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In modern world, Pharma sector observes steep increase in demand of personalized medicine. Various unique ideas and technology were proposed and implemented by different researchers to prepare personalized medicine and devices. 3-dimensional printing (3DP) is one of the revolutionary technologies which can be used to prepare tailored medicine via CAD (Computer Aided Design) software. 3DP allows researchers to manufacture customized dosage form with desired modifications in geometry which would in turn alter dosage behaviour of the product with reduced side effects. Current achievement of 3DP includes personalized and adjustable dosage form, multifunction drug delivery systems, medical devices, phantoms, and implants specific to patient anatomy. Additionally, 3DP is employed for preparing tailored regenerative medicines. This review focuses on 3DP use in pharmaceuticals including drug delivery systems and medical devices with their method of fabrication. Additionally, different clinical trials as well as different patents done till date are cited in the paper. Furthermore, regulatory issues and future perspective related to 3 D printing is also well discussed.

It has been seventy years since a water-soluble version of vitamin E called tocophersolan (also known as TPGS) was produced; it was approved by USFDA in 1998 as an inactive ingredient. Drug formulation developers were initially intrigued by its surfactant qualities, and gradually it made its way into the toolkit of pharmaceutical drug delivery. Since then, four drugs with TPGS in their formulation have been approved for sale in the United States and Europe including ibuprofen, tipranavir, amprenavir, and tocophersolan. Improvement and implementation of novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for disease are goals of nanomedicine and the succeeding field of nanotheranostics. Specifically, imaging and treating tumors with nanohybrid theranostics shows promising potential. Docetaxel, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin are examples of poorly bioavailable therapeutic agents; hence, much effort is applied for developing TPGS-based nanomedicine, nanotheranostics, and targeted drug delivery systems to increase circulation time and promote the reticular endothelial escape of these drug delivery systems. TPGS has been used in a number of ways for improving drug solubility, bioavailability improvement, and prevention of drug efflux from the targeted cells, which makes it an excellent candidate for therapeutic delivery. Through the downregulation of P-gp expression and modulation of efflux pump activity, TPGS can also mitigate multidrug resistance (MDR). Novel materials such as TPGS-based copolymers are being studied for their potential use in various diseases. In recent clinical trials, TPGS has been utilized in a huge number of Phase I, II, and III studies. Additionally, numerous TPGS-based nanomedicine and nanotheranostic applications are reported in the literature which are in their preclinical stage. However, various randomized or human clinical trials have been underway for TPGS-based drug delivery systems for multiple diseases such as pneumonia, malaria, ocular disease, keratoconus, etc. In this review, we have emphasized in detail the review of the nanotheranostics and targeted drug delivery approaches premised on TPGS. In addition, we have covered various therapeutic systems involving TPGS and its analogs with special references to its patent and clinical trials.

Microbial infections and antibiotic resistance are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The bimetallic chitosan (CS)-capped gold-silver nanoparticles (CS-AuAg-NPs) were prepared by the seeded growth synthesis technique. The nanoparticles were optimized for particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP) and antibacterial activity by Box–Behnken design at three levels and three factors. The developed CS-AuAg-NPs were polydispersed with mean hydrodynamic PS in the range of 55 – 289 nm and ZP ranges from +8.53 mV to +38.6 mV. The optimized CS-AuAg-NPs found to have a minimum inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration of 1.625 ± 0.68 and 3.25 ± 0.74 µg ml−1 towards multidrug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (MDR AT) and 3.25 ± 0.93 and 3.25 ± 0.86 µg ml−1 towards MDR S. aureus clinical isolate MDR1695 (MDR CI) strain, respectively. The CS-AuAg-NPs were much more effective against MDR AT and MDR CI compared to clindamycin standard. The live/dead assay of clinical isolates strain demonstrated significant reduction of bacterial cells ∼67.52 folds compared to control group in 12 h. The hemolysis study suggested that CS-AuAg-NPs were non-hemolytic and safer for application in the wound. Furthermore, CS-AuAg-NPs were distributed in the CS film, which showed 87% wound recovery after 7 d in mice model. Hence, we concluded that CS-AuAg-NPs was safer and more effective against MDR bacteria and capable of skin regeneration in the infected wound.

To date, there are no antimicrobial agents available in the market that have absolute control over the growing threat of bacterial strains. The increase in the production capacity of antibiotics and the growing antibacterial resistance of bacteria have majorly affected a variety of businesses and public health. Bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with two separate metals have been found to have stronger antibacterial potential than their monometallic versions. This enhanced antibacterial efficiency of bimetallic nanoparticles is due to the synergistic effect of their participating monometallic counterparts. To distinguish between bacteria and mammals, the existence of diverse metal transport systems and metalloproteins is necessary for the use of bimetallic Au–Ag NPs, just like any other metal NPs. Due to their very low toxicity toward human cells, these bimetallic NPs, particularly gold–silver NPs, might prove to be an effective weapon in the arsenal to beat emerging drug-resistant bacteria. The cellular mechanism of bimetallic nanoparticles for antibacterial activity consists of cell membrane degradation, disturbance in homeostasis, oxidative stress, and the production of reactive oxygen species. The synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles can be performed by a bottom-up and top-down strategy. The bottom-up technique generally includes sol-gel, chemical vapor deposition, green synthesis, and co-precipitation methods, whereas the top-down technique includes the laser ablation method. This review highlights the key prospects of the cellular mechanism, synthesis process, and antibacterial capabilities against a wide range of bacteria. Additionally, we also discussed the role of Au–Ag NPs in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection and wound healing.