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As we all know that education is a never ending process that allows a person's mind to grow continuously. As a teacher, we should be able to provide the students conducive environment for better learning, as it has direct impact on students' learning. A teacher's role is very pivotal in shaping his students behavior, that's why he should never stop learning .Such things can only be achieved through continuous learning. In-service teacher education programmes provide opportunities to the in-service teachers to enhance their skills and knowledge in their respective fields. There are various platforms which are conducting in-service teacher education programmes in online and offline mode. The present paper discusses about the teacher education, in-service teacher education, its role and importance in higher education.

Procrastination comes from the Latin “pro,” which means forward, and “crastinus,” which means of tomorrow. It is a tendency to put off, avoid or delay activities. It has also been characterized as “delaying task completion to the point of experiencing subjective discomfort”, an “intentional delay of an intended course of action” or as a stable personality trait with negative consequences. There seems to be agreement on procrastination as consistently delaying behaviors regardless of consequences. Research has suggested, however, that procrastination is extremely common among college students. Moreover, due to the wide availability of students in a college setting, research on academic procrastination can be more easily studied. It should be noted that academic procrastination is a unique outlet for procrastination. People procrastinate on a wide variety of activities and in a wide variety of circumstances, whether it is putting off completing a project, grading papers, or leaving for a meeting. Nevertheless, unique outlets of procrastination, such as in academics, can exist where individuals tend to delay activities in certain areas. Unique outlets of procrastination have been of interest to researchers concerned in narrowing the behavioral and dependent outcomes of procrastination.

The organic farming system has been used in India since ancient times and is largely focused on achieving sustainable agricultural output in a clean, unpolluted environment. Organic production methods employ natural resources to harness desired agricultural production for human consumption, keeping the ecosystem and ecology alive and in good health. The environmental focus of organic production is on using naturally occurring resources as inputs, such as organic wastes; crop, animal, and farm wastes, aquatic wastes, other biological materials, and advantageous microbes; biofertilizers/biocontrol agents to release nutrients to crops and protect them from insect pests and diseases for increased agricultural production. In 187 nations, organic farming is practiced, and at least 3.1 million farmers used organic practices to manage 72.3 million hectares of agricultural land. Even though India is home to 44% of the world’s certified organic farmers, the country’s overall certified organic cultivation area, at 2.3 million hectares represents just 3% of the world’s total area of 72.3 million hectares under organic agriculture. Against this backdrop, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the current scenario of organic farming in India. To accomplish this, the study will investigate the causality between organic production, the area cultivated under organic production, the number of organic producers, and biofertilizer production by using Granger causality, the augmented Dickey-Fuller test used to find out the stationarity of data. After finding out the causal relationship between variables, the ARDL model was used to measure the short-term relationship between variables. The ARDL long run form and bound test was used to analyse the long-term relationships. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, Annual reports of the Ministry of Agriculture, International Federation of Organic Farming Movements, International Trade Centre, National Programme of Organic Production, and Organic Industry Market Report are indeed the sources of secondary data used in the study.

Sugar industry is the 2nd biggest agro-based industry in India and it significantly contributes altogether to the socio-economic development of the country. The aim of the present paper is to assess the performance of sugar industry in India. Sugar production, export & import and domestic consumption are taken as performance indicators. Further, the study analysed the trends in Fair Remunerative Prices (FRP) sugarcane in India. The study based on the secondary data that has been taken from the various government reports and websites. The results of the study indicated that total agricultural cropped areas are increasing and percentage of sugarcane areas in total cropped areas are increasing and decreasing over the period. Annual growth rate of FRP of sugar was highest in 2009-10 with 59.94 %. There are zero annual growth rates of FRP of sugar during the period 2008-09, 2016-17 and 2019-20 whereas compound annual growth rate of FRP was 8.74 over the period. Export of sugar was increasing whereas import of sugar was decreasing over the period. Domestic consumption of sugar was decreasing between 2018-19 to 2019-20, after that it was continuously increasing.

Digital, Agricultural areas of land are deteriorating every day owing to population increase, rapid urbanization, and industrialization. To feed today's huge populations, increased crop production is required from smaller areas, which warrants the continuous application of high doses of inorganic fertilizers to agricultural land. These cause damage to soil health and, therefore, nutrient imbalance conditions in arable soils. Under these conditions, the benefits of microbial inoculants (such as Actinobacteria) as replacements for harmful chemicals and promoting ecofriendly sustainable farming practices have been made clear through recent technological advances. There are multifunctional traits involved in the production of different types of bioactive compounds responsible for plant growth promotion, and the biocontrol of phytopathogens has reduced the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. There are some well-known groups of nitrogen-fixing Actinobacteria, such as Frankia, which undergo mutualism with plants and offer enhanced symbiotic trade-offs. In addition to nitrogen fixation, increasing availability of major plant nutrients in soil due to the solubilization of immobilized forms of phosphorus and potassium compounds, production of phytohormones, such as indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-pyruvic acid, gibberellins, and cytokinins, improving organic matter decomposition by releasing cellulases, xylanase, glucanases, lipases, and proteases, and suppression of soil-borne pathogens by the production of siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and chitinase are important features of Actinobacteria useful for combating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. The positive influence of Actinobacteria on soil fertility and plant health has motivated us to compile this review of important findings associated with sustaining plant productivity in the long run., Ciencias Exactas y Naturales

Cobalt, Iron & Cerium co-doped CoxFe0.02Ce0.02Ti0.96- xO2; x = 0.02, 0.03 & 0.04 mol % nanoparticles were fabricated by following sol-gel process. Characterization of synthesized samples was carried out through X-ray diffraction, UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Transmission electron and Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and Electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Anatase phase of fabricated nanoparticles was estimated by XRD and further verified by EDXS measurements. Using Debye Scherrer's formula the particle size of synthesize d nanoparticles calculated was 24.8 to 10.3 nm. With growing cobalt concentration (x) shifting of absorption edge towards region of higher wave length correspond to blue shift as noticed from UV – Visible absorption spectra indicate the generation of energy sub states within forbidden gap and reduction in energy band gap from 2.57 eV to 1.69 eV. Structural formation of the synthesized nanoparticles was studied by FTIR spectroscopy which confirm that formed TiO2 nanoparticles have stable anatase pahse. Photocatalytic degradation activity against congo red and methyl orange dyes was detected by visible light illumination. Observations showed that with rise in cobalt concentration (x) the photocatalytic activity rises which is ascribed to decreasing rate of carrier recombination and increasing surface area of the fabricated nanoparticles.

Duality in the entanglement of identical particles manifests that entanglement in only one variable can be revealed at a time. We demonstrate this using polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) variables of indistinguishable photons generated from parametric down conversion. We show polarization entanglement by sorting photons in even and odd OAM basis, while sorting them in two orthogonal polarization modes reveals the OAM entanglement. The duality assisted observation of entanglement can be used as a verification for the preservation of quantum indistinguishability over communication channels. Indistinguishable photons entangled in complementary variables could also evoke interest in distributed quantum sensing protocols and remote entanglement generation., 7 pages, 11 figures

This research paper examines the differences and similarities between traditional finance and behavioral finance. Traditional finance, rooted in rational decision-making and efficient markets, has long been the dominant framework in finance. However, behavioral finance challenges this paradigm by incorporating insights from psychology and behavioral economics, recognizing that human behavior often deviates from rationality. The paper provides an overview of both approaches, explores their key differences and similarities, and discusses their implications for understanding financial decision-making and market outcomes. Through a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature and empirical studies, this research paper aims to shed light on the contrasting perspectives and the potential integration of traditional and behavioral finance., {"references":["1.\tBarberis, N., Huang, M., & Santos, T. (2001). Prospect theory and asset prices. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 1-53. 2.\tFama, E. F. (1970). Efficient capital markets: A review of theory and empirical work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383-417. 3.\tKahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 47(2), 263-291. 4.\tLo, A. W. (2005). Reconciling efficient markets with behavioral finance: The adaptive markets hypothesis. The Journal of Investment Consulting, 7(2), 21-44. 5.\tOdean, T. (1998). Are investors reluctant to realize their losses? The Journal of Finance, 53(5), 1775-1798. 6.\tShefrin, H. (2002). Beyond greed and fear: Understanding behavioral finance and the psychology of investing. Oxford University Press. 7.\tThaler, R. H. (1999). Mental accounting matters. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12(3), 183-206. 8.\tThaler, R. H. (2005). Advances in behavioral finance. In Handbook of the Economics of Finance (Vol. 1, pp. 1053-1128). Elsevier. 9.\tTversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131. 10.\tZweig, J. (2010). Your money and your brain: How the new science of neuroeconomics can help make you rich. Simon and Schuster. 11.\tBarber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2008). All that glitters: The effect of attention and news on the buying behavior of individual and institutional investors. Review of Financial Studies, 21(2), 785-818. 12.\tDaniel, K., Hirshleifer, D., & Subrahmanyam, A. (1998). Investor psychology and security market under- and overreactions. The Journal of Finance, 53(6), 1839-1885. 13.\tDe Bondt, W. F., & Thaler, R. (1985). Does the stock market overreact? The Journal of Finance, 40(3), 793-805 14.\tKahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist, 58(9), 697-720. 15.\tLoewenstein, G., & Thaler, R. H. (1989). Anomalies: Intertemporal choice. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(4), 181-193. 16.\tMontier, J. (2002). Behavioral finance: Insights into irrational minds and markets. John Wiley & Sons. 17.\tRabin, M. (1998). Psychology and economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 36(1), 11-46. 18.\tShiller, R. J. (1981). Do stock prices move too much to be justified by subsequent changes in dividends? The American Economic Review, 71(3), 421-436. 19.\tStatman, M. (2002). Behavioral finance and investment management. Financial Analysts Journal, 58(6), 18-29. 20.\tThaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Penguin."]}

These days Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 is the burning issue all over India. People have different views about CAA, some are of view that it is beneficial for the internal security of our country while there is another group of people who consider it as a threat to the integrity of India and Indian Constitution. We have witnessed people strongly condemning and protesting against CAA almost in every part of India. CAA is the not the only thing people are protesting against, but Compiling of National Register of Citizens with CAA is another major issue along with it. On the other side of the edge there are people who are strongly in favour of passing and implementation of the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 and NRC. According to government CAA will be helpful for the persecuted refugees as the previous laws of citizenship are not sufficient to claim citizenship. The present paper throws light on the questions like what CAA is? , how and why it has been compiled with NRC? , who will be affected by it? , is it really a threat to Indian Constitution? etc.

Soil salinization has become a major constraint affecting crop production worldwide. Salinity induces complex metabolic processes that involves ion toxicity, osmotic stress, biochemical and physiological perturbations. Sorghum is a gluten-free cereal crop, well adapted to semi-arid tropics, highly biomass productive and water-efficient. Sorghum crop's growing is an efficient way to utilize saline soils. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the tolerance behavior of sorghum genotypes under different salinity levels (60, 80, 100, 120, 140 mM NaCl) concerning the performance of physiological, biochemical, and quality traits. Amongst 23 screened sorghum genotypes and 300 lines of sorghum germplasm, SSG59–3 was identified as salt-tolerant and PC-5 as salt susceptible genotype based on germination studies. The photochemical quantum yield (PC-5: 39.1% and SSG59–3: 12.7% reduction), chlorophyll content (SPAD units), relative water content and chlorophyll stability index (PC-5: 65.3% and SSG59–3: 54.9%) were significantly higher in SSG59–3 (SSG59–3 was identified as salt tolerant). Similarly, significant percent reductions in plant height (SSG59–3: 76%, PC-5: 86%), fresh and dry weight were observed with increasing salinity levels from 60 to 140 mM NaCl. Total phenols and soluble sugars (SSG59–3: 62.5%, PC-5: 46.7%) exhibited an upward trend, while flavanoids and flavanols showed a reverse trend. Salinity also affected the nutritive value of sorghum adversely, but the effect was less pronounced in SSG59–3. Quality traits viz. crude protein (SSG59–3: 5.16% and PC-5: 3.22%) and in-vitro dry matter digestibility reduced with increasing salinity levels from 60 to 140 mM NaCl. Reversibly, HCN content increased with every increment of salt stress, from 121.12–133.55 μg/g but were under the threshold level. Based on the above results, it was concluded that SSG59–3 performed better by retaining higher plant water status, photosynthetic rate and phenolic compounds, thereby alleviating stress, which may be utilized as genetic resource to establish sorghum cultivars with improved quality in saline soils.

Frequency modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) has been successfully applied in the field of infrared thermography to estimate defects in various structural materials. The paper presents theoretical aspects of three-dimensional mild steel sample for FMTWI to detect flat bottom holes as defects. Furthermore, performance of FMTWI for analytical and simulated approach has been discussed and comparison has been performed based on time domain matched filtering pulse compression approach. The results demonstrate enhanced depth resolvability of the time domain-based pulse compression approach for FMTWI scheme.

The estimation of defects in any material is a critical problem in the domain of InfraRed thermography (IRT). The paper presents simulation aspects of three-dimensional heat transfer model for a finite thickness structural steel sample having six different slag inclusions using a low peak power frequency modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) and its digital counterpart digitized frequency modulated thermal wave imaging (DFMTWI) technique. The sample surface is subjected to proposed thermal heat flux and defect analysis was carried out by studying the thermal gradient over the test sample surface. Further, time domain pulse compression approach allowing better defect depth analysis has been discussed to evaluate the correlation coefficients and time delays for the proposed approaches. Results show better performance of the DFMTWI approach with high correlation coefficient values for all the defects with low time delays than the FMTWI approach.

The research was conducted with the aim to develop and evaluate the acceptance of healthy Pancakes by utilizing Field pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense) grown in Himachal Pradesh. Pancake or Besan ka Cheela or Besan Chilla is one of the most popular breakfast snacks in Northern India. It is a crispy, quick to make, nutritious, low calorie and protein rich snack made of besan or chickpea flour and mild spices. In the present study Pancakes were developed by incorporating field pea flour in besan in different ratios and were evaluated both subjectively and objectively. The sensory evaluation was done with 15 panel members using Nine Point Hedonic Scale. The result shows that the developed Pancakes were highly acceptable. The moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, crude fiber, carbohydrate and energy content of the developed Pancakes was found in the range of 4.93-7.49, 1.57-3.07, 12.56-16.28, 13.18-27.11, 1.05-6.53, 42.41-55.67 per cent and 438.55-505.37 Kcal/100 g respectively.

More than five million tons of chemical pesticides are applied annually throughout the world. Out of this, about 65% are used for agriculture, and the remainder by public health agencies and government agencies. The primary source of pesticides in ecosystems is agriculture and forestry. Pesticide poisoning is a major public health problem. These chemical pesticides affect nonpathogenic organisms, and due to that, environmental problems arise. To avoid the use of these hazardous chemicals, integrated pest management strategies are beneficial in which cultural, physical and mechanical, biological and chemical control measures are included. IPM strongly focuses on supporting natural mortality factors like pests and natural enemies. IPM requires a great deal of sampling, monitoring, and decision making to be effective.

The chapter deals with the concept of organic farming as an effective way to promote sustainable agriculture worldwide. The mordent approaches of conventional farming uses chemical pesticides and fertilizers that affect the environment adversely by increasing population and diminishing soil fertility and quality. In such a situation, organic farming may be proved as a significant approach to restore the environmental condition and nutrition security for the purpose of survival. There is a need of raking awareness and research in the area of organic farming to develop a cheap and eco-friendly approach for sustainable agriculture.

The use of microbial inoculants as a source of bio-fertilizers has become a hope in the present time. It is an eco-friendly way to fertilize the crop plants; it can solve the problem of high coat of fertilizers and help in saving the economy of the world, resulting in sustainable agricultural development. These biofertilizers use living microorganisms that establish symbiotic and asymbiotic relationships with the plants or are an inoculation of microorganisms which promotes the plant growth by increasing the primary nutrient supply to the host plant and also retains the soil fertility. This chapter describes the facts of experimental results of the use of biofertilizers on different crops in India and as well as in other countries. Biofertilizers are classified on the basis of their association with plants. Generally nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers are used in crops plant for higher yield. The Rhizobium, Azotobacter, BGA, Frankia, Bacillus, and Mycorrhiza fulfil the need of fertilizers as microbial inoculants of N and P.

The biotic and abiotic stresses are key constraints for food quality, crop yield and global food security. It is necessary to take action to cope with global threats caused by abiotic and biotic st...

Presently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is quickest developing technology which broadly embracing for different application services including; climate observing, traffic expectation, reconnaissance, research and scholastic fields and so on. As the sensor nodes are haphazardly conveyed in remote condition, security measurements turns out to be most encouraging test where correspondence wirelesses systems confronting today. The Stable Election Protocol (SEP) is an enhanced algorithm of Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) with low energy in heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for improving the life cycle. Be that as it may, the unequal energy circulation of cluster heads and nodes would diminish the lifetime. From one perspective, adding node vitality to cluster head selection to decrease the energy utilization of cluster heads; on the contrary, decline the energy utilization of nodes in cluster through not directly transmitted by interlude nodes. SEP, a protocol of heterogeneous-aware to drag out the time interim before the passing of the first node (we allude to as steady period), which is essential for some applications where the input from the sensor arrange must be solid. SEP depends on weighted election decision probabilities of every node to turn into cluster head as indicated by the rest of the energy in every node. The outcomes show that the E-SEP protocol functions admirably in adjusting the vitality utilization for improving the lifetime looking at LEACH and SEP protocol with enhanced SEP along with proposed E-SEP algorithm using MATLAB.

Among widely used non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, infrared thermography (IRT) has gained importance due to its fast, whole-field, remote and quantitative inspection capabilities for the evaluation of various materials. Being fast and easy to implement, pulsed thermography (PT) plays a vital role in the infrared thermographic community. This paper provides a physical insight into the selection of empirical orthogonal functions obtained from principal component pulsed thermography for the detection of subsurface defects located inside a mild steel specimen.

Introduction: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is a disease caused by the newly discovered novel Coronavirus The first case of SARS-CoV-2 was reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 which later turned out pandemic affecting large population across the world till now Aim: This study aimed to review morphological differences of SARS-CoV-2 with other viruses belongs to beta coronaviruses and to analyze the effect of various factors on the spread of disease Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 causes a severe acute respiratory illness with morbidity rate up to 3% Despite 79% similarity with SARS-CoV, key differences have been observed in spike glycoprotein, 2 accessory proteins and 2 non-structural proteins (nsp) High transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 across the globe may be associated with these genetic differences However, geographical differences in cases also suggest the influence of natural immunity, climatic conditions on disease spread Unavailability of an effective vaccine and antiviral therapy left only social distancing and lockdown as an option to minimize disease spread Further investigations are needed to know the mode of transmission, resistance to environmental factors The developments of vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in many countries are in Phase II & III of clinical trial whereas many drugs have been repurposed to check their efficacy in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections © IJCRR

In the present scenario environmental conditions are adverse each and every one get affects by global warming, pollution (air, water, soil). Soil becomes infertile due to use of chemicals in the form of insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers and we get food with harsh chemicals those produce many health problems and show harmful effects on the environment. Organic production is a system that sustains soil, ecosystem and people health. Along with health benefits, organic farming has lots of benefits in our environment; ecosystem, ecological cycles and biodiversity adapted to community surroundings. Organic agricultural system joins science, innovation and tradition, to give benefit to the environment. In organic farming nano-fertilizers fulfils all requirements present as well as future generation under eco-friendly conditions.

InfraRed Thermography (IRT) is a safe, remote, whole field and quantitative Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation (NDT&E) technique to obtain subsurface information. In this paper, depth resolvability using matched filtering approach has been explored for Frequency Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging (FMTWI) technique. Further, the spectral reshaping has been performed using Gaussian windowing function to study and compare the variations obtained in the thermal response. The present paper explores proposed techniques on a mild steel sample having six Flat Bottom Hole (FBH) defects using finite element modeling and analysis technique. Results shows high defect detection performance of frequency modulated approach by considering correlation coefficient and time delay as a figure of merit.

Frequency modulated thermography (FMT) is an efficient thermographic technique for quantitative analysis of defects in any material. The paper presents analytical solution of heat transfer in a finite thickness sample with flat bottom hole defects located at different lateral dimensions. The carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sample is subjected to frequency modulated thermal excitation and temperature variations are evaluated for defect detection analysis. The computed analytical solutions for different defect depths have been shown to agree with corresponding simulation results for CFRP sample. The present work highlights defect detection capability of FMT technique using matched filter approach.

The active thermal non-destructive testing and evaluation technique plays a vital role in health monitoring of various solid materials. Present manuscript demonstrates the applicability of pulse compression favorable Digitized version of linear Frequency Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging (DFMTWI) approach to identify flaws having different geometrical shapes in a Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sample. A novel Thermal Image Correlation (TIC) data-processing approach is proposed to obtain the isothermal patterns from the reconstructed pulse compressed data through matched filter scheme to identify sub-surface anomalies. The detection capabilities of the presented approach are compared on various adopted data processing approaches.

Salinity stress has become a significant concern to global food security. Revealing the mechanisms that enable plants to survive under salinity has immense significance. Sorghum has increasingly attracted researchers interested in understanding the survival and adaptation strategies to high salinity. However, systematic analysis of the DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and their relative expression has not been reported in sorghum under salt stress. The de novo transcriptomic analysis of sorghum under different salinity levels from 60 to 120 mM NaCl was generated using Illumina HiSeq. Approximately 323.49 million high-quality reads, with an average contig length of 1145 bp, were assembled de novo. On average, 62% of unigenes were functionally annotated to known proteins. These DEGs were mainly involved in several important metabolic processes, such as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell wall biogenesis, photosynthesis, and hormone signaling. SSG 59-3 alleviated the adverse effects of salinity by suppressing oxidative stress (H2O2) and stimulating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (SOD, APX, CAT, APX, POX, GR, GSH, ASC, proline, and GB), as well as protecting cell membrane integrity (MDA and electrolyte leakage). Significant up-regulation of transcripts encoding the NAC, MYB, and WRYK families, NHX transporters, the aquaporin protein family, photosynthetic genes, antioxidants, and compatible osmolyte proteins were observed. The tolerant line (SSG 59-3) engaged highly efficient machinery in response to elevated salinity, especially during the transport and influx of K+ ions, signal transduction, and osmotic homeostasis. Our data provide insights into the evolution of the NAC TFs gene family and further support the hypothesis that these genes are essential for plant responses to salinity. The findings may provide a molecular foundation for further exploring the potential functions of NAC TFs in developing salt-resistant sorghum lines.

Chickpea is sensitive to cold stress, especially at reproductive stage, resulting in flower and pod abortion that significantly reduces seed yield. In the present study, we evaluated (a) whether cold acclimation imparts reproductive cold tolerance in chickpea; (b) how genotypes with contrasting sensitivity respond to cold acclimation; and (c) the involvement of cryoprotective solutes and antioxidants in anthers and ovules in cold acclimation. Four chickpea genotypes with contrasting cold sensitivity (cold-tolerant: ICC 17258, ICC 16349; cold-sensitive: ICC 15567, GPF 2) were grown in an outdoor environment for 40 days in November (average maximum/minimum temperature 24.9/15.9 °C) before being subjected to cold stress (13/7 °C), with or without cold acclimation in a controlled environment of walk-in-growth chambers. The 42-d cold acclimation involved 7 d exposure at each temperature beginning with 23/15 °C, 21/13 °C, 20/12 °C, 20/10 °C, 18/8 °C, 15/8 °C (12 h/12 h day/night), prior to exposing the plants to cold stress (13/7 °C, 12 h/12 h day/night; 700 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity; 65–70% relative humidity). Cold acclimation remarkably reduced low temperature-induced leaf damage (as membrane integrity, leaf water status, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic pigments, and chlorophyll fluorescence) under cold stress in all four genotypes. It only reduced anther and ovule damage in cold-tolerant genotypes due to improved antioxidative ability, measured as enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and non-enzymatic (ascorbate and reduced glutathione), solutes (particularly sucrose and γ-aminobutyric acid) leading to improving reproductive function and yield traits, whereas cold-sensitive genotypes were not responsive. The study concluded that cold tolerance in chickpea appears to be related to the better ability of anthers and ovules to acclimate, involving various antioxidants and cryoprotective solutes. This information will be useful in directing efforts toward increasing cold tolerance in chickpea.

National flower of Nepal and Uttarakhand is Rhododendron arboreum locally called buransh, a small tree with bright red flowers and green leaves. Rhododendron is derived from a Greek word RHODO and DENDRON which means rose-tree is used traditionally as medicine and also as food. Buransh normally grows in Himalayas, at high altitude is being used popularly for its processed juice from flowers as buransh or sharbat and in medicines that has many health benefits. Burans products are also used in decorations, refreshing drinks, firewood and as food colouring agents. Its numerous use also include in treatment of bile’s and liver disorders, nasal bleeding, blood dysentery, stomach ache, asthma, fever, gout, coughs, blurry vision, heart problems and diabetes. This review focuses on the phytochemical and nutrition profile, pharmacological and biological properties of Rhododendron arboreum in sustainable development of rural population with many job opportunities.

Infrared thermographic techniques show their potential usage for non-destructive testing and evaluation of various materials due to their inherent capabilities such as safe, full field, remote, qualitative and quantitative defect detection capabilities. In this paper, a Gaussian Weighted Frequency Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging approach is reported for detection of sub-surface defects in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sample for a given frequency modulated incident heat flux. Artificial flat bottom holes and metallic inclusions as subsurface defects are prepared for the experimental investigation. Matched filter algorithm is applied for detection of sub surface defects by correlation coefficient images and compared the detection capabilities with conventional frequency domain phase images. The effect of spectral reshaping on frequency modulated thermal wave imaging is investigated. The results of the experiments show spectral reshaping is the most suitable selection for enhancing inspection capability and obtaining the highest Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given CFRP material.

Introduction The use of otolith morphometrics could prove to be a powerful tool in fish identification. The aim of the present study was to analyze the shape of the otolith in pool barb, Puntius sophore. Materials and Methods To accomplish the present study, samples of various sizes were collected from the Yamunanagar and from the Faridabad fish markets in Haryana, India. The sagitta otoliths were extracted by making a horizontal cut across the head of the fish. Results The independent t-test revealed no statistically significant difference between the values of otolith length and width of both the right and left otoliths (p > 0.05). Furthermore, various shape indexes, such as form factor (FF); circularity (C); rectangularity (REC), and aspect ratio (AR) were calculated, and the general shape of the otoliths of P. sophore was described as rectangular and less elongated. The otolith length (OL) was found to be positively correlated with the AR, whereas the FF was found to be negatively correlated with REC and C. The present study expresses the relationship between the total length (TL) and the head length (HL) of the fish with the OL and the otolith width (OW) by a linear regression model. The results depicted that the OL and the OW were linearly correlated to the TL and to the HL of the fish. Conclusion The present study also provides a better understanding in identification of fish stock.

Active InfraRed Thermography (IRT) is one of the promising Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) and evaluation method for inspection of various solid materials. Its inherent inspection capabilities such a...

The active thermal non-destructive testing and evaluation techniques have gained wide acceptance in health monitoring of various solids materials such as metals, composites and semiconductors. The most popular active infrared thermographic methods for non-destructive testing and evaluation applications are pulse based thermography and lock-in thermography techniques. But the usage of these techniques is limited due to their inherent limitations. To overcome the limitations of the existing approaches, the present work demonstrates the effectiveness of digitized frequency modulated thermal wave imaging technique for detection of different shaped defects in a glass fibre reinforced polymer specimen. Further, the usage of post-processing scheme facilitates defect detection with high resolution and also preserves the shape of defects.