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The PACIFIC trial showed a survival benefit with durvalumab through five years in stage III unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, optimal use of imaging to detect disease progression remains unclearly defined for this population. An expert working group convened to consider available evidence and clinical experience and develop recommendations for follow-up imaging after concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy (CRT). Voting on agreement was conducted anonymously via online survey. Follow-up imaging was recommended for all suitable patients after CRT completion regardless of whether durvalumab is received. Imaging should occur every 3 months in Year 1, at least every 6 months in Year 2, and at least every 12 months in Years 3–5. Contrast computed tomography was preferred; routine brain imaging was not recommended for asymptomatic patients. The medical oncologist should follow-up during Year 1 of durvalumab therapy, with radiation oncologist involvement if pneumonitis is suspected; medical and radiation oncologists can subsequently alternate follow-up. Some patients can transition to the family physician/community primary care team at the end of Year 2. In Years 1–5, patients should receive information regarding smoking cessation, comorbidity management, vaccinations, and general follow-up care. These recommendations provide guidance on follow-up imaging for patients with stage III unresectable NSCLC whether or not they receive durvalumab consolidation therapy.

Treatment regimens, platinum-sensitivity and BRCA status of ovarian and fallopian tube cancer patients.

Sites of disease and progression of all patients.

Quality of life (QoL) t-tests for all patients (A), GYN versus non-GYN patients (B) and patients who completed cycle 2 and those who did not (C).

Supplemental Figure Legend from A Phase I Study of Veliparib (ABT-888) in Combination with Low-Dose Fractionated Whole Abdominal Radiation Therapy in Patients with Advanced Solid Malignancies and Peritoneal Carcinomatosis

Purpose: The combination of low-dose radiotherapy with PARP inhibition has been shown to enhance antitumor efficacy through potentiating DNA damage. We combined low-dose fractionated whole abdominal radiation (LDFWAR) with escalating doses of veliparib (ABT-888), a small-molecule PARP inhibitor, in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from advanced solid tumor malignancies.Experimental Design: Patients were treated with veliparib (80–320 mg daily) for a total of 3 cycles. LDFWAR consisted of 21.6 Gy in 36 fractions, 0.6 Gy twice daily on days 1 and 5 for weeks 1–3 of each cycle. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) were collected and evaluated for γ-H2AX. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the EORTC-QLQ-C30 questionnaire.Results: Twenty-two patients were treated. Treatment-related grade 3 and 4 toxicities included lymphopenia (68%), anemia (9%), thrombocytopenia (14%), neutropenia (4%), leukopenia (9%), ascites (4%), vomiting (4%), and dyspnea (4%). No objective responses were observed. Disease stabilization (≥24 weeks) was observed in 7 patients (33%). Median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 4.47 months and median overall survival (mOS) was 13.04 months. In the subset of 8 ovarian and fallopian cancers, mPFS was 6.77 months and mOS was 17.54 months compared with mPFS 2.71 months and mOS 13.01 months in others. Patients with ovarian and fallopian cancers had better QoL over time than those with other cancers. An increased percentage of γ-H2AX–positive CTCs was observed in a subset of patients (3/6 with >2 CTCs at baseline).Conclusions: Combined veliparib and LDFWAR is a well-tolerated regimen that resulted in prolonged disease stability for some patients with advanced solid tumors and carcinomatosis, particularly in the ovarian and fallopian cancer subpopulation. Clin Cancer Res; 21(1); 68–76. ©2014 AACR.

CTC number and ɣ-H2AX-positive CTC changes during treatment with radiotherapy and veliparib.

Background In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), macrovascular invasion (MVI) is associated with a poor prognosis. The purpose of this study is to describe long-term outcomes of patients with HCC and MVI treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Methods Patients with HCC and MVI who were treated with SBRT from January 2003 to December 2016 were analyzed. Patients who had extrahepatic disease or previous liver transplant were excluded. Demographical, clinical, and treatment variables were analyzed. Results 128 eligible patients with HCC and MVI were treated with SBRT. Median age was 60.5 years (39 to 90 years). Baseline Child-Pugh (CP) score was A5 in 67%, A6 in 20%. Median SBRT dose was 33.3 Gy (range: 27 to 54 Gy) in 5 fractions. Local control at 1 year was 87.4% (95% CI 78.6 to 96.1%). Median overall survival (OS) was 18.3 months (95% CI 11.2 to 21.4 months); ECOG performance status > 1 (HR:1.85, p = 0.0138) and earlier treatment era (HR: 2.20, p = 0.0015) were associated with worsening OS. In 43 patients who received sorafenib following SBRT, median OS was 37.9 months (95% CI 19.5 to 54.4 months). Four patients developed GI bleeding possibly related to SBRT at 2 to 8 months, and 27% (31/112 evaluable patients) had worsening of CP class at three months after SBRT. Conclusions SBRT was associated with encouraging outcomes for patients with HCC and MVI, especially in those patients who received sorafenib after SBRT. Randomized phase III trials of SBRT with systemic and/or regional therapy are warranted and ongoing.

BackgroundSmall cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents approximately 15% of lung cancers, and approximately 70% are diagnosed as extensive-stage SCLC (ES-SCLC). Although ES-SCLC is highly responsive to chemotherapy, patients typically progress rapidly, and there is an urgent need for new therapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have recently been investigated in SCLC, and this review provides guidance on the use of these agents in ES-SCLC based on phase III evidence.MethodsPublished and presented literature on phase III data addressing use of ICIs in ES-SCLC was identified using the key search terms “small cell lung cancer” AND “checkpoint inhibitors” (OR respective aliases). Directed searches of eligible studies were periodically performed to ensure capture of the most recent data.ResultsSix phase III trials were identified, with four assessing the benefits of ICIs plus chemotherapy first-line, one evaluating ICIs as first-line therapy maintenance, and one assessing ICI monotherapy after progression on platinum-based chemotherapy. The addition of ipilimumab or tremelimumab to first-line treatment or as first-line maintenance did not improve survival. Two out of three studies combining PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy demonstrated significant long-lasting survival benefits and improved quality of life with no unexpected safety concerns. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors as first-line maintenance or in later lines of therapy did not improve survival. Biomarker research is ongoing as well as research into the role of ICIs in combination with radiation therapy in limited-stage SCLC.ConclusionThe addition of atezolizumab or durvalumab to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy for ES-SCLC prolongs survival and improves quality of life.Implications for PracticePlatinum-based chemotherapy has been standard of care for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) for more than a decade. Six recent phase III trials investigating immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have clarified the role of these agents in this setting. Although ICIs were assessed first-line, as first-line maintenance, and in later lines of therapy, the additions of atezolizumab or durvalumab to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy were the only interventions that significantly improved overall survival and increased quality of life. These combinations should therefore be considered standard therapy for first-line ES-SCLC. Biomarker research and investigations into the role of ICIs for limited-stage disease are ongoing.

Background Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) is a non-invasive ablative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This report aimed to address the limited availability of long-term outcomes after SBRT for HCC from North America. Methods Localized HCC patients without vascular invasion, who were ineligible for other liver-directed therapies and treated with SBRT at the University of Toronto or University of Michigan, were pooled to determine overall survival (OS), cumulative recurrence rates, and ≥ grade-3 toxicity. Multivariable analysis determined factors affecting OS and local recurrence rates. Results In 297 patients with 436 HCCs (42% > 3 cm), one-, three- and five-year OS was 77·3%, 39·0% and 24·1%, respectively. On Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, liver transplant after SBRT, Child–Pugh A liver function, alpha-fetoprotein ≤ 10 ng/ml, and Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group performance status 0 significantly improved OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0·06, 95% confidence interval [CI- 0·02–0·25; p Conclusions SBRT confers high local control and long-term survival in a substantial proportion of HCC patients unsuitable for, or refractory to standard loco-regional treatments. Liver transplant should be considered if appropriate downsizing occurs after SBRT.

Stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises a highly heterogenous group of patients with regards to patient fitness and tumour size and distribution, resulting in a wide range of treatment goals and therapy options. Curative-intent multimodality treatment should be considered in all patients with stage III NSCLC. For patients with unresectable disease who are fit, have adequate lung function, and have a disease that can be encompassed within a radical radiation volume, concurrent chemoradiation therapy (cCRT) is the standard of care and can produce cure rates of 20–30%. Recently, consolidation immunotherapy with durvalumab has been recognized as the standard of care following cCRT based on significant improvement rates in overall survival at 4 years. The large heterogeneity of the stage III NSCLC population, along with the need for extensive staging procedures, multidisciplinary care, intensive cCRT, and now consolidation therapy makes the delivery of timely and optimal treatment for these patients complex. Several logistical, communication, and education factors hinder the delivery of guideline-recommended care to patients with stage III unresectable NSCLC. This commentary discusses the potential challenges patients may encounter at different points along their care pathway that can interfere with delivery of curative-intent therapy and suggests strategies for improving care delivery.

Background The PACIFIC study established durvalumab as a standard of care for consolidation therapy in patients treated with radical intent chemoradiation for stage III inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. In clinical practice, many patients are not eligible for trials, yet radical intent chemoradiation may still be used. Methods A virtual anonymous tumour board Delphi-model was used in order to generate consensus on the use of durvalumab in six clinical situations where chemoradiation is used in clinical practice and recommended in guidelines, yet not PACIFIC eligible. Two anonymous iterations were sent and recommendations were circulated for approval and comment. Results are presented using a modified PICOT format (patients, intervention, control, outcomes, and ongoing trials). Results In three of the scenarios, consensus was reached and recommendations were for the use of consolidation durvalumab, but being respectful of potentially increased toxicity/reduced benefit in comparison to PACIFIC results (treatment of stage IIB inoperable, recurrent mediastinal disease, and residual gross disease post attempted surgical removal). There was a recommendation against using durvalumab in resected stage III disease with R1 or R0 margins, even if chemoradiation were considered. There was not consensus on the use of consolidation durvalumab in the setting of oligometastatic disease or in the setting of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma or combined small cell carcinoma. Conclusion Treatment of ‘real-world’ lung cancer often involves chemoradiation in settings outside of stage III and eligible for the PACIFIC study. This paper offers recommendations in these scenarios based on a consensus approach.

Background Molecular testing in advanced lung cancer is standard in guiding treatment selection. However, population-wide implementation of testing remains a challenge. We developed a knowledge translation intervention to improve understanding among diagnostic specialists about molecular testing and appropriate diagnostic sampling in lung cancer. Methods Specialty-specific education programs were developed from existing literature and input from Canadian leaders in lung pathology, respirology, interventional radiology, thoracic surgery, radiation oncology, and medical oncology. The programs, including key messages, review of current data, existing guidelines, group discussion, and participant feedback, were administered at provincial and national specialty meetings. Participant knowledge was assessed before and after the intervention by using anonymous questionnaires. Molecular ( EGFR ) testing rates in Ontario were also evaluated before and after the intervention period. Results Ten programs were administered to diagnostic specialists, including respirologists, pathologists, thoracic surgeons, radiologists, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists, with completion of 255 preintervention and 219 postintervention surveys. At baseline, 30% were unsure of tissue handling methods for molecular testing, 20% chose an incorrect technique, and half were unfamiliar with how to initiate testing. After intervention, specialist knowledge improved regarding tissue handling and appropriate fixation techniques and uncertainty decreased from 30% to 2% ( p EGFR ) testing requests in Ontario was observed over the intervention period ( p = 0.0032). Conclusions Significant knowledge gaps exist among diagnostic specialists regarding molecular testing and targeted therapy in lung cancer. This initiative significantly improved understanding of the importance and methods of successful molecular testing and correlated with increased testing rates.

// Ali Hosni 1 , Kathy Han 1 , Lisa W. Le 2 , Jolie Ringash 1 , James Brierley 1 , Rebecca Wong 1 , Robert Dinniwell 1 , Anthony Brade 1 , Laura A. Dawson 1 , Bernard J. Cummings 1 , Monika K. Krzyzanowska 3 , Eric X. Chen 3 , David Hedley 3 , Jennifer Knox 3 , Alexandra M. Easson 4 , Patricia Lindsay 1 , Tim Craig 1 and John Kim 1 1 Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 2 Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada 3 Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 4 Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Correspondence to: John Kim, email: john.kim@rmp.uhn.ca Keywords: anal cancer; chemoradiotherapy; IMRT; pattern of failure; outcomes Received: November 11, 2017 Accepted: February 27, 2018 Published: April 17, 2018 ABSTRACT Purpose: Patterns of failure and long term outcomes were prospectively evaluated following tumor factors-stratified radiation dose for anal/perianal cancer. Methods: Between 2008–2013, patients with anal/perianal squamous cell carcinoma were accrued to an institutional REB-approved prospective study. All patients were treated with image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT). Radiation dose selection (27–36 Gy for elective target, and 45–63 Gy for gross target) was based on tumor clinico-pathologic features. Chemotherapy regimen was 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin-C (weeks 1&5). Local [LF], regional failure [RF], distant metastasis [DM], overall- [OS], disease-free [DFS], colostomy-free survival [CFS] and late toxicity were analyzed. Results: Overall, 101 patients were evaluated; median follow-up: 56.5 months; 49.5% male; 34.7% T3/4-category, and 35.6% N+. Median radiation dose was 63 Gy. The most common acute grade ≥3 toxicities were skin (41.6%) and hematological (30.7%). Five-year OS, DFS, CFS, LF, RF, DM rates were 83.4%, 75.7%, 74.7, 13.9%, 4.6% and 5% respectively. Five-year LF for patients with T1-2 and T3-4 disease were 0% and 39.2% respectively. All LF ( n = 14, after 63 Gy, in tumors ≥5 cm) were in the high dose volume except one marginal to the high dose volume. All RF ( n = 4) were within elective dose volume except one within the high dose volume. On multivariable analysis, T3/4-category predicted for poor DFS, CFS and OS. The overall late grade ≥3 toxicity was 36.2% (mainly anal [20%]). Conclusions: Individualized radiation dose selection using IG-IMRT resulted in good long term outcomes. However, central failures remain a problem for locally advanced tumors even with high dose radiation (63 Gy/7weeks).

Background The combination of low-dose radiation therapy with PARP inhibition enhances anti-tumor efficacy through potentiating DNA damage. We combined low-dose fractionated whole abdominal radiation (LDFWAR) with ABT-888 in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis with a dose escalation in ovarian and fallopian cancer patients (OV). Methods Patients were treated with veliparib, 40–400mg orally BID on days 1–21 of 3 28-day cycles on 6 dose levels. Dose levels 5 and 6 included only OV patients. LDFWAR consisted of 21.6Gy in 36 fractions, 0.6Gy twice daily on days 1 and 5 for weeks 1–3 of each cycle. Circulating tumor material and quality of life were serially assessed. Results 32pts were treated. Median follow-up was 45months (10–50). The most common treatment-related grade 3 and 4 toxicities were lymphopenia (59%), anemia (9%), thrombocytopenia (12%), neutropenia (6%), leukopenia (6%), nausea (6%), diarrhea (6%), anorexia (6%), vomiting (6%) and fatigue (6%). The maximum tolerated dose was determined to be 250mg PO BID. Median PFS was 3.6months and median OS was 9.1months. In OV patients, OS was longer for platinum-sensitive patients (10.9mo) compared to platinum-resistant patients (5.8mo). QoL decreased for all groups during treatment. Germline BRCA status was known for 14/18 patients with OV cancers, 5 of whom were BRCA mutation carriers. One objective response (3%) was observed. Conclusion ABT-888 plus LDFWAR is tolerable with gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue and myelosuppression as the most common toxicities. The single observed objective response was in a germline BRCA mutated, platinum-sensitive patient.

Lung cancer resulted in an estimated 1.8 million deaths worldwide in 2018 and approximately 20% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are diagnosed with stage III unresectable disease. Phase III data from the PACIFIC trial show significantly improved progression-free survival for the checkpoint-inhibitor durvalumab given as consolidation following definitive chemoradiotherapy (cCRT). Overall survival results from this study have now been reported, along with outcomes from other phase II trials. A thorough review of the efficacy and safety of checkpoint-inhibitors used in conjunction with cCRT for stage III unresectable NSCLC is needed. Published and presented literature on phase II and III data was identified using the key search terms "non-small cell lung cancer" AND "checkpoint-inhibitors" (OR respective aliases). One randomized phase III clinical trial and three phase II trials reporting outcomes of checkpoint-inhibitors in conjunction with cCRT for stage III unresectable NSCLC were identified. PACIFIC reported significantly improved overall survival for consolidation durvalumab following cCRT compared with placebo. Although discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs) was higher with durvalumab, rates of grade 3/4 pneumonitis or radiation pneumonitis were low and comparable between arms. Results from phase II trials also show promising activity for other checkpoint-inhibitors and alternative sequencing strategies, although these need to be confirmed in a randomized context. Preliminary data suggest differences in the safety profiles between PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors. Currently, the role of PD-L1 expression levels for patient selection in this setting remains unclear, and durvalumab should be administered on an individual basis in patients with known driver mutations. Consolidation durvalumab following cCRT significantly improves overall survival with an acceptable safety profile in patients with stage III unresectable NSCLC, now representing a new standard of care.

Purpose Locoregional recurrence is common after surgery for gastric cancer. Adjuvant therapy improves outcomes but with toxicity. This phase 1/2 study investigated infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in combination with biweekly cisplatin delivered concurrently with image guided high-precision radiation therapy. Methods and Materials Eligible patients had completely resected stage IB to IV (Union for International Cancer Control TNM 6th edition) nonmetastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. Treatment constituted 12 weeks of infusional 5-FU (200 mg/m2/day) with cisplatin added in a standard 3 + 3 dose escalation protocol (0, 20, 30, and 40 mg/m2) during weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7, and an additional week 9 dose in the final cohort. Radiation therapy (45 Gy in 25 fractions) was delivered during weeks 3 to 7. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined in phase 1 and confirmed in phase 2. Results Among the 55 patients (median age, 54 years; range 28-77 years; 55% male), the median follow-up time was 3.0 years (range, 0.3-5.3 years). Five patients in phase 1 experienced dose-limiting toxicity, and MTD was determined as 4 cycles of 40 mg/m2 cisplatin. Twenty-seven patients were treated at MTD. Acute grade 3 to 4 toxicity rate was 37.0% at MTD and 29.1% across all dose levels. No treatment-related deaths occurred. Fourteen patients experienced recurrent disease. The 2-year overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival were 85% and 74%, respectively. Median OS has not been reached. Quality of life (QOL) was impaired during treatment, but most scores recovered by 4 weeks. Conclusion Cisplatin can be safely delivered with 5-FU–based chemoradiation therapy. Acute toxicity was acceptable, and patient-reported QOL showed the regimen was tolerable. Outcomes are encouraging and justify further study of this regimen.

Purpose To determine the maximally tolerated dose of sorafenib delivered before, during, and after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in hepatocellular carinoma (HCC). Methods and Materials Eligible patients had locally advanced Child-Pugh class A HCC, showed Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1, and were ineligible for standard local-regional therapies. Sorafenib was dose escalated in 2 strata: ( 1 ) low effective irradiated liver volume (veff) 2 ) high veff 30%to 60%. Sorafenib (400 mg daily = dose level 1) was administered for 12 weeks, with 6 fractions SBRT delivered weeks 2 and 3, and escalation to full dose (400 mg twice daily) after 12 weeks as tolerated. Standard 3 + 3 cohorts with dose escalation of sorafenib were planned. Results Sixteen patients (4 low veff, median dose 51 Gy; 12 high veff, median dose 33 Gy) were treated at 2 sorafenib dose levels. Of those patients 75% were had Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C, and 63% had main branch portal vein invasion. In the low veff stratum, no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed in 4 patients treated with SBRT and sorafenib 400 mg. Inb the high veff stratum: 2 of 3 evaluable patients treated with sorafenib 400 mg experienced DLT (grade 3 large bowel bleed and grade 4 bowel obstruction 51 and 27 days, respectively, after SBRT). One of 6 evaluable patients at dose level −1 (200 mg once daily) experienced a grade 3 tumor rupture at week 5. Median overall survival and in-field local progression have not been reached. Worsening of Child-Pugh liver function class was seen in 6 of 12 patients in the high veff stratum. Conclusions Significant toxicity was observed in the high veff stratum, and concurrent SBRT with sorafenib is not recommended outside a clinical trial.

Introduction Concurrent thoracic radiation and platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard of care for treatment of unresectable stage IIIA-IIIB non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the optimal drug regimen has not been established. Patients and Methods In the present single-arm phase II trial, patients with previously untreated, unresectable stage IIIA-IIIB NSCLC (all histologic types) were treated with pemetrexed-cisplatin (500 mg/m 2 intravenously on days 1 and 22, 20 mg/m 2 intravenously on days 1-5 and days 22-26) concurrent with radiotherapy (61-66 Gy in 31-35 fractions), followed by 2 cycles of consolidation pemetrexed-cisplatin (75 mg 2 ) therapy. The primary endpoint was the 1-year overall survival (OS) rate. The study treatment was considered active if the 1-year OS rate was ≥ 70%. Results A total of 39 patients, including 6 from the previous phase I trial who had been treated at the recommended phase II dose, were eligible for analysis. The most common drug-related grade 3 to 4 adverse events during the concurrent phase were hematologic and 5.1% of patients experienced grade 3 esophagitis. The response rate was 45.9% (17 of 37 patients), with no complete responses. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS survival rates were 79.5%, 56.4%, and 46.2%, respectively. The median OS, time to progressive disease, and progression-free survival was 30.3, 13.7, and 11.8 months, respectively. Conclusion Full-dose cisplatin and pemetrexed can be administered concurrently with conventional doses of thoracic radiation. The median and 1-year OS rates were favorable compared with published clinical trials in this setting. The regimen was tolerable, and the toxicity profile was consistent with the known toxicity profiles of pemetrexed, cisplatin, and radiation.

While this quote is likely apocryphal and not, as is commonly attributed, a curse of Chinese origin (1), its ironic sentiment seems apt when one considers the rapidly shifting treatment landscape for patients with brain metastases.

Patients receiving Bevacizumab, a vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer, may be at greater risk of complications after colorectal surgery because of impaired healing.The purpose of this study was to describe population-based rates of complications of colorectal surgery after Bevacizumab treatment and evaluate the relationship between time since last treatment and risk of complications.This was a population-based retrospective cohort study using administrative and cancer registry data.The study was conducted in Ontario, Canada.Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer receiving Bevacizumab between January 2008 and December 2011 were followed for a year after treatment or until death.Administrative data were used to identify patients who underwent colorectal surgery after initiation of Bevacizumab and to determine whether they experienced a complicated postoperative course. The relationship between time since last Bevacizumab treatment (≤28 d, 29 d to 3 mo, and3 mo) and risk of postoperative complications was evaluated using logistic regression.Of the 2759 patients who received Bevacizumab for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, 265 underwent a colorectal procedure after exposure. The majority had a bowel resection or repair with no stoma (47.5%) and had emergency surgery (61.1%). Overall, 96 (36.2%) had a complicated postoperative course, including 20.4% readmission, 12.5% wound complications, and 7.9% mortality rate within 30 days of surgery. Adjusted multivariate analysis showed no difference in the likelihood of a complicated postoperative course among patients undergoing surgery within 28 days of receiving their last Bevacizumab dose compared with 29 days to 3 months (OR = 1.23 (95% CI, 0.53-2.84), or 3 to 12 months (OR = 0.98 (95% CI, 0.46-2.09) after receiving Bevacizumab.Reliance on administrative data to measure complications limited the scope of this study.Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer requiring colorectal surgery after exposure to Bevacizumab experience substantial morbidity and mortality. The risk of complications is not detectably associated with time since exposure. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A474.

Radiation-induced parenchymal lung changes after stereotactic body radiotherapy are common, and can obscure the primary tumor site. In this study we propose a structured radiographic reporting tool for characterization of these changes, pilot its feasibility in a group of radiation oncologists, and test the interrater agreement. We could demonstrate the applicability of the scale, with a fair to moderate agreement.The purpose of the study was to design and pilot a synoptic scale for characterization of late radiographic changes after lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).A participatory design process involving 6 radiation oncologists and 2 thoracic radiologists was used in the scale's design. Seventy-seven early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer patients who were treated with SBRT were included, and after treatment their serial computed tomography (CT) images were scored by 6 radiation oncologists. Gwet's First-order Agreement Coefficient (AC1) and a leave-one-out (LOO) analysis was used to assess interrater reliability and variability among raters, respectively.The scale reports on 5 independent categories including "tumor in primary site," "tumor in involved lobe," "consolidation," "volume loss," and "ground-glass or interstitial changes." At each time point, each category is reported as "increased," "stable," "decreased," "obscured," or "not present," compared with the previous. The total number of rated images for the pilot ranged from 450 at 6 months to 84 at 48 months. The primary tumor site was scored as obscured in 38% to 40% of ratings from 12 months onward; 3% to 5% of primary tumors were scored as "increased." Consolidation, volume loss, and ground-glass or interstitial changes were increasingly marked as "stable" with time. At 24 months, AC1 was 0.28 (LOO, 0.22-0.42), 0.47 (LOO, 0.39-0.72), 0.45 (LOO, 0.42-0.50), 0.21 (LOO, 0.15-0.26), and 0.25 (LOO, 0.20-0.38) for the 5 categories listed, respectively.In a population of clinicians, this scale could be implemented to characterize evolving lung changes after SBRT, and had fair to moderate interrater agreement. Obscured tumor site is a common challenge of follow-up CT imaging, and new imaging techniques should be explored. This scale provides a tool for communicating changes after SBRT.

Veliparib, a potent, oral PARP inhibitor, potentiates the antitumor activity of radiation therapy and crosses the blood-brain barrier. This was a phase 1 dose-escalation study evaluating the safety, and secondarily the antitumor activity of veliparib in combination with whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) in patients with brain metastases, in order to power future trials. Patients with brain metastases from primary solid tumors were treated with WBRT (30.0 or 37.5 Gy in 10 or 15 fractions) and veliparib (escalating doses of 10-300 mg, orally BID). Safety and tumor response were assessed. Observed survival was compared to predicted survival based on a published nomogram. Eighty-one patients (median age 58 years) were treated. The most common primary tumor types were non-small cell lung (NSCLC; n = 34) and breast cancer (n = 25). The most common AEs deemed possibly related to veliparib (AEs, ≥15 %) were fatigue (30 %), nausea (22 %), and decreased appetite (15 %). Fatigue (5 %), hypokalemia and hyponatremia (3 % each) were the only Grade 3/4 AEs deemed possibly related to veliparib observed in ≥2 patients. Although this was an uncontrolled study, preliminary efficacy results were better than predicted: the median survival time (MST, 95 % CI) for the NSCLC subgroup was 10.0 mo (3.9-13.5) and for the breast cancer subgroup was 7.7 mo (2.8-15.0) compared to a nomogram-model-predicted MST of 3.5 mo (3.3-3.8) and 4.9 mo (4.2-5.5). The addition of veliparib to WBRT did not identify new toxicities when compared to WBRT alone. Based on encouraging safety and preliminary efficacy results, a randomized, controlled phase 2b study is ongoing.

PURPOSE: Chemoradiation therapy trials of different tumors, including lung cancer, have shown a correlation between protocol deviations and adverse outcomes. Radiation therapy quality assurance (RTQA) was mandated for all patients treated in the PROCLAIM trial evaluating 2 different chemoradiation therapy regimens. The RTQA results were evaluated from the PROCLAIM study, and the impact of irradiation deviations on efficacy outcomes was investigated.METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study was conducted from 2008 to 2014. Review of the irradiation plan was mandated for all patients. Real-time review was performed prior to irradiation start for the first enrolled patient at each site and randomly in 20% of additional patients, with non-real-time review in the remainder. The RTQA criteria evaluated included planning target volume coverage, dose homogeneity, volume of lung receiving ≥20 Gy, and maximum point dose to spinal cord.RESULTS: Major RTQA violations occurred in 40 of 554 patients, treated at 28 sites. Seven sites treated ≥2 patients with major violations. Stage IIIB disease and larger planning target volume were observed more frequently in patients with major violations. Major violations were more prevalent in sites treating either 15 patients. Patients treated at sites enrolling ≥2 patients with major violations (n = 86) had lower median overall survival (21.1 months vs 29.8 months; hazard ratio, 1.442) and progression-free survival (7.3 months vs 11.3 months; hazard ratio, 1.345) than patients treated at sites without major violations. These findings remained significant for overall survival on multivariate analysis.CONCLUSIONS: Major violations in treatment plans were uncommon in the PROCLAIM study, possibly reflecting mandatory RTQA. The RTQA violations were more frequent in patients requiring more complex chemoradiation therapy plans. Poorer observed outcomes at centers with multiple major violations are hypothesis generating.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of interstitial lung disease (ILD) on radiation pneumonitis (RP) and overall survival (OS) in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).Patients treated with lung SBRT from 2004 to 2015 were included. Pretreatment computed tomography scans were reviewed and classified for interstitial changes by thoracic radiologists using American Thoracic Society guidelines and Washko and Kazerooni scores. RP was scored prospectively using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0. Pretreatment imaging characteristics, clinical variables, and dosimetry were assessed by univariate (UVA) and multivariate analysis (MVA). OS was assessed by the log-rank test, and the impact of ILD on OS was assessed by Cox regression.Of the 537 patients assessed, 39 had interstitial changes (13 usual interstitial pneumonia [UIP], 24 possible UIP, and 2 inconsistent with UIP). RP was significantly higher in patients with ILD than in patients without ILD (grade ≥ 2, 20.5% vs. 5.8%; P .01; grade ≥ 3, 10.3% vs. 1.0%; P .01). Two of 3 grade 5 RP had imaging features of ILD. On UVA, ILD, Washko score, lung parameters performance status, and dose were significant predictors of grade ≥ 2 RP. On MVA, ILD (odds ratio, 5.81; 95% confidence interval, 2.28-14.83; P .01) and mean lung dose (odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.71; P .01) were predictors of RP. ILD did not significantly affect OS on UVA or MVA. Median survival was 27.4 months in the ILD cohort and 34.8 in the ILD-negative cohort (P = .17).ILD is a significant risk factor for RP in patients treated with lung SBRT. Computed tomography scans should be reviewed for evidence of ILD prior to SBRT.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neoadjuvant chemoradiation and liver transplantation may be offered for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA). This study aimed to determine the dropout rate and survival of patients who entered a national tri-modality protocol. METHOD Patients enrolled Jan 2009-Aug 2015 were included. Enrolment criteria: ≤65 years, brush biopsy-proven unresectable pCCA

Purpose Reported rates of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) nodal failure following stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) are lower than those reported in the surgical series when matched for stage. We hypothesized that this effect was due to incidental prophylactic nodal irradiation. Methods and Materials A prospectively collected group of medically inoperable early stage NSCLC patients from 2004 to 2010 was used to identify cases with nodal relapses. Controls were matched to cases, 2:1, controlling for tumor volume (ie, same or greater) and tumor location (ie, same lobe). Reference (normalized to equivalent dose for 2-Gy fractions [EQD2]) point doses at the ipsilateral hilum and carina, demographic data, and clinical outcomes were extracted from the medical records. Univariate conditional logistical regression analyses were performed with variables of interest. Results Cases and controls were well matched except for size. The controls, as expected, had larger gross tumor volumes ( P =.02). The mean ipsilateral hilar doses were 9.6 Gy and 22.4 Gy for cases and controls, respectively ( P =.014). The mean carinal doses were 7.0 Gy and 9.2 Gy, respectively ( P =.13). Mediastinal nodal relapses, with and without ipsilateral hilar relapse, were associated with mean ipsilateral hilar doses of 3.6 Gy and 19.8 Gy, respectively ( P =.01). The conditional density plot appears to demonstrate an inverse dose-effect relationship between ipsilateral hilar normalized total dose and risk of ipsilateral hilar relapse. Conclusions Incidental hilar dose greater than 20 Gy is significantly associated with fewer ipsilateral hilar relapses in inoperable early stage NSCLC patients treated with SBRT.

Purpose Radiographic changes after lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) have been categorized into 4 groups: modified conventional pattern (A), mass-like fibrosis; (B), scar-like fibrosis (C), and no evidence of increased density (D). The purpose of this study was to assess the interrater reliability of this categorization system in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and Materials Seventy-seven patients were included in this study, all treated with SBRT for early-stage (T1/2) NSCLC at a single institution, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Six experienced clinicians familiar with post-SBRT radiographic changes scored the serial posttreatment CT images independently in a blinded fashion. The proportion of patients categorized as A, B, C, or D at each interval was determined. Krippendorff's alpha (KA), Multirater kappa (M-kappa), and Gwet's AC1 (AC1) scores were used to establish interrater reliability. A leave-one-out analysis was performed to demonstrate the variability among raters. Interrater agreement of the first and last 20 patients scored was calculated to explore whether a training effect existed. Results The number of ratings ranged from 450 at 6 months to 84 at 48 months of follow-up. The proportion of patients in each category was as follows: A, 45%; B, 16%; C, 13%; and D, 26%. KA and M-kappa ranged from 0.17 to 0.34. AC1 measure range was 0.22 to 0.48. KA increased from 0.24 to 0.36 at 12 months with training. The percent agreement for pattern A peaked at 12 month with a 54% chance of having >50% raters in agreement and decreased over time, whereas that for patterns B and C increased over time to a maximum of 20% and 22%, respectively. Conclusion This post-SBRT radiographic change categorization system has modest interrater agreement, and there is a suggestion of a training effect. Patterns of fibrosis evolve after SBRT and alternative categorization systems should be evaluated.

Introduction: There are limited treatment options for patients with prior pneumonectomy and a new lung malignancy. The safety and efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy in this subpopulation has not been well defined. Methods: Postpneumonectomy patients treated with lung SBRT were identified from a prospective single institution database. Treatment toxicity was recorded prospectively using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. Disease recurrences were categorized as local, regional, or distant metastatic disease. Overall survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Of 406 patients, 13 postpneumonectomy patients were identified and 14 tumors were treated with SBRT. Median age was 69 years. Three lesions were biopsy confirmed. The SBRT doses were 60 Gy/3 ( n = 1), 54 Gy/3 ( n = 1), 48 Gy/4 ( n = 7), 60 Gy/8 ( n = 2), and 50 Gy/10 ( n = 3). Median follow-up was 24 months. Two patients had grade 3 radiation pneumonitis 3 and 4 months post-SBRT; they died 3 and 1 months later, respectively, one of myocardial infarction and the other of progressive dyspnea thought to be related to congestive heart failure. There were no local failures, one regional failure, and three distant failures. Median survival was 29 months, 1 and 2 year overall survival were 69% (95% confidence interval: 48–100%) and 61% (95% confidence interval: 39–95%), respectively. Conclusions: SBRT in patients with prior pneumonectomy poses challenges because of limited lung reserve. However, local control and long-term survival can be achieved using SBRT in this inoperable population. Careful consideration must be given to radiation planning to minimize the risk of radiation pneumonitis.

Aims To determine the efficacy of induction gemcitabine followed by biweekly gemcitabine concurrent with radiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Materials and methods Between March 2001 and August 2009, 90 patients with unresectable (78) or resected (12) pancreatic cancer were treated with a standard treatment policy of induction gemcitabine (seven doses of weekly gemcitabine at 1000 mg/m 2 ) followed by concurrent radiotherapy (52.5 Gy) and biweekly gemcitabine (40 mg/m 2 ). Results After induction gemcitabine, 17.8% of patients did not proceed to chemoradiotherapy, due to either disease progression, performance status deterioration or gemcitabine toxicity. Of the patients who received chemoradiotherapy, 68.9% completed the course of 52.5 Gy, whereas 79.7% received more than 45 Gy. Chemoradiotherapy was stopped early due to treatment toxicity in 22.9% of patients. On intention to treat analysis, the median overall survival was 12.7 months in the locally advanced group and 18.2 months in the resected group. On multivariate analysis for the unresectable patients, a larger gross tumour volume was a significant poor prognostic factor for overall survival and local progression-free survival. Conclusion This large series confirms, in a standard practice setting, similar efficacy and tolerability of treatment as previously reported in our phase I–II study. The benefit to patients with a gross tumour volume >48 cm 3 may be limited.

Purpose Reduction of respiratory motion is desirable to reduce the volume of normal tissues irradiated, to improve concordance of planned and delivered doses, and to improve image guided radiation therapy (IGRT). We hypothesized that pretreatment lorazepam would lead to a measurable reduction of liver motion. Methods and Materials Thirty-three patients receiving upper abdominal IGRT were recruited to a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover trial. Patients were randomized to 1 of 2 study arms: arm 1 received lorazepam 2 mg by mouth on day 1, followed by placebo 4 to 8 days later; arm 2 received placebo on day 1, followed by lorazepam 4 to 8 days later. After tablet ingestion and daily radiation therapy, amplitude of liver motion was measured on both study days. The primary outcomes were reduction in craniocaudal (CC) liver motion using 4-dimensional kV cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and the proportion of patients with liver motion ≤5 mm. Secondary endpoints included motion measured with cine magnetic resonance imaging and kV fluoroscopy. Results Mean relative and absolute reduction in CC amplitude with lorazepam was 21% and 2.5 mm respectively (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-3.9, P =.001), as assessed with CBCT. Reduction in CC amplitude to ≤5 mm residual liver motion was seen in 13% (95% CI 1%-25%) of patients receiving lorazepam (vs 10% receiving placebo, P =NS); 65% (95% CI 48%-81%) had reduction in residual CC liver motion to ≤10 mm (vs 52% with placebo, P =NS). Patients with large respiratory movement and patients who took lorazepam ≥60 minutes before imaging had greater reductions in liver CC motion. Mean reductions in liver CC amplitude on magnetic resonance imaging and fluoroscopy were nonsignificant. Conclusions Lorazepam reduces liver motion in the CC direction; however, average magnitude of reduction is small, and most patients have residual motion >5 mm.

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and response of liver radiotherapy (RT) in improving symptoms and quality of life in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or liver metastases (LM). Patients and Methods Eligible patients had HCC or LM, unsuitable for or refractory to standard therapies, with an index symptom of pain, abdominal discomfort, nausea, or fatigue. The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Hepatobiliary (FACT-Hep), and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) were completed by patients at baseline and each follow-up. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients with a clinically significant change at 1 month in the BPI subscale of symptom on average in the past 24 hours. Secondary outcomes were improvement in other BPI subscales and at other time points, FACT-Hep and EORTC QLQ-C30 at each follow-up, and toxicity at 1 week. Results Forty-one patients (30 men and 11 women) with HCC (n = 21) or LM (n = 20) were accrued. At 1 month, 48% had an improvement in symptom on average in the past 24 hours. Fifty-two percent of patients had improvement in symptom at its worst, 37% at its least, and 33% now. Improvements in the FACT-G and hepatobiliary subscale were seen in 23% and 29% of patients, respectively, at 1 month. There were also improvements in EORTC QLQ-C30 functional (range, 11% to 21%) and symptom (range, 11% to 50%) domains. One patient developed grade 3 nausea at 1 week. Conclusion Improvements in symptoms were observed at 1 month in a substantial proportion of patients. A phase III study of palliative liver RT is planned.

Comprehensive and accurate assessment of symptoms experienced by patients undergoing lung radiotherapy (RT) is challenging. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and utility of collecting acute toxicity information by using a patient-reported instrument, the Thoracic Symptom Self-Assessment Tool (TSSAT).The TSSAT is based on the CTCAE v3.0(Common Toxicity Criteria of Adverse Events). All patients undergoing lung RT at our center from May 2008 to April 2009 were asked to complete the TSSAT on day 1 and weekly during RT. TSSAT scores were compared with clinician reporting of the same symptoms. Descriptive statistics and weighted kappa values were calculated to measure the agreement between patient- and clinician-reported acute toxicity.Of 300 consecutive patients approached, 49% (148/300) completed the TSSAT at least once. Patient participation and compliance were associated with treatment intent; radical (87%) vs. palliative (25%); P =.0001. The average data completion rate by patients was 72%, and the average toxicity documentation rate by clinicians was 67%. Agreement between patients and clinicians was fair to moderate for most symptoms; the majority (79%) of the differences were within one grade. Patients reported greater severity than clinicians for subjective symptoms. Clinicians graded greater severity than patients for the more observable symptoms.The TSSAT has been shown to be feasible and accepted by patients receiving radical dose RT. Patient-reported assessments may improve acute symptom management in the future.

Background and purpose To determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and toxicities of sorafenib combined with stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT) or whole liver radiotherapy (WLRT) in patients with liver metastases. Material and methods Eligible patients had unresectable liver metastases. Sorafenib dose was escalated in 2 strata: I – SBRT: effective liver volume irradiated ( V eff ) V eff >80% (21.6Gy in 6 fractions). Four weeks of sorafenib, with radiotherapy during weeks 2–3, was delivered at 3 escalating dose levels (200–400mg twice daily). Dose limiting toxicity was defined as any grade 3+ liver toxicity, or grade 4+ treatment-related toxicity. Results Thirty-three patients were treated: 18 in stratum I (median dose 42Gy), 15 in stratum II. The MTD was not reached. Grade 3+ toxicity was seen in 33% of patients, at a median of 10days. Two deaths from non-classic liver toxicity occurred post WLRT in stratum II. The median overall survival was 22.3 and 5.7months for strata I and II respectively. Conclusions Sorafenib and 21.6Gy in 6 fraction WLRT resulted in unacceptably high rates of liver toxicity. Although sorafenib combined with SBRT was tolerable, the observed efficacy does not merit further clinical evaluation.

Background and purpose To evaluate the tolerability and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of sorafenib administered concurrently with palliative radiotherapy. Material and methods In patients with incurable cancer, sorafenib was escalated independently in three cohorts based on irradiation site: thorax, abdomen or pelvis. Sorafenib was administered days 1–28 and radiotherapy (30 Gy in 10 fractions) was delivered days 8–12 and 15–19. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were acute grade 3+ toxicities attributable to radiotherapy. Results For the thorax, abdomen and pelvis cohorts, 14, 16 and 4 patients were recruited, and Dose Levels 3, 3 and 2 were reached, respectively. Sorafenib-related systemic toxicity led to significant sorafenib interruption in 10 patients. There were 3 DLTs in total, one per cohort: grade 3 oesophagitis (thoracic), transaminase elevation (abdominal) and grade 5 bowel perforation (pelvic; patient with tumour invading bowel). Grade 2 radiation dermatitis developed in 12 patients. The trial was terminated early as slow accrual and sorafenib-related systemic toxicity prevented efficient evaluation of RT-related DLTs. Conclusions The MTD of sorafenib when used with 30 Gy in 10 fractions was not established due to sorafenib-related systemic toxicity. Severe radiotherapy-related toxicities were also observed. These events suggest this concurrent combination does not warrant further study.

Purpose To identify risk factors associated with a decline in liver function after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods and Materials Data were analyzed from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated on clinical trials of 6-fraction SBRT. Liver toxicity was defined as an increase in Child-Pugh (CP) score ≥2 three months after SBRT. Clinical factors, SBRT details, and liver dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters were tested for association with toxicity using logistic regression. CP class B patients were analyzed separately. Results Among CP class A patients, 101 were evaluable, with a baseline score of A5 (72%) or A6 (28%). Fifty-three percent had portal vein thrombus. The median liver volume was 1286 cc (range, 766-3967 cc), and the median prescribed dose was 36 Gy (range, 27-54 Gy). Toxicity was seen in 26 patients (26%). Thrombus, baseline CP of A6, and lower platelet count were associated with toxicity on univariate analysis, as were several liver DVH-based parameters. Absolute and spared liver volumes were not significant. On multivariate analysis for CP class A patients, significant associations were found for baseline CP score of A6 (odds ratio [OR], 4.85), lower platelet count (OR, 0.90; median, 108 × 10 9 /L vs 150 × 10 9 /L), higher mean liver dose (OR, 1.33; median, 16.9 Gy vs 14.7 Gy), and higher dose to 800 cc of liver (OR, 1.11; median, 14.3 Gy vs 6.0 Gy). With 13 CP-B7 patients included or when dose to 800 cc of liver was replaced with other DVH parameters (eg, dose to 700 or 900 cc of liver) in the multivariate analysis, effective volume and portal vein thrombus were associated with an increased risk. Conclusions Baseline CP scores and higher liver doses (eg, mean dose, effective volume, doses to 700-900 cc) were strongly associated with liver function decline 3 months after SBRT. A lower baseline platelet count and portal vein thrombus were also associated with an increased risk.

Purpose To determine the patterns of loco-regional (LR) and distant failure in patients with limited-stage small cell lung carcinoma (LS-SCLC) treated with curative intent. Methods From 1997 to 2008, 253 LS-SCLC patients were treated with curative intent chemo-radiation at our institution. A retrospective review identified sites of failure. The cumulative LR failure (LRF) rate was calculated. Distant failure-free survival (FFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Volumetric images of LR failures were delineated and registered with the original radiation treatment plans if available. Dosimetric parameters for the delineated failure volumes were calculated from the original treatment information. Results The median follow-up was 19 months. The site of first failure was LR in 34, distant in 80 and simultaneous LR and distant in 31 patients. The cumulative LRF rate was 29% and 38% at 2 and 5 years. OS was 44% at 2 years. Seventy patients had electronically archived treatment plans of which there were 16 LR failures (7 local and 39 regional failure volumes). Of the local and regional failure volumes 29% and 31% were in-field, respectively. Conclusions The predominant pattern of LR failure was marginal or out-of-field. LR failures may be preventable with improved radiotherapy target definition.

Purpose To present the results of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for medically inoperable patients with Stage I non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and contrast outcomes in patients with and without a pathologic diagnosis. Methods and Materials Between December 2004 and October 2008, 108 patients (114 tumors) underwent treatment according to the prospective research ethics board-approved SBRT protocols at our cancer center. Of the 108 patients, 88 (81.5%) had undergone pretreatment whole-body [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography. A pathologic diagnosis was unavailable for 33 (28.9%) of the 114 lesions. The SBRT schedules included 48 Gy in 4 fractions or 54–60 Gy in 3 fractions for peripheral lesions and 50–60 Gy in 8–10 fractions for central lesions. Toxicity and radiologic response were assessed at the 3–6-month follow-up visits using conventional criteria. Results The mean tumor diameter was 2.4-cm (range, 0.9–5.7). The median follow-up was 19.1 months (range, 1–55.7). The estimated local control rate at 1 and 4 years was 92% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86–97%) and 89% (95% CI, 81–96%). The cause-specific survival rate at 1 and 4 years was 92% (95% CI, 87–98%) and 77% (95% CI, 64–89%), respectively. No statistically significant difference was found in the local, regional, and distant control between patients with and without pathologically confirmed NSCLC. The most common acute toxicity was Grade 1 or 2 fatigue (53 of 108 patients). No toxicities of Grade 4 or greater were identified. Conclusions Lung SBRT for early-stage NSCLC resulted in excellent local control and cause-specific survival with minimal toxicity. The disease-specific outcomes were comparable for patients with and without a pathologic diagnosis. SBRT can be considered an option for selected patients with proven or presumed early-stage NSCLC.

BACKGROUND: This study reports the adoption of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in patients with limited stage small cell lung carcinoma (LS-SCLC) at Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) and the factors that impact PCI utilization. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on all patients with LS-SCLC treated at PMH from 1997 to 2007. Clinical details including the rate of PCI utilization were determined and, for patients not receiving PCI, the documented reason was recorded. Brain failure free survival (FFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, comparing patients treated with or without PCI. Pearson chi-square test was used to determine factors associated with PCI use. RESULTS: Two hundred seven patients were treated for LS-SCLC and 61.4% (n = 127) of these patients received PCI. The most common documented reason for not receiving PCI was patient refusal, typically because of concerns about PCI toxicity. Patients older than 65 were significantly less likely to receive PCI. Brain FFS and OS rates were significantly higher in patients who received PCI. CONCLUSIONS: Not all eligible patients are receiving PCI, despite its significant effect on reducing brain metastases and improving OS. Emphasizing the benefits of PCI to patients, when discussing potential toxicities, may improve utilization.

Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors are rapidly being integrated into the management of cancer. This is the first report of sorafenib and sunitinib, both small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors, triggering radiation recall dermatitis. The pathophysiology of radiation recall is poorly understood, and several possible mechanisms have been proposed. The clinical presentations of these two cases were consistent with one hypothesized mechanism of radiation recall, an idiosyncratic drug hypersensitivity reaction.