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Mike Gaze devoted his career to understanding how nerves form precise connections. His experiments focused on the nerves connecting the eye to the brain in frogs and fish. Mike pioneered the use of electrophysiological recording in investigating how the nervous system develops. This technique enabled him a greater degree of anatomical precision than had previously been possible. The dominant theory on how nerve connections are formed was Sperry's chemoaffinity theory (Roger Wolcott Sperry (ForMemRS 1976)), based on the results of regeneration experiments. Mike repeated Sperry's experiments using his better technique. He then extended Sperry's work: first, to the development of retinotectal connections following various surgical operations on the embryonic eye; second, to regeneration following surgical reductions in the size of the tectum or retina; and third, to normal development. In each case he showed, for the first time, that connections are plastic . Even during normal development, retinal fibres are continually changing their connections. This was a radical finding. It implied, contrary to Sperry's theory, that retinal fibres interact with each other in forming tectal connections. Mike called this dynamic process systems matching . Mike then investigated how retinal fibres behave before they reach the brain. In further original work, Mike, with former student Mike Keating, showed, contrary to the prevailing view, that functional value can affect the development of specific nerve connections. In the 30 years since Mike retired there has been much work on the molecular bases underlying nerve connections. These have confirmed Mike's original findings and ideas.

Background/Aims The impact of dealing with COVID-19 for rheumatology higher specialist trainees has been profound. Sacrifices were made to their training to support the UK's pandemic response. Virtual Reality (VR) has long been used as a solution for specific surgical skills; providing a hands-on experience to enable specific delivery of outcomes. We utilised existing technology alongside a specialist VR and haptics team to review ways at delivering a valid and reliable training tool to administer joint injections, beginning with the review of this procedure specific to the knee. We aimed to describe this process. Methods A qualitative study using focus groups was undertaken, one medical student, four higher specialty trainees and two consultants were convened in a focus group to review existing mannequin-based training with the purpose of identifying a skill to develop in virtual reality. A story board was developed through collaboration with a graphic designer. The scenario was imbedded into a virtual reality environment in collaboration with a virtual reality partner. Results The focus group identified intra-articular knee injection as the most appropriate rheumatology skill to develop. Storyboarding built a series of scenarios around clinical situations which would require injection or aspiration. Working with the engineering team we successfully mapped knee joint anatomy and rendered an authentic clinical environment for the storyboards to run inside. Conclusion Virtual reality training scenarios are complex to develop but have enormous potential to create immersive training and assessment experiences which are not boundaried by the challenges of social distancing and COVID-19 risks. Disclosure B.D. Clarke: Honoraria; Abbvie. Grants/research support; Innovate UK. S. Balachandran: None. D. Nagra: None. M.D. Russell: Honoraria; Lilly, Pfizer, Janssen, UCB, Menarini. K. Bechman: None. M. Adas: None. A. Hope-Smith: None. M. Yates: Honoraria; Abbvie, UCB. A. Barrow: Grants/research support; Innovate UK. T. Smith: Grants/research support; Innovate UK. J. Galloway: Honoraria; Abbvie, Biovitrum, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Sobi and UCB.

Leucyl aminopeptidases (LAPs) are involved in multiple cellular functions, which, in the case of infectious diseases, includes participation in the pathogen-host cell interface and pathogenesis. Thus, LAPs are considered good candidate drug targets, and the major M17-LAP from

Whether I had slept a minute or a year I knew not. I awoke with a start and a shiver; my face, hair, and clothes dripped water, and opposite me stood old Sapt, a sneering smile on his face and an empty bucket in...

Ruritania is not England, or the quarrel between Duke Michael and myself could not have gone on, with the remarkable incidents which marked it, without more public notice being directed to it. Duels were frequent among all the upper classes, and private quarrels between...

The terrible temptation which was assailing me will now be understood. I could so force Michael’s hand that he must kill the king. I was in a position to bid him defiance and tighten my grasp on the crown—not for its own sake, but...

As I had ridden publicly in Zenda, and had talked there with Rupert Hentzau, of course all pretence of illness was at an end. I marked the effect on the garrison of Zenda: they ceased to be seen abroad; and any of my men...

It was night, and I was in the cell wherein the king had lain in the Castle of Zenda. The great pipe that Rupert of Hentzau had nicknamed ‘Jacob’s Ladder’ was gone, and the lights in the room across the moat twinkled in the...

A real king’s life is perhaps a hard one; but a pretended king’s is, I warrant, much harder. On the next day, Sapt instructed me in my duties—what I ought to do and what I ought to know—for three hours; then I snatched breakfast,...

If I were to detail the ordinary events of my daily life at this time, they might prove instructive to people who are not familiar with the insides of palaces; if I revealed some of the secrets I learnt, they might prove of interest...

In the morning of the day after that on which I swore my oath against the Six, I gave certain orders, and then rested in greater contentment than I had known for some time. I was at work; and work, though it cannot cure...

‘If love were the only thing, I would follow you-in rags if need be ... But is love the only thing?’ Anthony Hope's The Prisoner of Zenda is a swashbuckling adventure set in Ruritania, a mythical pocket kingdom. Englishman Rudolf Rassendyll closely resembles the King of Ruritania, and to foil a coup by his rival to the throne, he is persuaded to impersonate him for a day. However, Rassendyll's role becomes more complicated when the real king is kidnapped, and he falls for the lovely Princess Flavia. Although the story is set in the near past, Ruritania is a semi-feudal land in which a strong sword arm can carry the day, and Rassendyll and his allies fight to rescue the king. But if he succeeds, our hero and Flavia will have to choose between love and honour. As Nicholas Daly's introduction outlines, this thrilling tale inspired not only stage and screen adaptations, but also place names, and even a popular board game. A whole new subgenre of ‘Ruritanian romances’ followed, though no imitation managed to capture the charm, exuberance, and sheer storytelling power of Hope's classic tale.

‘I wonder when in the world you’re going to do anything, Rudolf?’ said my brother’s wife. ‘My dear Rose,’ I answered, laying down my egg-spoon, ‘why in the world should I do anything? My position is a comfortable one. I have an income nearly...

It was a maxim of my Uncle William’s that no man should pass through Paris without spending four-and-twenty hours there. My uncle spoke out of a ripe experience of the world, and I honoured his advice by putting up for a day and a...

I was not so unreasonable as to be prejudiced against the duke’s keeper because he disliked my complexion; and if I had been, his most civil and obliging conduct (as it seemed to me to be) next morning would have disarmed me. Hearing that...

With Fritz von Tarlenheim and Colonel Sapt close behind me, I stepped out of the buffet on to the platform. The last thing I did was to feel if my revolver were handy and my sword loose in the scabbard. A gay...

The position wherein I stood does not appear very favourable to thought; yet for the next moment or two I thought profoundly. I had, I told myself, scored one point. Be Rupert Hentzau’s errand what it might, and the villainy he was engaged on...

We were in the king’s dressing-room—Fritz von Tarlenheim, Sapt, and I. I flung myself exhausted into an armchair. Sapt lit his pipe. He uttered no congratulations on the marvellous success of our wild risk, but his whole bearing was eloquent of satisfaction. The triumph,...

I put my arm round Sapt’s waist and supported him out of the cellar, drawing the battered door close after me. For ten minutes or more we sat silent in the dining-room. Then old Sapt rubbed his knuckles into his eyes, gave one great...

In order to a full understanding of what had occurred in the Castle of Zenda, it is necessary to supplement my account of what I myself saw and did on that night by relating briefly what I afterwards learnt from Fritz and from Madame...

It was the custom that the Prefect of Police should send every afternoon a report to me on the condition of the capital and the feeling of the people: the document included also an account of the movements of any persons whom the police...

It would have surprised the good people of Ruritania to know of the foregoing talk; for, according to the official reports, I had suffered a grievous and dangerous hurt from an accidental spear-thrust, received in the course of my sport. I caused the bulletins...

The details of my return home can have but little interest. I went straight to the Tyrol and spent a quiet fortnight—mostly on my back, for a severe chill developed itself; and I was also the victim of a nervous reaction, which made me...

The night came fine and clear. I had prayed for dirty weather, such as had favoured my previous voyage in the moat, but Fortune was this time against me. Still I reckoned that by keeping close under the wall and in the shadow I...

About five miles from Zenda—on the opposite side from that on which the Castle is situated, there lies a large tract of wood. It is rising ground, and in the centre of the demesne,* on the top of the hill, stands a...

We demonstrate electrical tuning of the lateral leakage loss of TM-like modes in nematic liquid crystal (LC) clad shallow-etched Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) waveguides. The refractive index of the LC layer can be modulated by applying a voltage over it. This results in a modulation of the effective index of the SOI waveguide modes. Since the leakage loss is linked to these effective indices, tunable leakage loss of the waveguides is achieved. We switch the wavelength at which the minimum in leakage loss occurs by 39.5nm (from 1564nm to 1524.5nm) in a 785nm wide waveguide. We show that the leakage loss in this waveguide can either be increased or decreased by modulating the refractive index of the LC cladding at a fixed wavelength.

Metal cutting operations constitute a large percentage of manufacturing activity. One of the most important objectives of metal cutting research is to develop techniques that enable optimal utilisation of machine tools, improved production efficiency, high machining accuracy, reduced machine downtime and tooling costs. To realise this objective, it is necessary to develop integrated, self-adjusting manufacturing systems that are capable of machining various parts automatically without operator supervision. Cutting tool condition monitoring is certainly an important monitoring requirement of unattended machining operations. Using traditional tool change strategies, tools are either replaced after a given number of shifts or the operator would change the tool when he thought it to be no longer capable of performing normally. Generally speaking tools are under-utilised because most estimated tool life data are taken conservatively to ensure machining quality. However, it is also possible for a worn tool to be continuously used in the machining process so the parts produced do not meet the required accuracy standard. It is therefore necessary that an intelligent sensing system be devised to monitor the tool wear state during cutting operations so that worn tools can be replaced at the optimum time [1, 2].

(1975). The Objectives of Published Accounting Reports: Reply to a Comment. Accounting and Business Research: Vol. 5, No. 18, pp. 152-156.

(1974). The Objectives of Published Accounting Reports. Accounting and Business Research: Vol. 4, No. 15, pp. 162-173.