Search

En estos momentos de cambios de paradigmas educativos, particularmente del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en algunas universidades, investigar resulta indispensable para repensar los cambios, a darse en las propuestas de los programas académicos institucionales, y enfrentar la situación vivida actualmente y del futuro incierto, para formar mejores estudiantes con desempeño eficiente en la docencia y el mundo laboral. En este trabajo se ha planteado como objetivo, describir las diferentes competencias digitales que pueden desarrollar los docentes y estudiantes de los diferentes niveles educativos em su formacion y desarrollo profesional. Para ello, se revisó literatura en diferentes buscadores, Scielo, Dialnet, Google acadêmico, repositório UAZ, entre otros, descubriendo algunos conceptos propuestos por autores sobre las competencias digitales que se requieren y que surgen ante las necesidades de los sistemas educativos para impactar favorablemente en el desarrollo del estudiante, los docentes y la institución e icnluso em el mundo laboral. Se concluye, que las aportaciones de sobre el concepto de competencias es diverso y, permite reflexionar sobre su importancia en la formación del docente, para la eficiencia y mejora del desempeño académico del aprendizaje recibido, además, en la construcción del conocimiento y utilización en el mundo laboral de los estudiantes.

En esta investigación se describe los niveles logrados por los estudiantes de Maestría. El objetivo consistió en destacar el conocimiento de las competencias digitales docentes utilizadas en el contexto laboral de los estudiantes de posgrado durante su formación académica. La metodología corresponde a un estudio cuantitativo, cuasi experimental, no paramétrico y descriptivo, desde el muestreo por conveniencia de 40 estudiantes cursando el 3er y 4to semestre. El formulario diseñado se desde Google Form, enviado a través del e-mail y la información tratada con SPSS. Los resultados en la dimensión de comunicación y colaboración, muestran conocimiento de herramientas en entornos virtuales de almacenamiento - recuperación de archivos, y en la dimensión de resolución de problemas actualizaciones para mejorar las competencias digitales. Se concluye que los maestrantes en la primera dimensión de análisis, conocen las herramientas digitales de su formación con tendencia al nivel básico, y en la segunda dimensión están familiarizados con ellas, con tendencia al nivel de mayor conocimiento, esto implica conocer y la aplicación efectiva en el aprendizaje de sus alumnos, y las integran al contexto laboral en la resolución de problemas.

Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles son la principal causa de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial; entre ellas, la hipertensión arterial que afecta principalmente a los adultos mayores, que de acuerdo a múltiples factores se presentan recidivas o reingresos que producen el deterioro del paciente y aumentan el gasto sanitario de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Validar un instrumento para determinar el reingreso hospitalario del adulto mayor con hipertensión arterial. Materiales y Métodos: La investigación es de diseño observacional, descriptiva de corte transversal; modalidad cuantitativa. El instrumento cuantitativo diseñado, fue validado por un juicio de expertos y analizado estadísticamente con el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach; se empleó una prueba piloto compuesta por 15 adultos mayores hipertensos. Resultados: Por la validación de los expertos, el cuestionario obtuvo un resultado de 98,3 y en el Alfa de Cronbach de 0,95; ambas puntuaciones son indicativas de excelente confiabilidad. Conclusión: El instrumento es confiable, cuenta con los parámetros de validez, pertinencia y coherencia por lo que pueden ser aplicados para determinar el reingreso hospitalario de adultos mayores con hipertensión arterial. SUMMARYIntroduction: Chronic non-communicable diseases are the main cause of global morbidity and mortality; among them, arterial hypertension that affects mainly to older adults, who according to multiple factors present relapses or readmissions that cause the deterioration of the patient and increase the expense disease healthcare. Objective: To validate an instrument to determine the hospital readmission of the elderly with arterial hypertension. Materials and methods: The research has an observational, descriptive cross-sectional design; quantitative mode. The quantitative instrument designed was validated by a trial of experts and statistically analyzed with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient; I know used a pilot test composed of 15 hypertensive older adults. Results: Due to the validation of the experts, the questionnaire obtained a result of 98.3 and in the Cronbach's alpha of 0.95; both scores are indicative of excellent reliability. Conclusion: The instrument is reliable, it has the parameters of validity, relevance and coherence so they can be applied to determine the hospital readmission of older adults with arterial hypertension.

Introducción: En la actualidad existen diversas investigaciones relacionadas a la cardiopatía congénita, pero no existen estudios actualizados de instrumentos que se encuentren validados por juicio de expertos que ayuden a medir el nivel de conocimiento sobre esta patología. Objetivo: Formular y validar un instrumento que permita determinar el nivel de conocimiento que tienen los padres sobre cardiopatía congénita. Materiales y métodos: La presente investigación es de campo, con un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo no experimental, prospectivo, de corte transversal, con un alcance descriptivo; se realizó una prueba piloto mediante la ejecución de una encuesta en una muestra conformada por 15 padres de niños con cardiopatía congénita, que fueron seleccionados de forma aleatoria. Resultados: Entre los principales resultados, se obtuvo que el instrumento elaborado, presenta un Alfa de Cronbach de 0.9 equivalente a una excelente confiabilidad. Conclusión: El instrumento ha sido aprobado por juicio de expertos en base a su validez, pertinencia y coherencia, resultando aplicable para la recolección de datos de la investigación. SUMMARYIntroduction: Currently there are several investigations related to the congenital heart disease, but there are no updated studies of instruments that are are validated by expert judgment that help measure the level of knowledge about this pathology. Objective: Formulate and validate an instrument that to determine the level of knowledge that parents have about heart disease congenital Materials and Methods: This research is field, with a focus quantitative, non-experimental, prospective, cross-sectional, with a scope descriptive; A pilot test was carried out by executing a survey in a sample made up of 15 parents of children with congenital heart disease, who were randomly selected. Results: Among the main results, obtained that the elaborated instrument presents a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.9 equivalent to excellent reliability. Conclusion: The instrument has been approved by judgment of experts based on its validity, relevance and coherence, being applicable for the research data collection.

Introducción: La insuficiencia renal crónica afecta a toda una población adulta e influye en su calidad de vida. En el Ecuador se reporta que más del 65% de pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes progresan con insuficiencia renal. Objetivo: Validar los instrumentos para evaluar la influencia de la hemodiálisis en la calidad de vida del adulto mayor con insuficiencia renal crónica, Unidad Dialysis Center. Materiales y métodos: La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuali-cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, descriptivo de corte transversal. Se realizó una prueba piloto con los instrumentos a validarse en una muestra conformada por 15 adultos mayores que se encuentran en tratamiento sustitutivo de hemodiálisis. Resultados: El instrumento cuantitativo o encuesta obtuvo un coeficiente de confiabilidad (Alfa de Cronbach) de 0.80 y la entrevista o instrumento cualitativo, una puntuación de 95 según la rúbrica de los expertos, por lo que los instrumentos fueron aprobados y es confiable su aplicación para responder a los objetivos planteados en la investigación. Conclusiones: Con los resultados obtenidos por el plan piloto realizado, se identifica una influencia considerable de la insuficiencia renal crónica en la calidad de vida, comprende repercusiones a nivel emocional desarrollando depresión. Los datos obtenidos validan la efectividad de los instrumentos para el estudio. SUMMARYIntroduction: Chronic renal failure affects an entire adult population and influences their quality of life. In Ecuador it is reported that more than 65% of patients with hypertension and diabetes progress to kidney failure. Objective: To validate the instruments to evaluate the influence of hemodialysis on the quality of life of the elderly with chronic renal failure, Dialysis Center Unit. Materials and methods: The research had a qualitative-quantitative approach, non-experimental, descriptive cross-sectional design. A pilot test was carried out with the instruments to be validated in a sample made up of 15 older adults who are on hemodialysis replacement therapy. Results: The quantitative instrument or survey obtained a reliability coefficient (Cronbach's Alpha) of 0.80 and the interview or qualitative instrument, a score of 95 according to the experts' rubric, so the instruments were approved and their application is reliable for respond to the objectives set out in the research. Conclusions: With the results obtained by the pilot plan carried out, a considerable influence of chronic renal failure on quality of life is identified, including repercussions at an emotional level, developing depression. The data obtained validate the effectiveness of the instruments for the study.

Este artículo es parte del proyecto, “La pertinencia de la investigación innovación y vinculación del posgrado y escenario deseable al 2038”. El objetivo fue sistematizar la información sobre el tema de investigación para conformar el estado del conocimiento. Para ello, se apoyó en buscadores Google Scholar, Redalic, Scielo, Dialnet, consultando literatura especializada. El análisis, mostró deficiencias en la producción, la metodología, investigadores con bajo perfil y errores de problemas propios, entre otros. Entre las fortalezas, se muestran cambios sustantivos en la investigación científica, tecnológica e innovación, y en el posgrado, se privilegia la actualización de las estructuras curriculares, con la mejora del perfil de ingreso y egreso para formar egresados competentes que atiendan las necesidades de la sociedad, el mundo empresarial y el gobierno. Como conclusión, se está enfrentando los retos y riesgos de ahora y del futuro en las instituciones educativas, con propuestas de nuevas políticas educativas para el desarrollo y fortalecimiento del posgrado en su búsqueda ideal del escenario deseable e incrementar y mejorar los programas académicos de calidad, con proyectos, productos y resultados, además de entregar estudiantes que beneficien a la sociedad.

Este artículo es parte de una investigación más amplia, cuyo objetivo fue, analizar el conocimiento y la utilización de las competencias digitales docentes de estudiantes de posgrado durante su formación y su desarrollo en el contexto laboral. En este, la metodología aplicada fue cuantitativa cuasi experimental, comparativa y descriptiva, de tipo no paramétrica, aplicando un análisis estadístico de U de Mann-Whitney para la comparación de dos muestras independientes. La unidad de observación son 40 estudiantes del 3er y 4to semestre de la Maestría; se aplicó a través de Google Form un cuestionario con 113 reactivos, distribuidos en dimensiones del INTEF: información y alfabetización informacional, creación de contenidos digitales, comunicación y colaboración, seguridad y resolución de problemas. La información fue tratada con el programa estadístico SPSS. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes del cuarto semestre más que conocer aplican las habilidades de las dimensiones, resaltando la creación de videos, páginas web, códigos QR y el uso de dispositivos móviles en su quehacer educativo. Se concluye en que los estudiantes utilizan las herramientas tecnológicas, y a menor escala el conocimiento de las mismas.

This paper analyzes experiences lived by the researchers involved in the consolidated academic group CA-UAZ 190: Education Policy (CA), and in the International network Interagency and Interdisciplinary Educational Research (RED): Politics, Culture and Education Diversity. The methodology applied consisted in the review of file and document, as is the case of minutes of meetings, agreements, letters of intent, log book, brochures; as well as literature and consultation on the Web. By way of course, the actions realized for the consolidation of CA and Red are according whit the national policies. In this, a number of scholars and actions undertaken by academic peers events, whose product are shown on the conclusions.

El objetivo del artículo es exponer las particularidades del Programa de Maestría en Investigaciones Humanísticas y Educativas de la Unidad Académica de Docencia Superior de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, México, en cuanto a su proyecto de formación de investigadores, catalogado dentro del Sistema Nacional de Posgrados, perteneciente al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Se considera la metodología cualitativa, en vista de que se analizan documentos del programa de la Maestría en Investigaciones Humanísticas y Educativas. La metodología en cuestión favoreció para agrupar la información en tres ejes que definieron el rumbo del trabajo: introducción, que muestra un panorama general de la realidad investigativa en México, caracterización del investigador, del investigador educativo y la definición de la investigación formativa. Según los resultados obtenidos, se pudo constatar que la Maestría en Investigaciones Humanísticas y Educativas, debe reforzar sus estrategias en la formación de investigadores, y para mayor certeza, dar seguimiento al trayecto investigativo de los egresados del programa para corroborar los aciertos, desaciertos y retos pendientes.

As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic evolved and became a global health threat, the safety of immunosuppression in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) became of utmost important for clinicians and patients. Although timely initiation of immunosuppressive therapy is critical to quell the acute inflammation and prevent AAV-associated mortality and morbidity, concerns for increased susceptibility to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), delayed viral clearance, and decreased humoral response to infection led to speculation about modification in induction therapy practices may be deployed by physicians caring for patients with AAV. This international retrospective cohort study investigated the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on AAV induction therapy and patient outcomes in different parts of the world by studying differences in treatment regimens in the United States, United Kingdom, and Europe.

Previous studies suggested that Interleukin-10 (IL-10) depletion in Crohn's disease (CD) could predict outcome.To determine IL-10 in blood and at different intestinal locations in patients with active CD and to assess its potential prognostic capacity to identify aggressive CD.Twenty-three patients with CD were included. Ulcerative colitis (UC), infectious colitis and healthy individuals acted as controls. Serum and mucosal samples were taken at baseline and 1 month after steroid initiation in CD patients. Patients were classified according to steroid response. Control samples were obtained from different intestinal locations. IL-10 expression was measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence (intestine) and ELISA (serum, biopsy cultures' supernatants and tissue homogenates).CD and UC showed an increase in IL-10 messenger RNA (mRNA) versus controls (p lt; .0001) in mucosa, whereas IL-10 protein secretion was increased in all types of intestinal inflammation (p lt; .001). No differences in IL-10 mRNA were found in CD at baseline regarding steroid response, but levels decreased in non-responders versus responders (p = .027) and were restored with rescue therapy. Serum IL-10 was increased in steroid-refractory CD at baseline and after treatment.Abnormal IL-10 levels in refractory patients in both mucosa and blood have physiopathological relevance and may have potential clinical applications.

En esta investigación se describe los niveles de alcance logrado por los estudiantes de posgrado. El objetivo consistió en, analizar la utilización de las competencias digitales docentes adquiridas por los estudiantes de la Maestría durante su formación académica. Es un estudio de carácter cuantitativo cuasi experimental comparativo y descriptivo, de tipo no paramétrica, se trabajó con 40 estudiantes del 3er y 4to semestre de la Maestría; a través de Google Form se aplicó un instrumento con 23 reactivos, y se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS para el tratamiento de la información. Los resultados en la dimensión I: Información y alfabetización informacional, la mayoría de los estudiantes requieren aplicar marcadores, herramientas de almacenamiento, recuperación de archivos, detectar coincidencias, revisión de citación, por su parte en la dimensión II: Selección y creación de contenidos los resultados muestran que aplican las herramientas en la creación de video, páginas Web, Gimp y mapas conceptuales, por su parte les falta aprender o utilizar la generación de QR, cuestionarios interactivos, Podcast, Gamificación, Realidad Aumentada y la creación de rubricas. La conclusión, derivan de los resultados obtenidos que revelan, se requiere incorporar las competencias digitales docentes a la estructura curricular del programa académico, para su impartición, conocimiento y utilización, ya esto origina falta de equilibrio en la utilización de las diversas herramientas para el desarrollo en los estudiantes.

Presentamos un estudio de la escritura poética de Claudio Bertoni a partir del examen de la significación de las cosas, que nos permite identificar una poética que actualiza, entre otros aspectos, la fragilidad de la existencia humana. Recurrimos al comentario de textos de El tamaño de la verdad, libro publicado en 2011, donde se advierte el despliegue de afectos e intensidades que orbitan la relación entre el sujeto y los objetos precarios.

This work was supported by Framework Partnership Agreement between the Consellería de Sanidad de la XUNTA de Galicia and GENVIP-IDIS-2021–2024 (SERGAS-IDIS March 2021; Spain); and consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CB21/06/00103; F.M-T), DIAVIR (Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)/DTS19/00049/Cofinanciado FEDER; Proyecto de Desarrollo Tecnológico en Salud), Resvi-Omics (Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)/PI19/01039/Cofinanciado FEDER), BI-BACVIR (PRIS-3; Agencia de Conocimiento en Salud (ACIS)—Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS)—Xunta de Galicia; Spain), Programa Traslacional COVID-19 (ACIS—Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS)—XUNTA de Galicia; Spain) and Axencia Galega de Innovación (GAIN; IN607B 2020/08—XUNTA de Galicia; Spain) [A.S]; and ReSVinext (Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)/PI16/01569/Cofinanciado FEDER), Enterogen (Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)/PI19/01090/Cofinanciado FEDER), and Axencia Galega de Innovación (GAIN; IN845D 2020/23—Xunta de Galicia; Spain) [F.M-T] Background: Research on the effectiveness of COVID-19 booster-based vaccine schedule is ongoing and real-world data on vaccine effectiveness (VE) in comorbid patients are limited. We aimed to estimate booster dose VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity in the general population and in comorbid patients. Method: A retrospective test-negative control study was undertaken in Galicia-Spain (December 2020–November 2021). VE and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using multivariate logistic regression models. Results: 1,512,415 (94.13%) negative and 94,334 (5.87%) positive SARS-CoV-2 test results were included. A booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine is associated with substantially higher protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection than vaccination without a booster [VEboosted = 87% (95%CI: 83%; 89%); VEnon-boosted = 66% (95%CI: 65%; 67%)]. The high VE was observed in all ages, but was more pronounced in subjects older than 65 years. VE against COVID-19 severity was analyzed in a mixed population of boosted and non-boosted individuals and considerable protection was obtained [VE: hospitalization = 72% (95%CI: 68%; 75%); intensive care unit administration = 83% (95%CI: 78%; 88%), in-hospital mortality = 66% (95%CI: 53%; 75%)]. Boosted comorbid patients are more protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection than those who were non-boosted. This was observed in a wide range of major diseases including cancer (81% versus 54%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (84% versus 61%), diabetes (84% versus 65%), hypertension (82% versus 65%) and obesity (91% versus 67%), among others. Conclusions: A booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine increases the protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity in the general population and in comorbid patients. SI

Introduction A substantial proportion of adult patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet exhibit persistent villous atrophy, and inadvertent gluten exposure may be one of the causes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate villous atrophy persistence after 2 years on a gluten-free diet in de novo adult patients with celiac disease with strict control of gluten exposure. Methods Symptomatic de novo adult patients with celiac disease were prospectively included. Clinical visits and dietary surveillance were scheduled every 6 months during a 2-year follow-up period. At each visit, fecal samples were collected and stored at -20 °C until analysis for gluten immunogenic peptides (f-GIPs). A follow-up duodenal biopsy was performed at 2 years. We evaluated the variables associated with persistent villous atrophy. Results Seventy-six patients completed the study (36.5 ± 1.6 years, 73% women); persistent villous atrophy was observed in 40 (53%), whereas 72.5% were asymptomatic and 75% had negative serology. Detectable f-GIP >0.08 μg/g in at least 1 fecal sample was seen in 69% of patients. There were no significant differences in the median f-GIP at each visit and median area under the curve over the serial measurements between patients with persistent villous atrophy and those who recovered. On multivariate analysis, only older age was associated with persistent villous atrophy (32% for 16-30 years; 67% for >30 years; P = 0.016). Discussion The rate of persistent villous atrophy after 2 years was high in adult patients with celiac disease on an intentionally strict gluten-free diet. Low-level ongoing inadvertent gluten exposure could be a contributing factor to persistent villous atrophy.

Within-species contamination is a major issue in sequencing studies, especially for mitochondrial studies. Contamination can be detected by analyzing the nuclear genome or by inspecting polymorphic sites in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). Existing methods using the nuclear genome are computationally expensive, and no appropriate tool for detecting sample contamination in large-scale mtDNA data sets is available. Here we present haplocheck, a tool that requires only the mtDNA to detect contamination in both targeted mitochondrial and whole-genome sequencing studies. Our in silico simulations and amplicon mixture experiments indicate that haplocheck detects mtDNA contamination accurately and is independent of the phylogenetic distance within a sample mixture. By applying haplocheck to The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium data, we further evaluate the application of haplocheck as a fast proxy tool for nDNA-based contamination detection using the mtDNA and identify the mitochondrial copy number within a mixture as a critical component for the overall accuracy. The haplocheck tool is available both as a command-line tool and as a cloud web service producing interactive reports that facilitates the navigation through the phylogeny of contaminated samples.

RESUMEN Tradicionalmente se ha concedido un papel subordinado a la mujer en las capitulaciones matrimoniales, documento basico en la regulacion del regimen economico de la familia. Sin embargo, no eran raras las ocasiones en que la mujer alcanzaba protagonismo. El examen de varios centenares de capitulaciones del Alto Aragon nos ha permitido sacar a la luz esa realidad. Son muchos los casos en que sus progenitores u otros familiares la eligen como heredera, no siendo obice la existencia de hermanos varones. Protagonismo tambien en las capitulaciones pactadas mediante la figura del agermanamiento, en el que la mujer aportaba la herencia y el varon la dote. Finalmente, protagonismo gracias a la viudedad foral, a la que se podia renunciar y que en ocasiones era sustituida por el “ano de manto”, figura semejante al any de plor catalan y valenciano. Palabras clave : Mujer, herencia, matrimonio, viudedad Toponimos : Aragon Periodo : Edad Moderna ABSTRACT Traditionally, a subordinate role has been assigned to women in pre-nuptial agreements, a basic document in the regulation of a family’s economy. However, it was not unusual for women to play a leading role. This was due to the predominance in the Alto Aragon region of the “unique heir” law. Examination of several hundred pre-nuptial agreements in the Alto Aragon region has revealed that reality. There are many cases in which her parents or other relatives chose a daughter as heiress, in spite of the existence of male siblings. This female protagonism can also be seen in as well in agreements negotiated in accordance with the system of “ agermanamiento ”, in which the woman contributed the inheritance and the man the dowry. Finally, women achieved a leading role thanks to foral widowhood (Aragonese law), which was sometimes substituted in the Alto Aragon region by the “ ano de manto ” (year of mourning), a similar concept to the any de plor in the Catalonia and Valencia regions. Key words : woman, inheritance, marriage, widowhood, Toponyms : Aragon Period : Modern Age REFERENCIAS Aragon Ruano, A. (2012), “Mujeres y conflictividad familiar en Guipuzcoa durante en Antiguo Regimen”, Obradoiro de Historia Moderna , 21, pp. 29-54. Baldellou Monclus, D. y Salas Ausens, J. A. (2016), “Noviazgo y matrimonio en Aragon casarse en la Europa del Antiguo Regimen”, Revista de Historia Moderna, Anales de la Universidad de Alicante , 34, pp. 79-105. Baldellou Monclus, D. (2013), “La posicion de la mujer ante el matrimonio en las familias aragonesas del siglo XVIII”, en J. A. Salas Ausens (coord.), Logros en femenino. Mujer y cambio social en el valle del Ebro, siglos XVI-XVIII , Zaragoza, Prensas universitarias de Zaragoza, pp. 75-110. Bayod Lopez, M. C. (1995), Sujetos de las capitulaciones matrimoniales aragonesas , Zaragoza, Institucion Fernando el Catolico, 60. Beaur, G. (2011), “Le contrat de mariage dans les societes europeennes. Enjeux familiaux et pratiques de acteurs”, Annales de demographie historique , 1, pp. 5-21. Birriel Salcedo, M. (2008), “El conyuge superstite en el derecho hispano”, Chronica Nova , 34, pp. 13-44. Bouzada Gil, M. T. (1997), “El privilegio de las viudas en el Derecho Castellano”, Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho , 4, pp. 203-244. Castello Puig, A. (1982), “La representatividad del vinedo y su influencia en los aspectos economico-sociales del municipio de Colungo”, Argensola , 93, p. 49. Costa, J. (1981), Derecho Consuetudinario y economia popular en Espana , Zaragoza, Guara Editorial. Dousset, Ch. (2009), “Femmes et heritage en France au XVIIe siecle”, XVIIe. siecle , 3, pp. 477-491. Fauve-Chamoux, A. (1998), “Vedove de citta e vedive di champagne nella Francia Preindustriale: aggregato domestico, trasmissione e strategie familiari di sopravivenza”, Quaderni Storici , 98-2, pp. 301-322. Fernandez Cortizo, C. (2002), “La tierra de Montes en la epoca moderna. Permanencias y cambios en una sociedad rural de Antiguo Regimen”, Obradoiro de historia Moderna , 11, pp. 247-288. Ferrer Alos, Ll. (2001), “Apparition, evolution et logique des contrats de mariage en Catalogne (xvi e - xix e siecle)”, Annales de Demographie Historique , 1, pp. 23-48. —(2006), “Propietarios y sistema de heredero unico en Cataluna en el siglo XIX”, en Xavier Roige, Familias de ayer, familias de hoy: continuidades y cambios en Cataluna, Barcelona, Icaria, pp. 71-98. —(2007), Hereus, pubilles i cabalers. El sistema d’hereu a Catalunya , Catarroja, Afers. —(2014), “Desigualdades de genero en el acceso a los derechos de propiedad y sistemas hereditarios en Espana”, Areas, 33, pp. 35-47. Furio, A. (1998), “Reproduccion familiar y reproduccion social: familia, herencia y mercado de la tierra en el pais valenciano en la baja Edad Media” en F. Garcia Gonzalez (ed.), Tierra y familia en la Espana meridional, siglos XIII-XIX , Murcia, Universidad de Murcia, pp. 31-33. Gacto Fernandez, E. (1984), “El marco juridico de la familia castellana. Edad Moderna”, Historia. Instituciones. Documentos , 11, pp. 37-66. Giuliodori, S. (2008), “Que fuentes? ?Que cuestiones? Los estudios sobre la capacidad patrimonial de la mujer en Italia durante la Baja Edad Media”, Studia Historica, Historia medieval , 26, pp. 91-109. Gomez de Valenzuela, M. (2003a), Capitulaciones matrimoniales de Jaca , Zaragoza, Justicia de Aragon. —(2003b), Capitulaciones matrimoniales y firmas de dote en el Alto Gallego (1428-1805) , Zaragoza, Justicia de Aragon 2003. —(2006), Capitulaciones matrimoniales del Somontano de Huesca (1457-1789), Zaragoza, Justicia de Aragon. —(2009), Capitulaciones matrimoniales de la Jacetania (1441-1811), Zaragoza, Justicia de Aragon. —(2010), Capitulaciones matrimoniales de Barbastro y su Somontano (1459-1775), Zaragoza, Justicia de Aragon. —(2013), Capitulaciones matrimoniales de Sobrarbe, (1439-1807), Zaragoza, Justicia de Aragon. Gomez de Valenzuela, M. y Navarro Soto, A. L. (2002), Capitulaciones matrimoniales y firmas de dote en el valle de Tena (1426-1803), Zaragoza, Justicia de Aragon. Guillot, D. (2001), “Derechos de la viuda en la Valencia foral”, Hispania: Revista espanola de historia , 61, 207, pp. 267-288. Jarque Martinez, E. y Salas Ausens, J. A. (2020), “?Viudedad o segundas nupcias? Opciones diferenciadas en el Aragon moderno”, en J. P. Blanco Carrasco, Las segundas nupcias en la Edad Moderna, Madrid, Silex, pp. 281-306. Lafourcade, M. (1999), “Sistemas de herencia y de trasmision de la propiedad en Iparralde bajo el Antiguo Regimen”, Vasconia , 28, pp. 168-169. Mikes, T. (2017), “Legislacio Historica de la familia catalana medieval y moderna”, Bulleti de la Societat Catalana d’Estudis Historics , XXVII, pp. 163-196. Moreu Ballonga, J. L (2009), Mito y realidad en el Standum est Chartae , Madrid, Editorial Civitas. Nausia Pimoulier, A. (2006), “Las viudas y las segundas nupcias en la Europa moderna: ultimas aportaciones”, Memoria y civilizacion , 9, pp. 233-260. —(2013), “El usufructo de viudedad navarro como recurso de supervivencia para las viudas (siglos XVI y XVII)”, Iura Vasconiae , 10, pp. 573-596. Oliveri Korta, O. (2001), Mujer y herencia en el estamento hidalgo guipuzcoano durante el antiguo Regimen , San Sebastian, Diputacion de Guipuzcoa. Ramiro Moya, F. y Salas Ausens, J. A. (2013), “Mujer y transmision de la propiedad en el Aragon moderno”, en J. A. Salas Ausens (coord.), Logros en femenino. Mujer y cambio social en el valle del Ebro, siglo XVI-XVII , Zaragoza, Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2013, pp. 15-75. Rey Castelao, O. y Rial Garcia, S. M (2008), “Las viudas de Galicia a fines del Antiguo Regimen”, Chronica Nova , 34, pp. 91-122. Rodriguez Aleman, I. (2008), “Opciones matrimoniales de la mujer viuda en Malaga (1564-1700)”, Chronica Nova , 34, pp. 123-157. Salas Ausens, J. A. (2012), “Preparando la vejez: mujer y capitulaciones matrimoniales en el mundo rural altoaragones en la Edad Moderna”, en M. J. Perez Alvarez y L. Rubio (eds.), Campo y campesinos en la Espana Moderna. Culturas politicas en el mundo hispano , Leon, Fundacion de historia moderna, pp. 1260-1261. — (2015), “Pero si..., y si..., por si... asegurar la pervivencia de la casa en el alto Aragon en la Edad Moderna”, Obradoiro de Historia Moderna , 24, pp. 225-255. Savall, P. y Penen, S. (1866), Fueros, Observancias y Actos de Cortes del Reino de Aragon , Zaragoza, Tipografia Francisco Castro y Bosque. Tarazona, P. J. (1580), Institution del furs y privilegis del Regne de Valencia eo summarie repertori de aquells , (De Testaments. Tit. XIX), Valencia, Imprenta de Pedro de Guete.

A new method to monitor internal training load from muscle oxygen saturation using near-infrared spectroscopy could be of practical application for research and training purposes. This technology has been validated in different scientific fields, including sports science, and Humon Hex and Moxy are two leading brands. However, its relationship with hemoglobin has not been studied. Forty-eight professional cyclists, 19 men and 29 women, underwent a blood test to measure hemoglobin in the early morning. Immediately afterwards, hemoglobin and muscle oxygenation were monitored at rest by Moxy and Humon Hex on their right quadriceps (where the skinfold was measured). Venous blood hemoglobin was higher than the measurement for both devices (p

Publisher Copyright: Copyright: © 2022 Butler-Laporte et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Host genetics is a key determinant of COVID-19 outcomes. Previously, the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative genome-wide association study used common variants to identify multiple loci associated with COVID-19 outcomes. However, variants with the largest impact on COVID-19 outcomes are expected to be rare in the population. Hence, studying rare variants may provide additional insights into disease susceptibility and pathogenesis, thereby informing therapeutics development. Here, we combined whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing from 21 cohorts across 12 countries and performed rare variant exome-wide burden analyses for COVID-19 outcomes. In an analysis of 5,085 severe disease cases and 571,737 controls, we observed that carrying a rare deleterious variant in the SARS-CoV-2 sensor toll-like receptor TLR7 (on chromosome X) was associated with a 5.3-fold increase in severe disease (95% CI: 2.75–10.05, p = 5.41x10-7). This association was consistent across sexes. These results further support TLR7 as a genetic determinant of severe disease and suggest that larger studies on rare variants influencing COVID-19 outcomes could provide additional insights.

Tuberculosis (TB) disease causes up to 1.5 million deaths every year and represents an important problem of public health at worldwide level. Here, we quantified the gene expression signatures of granuloma biopsies across human TB pulmonary lesions, and validated the best gene candidates using NanoString technology, profiling 157 samples from 40 TB patients who underwent surgery.We characterised the transcriptional profile of the TB granuloma in comparison to healthy tissue, described an 11-gene signature and measured 7 proteins in plasma associated with it. We demonstrated a gradient of immune-related transcript abundance across the granuloma substructure and evidenced metabolically-activeMycobacterium tuberculosisin the lesions. Patients who converted to sputum negative after two months of starting treatment, showed enriched inflammatory pathways in the lesion several months after, supporting use of sputum culture conversion (SCC) as a prognostic biomarker during clinical management and as a factor to prioritise patients when considering lung surgery.

The human pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the major pandemic of the twenty-first century. We analyzed more than 4700 SARS-CoV-2 genomes and associated metadata retrieved from public repositories. SARS-CoV-2 sequences have a high sequence identity (>99.9%), which drops to >96% when compared to bat coronavirus genome. We built a mutation-annotated reference SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny with two main macro-haplogroups, A and B, both of Asian origin, and more than 160 sub-branches representing virus strains of variable geographical origins worldwide, revealing a rather uniform mutation occurrence along branches that could have implications for diagnostics and the design of future vaccines. Identification of the root of SARS-CoV-2 genomes is not without problems, owing to conflicting interpretations derived from either using the bat coronavirus genomes as an outgroup or relying on the sampling chronology of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes and TMRCA estimates; however, the overall scenario favors haplogroup A as the ancestral node. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a TMRCA for SARS-CoV-2 genomes dating to November 12, 2019, thus matching epidemiological records. Sub-haplogroup A2 most likely originated in Europe from an Asian ancestor and gave rise to subclade A2a, which represents the major non-Asian outbreak, especially in Africa and Europe. Multiple founder effect episodes, most likely associated with super-spreader hosts, might explain COVID-19 pandemic to a large extent This study received support from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III: project GePEM (Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII)/PI16/01478/ Cofinanciado FEDER), DIAVIR (Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII)/DTS19/00049/Cofinanciado FEDER; Proyecto de Desarrollo Tecnológico en Salud) and Resvi-Omics (Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII)/PI19/01039/Cofinanciado FEDER) and project BI-BACVIR (PRIS-3; Agencia de Conocimiento en Salud (ACIS)—Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS)—Xunta de Galicia; Spain) given to A.S.; and projects ReSVinext (Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII)/PI16/01569/Cofinanciado FEDER), and Enterogen (Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII)/ PI19/01090/ Cofinanciado FEDER) given to F.M.-T SI

Emerging studies from SARS-CoV-2-infected patients indicate a preponderant role of monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of this viral infection, in a similar way to that previously observed in other coronavirus outbreaks (SARS and MERS). The clinical presentation of severe patients resembles viral-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, a rare condition previously seen during lethal influenza pandemics and during previous SARS and MERS coronavirus outbreaks. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers an over-exuberant inflammatory response due to the development of a cytokine storm and the depletion of the adaptative immune compartment, which may prelude sepsis in many cases. The present review summarizes past evidence on the role of monocytes/macrophages in previous coronavirus outbreaks and the emerging knowledge on their role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Treatment strategies incorporating the blockade of migration and differentiation of monocyte-macrophage, such as granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor inhibitors, might enhance the promising results seen so far with selective cytokine blockade.

Los residuos sólidos son considerados a nivel mundial como uno de los grandes problemas que enfrenta la sociedad en el siglo XXI. La significativa cantidad de residuos y desechos que se generan en el municipio Valmore Rodríguez son dispuestos en un vertedero a cielo abierto. El objetivo de la investigación fue diagnosticar la situación ambiental del vertedero ubicado en el municipio Valmore Rodríguez del estado Zulia, Venezuela. El estudio consistió en una investigación descriptiva basada en la metodología de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental en Vertederos (EVIAVE). Se utilizaron técnicas de recolección de datos como la observación y revisión bibliográfica con instrumentos como ficha de observación, fotografías, videos, sistemas de información geográfica y formatos de EVIAVE. Los resultados permitieron establecer un Índice Medio Vertedero de 10,78 que se clasifica como medio, por lo cual, aún se puede elaborar un plan para gestionarlo adecuadamente.

The use of near-infrared spectroscopy could be an interesting alternative to other invasive or expensive methods to estimate the second lactate threshold. Our objective was to compare the intensities of the muscle oxygen saturation breakpoint obtained with the Humon Hex and the second lactate threshold in elite cyclists. Ninety cyclists performed a maximal graded exercise test. Blood capillary lactate was obtained at the end of steps and muscle oxygenation was continuously monitored. There were no differences (p>0.05) between muscle oxygen oxygenation breakpoint and second lactate threshold neither in power nor in heart rate, nor when these values were relativized as a percentage of maximal aerobic power or maximum heart rate. There were also no differences when men and women were studied separately. Both methods showed a highly correlation in power (r=0.914), percentage of maximal aerobic power (r=0.752), heart rate (r=0.955), and percentage of maximum heart rate (r=0.903). Bland-Altman resulted in a mean difference of 0.05±0.27 W·kg–1, 0.91±4.93%, 0.63±3.25 bpm, and 0.32±1.69% for power, percentage of maximal aerobic power, heart rate and percentage of maximum heart rate respectively. These findings suggest that Humon may be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to estimate the second lactate threshold intensity in elite cyclists.

There are significant tin reserves in the dumps and tailings from Llallagua. Currently, this waste is being processed using gravity concentration or a combination of gravity concentration with a final stage of froth flotation. A process mineralogy study of the tailings and their products after processing in Llallagua was carried out to determine the failings of the processing system in order to contribute to designing an improved new processing scheme. The mineralogy of the feed tailings, concentrate, and final tailings was determined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and mineral liberation analysis. The tailings were composed of quartz, tourmaline, illite, K-feldspar, plagioclase, cassiterite, rutile, zircon, and monazite. The concentrate essentially contains cassiterite (57.4 wt.%), tourmaline, quartz, hematite, rutile and rare earth minerals, mainly monazite and minor amounts of xenotime and florencite. The concentrate contained 52–60 wt.% of SnO2 and 0.9–1.3 wt.% REE. The final tailings contained 0.23–0.37 wt.% SnO2 and 0.02 wt.% of Rare Earth Elements (REE). Only 57.6 wt.% of cassiterite from the concentrate was liberated. The non-liberated cassiterite was mainly associated with quartz, tourmaline, and rutile. The average grain size of monazite was 45 µm and 57.5 wt.% of this was liberated. In other cases, it occurs in mixed particles associated with tourmaline, quartz, cassiterite, and muscovite. To improve the sustainability of this mining activity, the concentrate grade and the metal recovery must be improved. Reducing the particle size reduction of the processed tailings would increase the beneficiation process rates. In addition, the recovery of the REE present in the concentrate as a by-product should be investigated.

Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) symptoms range from mild to severe illness; the cause for this differential response to infection remains unknown. Unravelling the immune mechanisms acting at different levels of the colonization process might be key to understand these differences. We carried out a multi-tissue (nasal, buccal and blood; n = 156) gene expression analysis of immune-related genes from patients affected by different COVID-19 severities, and healthy controls through the nCounter technology. Mild and asymptomatic cases showed a powerful innate antiviral response in nasal epithelium, characterized by activation of interferon (IFN) pathway and downstream cascades, successfully controlling the infection at local level. In contrast, weak macrophage/monocyte driven innate antiviral response and lack of IFN signalling activity were present in severe cases. Consequently, oral mucosa from severe patients showed signals of viral activity, cell arresting and viral dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, which ultimately could explain the exacerbated innate immune response and impaired adaptative immune responses observed at systemic level. Results from saliva transcriptome suggest that the buccal cavity might play a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and dissemination in patients with worse prognosis. Co-expression network analysis adds further support to these findings, by detecting modules specifically correlated with severity involved in the abovementioned biological routes; this analysis also provides new candidate genes that might be tested as biomarkers in future studies. We also found tissue specific severity-related signatures mainly represented by genes involved in the innate immune system and cytokine/chemokine signalling. Local immune response could be key to determine the course of the systemic response and thus COVID-19 severity. Our findings provide a framework to investigate severity host gene biomarkers and pathways that might be relevant to diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy This study received support from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII): GePEM (PI16/01478/Cofinanciado FEDER; A.S.), DIAVIR (DTS19/00049/Cofinanciado FEDER, A.S.), Resvi-Omics (PI19/01039/Cofinanciado FEDER, A.S.), ReSVinext (PI16/01569/Cofinanciado FEDER, F.M.T.), Enterogen (PI19/01090/Cofinanciado FEDER, F.M.T.); Agencia Gallega para la Gestión del Conocimiento en Salud (ACIS): BI-BACVIR (PRIS-3, A.S.), and CovidPhy (SA 304 C, A.S.); Agencia Gallega de Innovación (GAIN): Grupos con Potencial de Crecimiento (IN607B 2020/08, A.S.), GEN-COVID (IN845D 2020/23, F.M.T.); Framework Partnership Agreement between the Consellería de Sanidad de la XUNTA de Galicia and GENVIP-IDIS - 2021–2024 (SERGAS-IDIS march 2021); and consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CB21/06/00103; F.M.T.). We also thank Aida Freire Valls from Nanostring for her support SI

TIPiCO is an annual expert meeting and workshop on infectious diseases and vaccination. The edition of 2020 changed its name and format to aTIPiCO, the first series and podcasts on infectious diseases and vaccines. A total of 13 prestigious experts from different countries participated in this edition launched on the 26 November 2020. The state of the art of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and the responsible pathogen, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the options to tackle the pandemic situation were discussed in light of the knowledge in November 2020. Despite COVID-19, the status of other infectious diseases, including influenza infections, respiratory syncytial virus disease, human papillomavirus infection, measles, pertussis, tuberculosis, meningococcal disease, and pneumococcal disease, were also addressed. The essential lessons that can be learned from these diseases and their vaccines to use in the COVID-19 pandemic were also commented with the experts. © 2021 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41598-021-95996-3., Sequence data for UE2298/MS060 can be downloaded from the European Nucleotide Archive (accession number: PRJEB47085). Newly reported present-day mtDNA sequences are deposited into GenBank (MZ920249 - MZ921390). Additional requests should be addressed to: marina.silva@crick.ac.uk; gonzalo.oteo-garcia@hud. ac.uk; m.b.richards@hud.ac.uk., Historical records document medieval immigration from North Africa to Iberia to create Islamic al-Andalus. Here, we present a low-coverage genome of an eleventh century CE man buried in an Islamic necropolis in Segorbe, near Valencia, Spain. Uniparental lineages indicate North African ancestry, but at the autosomal level he displays a mosaic of North African and European-like ancestries, distinct from any present-day population. Altogether, the genome-wide evidence, stable isotope results and the age of the burial indicate that his ancestry was ultimately a result of admixture between recently arrived Amazigh people (Berbers) and the population inhabiting the Peninsula prior to the Islamic conquest. We detect differences between our sample and a previously published group of contemporary individuals from Valencia, exemplifying how detailed, small-scale aDNA studies can illuminate fine-grained regional and temporal differences. His genome demonstrates how ancient DNA studies can capture portraits of past genetic variation that have been erased by later demographic shifts-in this case, most likely the seventeenth century CE expulsion of formerly Islamic communities as tolerance dissipated following the Reconquista by the Catholic kingdoms of the north., We thank the Museo Municipal de Arqueologia y Etnologia de Segorbe for granting access to their collections and the Conselleria d'Educacio, Investigacio, Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana for granting the permissions for the study. We thank Lara Cassidy, Valeria Mattiangeli and Dan Bradley for valuable advice and technical support. Part of this work was delivered via the BBSRC National Capability in Genomics and Single Cell Analysis (BBS/E/T/000PR9816) at Earlham Institute by members of the Genomics Pipelines and Core Bioinformatics Groups. We wish to acknowledge the use of the Orion High Performance Computing cluster at the School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield. M.S., G.O.G., A.Fi., P.J., M.G.B.F., K.D., B.Y. were supported by a Leverhulme Doctoral Scholarship awarded to M.B.R. and M.P. P.S., M.B.R., and M.P. acknowledge FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia) support through project PTDC/EPH-ARQ/4164/2014, partially funded by FEDER funds (COMPETE 2020 project 016899). P.S., A.Br., A.R. and T.R. acknowledge FCT support through project PTDC/SOC-ANT/30316/2017. P.S. acknowledges the "Contrato-Programa" UIDB/04050/2020 and contract CEECINST/0007772018 funded by FCT I.P. A.A., A.O., and A.T. acknowledge the support of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research for the projects "Dipartimenti di Eccellenza" Program (2018-2022) -Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani," University of Pavia and PRIN2017 20174BTC4R. The KORA research platform (KORA, Cooperative Research in the Region of Augsburg) was initiated and financed by the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen -German Research Center for Environmental Health, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and by the State of Bavaria. Furthermore, KORA research was supported within the Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health), LudwigMaximilians-Universitat, as part of LMUinnovativ.

Establishing the timeframe when a particular virus was circulating in a population could be useful in several areas of biomedical research, including microbiology and legal medicine. Using simulations, we demonstrate that the circulation timeframe of an unknown SARS-CoV-2 genome in a population (hereafter, estimated time of a queried genome [QG]; tE-QG) can be easily predicted using a phylogenetic model based on a robust reference genome database of the virus, and information on their sampling dates. We evaluate several phylogeny-based approaches, including modeling evolutionary (substitution) rates of the SARS-CoV-2 genome (~10−3 substitutions/nucleotide/year) and the mutational (substitutions) differences separating the QGs from the reference genomes (RGs) in the database. Owing to the mutational characteristics of the virus, the present Viral Molecular Clock Dating (VMCD) method covers timeframes going backwards from about a month in the past. The method has very low errors associated to the tE-QG estimates and narrow intervals of tE-QG, both ranging from a few days to a few weeks regardless of the mathematical model used. The SARS-CoV-2 model represents a proof of concept that can be extrapolated to any other microorganism, provided that a robust genome sequence database is available. Besides obvious applications in epidemiology and microbiology investigations, there are several contexts in forensic casework where estimating tE-QG could be useful, including estimation of the postmortem intervals (PMI) and the dating of samples stored in hospital settings.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 genomes have been sequenced massively and worldwide and are now available in different public genome repositories. There is much interest in generating bioinformatic tools capable to analyze and interpret SARS-CoV-2 variation. We have designed CovidPhy (http://covidphy.eu), a web interface that can process SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences in plain fasta text format or provided through identity codes from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) or GenBank. CovidPhy aggregates information available on the large GISAID database (>1.49 M genomes). Sequences are first aligned against the reference sequence and the interface provides different sources of information, including automatic classification of genomes into a pre-computed phylogeny and phylogeographic information, haplogroup/lineage frequencies, and sequencing variation, indicating also if the genome contains known variants of concern (VOC). Additionally, CovidPhy allows searching for variants and haplotypes introduced by the user and includes a list of genomes that are good candidates for being responsible for large outbreaks worldwide, most likely mediated by important superspreading events, indicating their possible geographic epicenters and their relative impact as recorded in the GISAID database.

The landscape of rotavirus (RV) infection has changed substantially in recent years. Autoimmune triggering has been added to clinical spectrum of this pathology, which is now known to be much broader than diarrhea. The impact of RV vaccines in these other conditions is becoming a growing field of research. The importance of host genetic background in RV susceptibility has been revealed, therefore increasing our understanding of vaccine effectiveness and giving some clues about the limited efficacy of RV vaccines in low-income settings. Also, interaction of RV with intestinal microbiota seems to play a key role in the process of infection vaccine effect. This article reviews current findings on the extraintestinal impact of RV infection and their widening clinical picture, and the recently described mechanisms of host susceptibility to infection and vaccine effectiveness. RV infection is a systemic disease with clinical and pathophysiological implications beyond the gut. We propose an “iceberg” model for this pathology with almost hidden clinical implications away from the gastrointestinal tract and eventually triggering the development of autoimmune diseases. Impact of current vaccines is being influenced by host genetics and gut microbiota interactions and these factors must be taken into account in the development of public health programs. This work was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Proyecto de Investigación en Salud, Acción Estratégica en Salud): project GePEM ISCIII/PI16/01478/Cofinanciado FEDER (AS) and project ReSVinext ISCIII/PI16/01569/Cofinanciado FEDER (FMT); Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia (RHI07/2-intensificación actividad investigadora, PS09749 and 10PXIB918184PR), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Intensificación de la actividad investigadora 2007-2012, PI16/01569), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS; PI070069/PI1000540) del plan nacional de I + D + I (FMT), and 2016-PG071 Consolidación e Estructuración REDES 2016GI-1344 G3VIP (Grupo Gallego de Genética Vacunas Infecciones y Pediatría, ED341D R2016/021) (AS and FMT) SI

Background and Aims Optimal care of patients with advanced CKD is key for reducing their morbidity and mortality. An accurate evaluation of these patients is necessary to improve their treatment and prepare them for renal replacement therapy (RRT) when appropriate. Beyond laboratory values, an integral evaluation of this group is essential, and it must cover a number of aspects, including physical, psychical, functional and social among others. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of a group status scales regarding these areas in our advanced CKD Unit and its potential utility in the eligibility decision making process. Method We performed a retrospective study including patients evaluated in our clinic from 1st January 2019 to December 31th 2020. According to protocol, referrals to our unit occurred when patients presented eGFR (CKD-EPI) < 25 ml/min (after confirmation in two consecutive measurements). Scales and initiation of RRT election process were performed when eGFR (CKD-EPI) was below 20 ml/min. 8 scales were performed to evaluate anxiety and depression, cognitive impairment, instrumental activities decline, frailty, malnutrition, social status, comorbidity and self-report situation. Scales were conducted separately (in an interview with one of the advanced CKD nurses) and did not influence nephrologist eligibility decision. Information about patients was extracted from the prospectively maintained database at our center. Results During the period of study 699 patients were evaluated. Clinical characteristics and RRT eligibility results are shown in Table 1. Scales results in RRT candidates and conservative treatment candidates are shown in Table 2. 128 patients had subsequent scales after 1 year follow up; paired comparison showed higher rates of instrumental activities decline (18% vs. 25%, p 0.002), greater comorbidity (7.21 vs. 8.52, p < 0.001) and worse self-report subjective assessment (63.41 vs. 67.05, p < 0.0019). There were not statistically significant differences in the other scale parameters analyzed. During the period of observation, 12.1% patients died. Multivariate cox regression analysis evaluating risk of death including scales (after adjustment by age) showed a significant relation between and malnutrition (HR 7.98 CI95% (2.24-18.47), p = 0.001) and comorbidity (HR 1.29 CI95% (1.05-1.60) p = 0.017). Conclusion Advanced CKD is rising worldwide and represents an important burden for patients and nephrology services. Evaluation of this group remains particularly challenging, and in order to guarantee its adequate management, an integral and reproducible evaluation of these patients has to be ensured. This is especially important with regard to patients’ eligibility and RRT decision making process. According to our study, clinical scales are useful for this purpose and eligibility results (after conventional nephrologist follow-up) were associated with scale results. The parameters that particularly correlated with eligibility and specifically, renal replacement therapy contraindication, were mostly instrumental (cognitive impairment, functional activities decline, frailty and social deterioration). Additionally, repeated assessment could be helpful to highlight which aspects are deteriorating faster and find strategies to minimize them. In accordance to literature, mortality in our cohort was higher in patients with malnutrition and comorbidity, showing the importance of a systematic evaluation of these items in the management of advanced CKD. Altogether, these scales could be used to better stratify patient’s risk prior RRT decision making process and help clinicians to make more reproducible and consistent decisions. Large-scale, multicenter validation studies could be the next step to prove their utility among advanced CKD patients.

A growing amount of evidence point to a key role of superspreaders in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. A few superspreader events have been recently reported (e.g. Boston (USA), Spain); each of them has been responsible for important coronavirus local outbreaks. By examining >160K SARS-CoV-2 entire genomes from the GISAID database, we were able to detect hundreds of these events (including those already reported in the literature) that have occurred worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic.

Progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH; OMIM 166350) is a rare autosomal-dominant genetic disorder in which extra-skeletal bone forms within skin and muscle tissue. POH is one of the clinical manifestations of an inactivating mutation in the GNAS gene. GNAS gene alterations are difficult matter to address, as GNAS alleles show genetic imprinting and produce several transcript products, and the same mutation may lead to strikingly different phenotypes. Also, most of the publications concerning POH patients are either clinical depictions of a case (or a case series), descriptions of their genetic background, or a tentative correlation of both clinical and molecular findings. Treatment for POH is rarely addressed, and POH still lacks therapeutic options. We describe a unique case of POH in two monochorionic twins, who presented an almost asymptomatic vs. the severe clinical course, despite sharing the same mutation and genetic background. We also report the results of the therapeutic interventions currently available for heterotopic ossification in the patient with the severe course. This article not only critically supports the assumption that the POH course is strongly influenced by factors beyond genetic background but also remarks the lack of options for patients suffering an orphan disease, even after testing drugs with promising in vitro results This study received support from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Proyecto de Investigación en Salud, Acción Estratégica en Salud): project GePEM ISCIII/PI16/01478/Cofinanciado FEDER) (AS) and project ReSVinext ISCIII/PI16/01569/Cofinanciado FEDER (FM-T); Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia (RHI07/2-intensificación actividad investigadora, PS09749 and 10PXIB918184PR), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Intensificación de la actividad investigadora 2007–2012, PI16/01569), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS; PI070069/PI1000540) del plan nacional de I + D + I and fondos FEDER (FM-T), and 2016-PG071 Consolidación e Estructuración REDES 2016GI-1344 G3VIP (Grupo Gallego de Genética Vacunas Infecciones y Pediatría, 3) (AS and FM-T) SI

Among Joaquín Costa's sociological studies, his observa- tions on family organization stand out. Aragonese Families were based on a system of property transfer based on the particular Aragonese legislation and a series of customary rules. This legal facts defined the Pyrenean family model. This article compares the observations of Joaquín Costa and kind of families, marriages and property transmission according to primary sources for Aragonese Modern Age. This study is based on the analysis of marital chapters, wills and lawsuits derived from unfulfilled marriage commitments. The observed result showed a considerable difference between the reality observed by Costa and the historical family patterns. This kind of property transmission was adapted on numerous occasions, due to the flexibility of the Aragonese law. On the other hand, modern research on family conflict suggest that, despite the undeniable power of families, forced marriages received a strong response Entre los estudios sociológicos de Joaquín Costa, destacan sus observaciones sobre la organización familiar en el Alto Aragón. Estas familias estaban asentadas en un sistema de transmisión de propiedad basado en la legislación aragonesa y una serie de normas consuetudinarias que definen el modelo familiar pirenaico. El presente artículo realiza una comparación entre las observaciones de Joaquín Costa y el tipo de familias, matrimonios y métodos de transmisión de la propiedad observables en las fuentes de la Edad Moderna. Este estudio se basa en el análisis de capítulos matrimoniales, testamentos y pleitos derivados de compromisos de matrimonio incumplidos. El resultado observado demuestra que existió una notable fluctuación entre la realidad observada por Costa y los modelos familiares de montaña. El sistema de transmisión de propiedad se adaptó en numerosas ocasiones aprovechando la flexibilidad de la ley aragonesa. Por otra parte, las últimas investigaciones sobre conflictividad familiar da a entender que, pese al innegable poder de las familias, los matrimonios forzados recibían una fuerte contestación

Investigating vaccine effectiveness (VE) in real-world conditions is crucial, especially its variation across different settings and populations. We undertook a test-negative control study in Galicia (Northwest Spain) to assess BNT162b2 effectiveness against acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection as well as COVID-19 associated hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality. A total of 44,401 positive and 817,025 negative SARS-CoV-2 test results belonging to adults were included. Adjusted odds ratios of vaccination and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using multivariate logistic-regression models. BNT162b2 showed high effectiveness in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infections in all age categories, reaching maximum VE ≥ 14 days after administering the second dose [18–64 years: VE = 92.9% (95%CI: 90.2–95.1); 65–79 years: VE = 85.8% (95%CI: 77.3–91.9), and ≥80 years: VE = 91.4% (95%CI: 87.9–94.1)]. BNT162b2 also demonstrated effectiveness in preventing COVID-19 hospitalization for all age categories, with VE more pronounced for those aged ≥80 years [VE = 60.0% (95%CI: 49.4–68.3)]. Moreover, there was a considerable reduction in ICU admission [VE = 88.0% (95%CI: 74.6–95.8)] and mortality [VE = 38.0% (95%CI: 15.9–55.4)] in the overall population. BNT162b2 showed substantial protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 severity. Our findings would prove useful for systematic reviews and meta-analysis on COVID-19 VE.

Spain is one of the countries most severely affected by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with almost 190,000 cases as of April 18, 2020. As healthcare workers (HCW) are one of the groups hardest hit by the infection, it is important to know the seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric departments. We performed 175 immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG immunochromatographic rapid tests in the personnel working at the Pediatric Department of the Hospital Clínico Universitario of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), including pediatricians, residents, nurses, and other staff, on days 31–33 since the lockdown started. Seven out of the 175 tests were positive, including four for IgM and three for IgG, leading to a seroprevalence of 4.0% (95% CI: 1.1–6.9%). Only one of them had symptoms at the time of testing (sore throat). All seropositive cases yielded negative RT-PCR of the upper and lower respiratory tract. This is the first SARS-CoV-2 serological survey among HCWs reported in Spain. Notwithstanding the test limitations, our results reveal that personal protection policy and lockdown measures have been effective to limit population exposure. The low seroprevalence rate poses a significant challenge for the next strategic steps of pandemic control.

BackgroundEmerging evidence indicates a potential role for monocyte in COVID-19 immunopathology. We investigated two soluble markers of monocyte activation, sCD14 and sCD163, in covid19 patients with the aim of characterizing their potential role in monocyte-macrophage disease immunopathology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind.MethodsFifty-nine SARS-Cov-2 positive hospitalized patients, classified according to ICU or non-ICU admission requirement, were prospectively recruited and analyzed by ELISA for levels of sCD14 and sCD163, along with other laboratory parameters, and compared to a healthy control group.ResultssCD14 and sCD163 levels were significantly higher among COVID-19 patients, independently of ICU admission requirement, compared to the control group. We found a significant correlation between sCD14 levels and other inflammatory markers, particularly Interleukin-6, in the non-ICU patients’ group. sCD163 showed a moderate positive correlation with the time at sampling from admission, increasing its value over time, independently of severity group.ConclusionsMonocyte-macrophage activation markers are increased and correlate with other inflammatory markers in SARS-Cov-2 infection, in association to hospital admission. These data suggest a potentially preponderant role for monocyte-macrophage activation in the development of immunopathology of covid19 patients.

The human pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the major pandemic of the 21st century. We analyzed >4,700 SARS-CoV-2 genomes and associated meta-data retrieved from public repositories. SARS-CoV-2 sequences have a high sequence identity (>99.9%), which drops to >96% when compared to bat coronavirus. We built a mutation-annotated reference SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny with two main macro-haplogroups, A and B, both of Asian origin, and >160 sub-branches representing virus strains of variable geographical origins worldwide, revealing a uniform mutation occurrence along branches that could complicate the design of future vaccines. The root of SARS-CoV-2 genomes locates at the Chinese haplogroup B1, with a TMRCA dating to 12 November 2019 - thus matching epidemiological records. Sub-haplogroup A2a originates in China and represents the major non-Asian outbreak. Multiple founder effect episodes, most likely associated with super-spreader hosts, explain COVID-19 pandemic to a large extent.