mts, Okol, Theth, 600-800 m, 17- 19.07.1997, leg. Holtzinger. Known habitat in Albania: rocky forest., Published as part of Szederjesi, Tímea, 2023, Checklist of the earthworms of Albania (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), pp. 23-37 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7745152, {"references":["Savigny, J. C. (1826) Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. In: Cuvier, G. (Ed.), Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France Paris, 5, 176 - 184.","Mrsic, N. (1991) Monograph on earthworms (Lumbricidae) of the Balkans I-II. Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Zazred za Naravoslovne Vede Opera 31 Ljubljana, 757 pp.","Dhora, D. (2010) Register of the species of the fauna of Albania. Camaj-Pipa Publ., Skhodra, 208 pp.","Szederjesi, T. & Csuzdi, Cs. (2012) New earthworm species and records from Albania (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 58 (3), 259 - 274."]}

Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) Eisenia rosea: Malevich 1937: 129; Malevich 1953: 40. Nicodrilus roseus: Perel 1979: 208. Aporrectodea rosea: Maksimova & Mukhin 2015: 59. Peregrine species. Endogeic. Distribution (Fig. 1c): Brest Reg.: Drogichin Distr., Yamnik vill. env., 52°04’2.42”N, 24°56’34.58”E, mineral island in Zvanets fen, oak grove, 05.05.2019, 17 ex.; Yamnik vill. env., 52°05’51.93”N, 24°53’45.41”E, ́ Zvanets » Natural Reserve, black alder forest, 06.05.2019, 1 ex.; Ivatsevichi Distr., 52°48’16.54”N, 25°32’21.60”E, black alder forest, 04.05.2019, 9 ex.; Kamenets Distr., Lyatskie reservoir env., 52°37’32.84”N, 23°51’33.55”E, black alder forest, 06.05.2019, 19 ex.; Kobrin Distr., 52°14’5.10”N, 24°24’47.27”E, meadow in the floodplain of Mukhavets River, 06.05.2019, 5 ex.; Pruzhany Distr., Vybrody vill., 52°44’26.16”N, 24°11’47.44”E, black alder forest, 07.05.2019, 12 ex. Gomel Reg.: Gomel, 52°25’23.15”N, 31°01’0.27”E, park, 21.10.2020, 29 ex.; Mozyr Distr., Strel’sk vill. env., 51°56’44.70”N, 29°26’32.10”E, hornbeam-oak forest in the ravine, under the bark of fallen trees and in the soil, 13.05.2020, 10 ex.; Rechitsa Distr., Rudnya Zhigal’skaya vill. env., 52°09’55.15”N, 30°37’14.89”E, meadow in the floodplain of Dnieper River, 20.10.2020, 25 ex.; Rudnya Zhigal’skaya vill. env., 52°10’4.10”N, 30°37’45.81”E, bank of floodplain lake in Dnieper River valley, 20.10.2020, 6 ex.; Zhitkovichi Distr., 2 km NE of Hlupin vill., 52°04’6.58”N, 28°09’22.68”E, floodplain oak forest, 13.05.2014, 1 ex.; Sluch station env., 52°13’9.12”N, 27°33’8.64”E,floodplain oak forest, 16.05.2014, 1 ex.; Bechanskaya Buda vill. env., 52°01’32.52”N, 27°55’50.52”E, hornbeam-oak forest, 13.05.2014, 1 ex. Grodno Reg.: Ivye Distr., Zagortsy vill. env., 54°07’34.43”N, 25°55’0.34”E, forest edge, roadside, 08.05.2019, 18 ex.; Lida Distr., Biskuptsy vill. env., 53°50’25.44”N, 25°34’19.16”E, meadow, 08.05.2019, 1 ex.; Mosty Distr., Pravye Mosty, 53°25’40.55”N, 24°38’10.54”E, black alder forest on Neman River floodplain, 07.05.2019, 18 ex.; Oshmyany Distr., Kozlovschina vill. env., 54°12’51.23”N, 25°57’58.10”E, black alder grove with maple, near the river, 08.05.2019, 7 ex.; Smorgon Distr., 54°22’17.36”N, 26°22’43.21”E, black alder grove in stream valley, 08.05.2019, 2 ex.; same location, meadow with cereals, 9 ex.; same location, edge of field with Urtica sp., 2 ex.; Volkovysk Distr., Yubilejny vill., 53°15’45.90”N, 24°34’15.38”E, meadow near the pond in the village, 07.05.2019, 3 ex.; 2 km NW of Neverovichi vill., 53°16’42.49”N, 24°32’51.90”E, wasteland, ditch near the chalk quarry, 07.05.2019, 6 ex. Minsk Reg.: Berezino Distr., Berezino env., 53°49’39.18”N, 29°1’0.55”E, black alder forest with Urtica sp., Berezina Riv. valley, 12.08.2020, 50 ex.; Borisov Distr., Brody vill. env., 54°39’11.99”N, 28°14’23.42”E, Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, black alder forest in Berezina Riv. floodplain, 07.08.2020, 6 ex.; Dzerzhinsk Distr., 53°37’53.29”N, 27°03’35.60”E, black alder forest, 04.05.2019, 5 ex.; Krugloe Distr., Shupeni vill. env., 54°11’22.75”N, 29°49’26.26”E, meadow, 01.08.2020, 3 ex.; Skuraty vill. env., 54°16’7.72”N, 29°42’6.37”E, cereal field, 10 ex.; Logojsk Distr., Gorbovshchina vill. env., 54°27’38.70”N, 27°37’18.30”E, black alder forest with Urtica sp., 08.08.2020, 18 ex.; Lyuban’ Distr., Yushkovichi vill., 52°48’16.64”N, 27°49’56.70”E, garden, 13.07.2020, 2 ex., Yushkovichi vill., 52°48’8.37”N, 27°49’59.33”E, meadow, 15.07.2020, 3 ex.; Molodechno Distr., Molodechno env., 54°19’19.02”N, 26°55’27.01”E, meadow in Usha River floodplain, 08.08.2020, 2 ex.; Myadel Distr., bank of Rossokhi Lake, 54°58’17.83”N, 26°52’12.14”E, black alder forest, 09.05.2019, 9 ex.; same location, lowland with Corylus, 2 ex.; Myadel Lake env., 54°56’53.66”N, 26°51’14.18”E, broadleaf plantation on the site of the former farm, 09.05.2019, 18 ex.; Staryya Darohi Distr., Solon vill. env., 53°02’33.07”N, 28°09’4.97”E, black alder forest with Urtica sp., 11.08.2020, 2 ex.; Stolbtsy Distr., Sula vill. env., 53°35’27.60”N, 26°40’14.09”E, black alder forest, 1 ex.; Minsk, 53°54’49.28”N, 27°36’30.67”E, botanical garden, flower bed, 05.05.2020, 4 ex.; Minsk, 53°55’1.49”N, 27°36’58.86”E, botanical garden, tree nursery, 05.05.2020, 11 ex.; Minsk, 53°54’52.70”N, 27°37’4.04”E, botanical garden, compost, 05.05.2020, 5 ex.; Minsk, 53°54’49.28”N, 27°36’30.67”E, botanical garden, medicinal plant area, 05.05.2020, 19 ex.; Volozhin Distr., 53°55’1.16”N, 26°42’14.69”E, Naliboki Forest, Volma Riv. valley, 18 ex. Mogilev Reg.: Horki Distr., Horki town, 54°18’1.67”N, 30°57’42.78”E, Orshanka lake shore, 14.08.2020, 2 ex.; Kastsyukovichy Distr., Kolodlivo vill., 53°14’46.61”N, 32°01’24.28”E, meadow in Besed’ River floodplain, 16.05.2020, 2 ex.; Klimavichy Distr., Lozovitsa vill. env., 53°32’24.25”N, 32°04’30.29”E, black alder forest with Filipendula sp. and Urtica sp., 17.05.2020, 12 ex.; Mstsislaw Distr., 4 km N of Mstsislaw, 54°1’58.62”N, 31°39’53.60”E, edge of field, stream valley, 11 ex.; Shklow Distr., Lotva vill. env., 54°13’40.66”N, 30°10’45.34”E, Medicago field edge and roadside, 3 ex.; Slavgorod Distr., 2 km S of Gaishin vill., 53°19’18.14”N, 31°00’25.19”E, Salix shrubs in Sozh River valley, 28.07.2020, 2 ex. Vitebsk Reg.: Beshenkovichy Distr., Dashkovo vill., 55°03’6.48”N, 29°42’54.00”E, 19.05.2019, 3 ex.; Braslav Distr., Ahremovtsy vill., 55°34’53.62”N, 27°06’32.36”E, Bel’mont park, 28.09.2019, 1 ex.; Chashniki Distr., Pochaevichi vill. env., 54°47’49.31”N, 29°08’3.37”E, pasture, 28.08.2020, 12 ex.; Glubokoye Distr., Osinovka vill. env., 55°12’45.72”N, 28°14’35.56”E, grey alder forest, stream valley, Sho Lake env., 09.05.2019, 8 ex.; Dokshitsy Distr., Begoml env., 54°43’53.26”N, 28°07’28.88”E, cultivated meadow, 03.05.2019, 1 ex.; Lepel Distr., Grigorovichi vill. env., 54°47’32.61”N, 28°56’41.99”E, forest, 12.08.2020, 3 ex.; Domzheritsy vill. env., 54°45’5.29”N, 28°18’14.76”E, Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, spruce forest, in the soil under logs, 07.08.2020, 1 ex.; Liozna Distr., 2, 5 km SE of Shapechino vill. env., 54°59’0.14”N, 30°20’34.95”E, coniferous forest, 24.08.2020, 2 ex.; Miory Distr., Miory town, 55°37’15.24”N, 27°36’6.84”E, garden, 20.10.2019, 4 ex.; Murashki vill. env., 55°35’55.03”N, 27°24’1.51”E, 09.05.2019, 1 ex.; 1.5 km SW of Dolginovo vill., 55°43’48.72”N, 27°46’35.94”E, Volta River valley, mixed coniferous forest, 28.09.2019, 16 ex.; Orsha Distr., Zabolotye vill., 54°32’24.36”N, 30°16’47.64”E, mixed coniferous forest, 16.08.2019, 5 ex.; Zaslonovka vill., 54°31’3.00”N, 30°17’51.00”E, garden, 08.05.2019, 6 ex.; Nizhnyaya Veravoisha vill. env., 54°31’12.83”N, 30°16’39.00”E, meadow, 08.05.2019, 1 ex.; Postavy Distr., 55°4’16.82”N, 27°24’3.20”E, grey alder forest, 09.05.2019, 2 ex.; Rossony Distr., 1.8 km S of Lyut’kovo vill., 55°55’39.14”N, 29°5’20.84”E, island on Neshcherdo Lake, mixed coniferous forest, 22.08.2014, 1 ex.; Senno Distr., Senno env., 54°48’21.06”N, 29°38’50.89”E, field, cereals, 28.08.2020, 9 ex.; Pogrebyonka vill. env., 54°50’16.64”N, 30°23’56.05”E, coniferous forest, 17.08.2020, 1 ex.; Shumilino Distr., Zaharovo vill. env., 55°23’8.95”N, 29°16’43.03”E, aspen forest with Urtica sp. and Aegopodium podagraria, 19.08.2020, 14 ex.; Talachyn Distr., Talachyn, 54°24’57.32”N, 29°43’57.34”E, cultivated meadow with clover, 08.09.2019, 3 ex.; Obol’cy vill., 54°35’34.19”С, 29°49’28.60”E, in a dung heap, 07.08.2020, 1 ex.; Ushachi Distr., Cherstvyady vill. env., 55°10’24.67”N, 28°53’17.27”E, meadow near Otolovo Lake, 09.05.2019, 8 ex.; Vitebsk, 55°12’7.06”N, 30°12’22.90”E, park, 05.10.2019, 1 ex.; Verkhnedvinsk Distr., Proshky vill. env., 56°08’11.40”N, 28°08’16.08”E, grey alder forest, 29.09.2019, 39 ex.; Sar’ya vill., 55°54’38.52”N, 27°53’18.96”E, park, under the bark of fallen trees and in the soil, 29.09.2019, 19 ex.; Leonishino vill. env., 55°48’4.68”N, 28°18’58.68”E, Svol’na Riv. valley, grey alder forest with Aegopodium podagraria, Urtica sp. and Rubus caesius, 29.09.2019, 1 ex.; Vitebsk Distr., Malye Lyotsy vill. env., 55°12’20.02”N, 29°54’50.35”E, maple forest with Aegopodium podagraria, 07.05.2014, 1 ex.; Kraeva station env., 55°14’45.92”N, 29°50’28.78”E, garden, 07.05.2014, 1 ex.; same location, 21.11.2019, 1 ex.; Kirovsky vill., 55°11’29.13”N, 30°6’43.37”E, lawn near the road, 17.08.2020, 3 ex.; Orlovo vill., 55°6’30.90”N, 30°17’2.97”E, forest, 24.08.2020, 1 ex.; Oktyabr’sky vill., 55°07’27.39”N, 30°16’9.64”E, lawn near the road, 24.08.2020, 1 ex.; Luzhesno vill., 55°15’2.23”N, 30°7’29.38”E, forest, 17.08.2020, 6 ex.; Sosnovka station env., 55°05’5.62”N, 30°10’10.39”E, railway embankment with grassy vegetation, 24.08.2020, 5 ex.; Shultsevo vill., 55°08’35.68”N, 30°18’28.57”E, meadow, 17.08.2020, 8 ex.; Novka vill., 55°08’11.00”N, 30°09’16.70”E, forest, 24.08.2020, 4 ex.; Tulovo vill., near dung heap, 55°12’4.52”N, 30°17’16.54”E, 17.08.2020, 1 ex.; Grishany vill., 55°10’55.55”N, 30°07’7.15”E, meadow, 17.08.2020, 2 ex.; Luchyosa station env., 55°08’59.87”N, 30°12’43.62”E, forest, 24.08.2020, 5 ex.; Vitebsk, 55°12’0.97”N, 30°12’49.95”E, botanical garden, 16.10.2019, 41 ex.; Vitebsk, 55°10’29.32”N, 30°13’15.39”E, lawn, 04.10.2019, 1 ex.; Vitebsk, 55°10’43.01”N, 30°13’19.80”E, stream valley, 04.10.2019, 2 ex.; Vitebsk, 55°10’28.31”N, 30°13’37.62”E, lawn, 06.10.2019, 19 ex.; Vitebsk, 55°10’37.45”N, 30°10’21.47”E, lawn, 21.11.2019, 3 ex.; Vitebsk, 55°12’31.58”N, 30°12’45.09”E, garden, 21.11.2019, 3 ex.; Vitebsk, 55°11’0.87”N, 30°14’9.81”E, lawn, 06.10.2019, 7 ex. Note: Several genetic lineages of this species are found in Belarus (Shekhovtsov et al. 2020a)., Published as part of Shekhovtsov, Sergei V., Derzhinsky, Yevgeniy A., Ermolov, Sergei A., Kim-Kashmenskaya, Maria N., Poluboyarova, Tatiana V., Kotsur, Vladimir M. & Golovanova, Elena V., 2023, Earthworms of Belarus (Annelida: Megadrili), pp. 38-61 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7745192, {"references":["Malevich, I. I. (1937) To the fauna of Oligochaeta of the Belorussian SSR. Proceedings of the MSU Zoological Museum, 4, 127 - 130.","Malevich, I. I. (1953) Materials on the fauna and ecology of the earthworms of Belorussia. Bulletin of MOIP, Biological Series, 58, 39 - 49.","Perel, T. S. (1979) Range and regularities in the distribution of earthworms of the USSR fauna. Nauka, Moscow, 272 pp.","Maksimova, S. L. & Mukhin, Y. F. (2015) Modern composition of lumbricid fauna and the new species of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) in Belarus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series, 56 - 60.","Shekhovtsov, S. V., Derzhinsky, Y. A., Poluboyarova, T. V., Golovanova, E. V. & Peltek, S. E. (2020 a) Phylogeography and genetic lineages of Aporrectodea rosea (Lumbricidae, Annelida). European Journal of Soil Biology 99, 103191. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejsobi. 2020.103191"]}

Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) Enterion roseum Savigny, 1826: 182. Allolobophora rosea – Zicsi & Michalis 1981: 249; 1993: 302. — Michalis 1982: 350; 1983: 58; 1987: 62. — Michalis et al. 1985: 38. Allolobophora rosea bimastoides – Zicsi & Michalis 1981: 249. — Michalis 1982: 350. Aporrectodea (Aporrectodea) rosea – Michalis 1993: 17. Aporrectodea rosea – Szederjesi 2015: 144. DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan species, European origin. HABITATS. — Pine forests, poplar plantations, humid grasslands, riparian forests and Mediterranean chaparrals; from sea level to 785 m of altitude. GENETIC LINEAGES. — We found three distinct species-levels lineages corresponding to the morphological description of Ap. rosea, Published as part of Marchán, Daniel Fernández, Gérard, Sylvain, Hedde, Mickaël, Rougerie, Rodolphe & Decaëns, Thibaud, 2022, An updated checklist and a DNA barcode library for the earthworms (Crassiclitellata, Oligochaeta) of Corsica, France, pp. 439-461 in Zoosystema 44 (17) on page 448, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a17, http://zenodo.org/record/7145097, {"references":["SAVIGNY J. - C. 1826. - Analyses des travaux de l'Academie Royale des Sciences pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique, in CUVIER G. (ed.), Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France Paris 5: 176 - 184.","ZICSI A. & MICHALIS K. 1981. - Ubersicht der Regenwurm-fauna Griechenlands (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Acta Zoologica Hungarica 27: 239 - 264.","ZICSI A. & MICHALIS K. 1993. - Zwei neue Dendrobaena-Arten aus Grichenland (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Acta Zoologica Hungarica 39 (1 - 4): 301 - 310.","MICHALIS K. 1982. - Katalog der Oligochaetenfauna Griechenlands. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 9: 343 - 362.","MICHALIS K. 1983. - New biotopes of the species Allolobophora dofleini (Ude, 1922) and the subspecies Bimastus antiquus bouchei (Zicsi-Michalis, 1981) (Oligochaeta-Lumbricidae). Ecologia Mediterranea 9 (1): 57 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / ecmed. 1983.1017","MICHALIS K. 1987. - Contribution to the systematic and ecological study of the earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) of the Western Thrace. Arquivos do Museu Bocage 1 (5): 59 - 69.","MICHALIS K., FRAGOULIS A. & PANIDIS S. 1985. - Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from the montainous mas of Pella province: southwest region, and Imathias province, northwest region: a systematical and ecological study. Ecologia Mediterranea 11 (4): 37 - 42.","MICHALIS K. 1993. - Criodrilus lacuum Hoffmeister, 1845 (Oligochaeta: Criodrilidae) - earthworm species new to Greece. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 36 (1): 15 - 21.","SZEDERJESI T. 2015. - New earthworm records from various parts of Greece (oligochaeta: lumbricidae, acanthodrilidae, megascolecidae, ocnerodrilidae). Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest) 46 (2): 143 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.18348 / opzool. 2015.2.143"]}

Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) Enterion roseum Savigny 1826: 182. Helodrilus diomedaeus Cognetti 1906: 2. Eisenia rosea Sz��ts 1919: 10. Dendrobaena diomedea Černosvitov 1935: 45. Allolobophora rosea ��apkarev 1972: 73. ��apkarev 1977: 51. Aporrectodea (Aporrectodea) rosea rosea Mr��ić 1991: 296. Aporrectodea rosea Csuzdi 2012: 97���99. E. Rivers, pastures, cave, beech forest, and oak forest, cultivated soils, meadows (��apkarev 1980, Stojanović 1996, Milutinović et al. 2010, Stojanović et al. 2013). D. Gacko, Vučja bara near Gacko, Prenj (Cognetti 1906); Čapljina (Sz��ts 1919); Semizovac, Vrbas near Babino selo (Černosvitov 1935); Ilidža, Čelopek, Mostar (��apkarev 1972); Jablanica, Jahorina, Sarajevo, Trebević, Visoko (��apkarev 1977); Bjela��nica (Babin Do), Cincar, Zavait (Čelebić), Čemernica, Igman (Veliko polje), Kamenica near Jajce, canyon Une near Bosanskog Otoka, Jama Megara (Ozren), Mrakovac (Kozara), Manjača (��ehovići), O��trelj (Osječenica), Kramar near Kula, Papraća (Donji Birač), Prenj, Romanija, ��ehovići (Javornika), Bjela��nica (��tini Do), Staro selo near Jajce, Trebević (Jasvik), Vla��ić, Vukov near Donji Vakuf, Zavait, Zelengora, Vranica, Trebovac (Donji Podpeć) (Mr��ić 1991); Zofik (Kozara) (authors��� data). Z. Peregrine., Published as part of Sekuli��, Jovana, Stojanovi��, Mirjana, Popovi��, Filip & Traki��, Tanja, 2022, Checklist of the earthworm fauna of Bosnia & Herzegovina (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), pp. 501-518 in Zootaxa 5093 (5) on page 505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964425, {"references":["Savigny, J. C. (1826) Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. In: Cuvier, G. (Ed.), Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France, Paris, 5, pp. 176 - 184.","Cognetti, L. (1906) Nuovi dati sui Lumbricidi dell'Europa orientale. Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 21 (527), 1 - 18.","Szuts, A. (1919) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Lumbricidenfauna von Kroatien und Bosnien. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 50 (11 / 13), 294 - 298.","Cernosvitov, L. (1935) Monographie des tschechoslovakischen Lumbriciden. Archiv pro Prirodovedecky Vyzkum Cech, 19, 1 - 86.","Sapkarev, J. (1972) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Lumbricidenfauna Jugoslawiens. Archives of Biological Sciences, Belgrade, 24 (1 - 2), 73 - 86.","Sapkarev, J. (1977) Contribution to the knowledge of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Slovenia, Yugoslavia. Godisen zbornik PMF, 30, 47 - 56.","Mrsic, N. (1991) Monograph on earthworms (Lumbricidae) of the Balkans I, II. Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Razred za Naravoslovne Vede, Opera, Ljubljana, 31, 1 - 757.","Csuzdi, C. (2012) Earthworm species, a searchable database. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 43, 97. [http: // earthworm. uw. hu]","Sapkarev, J. (1980) Prilog poznavanju kisnih glista (Lumbricidae) SR Srbije. Zbornik radova faune Srbije, 1, 165 - 179.","Stojanovic, M. (1996) Faunisticko-ekoloska studija Lumbricida (Oligochaeta) Srbije. PhD, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Serbia. [unknown pagination, in Serbian]","Milutinovic, T., Avramovic, A., Pesic, S., Blesic, B., Stojanovic, M. & Bogdanovic, A. M. (2010) Contribution to the knowledge of pedofauna in Sumadija (Central part of Serbia). Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 24 (2), 628 - 635. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 13102818.2010.10817911"]}

The current study deals with earthworm biodiversity of Adana Province. Identification was made by examining the earthworm specimens collected in 6 different localities. At the end of the study, 5 species belonging to 3 genus were found: Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny, 1826), Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugès, 1828), Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny, 1826), Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) and Octodrilus transpadanus (Rosa, 1884).

A. rosea (Savigny) Material examined: CCSM-E 000010.2 ex. Mazandaran Province, Behshahr, 25.11.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad; CCSM-E 000011.2 ex. Mazandaran Province, Behshahr-Abbas Abad, 25.11.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad; CCSM-E 000012.2 ex. Mazandaran Province, Sari Road to Qaemshahr, 18.11.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad; CCSM-E 000013.2 ex. Mazandaran Province, Sari- Kurd Khel village, 10.11.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad; CCSM-E 000046.2 ex. Guilan Province, Fooman road to Saravan, 26.09.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad; CCSM-E 000048.2 ex. Guilan Province, Sangar- Bonkadeh, 26.09.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad; CCSM-E 000063.2 ex. Guilan Province, Bandar-e-Anzali, 29.09.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad; CCSM-E 000066.2 ex. Guilan Province, Rudsar, 12.10.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad; Guilan Province, Bandar-e- Anzali, 29.09.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad; CCSM-E 000069.2 ex. Golestan Province, Kalaleh, 18.10.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad., Published as part of Latif, Robabeh, Rejali, Farhad, Aminjan, Atabak Roohi & Esmaeilizad, Ashraf, 2021, New earthworm records from the Caspian Hyrcanian Forests of Iran (Oligochaeta: Megadrili), pp. 433-440 in Zootaxa 5052 (3) on page 435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5572244

In this study, earthworm samples collected from 9 localities in Eskisehir Province were identified. At the end of the study, 9 species belonging to 6 genus were found: Aporrectodea jassyensis jassyensis (Michaelsen, 1891), Aporrectodea handlirschi handlirshi (Rosa, 1897), Aporrectodea handlirschi mahnerti (Zicsi, 1973), Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826), Dendrobaena veneta veneta (Rosa, 1884), Dendrodrilus rubidus rubidus (Savigny, 1826), Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, 1843, Octodrilus complanatus (Duges, 1828), Octodrilus transpadanus (Rosa, 1884), Proctodrilus tuberculatus (Cernosvitov, 1935).

Environmental contamination by microplastics is now considered an emerging threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Soil ecosystems, particularly agricultural land, have been recognized as a major sink of microplastics, but the impacts of microplastics on soil ecosystems (e.g., above and below ground) remain largely unknown. In this study, different types of microplastics [biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA)], conventional high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and microplastic clothing fibers were added to soil containing the endogeic Aporrectodea rosea (rosy-tipped earthworm) and planted with Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) to assess the biophysical soil response in a mesocosm experiment. When exposed to fibers or PLA microplastics, fewer seeds germinated. There was also a reduction in shoot height with PLA. The biomass of A. rosea exposed to HDPE was significantly reduced compared to control samples. Furthermore, with HDPE present there was a decrease in soil pH. The size distribution of water-stable soil aggregates was altered when microplastics were present, suggesting potential alterations of soil stability. This study provides evidence that microplastics manufactured of HDPE and PLA, and synthetic fibers can affect the development of L. perenne, health of A. rosea and basic, but crucial soil properties, with potential further impacts on soil ecosystem functioning.

Southeast Iran is located in the arid area, near one of the hottest areas in the word. This area includes several climates, which led to different diverse in soil flora and fauna. In this study, earthworms of southeast Iran were collected. Eight species were identified from 67 samples based on morphological characters. Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny, 1826) of Lumbricidae family and Amynthas gracilis (Kinberg, 1867) from Megascolecidae family are new records for Iran’s fauna. Five species from Lumbricidae family include Aporrectodea rosea, Aporrectodea trapezoides, Perelia kaznakovi, Eisenia andrei (maybe Eisenia fetida) and Perelia sp. and one species of Megascolecidae, Amynthas corticis, were also identified. Ap. trapezoides, Ap. rosea, and Am. corticis were common species in our study areas. E. andrei (maybe E. fetida) and Am. gracilis, were only found in Baft (Khabr) and Jiroft respectively.

In a small-scale field experiment, we estimated the contribution of aboveground litter to the energy budget of different collembolan and earthworm species. In a 50-year-old spruce plantation, the natural spruce litter was replaced by an equivalent amount of maize litter. The natural difference in the isotopic composition of carbon (C) between the spruce and maize allowed us to estimate the proportions of different carbon sources in the tissues of soil animals. The dependence on litter-derived C was least pronounced in Collembola having low δ15N values, indicating the feeding on non-vascular plants. In contrast, collembolans having high δ15N values belonged to the food chains based on fresh plant residuals. These results suggest that different species of litter-dwelling collembolans may regulate substantially different energy channels. Some species of endogeic earthworms (Aporrectodea rosea and A. caliginosa) utilize aboveground plant residues, though soil organic matter and other belowground sources of carbon prevail in the energy budget of their populations.

Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) Enteriоn rоseum Savigny, 1826: 182. Allоlоbоphоra rоsea rоsea: Šapkarev 1980: 166. Apоrrectоdea rоsea balcanica: Šapkarev 2002: 296; Milutinović 2014: 71; Milutinović et al. 2015a: 280. Eisenia rоsea balcanica Černosvitov, 1942: Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 92. Allоlоbоphоra rоsea: Stojanović 1996: 44; Milutinović et al. 2010: 629. Allоlоbоphоra rоsea bimastоides: Stojanović 1996: 48; Šapkarev 2002: 296. Eisenia rоsea bimastоides Cognetti, 1906: Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 92. Apоrrectоdea rоsea rоsea: Mršić 1991: 296; Stojanović et al. 2008: 59; Stojanović & Milutinović 2014: 308; Milutinović 2014: 69; Milutinović et al. 2015a: 280. Apоrrectоdea rоsea: Stojanović & Karaman 2005a: 128; Szederjesi 2013: 64; Stojanović et al. 2013: 637. E. Rivеrs, pаsturеs, cаvе, bееch fоrеst, аnd оаk fоrеst, cultivаtеd sоils, mеаdоws (Šаpkаrеv 1980; Stоjаnоvić 1996; Milutinоvić et al. 2010; Stоjаnоvić et al. 2013). D. Pаnnоniаn pаrt—Srеmskа Kаmеnicа (Zicsi 1972); Bеlа Crkvа, Erdеvik, Gаri, Hоrgоš, Irički Vеnаc, Mаlе Pijаcе, Nоvi Sаd, Pаlić, Pаnčеvо, Pеtrоvаrаdin, Ribnicа, Rumа, Sоmbоr, Srеmskа Kаmеnicа, Subоticа (Šаpkаrеv 1978); Fruškа gоrа, Kаrаvukоvо, Pаnčеvо, Bаnоvо Pоljе, Vаljеvаc, Sаdžаk, Turskе Livаdе, Prеsеkа, Ostrоvаc, Mоdrаn, Bаtаr, Srеmskа Mitrоvicа, Vrdnik, Erdеvik, Surčin, Mаnđеlоs, Plаtičеvо, Sеnаjskе Bаrе, Kаrаkušа, Grgurеvci, Apаtin (Stоjаnоvić & Milutinоvić 2014). Bаlkаn pаrt—Bеоgrаd (Šаpkаrеv 1972); Bаnjicа-Bеоgrаd, Blаtо-Pirоt, Bujаnоvаc, Bukоvаc, Grdеličkа klisurа, Srpskа Kućа, Bоsiljgrаd, Grоckа, Kаrаburmа, Knjаžеvаc, Krušеvаc, Vlаdičin Hаn, Lеskоvаc, Mаlа Kоpаšnicа, Mаzаrаč, Niškа Bаnjа, Niš, Nоvi Pаzаr, Vlаsinа, Pоžаrеvаc, Prеdеjаnе, Prеšеvо, Prоhоr Pčinjski, Rаškа, Sеlаčkа rеkа, Tulоvskа rеkа- Lеskоvаc, Tutin, Udоvicе nеаr Smеdеrеvо, Uzumnо, Vrаnjskа Bаnjа, Vrbicа, Zаjеčаr, Dаvidоvići, Kumаrоvо (Šаpkаrеv 1980; 1988; Stоjаnоvić 1996); Sisеvаc, Kučаj Mts. (Kаrаmаn 1987); Nеgоtin, Dimitrоvgrаd (Šаpkаrеv 1989); Gаurа Rа, Sisеvаc, Cаvе Lаzаrеvа-Zlоtskа pеćinа, Lisinа, Nеgоtin, Zаjеčаr, Rtаnj, Pribоj, Zmаjеvаc (Mršić 1991); Kučаni, Mislоpоljе, Trnаvskа rеkа, Mrmоš, Krušеvаc, Prоkupljе, Krеpоljin, Hоmоljе аrеа, Oštrоzub hillsidеs, Vlаsоtincе, Dеbеli Lug, Mаjdаnpеk, Cаvе Rаjkоvа pеćinа, Blаgоjеv Kаmеn, Dоbrinjа, Mоjstir, Bаtrаgе, Bеlоšеvаc, Orаšjе-Lipаr, Ždrаljičkа rеkа, Žеžеlj, Bеlоšеvаc, Brеsničić, Rаdеjinа, Bistricа, Vrtiškе Bаrе, Vrtiškа Čukа, Ostrvicа, Trupаlskе Šumе, Jаblаnicа, Žitоrаđа, Tоpličkа rеkа, Šumаricе, Vidоjеvicа, Vrаnjе, Pаsjаčа hillsidеs, Rudnik, Krаgujеvаc bаsin, Šumаnе, Lisа Mt., Pеštеr, Žаgubicа, Mаjdаnpеk, Lеpеnicа, Drаčа, Alеksinаc, Mоrаvicа, Sjеnicа, Rаškа, Ždrаljicа, Tоplicа, Mоrаvа, Prоkupljе, Lеbаnе, Bеlоšеvаc, Kukаvicа, Rоgоjеvаc, Erdеč, Šumаricе, Pеtrоvаc, Stаrа plаninа Mt., Bеšnjаjа, Vrаćеšnicа, Tоrnik (Stоjаnоvić 1996); Jаstrеbаc, Kаlеnić, Gоč, Glеdić Mts., Dulеni (Stоjаnоvić & Kаrаmаn 2005а; Milutinоvić et al. 2010); Gаmzigrаd, Crni Timоk (Szеdеrjеsi 2013); Tоpli Dо, Bаbin Zub, Timоk (Stоjаnоvić et al. 2013); Kаblаr, Zlаtаr, Drinа, Zlаtibоr, Mоkrа Gоrа, Tаrа, Gоlijа, Divčibаrе, Pоvlеn, Tutin, Uvаc, Sirоgоjnо, Pеrućаc, Mitrоvаc (Milutinоvić 2014; Milutinоvić et al. 2015а). Z. Pеrеgrinе spеciеs with diffеrеnt pаrthеnоgеnеtic mоrphs frеquеntly dеscribеd аs sеpаrаtе spеciеs. Ap. rosea is nаtivе in thе Pаlеаrctic but widеly intrоducеd by mеn., Published as part of Stojanović, Mirjana, Sekulić, Jovana & Trakić, Tanja, 2018, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Serbia: a review, pp. 124-155 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on page 134, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1447067, {"references":["Savigny, J. C. (1826) Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. In: Cuvier, G. (Ed.), Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France, Paris, 5, pp. 176 - 184.","Sapkarev, J. (1980) Prilog poznavanju kisnih glista (Lumbricidae) SR Srbije. Zbornik radova faune Srbije, 1, 165 - 179.","Sapkarev, J. (2002) Rasprostranjenje kisnih glista sredisnje Srbije. Zbornik radova SANU, 2002, 307 - 318.","Milutinovic, T., Milanovic, J. & Stojanovic, M. (2015 a) Application of species richness estimators for the assessment of earthworm diversity. Journal of Natural History, 49 (5 - 8), 273 - 283.","Cernosvitov, L. (1942) Oligochaeta from various parts of the world. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series B, 111, 197 - 236.","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). In: Csuzdi, C. & Mahunka, S. (Eds.), Pedozoologica Hungarica. Vol. 1. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, pp. 1 - 271.","Milutinovic, T., Avramovic, A., Pesic, S., Blesic, B., Stojanovic, M. & Bogdanovic, A. M. (2010) Contribution to the knowledge of pedofauna in Sumadija (Central part of Serbia). Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 24 (2), 628 - 635. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 13102818.2010.10817911","Cognetti, L. (1906) Nuovi dati sui Lumbricidi dell'Europa orientale. Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 21 (527), 1 - 18.","Mrsic, N. (1991) Monograph on earthworms (Lumbricidae) of the Balkans I, II. Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Razred za Naravoslovne Vede, Opera, Ljubljana, 31, 1 - 757.","Stojanovic, M., Milutinovic, T. & Karaman, S. (2008) Earthworm (Lumbricidae) diversity in the Central Balkans: An evaluation of their conservation status. European Journal of Soil Biology, 44, 54 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejsobi. 2007.09.005","Stojanovic, M. & Karaman, S. (2005 a) Further contribution to the knowledge of the earthworms of Sumadija. Archives of biological sciences, Belgrade, 57, 127 - 133.","Szederjesi, T. (2013) New earthworm records from the former Yugoslav countries (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 44 (1), 61 - 76.","Zicsi, A. (1972) Ein neuer Wiederfund von Allolobophora dofleini Ude, 1922. Annales Universitatis Scientarium Budapestiensis de Rolando Eotvos Nominatae, 14, 241 - 245.","Karaman, S. (1987) The fourth contribution to the knowledge of the earthworms of Serbia. Biosistematika, 13 (1), 69 - 72."]}

By means of a literature survey, earthworm species of significant relevance for soil functions in different biogeographical regions of Europe (Atlantic, Boreal, Mediterranean) were identified. These focal earthworm species, defined here according to the EFSA Guidance Document on the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified plants, are typical for arable soils under crop rotations with maize and/or potatoes within the three regions represented by Ireland, Sweden and Spain, respectively. Focal earthworm species were selected following a matrix of four steps: Identification of functional groups, categorization of non-target species, ranking species on ecological criteria, and final selection of focal species. They are recommended as appropriate non-target organisms to assess environmental risks of genetically modified (GM) crops; in this case maize and potatoes. In total, 44 literature sources on earthworms in arable cropping systems including maize or potato from Ireland, Sweden and Spain were collected, which present information on species diversity, individual density and specific relevance for soil functions. By means of condensed literature data, those species were identified which (i) play an important functional role in respective soil systems, (ii) are well adapted to the biogeographical regions, (iii) are expected to occur in high abundances under cultivation of maize or potato and (iv) fulfill the requirements for an ERA test system based on life-history traits. First, primary and secondary decomposers were identified as functional groups being exposed to the GM crops. In a second step, anecic and endogeic species were categorized as potential species. In step three, eight anecic and endogeic earthworm species belonging to the family Lumbricidae were ranked as relevant species: Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea, Aporrectodea longa, Allolobophora chlorotica, Lumbricus terrestris, Lumbricus friendi, Octodrilus complanatus and Octolasion cyaneum. Five out of these eight species are relevant for each biogeographical region with an overlap in the species. Finally, the earthworm species Ap. caliginosa (endogeic, secondary decomposer) and L. terrestris (anecic, primary decomposer) were selected as focal species. In the Mediterranean region L. terrestris may be substituted by the more relevant anecic species L. friendi. The selected focal species are recommended to be included in a standardized laboratory ERA test system based on life-history traits. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.

Given the well-known role of earthworms in the functioning and health of soils and whole ecosystems, feasible and reliable studies of their abundance and diversity in agricultural lands are essential for the effective design of best agricultural practices. However, previous work has shown that the extraction efficiency of different methods proposed seems to depend on species and size of earthworms and presumably on soil type, which makes creating an earthworm inventory difficult. In the present study, we compare the efficiency of five earthworm extraction methods combining hand-sorting with chemical expellants (hand-sorting, formalin, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), formalin + hand-sorting and AITC + hand-sorting) over a wide range of soil properties (depth, texture and water regime) in cultivated and semi-natural habitats found in a Mediterranean region (CW-Spain). Sampling efficacy was measured in terms of number of earthworms extracted, taking into account different species, ecological groups, development stages, size of individuals, and soil properties. We found 20 species, only 6 endogeic and 1 anecic species being abundant. The anecic Aporrectodea trapezoides responded reasonably to chemical expellants, as did certain soil surface dwelling endogeic species (Microscolex phosphoreus and Microscolex dubius), with above 50% of specimens of these species sampled after chemical application. For other endogeic species, such as Allolobophora molleri and Aporrectodea rosea, chemical expellants gave poor results (

In the current study the diversity, zoogeographical position and distribution of earthworms from Sredna Gora Mountain (Bulgaria) is presented. During the present investigation, altogether ten earthworm species belonging to seven genera were collected. Among them, seven taxa are reported for the first time from the Sredna Gora Mt.: Cernosvitovia rebeli, Dendrobaena alpina, Allolobophoridella eiseni, Dendrodrilus rubidus rubidus, Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea and Lumbricus terrestris. On the basis of the new and literature data here we provide the first list of lumbricid earthworms from Sredna Gora Mountain.

Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) is a cosmopolitan earthworm widespread throughout the Holarctic. The available data on A. rosea genetic diversity (mainly from the Mediterranean region) suggests that this species can be divided into the Mediterranean and the Eurosiberian lineages. In this study we tested molecular variation within this species from the Northeastern Palearctic, namely from Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan, using nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. We detected previously unknown genetic diversity within the Eurosiberian lineage: basal representatives of this group from the south of Belarus were only distantly related to the rest of the lineage. This suggests that after the split of A. rosea into the Mediterranean and the Eurosiberian lineages, the latter diversified in eastern Europe with subsequent recolonization of the Mediterranean region. The paleogeographic history of this species is thus more complex than it was thought earlier. We found that A. rosea significantly increased its range over the last two decades, now being found in West Siberia; genetic diversity there is low compared to European Russia and Belarus. Compared to the closely related A. caliginosa, A. rosea had lower genetic diversity, probably caused by fewer dispersal events.

Soil invertebrates are crucial for agroecosystem functioning yet sensitive to agricultural practices, including fertilization. Considering the postulates of circular phosphorus economy, the use of fertilizers from secondary raw materials is likely to return and increase and may even become obligatory. The effects of recycled fertilizers on soil fauna communities, however, remain poorly understood. In this paper, the effect of phosphorus fertilizer (RecF) and biofertilizer (RecB) from sewage sludge ash and dried animal (porcine) blood on earthworm’s occurrence in soil is discussed. RecB is RecF activated by phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, Bacillus megaterium. Waste-based fertilizers were assessed in field experiments against commercial superphosphate and no P fertilization. Three levels of P doses were established (17.6, 26.4, and 35.2 kg P ha−1). Earthworms were collected after the test crop harvest (spring or winter wheat). In the experiments two earthworm species, Aporrectodea caliginosa and Aporrectodea rosea, were identified. A large proportion of juvenile individuals were recorded in 2017. The recycled fertilizers used in the experiments used in recommended doses, similarly to superphosphate, did not alter the density, biomass, species composition, and structure of earthworms. Further long-term field research is recommended.

Earthworms are often used as test subjects in toxicological studies, due to their ubiquitousness and sensitivity to contaminant exposure. Such testing is typically conducted using Eisenia fetida as the test subject, but continued use of E. fetida (eco) toxicology is questionable. Therefore, in this study three earthworm species, Aporrectodea rosea, Aporrectodea trapezoides and E. fetida, were exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) nitrate in artificial soil for 7, 14 and 28 days. A biomarker of genotoxicity (TUNEL assay), biochemical markers [malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)], weight loss, lethal toxicity (LC50) and subcellular partitioning were assessed. Cadmium and Pb caused significant inhibition in TAC and growth and significant increases in DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in the earthworms. Acute toxicity rank (14 days) for both Cd and Pb were E. fetida > A. trapezoides > A. rosea. Subcellular partitioning of Cd and Pb in the earthworms were cytosol > debris > granules and debris > granules > cytosol, respectively. Comparison of biomarker responses between study species showed that E. fetida proved to be less susceptible to Cd and Pb exposure than A. rosea and A. trapezoides. Therefore, this study confirms that A. rosea and A. trapezoides are more suitable as subjects than E. fetida for the soil toxicity tests, because of both their greater susceptibility to toxicants and in their abundance in the field.

Aporrectodea rosea is a cosmopolitan earthworm species widespread in agricultural soils throughout the world. In this paper, we present its complete mitochondrial genome, which is a circular molecu...

Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) Enterion roseum Savigny, 1826: 182. Allolobophora rosea: Zicsi & Michalis 1981: 249; 1993: 302. Michalis 1982: 350; 1983: 58; 1987: 62. Michalis et al. 1985: 38. Allolobophora rosea bimastoides: Zicsi & Michalis 1981: 249. Michalis 1982: 350. Aporrectodea (Aporrectodea) rosea: Michalis 1993: 17. Aporrectodea rosea: Szederjesi 2015: 144; 2017. Eisenia spelaea var. athenica Černosvitov, 1938: 195. syn. nov. Widely introduced peregrine species (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Distribution in Greece. Mainland: Mt. Parnassus, Parnes (Černosvitov 1938). Argalasti, Cangarada, Mikra Valca (Tzelepe 1943). Maltepe (Karaman 1972). Despilio, Mavrochori, Argos Orestikon, Episkopi, Naoussa, Agios Petros, Kilkis, Velventos, Emmanouil Pappa, Ammochorion, Athytos, Edessa, Pagoneri, Nea Amissos, Thessaloniki, Platy, Prasinada, Aridaea, Aeginion, Keramoti (Michalis 1972). Agios Vasilios, Marmaros, Evzoni (��apkarev 1972). Elate, Ampelos (Zicsi 1974). Ano Kleinae, Proti, Polyplatanos, Pagonerion, Trikala, Patris (Michalis 1975a). Karditsa, Alykae Volos, Amaliapolis, Sofades, Platania, Nea Anchialos, Mouzaki, Tempi, Megalochorion (Michalis 1976). Amaxas, Mytilini, Panagouda, Vryssa, Lyggiades, Mpizani, Agios Ioannis, Vryssi Pappa, Kastritsa, Chouliareika, Korakolithos, Itea, Gravia, Katerini, Meteora, Asproekklissia, Deskati, Elasson, Foteina, Edessa, Arnissa, Nea Dorkas, Lachanas, Serrae, Mouzaki, Alyke, Karditsa (Zicsi & Michalis 1981). Morna, Velventos, Kato Milea, Palaeogratsano (Michalis 1983). Proastio, Flamouria, Agia Foteini, Kerassies, Giannakochori, Agios Athanasios, Rhodochori, Karydies (Michalis et al. 1985). Between Sitaria and Didymoteichou, between aigeiros and Komotini, between Palladio and Komotini, between Iasmos and Komotini, Komotini (Michalis 1987). Platani, Mavrovouni, Aridea, Almopia, Rizari, Agras, Limnochori (Michalis et al. 1989). Mavrodendri, Pontokomi, Agioneri, Microcampos, Palaeon Agioneri, Anthofyton, Efkarpia, Nea Vathi, Kato Theodorakia, Geracario (Michalis 1993). Meteora, Megali Kerassia, Trygona, Larissa, Metsovo, Peristeri, Balduma, Mazia, Kryovryssl, Ktima Despoti, Mantion, Karyes, Kalpaki, Voidomatis, Litochoron, Nea Apollonia, Vassiloudion, Chortiatis (Zicsi & Michalis 1993). Peloponnese: Chelmos, Kalavrya (Černosvitov 1938). Agios Pantelemonis, Sparta (��apkarev 1972). Kalavryta (Zicsi 1973). Solomos, Karneseika, Sparta (Zicsi & Michalis 1981). Rhodes: Agios Isidoros (Cognetti 1913). Athos (Michalis 1977, Zicsi & Michalis 1981). Lesvos: Geras. Chios. Leros: Lakki. Lefkas. Kos: Pylion (Zicsi & Michalis 1981). Naxos: Mt. Zas, Ghalini (Szederjesi 2015). Crete: Skalani (Szederjesi 2017). New records. HNHM /17172 1 ex., Rhodes Island, Archipoli, at the Loutanis River under the Agios Nektarios Monastery, stream-bank with oleander, Platanus and Pinus, 36��15.999'N, 28��4.647'E, 144 m a.s.l., leg. L. D��nyi, 0 4.0 4.2016. Remark. According to the unpublished notes of Andr��s Zicsi, who had the opportunity to examine the holotype specimen of E. spelaea var. athenica described by Černosvitov (1938) from Parnes (Mount Parnitha), Athens, Greece, it is a misidentification of Ap. rosea., Published as part of Szederjesi, T��mea, Vavoulidou, Evangelia, Chalkia, Christina, D��nyi, L��szl�� & Csuzdi, Csaba, 2017, An annotated checklist of earthworms of Greece (Clitellata: Megadrili), pp. 57-82 in Zootaxa 4272 (1) on pages 61-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4272.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/583379, {"references":["Savigny, J. C. (1826) G. Cuvier: Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France Paris, 5, 176 - 184.","Zicsi, A. & Michalis, K. (1981) Ubersicht der Regenwurm-fauna Griechenlands (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Acta Zoologica Hungarica, 27, 239 - 264.","Michalis, K. (1982) Katalog der Oligochaetenfauna Griechenlands. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica, 9, 343 - 362.","Michalis, K., Fragoulis, A. & Panidis, S. (1985) Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from the montainous mas of Pella province: southwest region, and Imathias province, northwest region: a systematical and ecological study. Ecologia Mediterranea, 11 (4), 37 - 42.","Szederjesi, T. (2015) New earthworm records from various parts of Greece (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae, Acanthodrilidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 46 (2), 143 - 152.","Cernosvitov, L. (1938) Zur Kenntnis der Oligochatenfauna des Balkans. VI. Oligochaten aus Griechenland. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 123, 192 - 200.","Csuzdi, Cs. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta; Lumbricidae). In: Csuzdi, Cs. & Mahunka, S. (Eds.), Pedozoologica Hungarica. 1. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, pp. 1 - 271.","Tzelepe, N. D. (1943) Symvoli is tin meletin ton Oligochaeton tis Ellados. Diss. Unir., Athen, 60 pp.","Karaman, S. (1972) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Lumbricidenfauna von Griechenland. Fragmenta Balcanica Skopje, 9 (11), 109 - 115.","Michalis, K. (1972) Symvoli is tin meletin to Oligochaeton tis Makedonias. PhD Dissertation, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 98 pp.","Sapkarev, J. (1972) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Lumbricidenfauna Griechenlands. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 4, 31 - 36.","Zicsi, A. (1974) Ein neue Dendrobaena - Art (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) aus Griechenland. Acta zoologica hungarica, 20, 449 - 451.","Michalis, K. (1975 a) Neue Angaben zur Fauna der Oligochaeten von Mazedonien. Scientific Annals, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, University of Thessaloniki, 15, 201 - 211.","Michalis, K. (1976) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Oligochaetenfauna Thessaliens. Scientific Annals, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, University of Thessaloniki, 16, 153 - 168.","Michalis, K. (1983) New biotopes of the species Allolobophora dofleini (Ude, 1922) and the subspecies Bimastus antiquus bouchei (Zicsi-Michalis, 1981) (Oligochaeta-Lumbricidae). Ecologia Mediterranea, 9, 57 - 61.","Michalis, K. (1987) Contribution to the systematic and ecological study of the earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) of the Western Thrace. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 1 (5), 59 - 69.","Michalis, K., Fragoulis, A. & Panidis, S. (1989) Notes on the earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) from central west Macedonia. Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 32, 3 - 14.","Zicsi, A. & Michalis, K. (1993) Zwei neue Dendrobaena - Arten aus Griechenland (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Acta Zoologica Hungarica, 39, 301 - 310.","Zicsi, A. (1973) Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) aus Griechenland. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 12, 99 - 103.","Cognetti, L. (1913) Escursioni zoologiche del Dr. E. Festa nell'Isola di Rodi V. Oligocheti. Bollettino dei Musei di zoologia ed anatomia comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 28 (74), 1 - 6.","Michalis, K. (1977) Die Oligochaetenfauna der Halbinsel von Athos (Chalkidiki). Scientific Annals, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, University of Thessaloniki, 17, 285 - 298."]}

In recent years, the increasing number of biogas plants in operation has also led to a considerable rise in fermentative substrates, which are now widely used as agricultural fertilizers. The impact on earthworm fauna of using biogas digestate as a fertilizer has yet to be sufficiently researched. At two different tests sites, the short-term (four months after fertilization) and longer-term (three-year test period) influence of using fermented residues as a fertilizer was examined on earthworm density, biomass and community composition compared to using traditional fertilizers (cattle and pig slurry, chemical fertilizers as well as an unfertilized control). The crop grown was maize (Zea mays L.). Applying biogas digestate and slurry had a positive overall impact at both sites on earthworm density and biomass. Observing different fertilization regimes in the short term, the significantly highest earthworm density was seen where slurry had been applied. In the treatments with digestate and conventional slurry, earthworm biomass differed significantly in comparison with chemical fertilization and the untreated variant. After three years, earthworm biomass in the variants fertilized with conventional slurry and digestate tended to be higher than in the chemical fertilizer and untreated variants. Community composition was strongly influenced by the application of digestate. A decrease in the species Aporrectodea rosea was accompanied by an increase in Aporrectodea caliginosa. The earthworm population was supported equally positively at both sites by the variants with conventional slurry and digestate.

The earthworm fauna of Greece is reviewed. According to the up-to-date checklist, the earthworm fauna of Greece consists of 67 species and subspecies, of which 59 taxa belong to the family Lumbricidae, three to Megascolecidae, two to Acanthodrilidae and to Ocnerodrilidae and one taxon to the family Criodrilidae. Three species are recorded for the first time from the country: Allolobophora kosowensis kosowensis Karaman, 1968, Amynthas gracilis (Kinberg, 1867) and Eukerria saltensis (Beddard, 1895). Eisenia spelaea var. athenica Černosvitov, 1938 is proposed to be a synonym of Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826). The earthworm fauna of Greece is characterized by a large number of strict endemic species belonging to the family Lumbricidae (9 taxa), together with the occurrence of another 10 Balkanic endemic species.

Eisenia nordenskioldi subsp. nordenskioldi (Eisen, 1879) is the most cold-tolerant earthworm species that is widespread in Northern Eurasia. We analyzed genetic variation among several geographically remote populations of E. n. nordenskioldi, as well as several other species of Lumbricidae, using mitochondrial (cox1) and nuclear ribosomal (ITS2) sequence markers. According to both markers, species of the genus Eisenia did not form a clade; in contrast, E. n. nordenskioldi and Eisenia nordenskioldi subsp. pallida grouped together with Siberian Aporrectodea rosea and Lumbricus rubellus on the phylogenetic tree built using combined cox1 + ITS2 data, suggesting that these species form an endemic Siberian clade. E. n. nordenskioldi turned out to be non-monophyletic and consisted of six highly diverged lineages having distinct distribution areas. Genetic variation within these lineages was also very high and geographically structured. Phylogeographic patterns within the lineages may suggest that their distributions was not affected by Pleistocene glaciations, and, therefore, may be a useful source of information for biogeographic reconstructions of Northern Eurasia.

Within the regulatory framework for authorisation of plant protection products (PPPs) (EU Directive 91/414/1991/EEC replaced by Regulation (EC) 1107/2009), higher tier risk assessments and earthworm field tests are conducted in different countries across Europe. This paper describes dominant earthworm species for regulatory and biogeographical regions in agricultural landscapes across Europe and examines regional differences in earthworm communities and densities and their respective response to a toxic reference. For the assessment of earthworm abundance and species distribution, data of untreated control plots from 30 earthworm field studies were analysed; each conducted according to the ISO 11268–3 (1999) guideline by European Crop Protection Association member companies in the context of registration of PPPs. For the evaluation of the response to PPPs under different regional and climatic conditions, the effect on earthworm abundance was assessed by comparing plots treated with toxic references with untreated control plots. Additionally, a comparative literature review was included providing an overview of earthworm species composition and densities in agricultural crops from 14 European countries. The assessment of earthworm field studies from six different European countries revealed that common earthworm species of anecic and endogeic ecological groups are present at most field sites. Dominant species groups of endogeic and anecic earthworms can be defined that are abundant in all assessed countries. These are the endogeic species Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea and Allolobophora chlorotica, and the anecic species Lumbricus terrestris (Northern and Central Europe) and Lumbricus friendi (Southern Europe). Taking into account the high variability in total earthworm abundances, it can be concluded that the variability within regions was larger than the variability between regions. Analysis of the earthworm community and data of toxic references lead to the conclusion that testing in different zones is not considered necessary.

Earthworms play a key role in soil ecology as they can reach high densities, are well known as soil engineers, and occupy a central position in soil food-webs. The identification of earthworms, however, is notoriously difficult and morphologically only possible for well-preserved adult specimens. Molecular markers could facilitate earthworm identification and would be a huge advantage in studies where it is important to species-specifically identify juveniles or where badly preserved specimens and remains of earthworms need to be identified. The aim of this study was to compare four mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, COI, and COII) with respect to their value for identifying earthworms, calculating earthworm phylogenies, and discovering cryptic species. Our results indicate that all four genes are suitable for species identification. However, the genetic distances were approximately twice as high for the protein coding genes than for RNA coding ones. High genetic distances and deep genetic lineages, e.g. for Octolasion lacteum , Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea rosea , indicate the possible presence of cryptic species and hamper molecular identification. The Bayesian analysis based on concatenated sequence data resulted in a phylogenetic tree with high posterior probabilities. The con-specific relationship of Aporrectodea spp. and Allolobophora spp. was not confirmed, underlining the ongoing discussion about the revision of these two genera. In conclusion, our findings suggest using 12S and 16S rRNA sequences as molecular markers for species identification whereas the COI gene is better suited to address genetic lineages and to explore possible cryptic species. Taxonomy and the identification of species are essential for most ecological studies. This study provides the needed molecular sequence information to develop molecular tools that can overcome many hurdles in studies on earthworms, their relationship and their ecology.

The response of earthworm communities to farming practices was assessed in 33 farms of the Soummam valley (Algeria). Market gardening was the most intensive practice with frequent tillage (94% farms), application of chemical (94%) and organic (70%) fertilizers and pesticides (70%). Orange tree plantations also received organic fertilization (42% of farms), NPK (95%), pesticides (71%) and tillage (95%) whereas in Olive plantations only 30% farmers used fertilizers and pesticide application was rare. Earthworm communities comprised 5 species: the ubiquitous Apporrectodea caliginosa , Aporrectodea rosea , Allolobophora chlorotica and Microscolex dubius and the native Octodrilus complanatus . Average density decreased from market farming areas (176 ± 27.6 ind m −2 ) to olive tree (149 ± 10.4 ind m −2 ) and orange tree plantations (73 ± 9.2 ind m −2 ). Biomass followed a slightly different order with a maximum of 44.0 ± 10.2 g fw m −2 in market farming areas followed by orange plantations (38.3 ± 8.0 g fw m −2 ) and olive plantations (35.6 ± 2.78 g fw m −2 ). Earthworm populations were comprised of 90% A. rosea and A. caliginosa . A. rosea favored market garden and olive systems while A. caliginosa did not show any clear preference. O. complanatus were abundant in market gardening sites with organic fertilizers whereas M. dubius was absent from orange tree plantations. Communities significantly covaried with farming practices and not with soil characteristics. In general, the density of all species was affected by intensification although the native species O. complanatus benefited from organic fertilization. Farming practices in the valley maintain rather high earthworm activities in spite of significant uses of chemical inputs. Further intensification might however affect these communities that showed clear sensitivity to all chemical inputs and tillage.

The most important indicators of biological activity (respiration, methane genesis, nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and size and structure of the microbial population) were determined in coprolites of two types of earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus considered as the “litter” type and Aporrectodea rosea as the “soil” type) in the model experiment, in which the earthworms were kept separately and together, as in soddy-podzolic loamy soil. The biological activity of coprolites was significantly higher than in the soil and varied between worm species.

Updated list of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricina) from Santa Fe (Argentina) is presented in this work, including current data of species richness and territorial distribution status and information collected by Ljungström and collaborators 40 years ago. Field samplings were conducted between 2012 and 2015 at 23 sites, located in 11 of the 19 districts of the province. Earthworms were collected following a standard methodology (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility). The conservation of specimens was done with 4 % formalin solution and their identification was performed according to taxonomy keys. Richness, similarity and complementarity of species between the phytogeographic provinces were analyzed. A total of 15 earthworm species were identified and grouped into ten genera and five families: Acanthodrilidae (Dichogaster bolaui, Microscolex dubius), Glossoscolecidae (Glossodrilus parecis), Lumbricidae (Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea, Aporrectodea trapezoides, Bimastos parvus, Eisenia fetida, Octolasion tyrtaeum), Megascolecidae (Amynthas gracilis, Amynthas morrisi, Metaphire californica), Ocnerodrilidae (Eukerria saltensis, Eukerria rosea, Eukerria stagnalis). From all the species found five, G. parecis, E. saltensis, E. rosea, E. stagnalis and M. dubius, are native to South America, and the rest were introduced from Asia and Europe. The Espinal presented the greatest richness of earthworms (12), while the Pampeana showed high values of complementarity (greater than 70 %) with the Chaco Húmedo and Valle de Inundación del Río Paraná. Endogeic species were present in all environments surveyed. In particular, the exotic species A. trapezoides and A. morrisi showed a wide geographical distribution, having been found at 70 and 50 %, respectively, of the total number of the studied sites. One species, E. rosea, which is in the list, was not recorded in the sampling of 40 years ago. The results of current survey show that the number of species was lower compared to study by Ljungström and collaborators (60 % of the 23 species registered). Possibly the remarkable change in the richness and distribution of earthworms could be a process associated with changes in soil use and land management developed over 40 years. En este trabajo se presenta una lista actualizada de lombrices de tierra (Oligochaeta: Lumbricina) de Santa Fe (Argentina), incluyendo datos actuales de riqueza de especies y estado de distribución territorial e información recolectada por Ljungström y colaboradores hace 40 años. Los muestreos de campo se realizaron entre 2012 y 2015 en 23 sitios, ubicados en 11 de los 19 departamentos de la provincia. Las lombrices fueron recolectadas siguiendo un método estándar (Programa de Biología y Fertilidad del Suelo Tropical). La conservación de los especímenes se realizó con solución de formalina al 4 % y la identificación se realizó mediante claves taxonómicas. Se analizó la riqueza, similitud y complementariedad de especies entre las provincias fitogeográficas. Se identificaron un total de 15 especies de lombrices y se agruparon en diez géneros y cinco familias Acanthodrilidae (Dichogaster bolaui, Microscolex dubius), Glossoscolecidae (Glossodrilus parecis), Lumbricidae (Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea, Aporrectodea trapezoides, Bimastos parvus, Eisenia fetida, Octolasion tyrtaeum), Megascolecidae (Amynthas gracilis, Amynthas morrisi, Metaphire californica), Ocnerodrilidae (Eukerria saltensis, Eukerria rosea, Eukerria stagnalis). De todas las especies encontradas cinco, G. parecis, E. saltensis, E. rosea, E. stagnalis y M. dubius, son nativas de América del Sur, y el resto introducidas desde Asia y Europa. Las especies endogeas estuvieron presentes en todos los ambientes estudiados. En particular, las especies exóticas A. trapezoides y A. morrisi mostraron amplia distribución geográfica, encontrándose en el 70 y 50 %, respectivamente, de los sitios estudiados. Una especie, E. rosea, que está en la lista, no fue registrada en el muestreo de hace 40 años. La zona del Espinal presentó la mayor riqueza de lombrices (12), en tanto que la Pampeana mostró valores altos de complementariedad (mayores al 70 %) con el Chaco Húmedo y el Valle de Inundación del Río Paraná. Los resultados del relevamiento actual muestran que el número de especies fue menor en comparación con el estudio de Ljungström y colaboradores (60 % de las 23 especies registradas). Posiblemente el notable cambio en la biodiversidad del paisaje de la provincia, asociado al uso de la tierra y a la gestión de los sistemas de producción desarrollados a lo largo de 40 años, podría haber influido en la distribución y riqueza de especies de lombrices.

The development of earthworms was investigated from 2001 to 2008 on the 176 ha arable fields of Ritzerau Farm (northern Germany) converted 2001–2004 from conventional to organic farming. Earthworms were recorded six times per year on a grid of 85 sampling points, whereas pH was determined in 2001 and 2005 and carbon content in 2001. Weak correlations between earthworm numbers and soil pH or organic matter of soil were found for few species, except for Lumbricus castaneus which was more abundant at pH > 6.5. Lumbricus rubellus benefited most from grain cultivation, Lumbricus terrestris from organic management. Aporrectodea caliginosa and Aporrectodea rosea were mainly related to rainfall and more abundant under 700–900 mm rain per year. Compensation of declined abundance after a period of heavy dryness lasted 0.5–1 year. The enhancement after conversion lasted 2–4 years and numbers increased from 0.2 to a maximum of 4.5 ind / m2.

Dendrobaena mrazeki is an endemic earthworm species inhabiting dry habitats such as pine and thermophilous oak forests in Central Europe. Metabolically, D. mrazeki showed some features typical for endogeic species and some of epigeic ones. In comparison with the related Dendrobaena octaedra , D. mrazeki was a larger earthworm with fresh body mass of adult and subadult individuals of W = 0.59 ± 0.05 g. Its body mass-specific oxygen consumption ( M / W = 48 ± 5 μl O 2 g −1 h −1 , at 15 °C) was the lowest of all earthworms studied ( Aporrectodea caliginosa , Aporrectodea rosea , D. octaedra , Lumbricus castaneus , Lumbricus rubellus and Octolasion lacteum ), being strongly dependent on W ( b from the equation M / W = aW b about −0.8). D. mrazeki had low relative water content (77.4% of fresh body mass) and small relative amount of dry weight of the intestinal content (20.1% of dry body mass), which is similar to the epigeic D. octaedra . The respiration rate of D. mrazeki remained the lowest even after recalculating M / W to respiration rate per dry mass or per dry mass without the intestine content to correct for the differences among species in body water content and gut content.

The way soil is disrupted and deformed by earthworm movement is hard to quantify non-destructively. Two anecic earthworm species, Aporrectodea longa (Ude) and Lumbricus terrestris L., were compared in their effect on the soil around them as they burrow. Image analysis (particle image velocimetry, PIV) was used successfully to quantify the distance and direction of soil particle displacement by earthworm locomotion giving a unique insight into their effect on the soil structure development. The data collected from both species using PIV show a decline in soil displacement at increasing distance from the earthworm’s body. The quantity of soil being displaced was more to the sides of the earthworms (radially) than in front of the prostomium (axially). Also, L. terrestris displaced more soil than A. longa both axially and radially. The findings from this study suggest that PIV image analysis is a viable tool for examining soil displacement by earthworms and the method used has the potential to be applied to other soil organisms.

In laboratory experiments, earthworms are often observed to burrow through compacted soil layers, leading to the general assumption that these animals play a significant role in regenerating compacted soils in agricultural plots. To demonstrate this role under field conditions, the abundance of earthworm macropores inside compacted zones was estimated on plots under reduced (RT) or conventional tillage (CT). Then, different types of compacted zones typically found in CT (plough pan and compacted clods) and RT plots (compacted volume under wheel tracks) were experimentally simulated in wooden boxes, buried in the field and inoculated with different earthworm species. After 6 weeks of incubation, the number of macropores inside the compacted zones was examined. Field observations showed that approximately 10% and 30% of the compacted zones were colonised by at least one macropore in CT and RT plots, respectively. A significantly greater number of anecics was found in RT plots, but we could not conclude that this ecological type of earthworm plays a more major role in the regeneration process in these plots since there were fewer compacted zones and these covered a smaller area in CT. The semi-field experiment provided evidence that earthworm-mediated regeneration of compacted zones is possible and its nature varies between ecological types of earthworm. Lumbricus terrestris , which makes individual burrows that are vertical and deep, was the main species to cross through the plough pan. The other three earthworm species ( Aporrectodea giardi , A. caliginosa and A. rosea ) did burrow inside the other types of compacted zones (“wheel tracks” and “compacted clods”). In every case, however, macropore density was far greater in non-compacted zones, illustrating that avoidance of compacted soil by earthworms is important and should be taken into account when extrapolating results from laboratory studies.

Summary The soil seed bank functions to escape unfavourable environmental conditions and seed predation. Anecic earthworms are increasingly recognised as important dispersers and predators of plant seeds. In contrast, the role of the usually more abundant endogeic earthworms which live and feed in the soil on plant seeds is largely unknown. We tested whether (A) endogeic earthworms ( Aporrectodea rosea , Allolobophora chlorotica , Octolasion tyrtaeum , Aporrectodea caliginosa ) ingest and digest grassland plant seeds ( Phleum pratense , Bellis perennis , Trifolium repens , Poa trivialis , Plantago lanceolata , Medicago varia ), (B) the passage of seeds through the gut of endogeic earthworms modifies seed germination, and (C) excreta (mucus and casts) of endogeic earthworms modify seed germination. As a reference effects of the well-studied anecic species Lumbricus terrestris were determined. Endogeic earthworms ingested and digested all of the studied plant seeds; however, both ingestion and digestion were earthworm and plant species specific. Moreover, passage through the gut of endogeic earthworms and their excreta modified plant seed germination (gut passage: B. perennis ; excreta: Ph. pratense and Pl. lanceolata ). The results indicate that endogeic earthworms may strongly impact the composition of the soil seed bank and, consequently, plant community assembly via direct and indirect effects on plant seeds. Since post-dispersal seed predation is a key factor for the structure of plant communities, with the effect on seed survival potentially exceeding that of pre-dispersal predation, seed predation and changes in germination of seeds by endogeic earthworm species is likely to drive plant community composition.

A clear understanding of the size and structure of earthworm communities is important to sports turf facilities managers if they are to control the activity of earthworms within the soil. Earthworms are directly linked to a wide range of biogeochemical nutrient cycles, and are frequently described as ecosystem engineers. In this role they assist land managers in maintaining a healthy turf sward. Despite this, earthworm populations in sports turf were frequently suppressed using organochloride based vermicides prior to such compounds being banned in the UK. A survey of earthworm species diversity was carried out over 1 year, using mustard extraction at five golf courses in Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, UK, to investigate how species diversity varied temporally and was influenced by the physical environment within different course surfaces. Rank–abundance analysis indicated that four species of earthworm (Aporrectodea rosea, Lumbricus rubellus, Aporrectodea longa and Lumbricus terrestris) were more dominant in the community than any other. The endemic earthworm population number of the five study sites was found to differ significantly (p

Earthworm (Lumbricidae) populations were assessed in three replicated, field experiments with different management intensities conducted on grassland research farms on medium-textured mineral soils, located at Solohead (Co. Tipperary), Grange (Co. Meath) and Johnstown Castle (Co. Wexford), Ireland. The experiment at Solohead involved four levels of mineral fertilizer application (80, 175, 225 and 350 kg N ha−1), and the plots were rotationally grazed by dairy cows. Three levels of mineral fertilizer application were compared at Johnstown Castle (0, 225 and 390 kg N ha−1) and two at Grange (100 and 225 kg N ha−1), and the plots at these sites were rotationally grazed by suckler cows and followers or dry cattle. Between 10 and 15 earthworm species were recorded per site, with Allolobophora chlorotica and Aporrectodea caliginosa being dominant. Other abundant species included Aporrectodea rosea, Aporrectodea longa, Lumbricus terrestris, Lumbricus friendi, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus rubellus and Satchellius mammalis. Mean earthworm population densities per treatment ranged from 203 to 324 individuals m−2 and biomass from 60 to 176 g m−2. ANCOVA revealed significant overall positive relationships between management intensity (as indicated by N application rate) and earthworm abundance (F = 4.47, p

Specific composition of earthworm community has indicative value for evaluating the impact of agricultural practice on soil. The occurrence of species only like Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea, Lumbricus rubellus tolerant to disturbance is the result of intensive tillage and agricultural practice or the influence of strong limiting ecological factor. A community including more sensitive species Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea longa, or the most sensitive species Allolobophora chlorotica and Lumbricus castaneus, indicates more favourable conditions of habitat.

Two endogeic earthworms, Aporrectodea rosea and A. trapezoides (Lumbricidae), occur in soils used for grain production in southern Australia. A glass-house experiment evaluated the influence of A. rosea and A. trapezoides on the release and availability of nitrogen (N) in a red–brown earth soil, which is very common in the region. This soil had been treated with sub-terranean clover or wheat residues (both either added to the soil surface or mixed through the soil at the start of the experiment), wheat residues incorporated into the soil 5 years earlier, or no residue amendment (control). The survival and biomass of earthworms varied with amendment. Most notably, the biomass of individual A. trapezoides was greater in the presence of sub-clover (probably better quality food) and when in mixed culture with A. rosea (effectively a reduction in the density of A. trapezoides ). A. trapezoides increased soil inorganic N in the presence of surface-applied sub-clover residues, but A. rosea did not. Incorporation of sub-clover residues further increased soil N in the presence of A. trapezoides , but not A. rosea . Wheat residues immobilised N when incorporated, but A. trapezoides reduced this immobilisation. A. rosea did not. No earthworm effects were detected in the control and old wheat residue treatments. The work suggests that A. trapezoides has the potential to significantly increase the availability of N in a soil commonly used for grain production across southern Australia.

Trace metals and metalloids (TMM) in forest soils and invasive earthworms were studied at 9 sites in northern New England, USA. Essential (Cu, Mo, Ni, Zn, Se) and toxic (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, U) TMM concentrations (mg kg −1 ) and pools (mg m −2 ) were quantified for organic horizons (forest floor), mineral soils and earthworm tissues. Essential TMM tissue concentrations were greatest for mineral soil-feeding earthworm Octolasion cyaneum . Toxic TMM tissue concentrations were highest for organic horizon-feeding earthworms Dendobaena octaedra , Aporrectodea rosea and Amynthas agrestis . Most earthworm species had attained tissue concentrations of Pb, Hg and Se potentially hazardous to predators. Bioaccumulation factors were Cd > Se > Hg > Zn > Pb > U > 1.0 > Cu > As > Mo > Ni. Only Cd, Se, Hg and Zn were considered strongly bioaccumulated by earthworms because their average bioaccumulation factors were significantly greater than 1.0. Differences in bioaccumulation did not appear to be caused by soil concentrations as earthworm TMM tissue concentrations were poorly correlated with TMM soil concentrations. Instead, TMM bioaccumulation appears to be species and site dependent. The invasive A. agrestis had the greatest tissue TMM pools, due to its large body mass and high abundance at our stands. We observed that TMM tissue pools in earthworms were comparable or exceeded organic horizon TMM pools; earthworm tissue pools of Cd were up 12 times greater than in the organic horizon. Thus, exotic earthworms may represent an unaccounted portion and flux of TMM in forests of the northeastern US. Our results highlight the importance of earthworms in TMM cycling in northern forests and warrant more research into their impact across the region.

Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) Enterion roseum Savigny, 1826: 182. Allolobophora (Notogama) rosea: Rosa 1905: 5. Allolobophora rosea f. typica: Pop 1943: 15. Eisenia rosea f. acystis: Omodeo 1952: 9. Allolobophora rosea f. balcanica: Omodeo 1955: 2. Allolobophora rosea: Omodeo 1956 a: 334; Zicsi 1973: 229; Omodeo & Rota 1991: 177. Aporrectodea rosea: Mısırlıoğlu 2002: 1; Csuzdi, Zicsi & Mısırlıoğlu 2006: 6; Csuzdi, Pavl��ček & Mısırlıoğlu 2007: 349; Pavl��ček, Csuzdi & Coşkun 2009: 119. Material examined. Hatay: HNHM / 16543 1 ex, near of the road between Reyhanlı to Kırıkhan, near Karah��y��k, bank of the small stream inside agriculture plain, 36 �� 28 ���N 36 �� 14 ���E, 12.04. 2006, leg. T. Pavl��ček. Upper Mesopotamia: HNHM / 15397 1 ex, Diyarbakır, 5 km W of Kulp, 28.05. 2008, leg. Y. Coşkun, T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 15402 1 ex, Diyarbakır, Merkez, Karacadağ, Toka��lı village, 23.05. 2008, leg. Y. Coşkun, T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 15406 2 ex, Diyarbakır, Merkez, Silvan k��pr��s�� altı, 21.05. 2008, leg. Y. Coşkun, T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 15416 3 ex, Diyarbakır, ��ermik, Sinek ��ayı, 0 2.06. 2008, leg. Y. Coşkun, T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 15427 1 ex, Diyarbakır, Merkez, Yeni K��pr�� Civarı, 0 1.06. 2008, leg. Y. Coşkun, T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 16599 1 ex, Diyarbakır, Dicle University Campus, open cultivated area, 673 m a.s.l., 37 �� 54 ���N 40 �� 16 ���E, 12.11. 2009, leg. Y. Coşkun, A. Kaya, N. Yakalı; HNHM / 16611 1 ex, 10 km SW of Eğil, valley, open park forest, small oaks, calcareous soil, 856 m a.s.l., 38 �� 11 ���N 40 ��05���E, 0 3.04. 2010, leg. P. Cardet, Y. Coşkun, T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 16726 6 ex, Diyarbakır, bank of Dicle (Tigris), E 40 �� 16 ��� N 37 �� 54 ���, 0 7.07. 2013, leg. P. Cardet, T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 16732 5 ex, Diyarbakır, Dicle University Campus, E 40 �� 15 ��� N 37 �� 55 ���, 0 6.07. 2013, leg. P. Cardet, T. Pavl��ček., Published as part of Szederjesi, T��mea, Pavl����ek, Tom��s, Co��kun, Y��ksel & Csuzdi, Csaba, 2014, New earthworm records from Turkey, with description of three new species (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), pp. 555-570 in Zootaxa 3764 (5) on page 557, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/231274, {"references":["Savigny, J. C. (1826) Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France Paris, 5, 176 - 184.","Rosa, D. (1905) Terricolen. In: Ergebnisse einer Naturwissenschaftlichen Reise zum Erdschias Dag. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums Wien, 20, 104 - 106.","Pop, V. (1943) Einheimische und auslandische Lumbriciden des Ungarischen National-Museums in Budapest. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 36, 11 - 24.","Omodeo, P. (1952) Oligocheti della Turchia. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Napoli, 4 (2), 1 - 20.","Omodeo, P. (1955) Lombrichi cavernicoli di Grecia e Turchia, raccolti dal Dr. K. Lindberg. Oligocheti della Turchia. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Napoli, 7, 1 - 16.","Omodeo, P. (1956 a) Oligocheti dell'Indocina e del Mediterraneo Orientale. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 5, 321 - 336.","Zicsi, A. (1973) Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) aus der Turkei. Acta Zoologica Hungarica, 19, 217 - 232.","Omodeo, P. & Rota, E. (1991) Earthworms of Turkey. II. Bollettino di Zoologia, 58, 171 - 181. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250009109355749","Misirlioglu, I. M. (2002) The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of Eskisehir City, Turkey. Megadrilogica, 9, 17 - 19.","Csuzdi, Cs., Zicsi, A. & Misirlioglu, M. (2006) An annotated checklist of the earthworm fauna of Turkey (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 1175, 1 - 29.","Csuzdi, Cs., Pavlicek, T. & Misirlioglu, M. (2007) Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae, Criodrilidae and Acanthodrilidae) of Hatay Province, Turkey, with description of three new lumbricids. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 53 (4), 347 - 361."]}

The effect of substrate structure and compaction on the weight increment of juvenile Aporrectodea rosea (Sav.) was studied under laboratory conditions. The maximum increment (51-76 mg/month) was observed in a mixture of the organic and mineral components of the substrate or in a substrate with the organic component (leaf litter) underlying the mineral one (loam). The minimum increment (19-36 mg/month) was observed in the absence of either component or when the litter overlay the clay material. Fresh manure evenly distributed in the substrate or on its surface is toxic for the worms but could be consumed by them if buried. Compaction of the substrate from 0.78 to 1.11 g/cm3 decreased the rate of A. rosea weight increment 2.5 times.

Summary On four differently managed and abandoned alpine meadows and pastures densities, biomasses and 15 N signatures of the macrofauna were assessed to evaluate the structural and functional changes of the decomposer food webs. The composition of the macrofauna decomposer community changes remarkably after the abandonment of alpine meadows and pastures. Lumbricus rubellus functions as key primary decomposer on alpine meadows and pastures whereas on abandoned sites other primary decomposers including Dendrobaena octaedra , Cylindroiulus meinerti , C. fulviceps and diptera larvae become more important. Decomposer species, such as Enantiulus nanus, presumably function as both primary and secondary decomposers and endogeic earthworms, such as Octolasion lacteum and Aporrectodea rosea , uniformly function as secondary decomposers. Abandonment of pasturing causes a shift in the composition of the macrofauna and the newly established fauna is unable to process and translocate the litter materials produced by the plants of the abondoned sites.

Lead tolerance in individuals of the earthworm species Aporrectodea rosea collected from a clay pigeon shooting site was investigated. Lead concentrations in the shooting site soil and the un-shot control site were 6410±2250 and 296±98 mgPb kg−1 dry weight, respectively. Of these concentrations 1050±240 and 12±9 mgPb kg−1 dry weight were suggested to be available, using ammonium acetate (1 M), respectively. With respect to earthworm body burdens of lead the shooting site earthworms had a body burden of 6.1±1.2 mgPb g−1 dry weight while the uncontaminated site earthworms had almost a 1000-times lower body burden of 7.1±9.0 μgPb g−1 dry weight. Lead tolerance was assessed in uncontaminated soil that had been augmented with lead, using lead nitrate solutions, to obtain lead concentrations in soil of 0.5, 5 and 50 mgPb kg−1 dry weight. Earthworms were exposed for 28 days during which time a semi-qualitative assessment was made of their condition. Results showed no decrease in condition in the shooting site earthworms with increasing exposure time or concentration. In contrast, earthworms collected from an uncontaminated site showed a significant (p

Earthworm populations exhibit an irregular and aggregated distribution that may be related to vegetation, soil characteristics and biotic interactions. Their contribution to processes such as decomposition, soil aggregation and plant production is presumably limited to patches where earthworms are active. The spatial distribution of earthworm populations and how that distribution changes through time in temperate regions is not well known. This study mapped the spatial distribution of earthworm populations in 25 subplots of 50 m × 50 m sampling grids established in: (1) a cultivated corn field; (2) a mowed hayfield and (3) a deciduous forest in Quebec, Canada. Earthworms were collected three to four times a year using a combination of handsorting and formaldehyde extraction. Ten lumbricid species were found, the most common being Aporrectodea rosea Savigny. In 2001, we collected, on average, 46–177 earthworms m −2 in the corn field, from 138 to 224 earthworms m −2 in the hayfield and between 124 and 253 earthworms m −2 in the forest. Due to the spatial variation in earthworm distribution, at least 40 samples ha −1 are required to make an unbiased estimate of earthworm numbers and biomass. Five subplots (patches) from each site with the highest and lowest earthworm populations were re-sampled in 2002. Patches with high earthworm populations were generally distinguishable from those with low earthworm populations in the forest, but not in the agricultural sites; this may be due to greater heterogeneity in resource distribution in the forest than agricultural sites. Further work on earthworm spatial and temporal distribution is required to determine the scale at which earthworm induced changes in soil processes and plant production may be detected.

Earthworms Allolobophora chlorotica and Aporrectodea longa were inoculated into Calvert landfill site in spring 1992, in conjunction with the planting of two tree species Alnus glutinosa and Acer pseudoplatanus. Monitoring has taken place over a period of 11 years. Sampling in 2003 revealed that earthworm distribution no longer equated to the inoculation treatments; the worms had spread extensively. The presence of A. glutinosa had a significant effect (p

Summary A mixed stand of red oak (Quercus rubra) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica) on a compacted and acidified sandy loam soil was harvested and reforested with ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in 1992. The ecosystem restoration trial in this newly established ash plantation included 180 trees and was set up in a block design with 4 blocks, 3 experimental groups per block and 15 trees per experimental group. Experimental groups were: (1) application of P, K, Ca and Mg fertiliser to the planting pit; (2) combined application of fertiliser and earthworms to the planting pit; and (3) a control without additional restoration measures. Fertiliser application consisted of 500g dolomite, 100g Thomas slags and 100g kieserite; earthworm introduction consisted of 40 individuals, being 20 anecics (Lumbricus terrestris L. and Nicodrilus longus Ude) and 20 endogeics (Aporrectodea caliginosa Sav., Aporrectodea rosea Sav. and Allolobophora limicola Michaelsen). Tree growth was monitored annually. The control trees failed to grow and died after two years. Excellent growth was found for treated trees, and treatment-related growth patterns were observed: fertilised trees grew faster than fertilised trees with earthworms during the first two years, with the trend reversed from year 4 onwards. Although this trend suggested that introduced earthworms provided a more sustained response to fertiliser, this was not conclusively confirmed by an evaluation of 24 trees 10 years after planting (based on nutrient concentration in above-ground biomass and soil, litter biomass, earthworm biomass, and aggregate stability of organic particles in the soil); although statistically significant differences were found between treated and untreated plots, differences between fertilised plots with and without earthworms were not significant. Endogeic earthworms recolonised most fertilised plots, with or without earthworm introduction. Anecic earthworms did not colonize any plots. Although our findings suggest that earthworm introduction might contribute to a sustained fertiliser response in ash trees, more experiments are needed to demonstrate the precise role of earthworm introduction as part of integrated forest soil restoration.

A mixed stand of red oak (Quercus rubra) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica) on a compacted and acidified sandy loam soil was harvested and reforested with ash (Fraxinus excelsior in 1992. The ecosystem restoration trial in this newly established ash plantation included 180 trees and was set up in a block design with 4 blocks, 3 experimental groups per block and 15 trees per experimental group. Experimental groups were: (1) application of P, K, Ca and Mg fertiliser to the planting pit; (2) combined application of fertiliser and earthworms to the planting pit; and (3) a control without additional restoration measures. Fertiliser application consisted of 500 g dolomite, 100g Thomas slags and 100g kieserite; earthworm introduction consisted of 40 individuals, being 20 anecics (Lumbricus terrestris L. and Nicodrilus longus Ude) and 20 endogeics (Aporrectodea caliginosa Sav., Aporrectodea rosea Sav. and Allolobophora limicola Michaelsen). Tree growth was monitored annually. The control trees failed to grow and died after two years. Excellent growth was found for treated trees, and treatment-related growth patterns were observed: fertilised trees grew faster than fertilised trees with earthworms during the first two years, with the trend reversed from year 4 onwards. Although this trend suggested that introduced earthworms provided a more sustained response to fertiliser, this was not conclusively confirmed by an evaluation of 24 trees 10 years after planting (based on nutrient concentration in above-ground biomass and soil, litter biomass, earthworm biomass, and aggregate stability of organic particles in the soil); although statistically significant differences were found between treated and untreated plots, differences between fertilised plots with and without earthworms were not significant. Endogeic earthworms recolonised most fertilised plots, with or without earthworm introduction. Anecic earthworms did not colonize any plots. Although our findings suggest that earthworm introduction might contribute to a sustained fertiliser response in ash trees, more experiments are needed to demonstrate the precise role of earthworm introduction as part of integrated forest soil restoration.

The earthworms, Aporrectodea rosea and A. trapezoides (Lumbricidae), occur commonly in soils used for grain production in south-eastern Australia, but their distributions are patchy and their abundance low. In a field experiment, inoculations of A. trapezoides, but not A. rosea, increased the growth of oats at early tillering and oat straw and grain yield at harvest. Neither earthworm species influenced the growth and yield of lupins. At early tillering of the oats and concurrent flowering of the lupins, the amounts of 1 5 N (from fertiliser applied the year before) taken up by both oats and lupins were greater in the presence of A. trapezoides, but not A. rosea. However, there were no differences in the % N in lupin and oat plants between the earthworm treatments. At harvest, there were no differences in the amounts of 1 5 N taken up by the lupin straw, nor were there in the % N in straw or grain for either lupins or oats between earthworm treatments. The 1 5 N contents of the oat straw and the lupin and oat grain were higher in the presence of both earthworm species when compared with controls. More than 90 % of the N in the lupins was fixed symbiotically. The proportion of fixed N was reduced slightly by A. trapezoides. Inorganic N was analysed at various depths in the soil profile at sowing and early tillering and flowering. An earthworm effect on soil inorganic N was recorded in only one instance - at early tillering / flowering, when soil inorganic N was slightly higher at 0.6-1 m depth in the presence of A. trapezoides. Management practices, which improve earthworm abundance, in particular that of A. trapezoides, in cropping soils in southern Australia may enhance productivity of some, but not all, crops.

The importance of earthworms for soils has evolved over time. Our study was conducted in the forest of Ouled yagoub (North East Algerian).Sampling at three different altitudes resulted in a total of forty-nine individuals (49) and only three species were identified: Octodrilus complanatus, Allolobophora molleri and Aporrectodea rosea. Spread over two ecological categories. The specific richness is higher in the site of 1400 m of altitude. The Simpson index (Is) varies between 0.44 and 0.49 for the three study sites. The Shannon index fluctuates between 0.41 and 0.74. The values of the Hill index vary between 1 and 1.5 in the three Sites.Keywords: Abundance, earthworm, species richness, biodiversity

Earthworms are recognized to increase soil porosity, reorganize soil structure, and stimulate soil microflora and nutrient mineralization. The properties of earthworm casts should depend both on earthworm species or ecological group and on soil properties. Interactions between earthworm species and soil types have been suggested, but only poorly demonstrated. In order to better understand those interactions, two hypotheses led our study: (1) Soil type has a greater influence on cast properties than earthworm; (2) Earthworms from different species influence cast properties differently; (3) The intensity and direction of the impact of each earthworm species on cast properties vary with soil properties. Fifteen physical and chemical variables (N–NH 4 + , N–NO 3 − , total organic C and N, C/N ratio, CaCO 3 , pH, P, K + , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , Na + , CEC, moisture, wettability) were measured in casts of three earthworm species ( Lumbricus terrestris , Allolobophora chlorotica and Aporrectodea rosea ) produced in three temperate soils. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that earthworm species and soil types significantly impacted cast properties. pH, N t , K and Mg contents were interactively altered by both factors. Multivariate analysis showed that a difference of soil type had a major impact on casts properties (62%) compared to the impact of a difference of earthworm species (10%). Cast properties were most impacted by L . terrestris , then by A . chlorotica and last by A . rosea . The response ratio (ratio of the properties of the casts to the properties of the bulk soil) was used to quantify the effect of earthworm species compared to the control soil. It showed a higher response of variables in casts in nutrient-rich soils, especially in casts of L . terrestris . The interactions between earthworm species and soil types on cast properties were discussed with regards to earthworm ecology, properties of the soil, and earthworm modifications of cast microflora.

The aim of this study was to characterize the spatial distribution of earthworm species assemblages on a chalky slope of the Seine Valley (Upper Normandy, France), with contrasting vegetation cover representing the different stages of a typical post-pastoral secondary succession. Samples were hand sorted in a spatially explicit design consisting of a regular grid. A Principal Component Analysis was performed to identify species associations. Maps of the factorial coordinates of sample points together with geostatistical analysis were used to describe the spatial structure of the assemblages. The first axis of the PCA opposed points with high density to others with low. The resulting spatial structure was significant. The second axis opposed points where species assemblages were dominated either by an endogeic (Allolobophora chlorotica), an anecic (Aporrectodea longa) and an epigeic species (Lumbricus castaneus) to others dominated by two endogeics (Aporrectodea rosea and Octolasium cyaneum). A significant spatial structure was detected, with alternating patches characterised by one species assemblage or the other. The location of these structures did not seem to be clearly associated with a specific vegetation type. These results revealed a complex determinism of species co-occurrence at small spatial scale.

Summary Earthworm populations from 200 fields (132 pasture and 68 arable) in Scotland are compared. Earthworms populations from two pasture fields at a Scottish farm infested with the New Zealand terrestrial planarian, Arthurdendyus triangulates (a predator of earthworms), are compared with a subset of these 200 fields (none of which had planarians at the time of the survey). A variety of univariate and multivariate methods are used for comparison. Results from the 200 fields show that the number of individuals, number of species, richness and diversity decline eastwards and northwards across Scotland. There is an overall difference between pasture and arable fields at the same farm, with fewer anecic earthworms (Aporrectodea longa and Lumbricus terrestris), but more Aporrectodea rosea, in arable fields. Conversely, species richness and cumulative species diversity is greater in arable fields, and sample similarity is less. The planarian-infested fields show differences from the subset of western Scottish pasture fields and from each other. Both have fewer Aporrectodea caliginosa (and endogeic total) and A. longa (and anecic total) than the western pasture fields. One field has fewer L. terrestris and fewer earthworms in total. Univariate factors show no significant differences between the infested fields and similar non-infested fields, but multivariate analysis suggests differences. Waterlogging and recent growth of rushes in the infested fields are discussed in relation to the reduced population of earthworms and to rainfall.