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The article deals with the declining union density and shrinking coverage of collective agreements in most EU/EES countries, in particular in Eastern Europe and Greece. In many countries, international organizations pushed through “structural reforms” weakening trade unions. The result is declining union density and decreased capacity to conclude sectoral collective agreements and avoid downwards derogations at company level. Even in some core eurozone countries have governments without much of social dialogue carried through “internal devaluation” to restore competitiveness. High union density (Finland) or high union mobilization capacity (France) could not prevent this development. The economic performance of a country and degree of globalization, including the absence of a national currency, appear to be more important. The Swedish (and Nordic) model of self-regulation, resting on negotiations between the labour market parties, contrasts sharply to French state regulation with its high frequency of state extension of collective agreements and minimum wages set by the state. Union density in Sweden is still among the highest in the world but has declined considerably the last twenty years, in particular among the rapidly growing share of foreign-born blue-collar workers. As a small, strongly export-dependent country dominated by large transnational groups, Swedish economy is very influenced by globalization. This has shifted the balance of power to the advantage of employers, and by that circumscribed the unions’ efforts to achieve developing jobs and improved working environment.

An analysis of the foreign experience ofpublic service and the possibility of its use in Russia has been performed. The research is aimed at studying foreign experience of working with public administration personnel in order to make recommendations for improving the Russian personnel policy in the public service. The object of the study is public service in the world practice. The subject of the research is personnel policy in the public service offoreign countries. The positions of Russian and foreign scientists in this field of research have been summarized. The main trends of personnel policy in the public service in foreign countries have been highlighted. Public service in countries such as England, Germany, the USA, France and Japan have been analysed.

A review of world models of university control systems is presented in the article. In particular, the authors provide a global classification and conduct a review of control systems used in individual countries, such as the USA, Australia, countries of eastern and western Europe, and Russia.

Данная статья посвящена изучению основных моделей местного самоуправления, используемых в России и мире. Выделены условия, которые необходимо учитывать при выборе модели местного самоуправления. Основной целью данной публикации является изучение современной модели местного самоуправления, которая сегодня сложилась в России, а также обобщение опыта формирования и функционирования системы управления персоналом.This article is devoted to the study of the main models of local self-government used in Russia and the world. The conditions that must be taken into account when choosing a local government model are highlighted. The main purpose of this publication is to study the modern model of local self-management that has developed in Russia today, as well as to generalize the experience of the formation and functioning of the personnel management system.

This inquiry explores learning mobility and integrative participation of graduate students across developing segments in the Anglo-Saxon model of higher education system in Albania. The empirical analysis reveals varying participation factors compared to internationally accepted norms of teaching and learning in Anglo-Saxon model of education system. Two major pillars, (1) fostering research skills for personal and national empowerment and (2) continuous promotion of teaching and learning excellence, inform student participation and learning mobility across cultural contexts. Six clustered themes emerge to provide a framework of cross-examination and help discern similarities and differences for its agents. Contextual settings are delineated, practical implications are discussed, and suggestions for policy are provided.

A plurality of agents with specific abilities intervene in the different phases of the elaboration of norms, understood as the legal manifestation of a specific public policy. One of the most prominent roles is that of the jurists in charge of drafting norms or drafters. It is surprising how little attention is paid to their work, to their procedures, skills and abilities, despite the fact that their protagonism is clear in the various normative systems. This chapter analyses the differences in norm drafting processes between the Anglo-Saxon system of concentrated drafting (Office of Parliamentary Counsel), the difusse drafting system more characteristic of continental Europe, and the presidentialist system. It also compares the advantages and disadvantages of each of these models and ends with a specific reference to Spain’s normative production system.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to review the state of existing literature for various corporate governance models by answering specific questions. Much has been written in the recent years on various corporate governance (CG) models, primarily the model of Anglo-Saxon and Continental European. In particular, it investigates most examined model in literature, forums used to publish and research types conducted, as well as basic differences between the two models. Findings of this paper suggest that more evidence-based systematic reviews on various aspects and geographical regions are needed to map the entire field of CG.Design/Methodology/Approach– Much has been written in the recent years on various CG models, primarily the model of Anglo-Saxon and Continental European. This paper attempts to review the state of existing literature for these models by answering specific questions. In particular, it investigates most examined model in literature, forums used to publish and research types conducted, as well as basic differences between the two models. Findings of this paper suggest that more evidence-based systematic reviews on various aspects and geographical regions are needed to map the entire field of CG.Findings– The authors found that although both models are well-reviewed, Continental European model is mostly explored with 47 per cent contributions as compared to Anglo-Saxon with 45 per cent. Moreover, majority of contributions are based on analytical research in terms of research type (30 per cent) and primarily focus on convergence of models. In addition, some 85 per cent of selected studies are based on theoretical research work, which leads to a significant dearth of empirical studies in the literature.Research limitations/implications– The scope of the paper is limited to two basic models of CG, namely, Anglo-Saxon model and Continental European model in context of specific research questions.Practical/implications– The systematic review on the basic models will assist the practitioners and policy-makers in determining the status of existing literature based on evidences. Further, it may facilitate in formulating new laws, regulations, codes and policies.Originality/Value– The authors used evidenced-based systematic approach for conducting literature review of CG models. Systematic review is getting much attention of researchers, as it minimizes the bias by adopting a replicable, scientific and transparent process. This review, as contrary to narrative, contributes to the CG models literature the findings based on evidences.

This chapter examines the lack of enforcement of China’s increasing body of labour legislation, showing how, since the 1980s, the country’s labour inspection system has evolved into a system resembling the Anglo-Saxon model—characterized by fragmentation and reactive regulatory practices—but with highly selective and non-coercive state enforcement. This “hybrid” labour inspection model stems from the combination of neoliberal reforms with the Leninist legacy of the authoritarian regime. More effective enforcement of labour law would, the authors suggest, require greater tripartite cooperation and social dialogue in the regulatory process and the involvement of an independently organized industrial force.

In the context of the economic crisis and the challenges of globalization, the paper presents and analyses relevant aspects of labor market flexicurity, especially in the Mediterranean and Anglo- Saxon model. Thus, the labor market in Spain and the United Kingdom has been studied, highlighting the reason behind existing problems, compared to other EU countries, notably in the Euro area (Italy, Greece, Portugal, Germany). Labor market flexicurity highlights labor market flexibility while, at the same time, ensuring safe transition for employees from a job to another. In this context, it should be emphasized that integration in the Economic and Monetary Union involves fulfilling a major condition in order to cope within the Union, namely labor market flexibility.

Social entrepreneurship has become an economic reality with great potential to provide a response to the existing social challenges. In this paper we identify two models of social enterprise, and we provide, for the first time, evidence from the human resource management of social enterprises in Spain. This allows us to analyse whether these social enterprises manage their human resources in an ethical way, and whether a different ethical human resource management exists in the two models. We have designed a questionnaire using the ethical practices of the ethical human resource management model as a basis. The results reveal that social enterprises in Spain manage their human resources ethically and a difference does not exist between the two models identified. We conclude by outlining the implications for a better understanding of ethical practices in human resource management in social enterprises.

The most advanced societies have no newly-needed democratic formations, as legally unsecured intellectual freedom may be usurped by powerful institutions having a formal respect for the old democratic principles. Generally, this means that we are witnessing not just personality changes, but tectonic shifts in the legal and political strata that existed and developed within the period of Modernity. The purpose of this research is to identify the features of current crisis in the Anglo-Saxon globalization. This goal can be achieved on the back of classical philosophy and large-scale historical material applied simultaneously. This approach demonstrates that globalization processes are still guided by the legacy of early English history and the ideas that originated during the Age of Enlightenment. Anglo-Saxon Model discredits itself and, consequently, becomes non-legitimate when it comes to its supreme right to interpret the idea of democracy. An important aspect of this research is how the religious trends of the 17th century were interwoven with political, legal and cultural consequences.

Labour inspection is an increasingly important part of employment standard-setting, as trade union membership and collective bargaining decline. Research identifies two broad approaches to labour inspection. A defining characteristic of the Latin model is that flexibility and enforcement are successfully combined in the one regulatory regime. In contrast, the Anglo-Saxon model involves institutional fragmentation and a lack of symmetry between `hard' and `soft' regulatory interventions. The case of the Republic of Ireland highlights the weaknesses of the Anglo-Saxon model of labour inspection: both the `hard' and `soft' dimensions to this labour standard-setting regime need reforming and strengthening.

This article claims that the European Union (EU) has had a very peculiar relationship with the globalized post-Cold War economic order. On the one hand, the EU was instrumental in bringing about this order. It aggressively promoted (both internally and externally) the principles and policies upon which this economic order has been based. On the other hand, this proactive engagement was translated within the EU into a highly polarized and antagonistic public discourse that led to a serious identity crisis. In this way, it is argued that economic globalization emerged in the EU as a debate on the nature and future of Europe. After 2005, this polarized and antagonistic discourse started to change. The rise of flexicurity, as a new way of thinking about Europe's place and orientation in the global political economy, has been instrumental in this shift. The article examines and evaluates these developments and their implications for the European project.

This article will analyse how education, the Anglo-Saxon model and welfare capitalism are intertwined. It will also delve into the question of the existence of an Anglo-Saxon model of welfare capitalism. Comparing countries like the United Kingdom and Australia, which have long shared very close links, places the very existence of such a model into question. Over the last twenty years, Australia has indeed developed much more stringent welfare policies than the United-Kingdom, imposing large responsibilities on the recipients of welfare programmes and creating a very distinctive institutional set-up for the delivery of these services. Geopolitics seems to partly account for the differences between Australia and the United Kingdom. Australia is very close to Asia, and one of the strongest exchange points between those two regions is education. In this article we will see how education, and in particular transnational education in Asian countries, can be associated with the diffusion of neo-liberal ideas, especially regarding the adequate role of the state in the field of education. The first part of this article will focus on the specificities of the Australian education system, on how it has gradually integrated neo-liberal ideas. The second part of the paper will be more focused on social policy and the vision of the role of the state.

Beginning with a discussion of current debate in France about its own ‘social model’, this articles analyses French interpretations of the ‘Anglo-Saxon’ model in both a contemporary and historical context. It argues specifically that present-day criticisms of what is taken to be Britain's liberal, free-market model are nothing new and find distinct echoes in a literature that dates back to the late 17th century. Even for its French admirers, England was seen as a country of inequality, whilst for its critics inequality was a reflection of a broader system of poverty and misery inflicted upon the mass of the population. In brief, the parameters of the debate – inequality compared with the virtues of equality, commerce against the claims of justice, individual liberty contrasted with solidarity, the market versus the State – have not changed significantly for over two centuries. The article concludes by referring to current misconceptions in France of policies pursued by the current Labour government.In memory of Andre Prochasson

Prior to the 1997 financial crisis, the Korean economy had based its growth policies on East Asia's economic catch-up model which was based mainly on the Japanese development experience. However, the events that lead to the 1997 crisis and the changes instituted in the Korean economy after the crisis have put to question whether the traditional East Asian growth model will continue to be viable. This paper examines two alternative models of development, namely the “Anglo-Saxon” and the “Continental European” models, and evaluates their relevance for Korea's future development challenges. Despite many common features these models share, they are also quite distinctive with regard to their treatment of the labor market system and the role of government. By focusing on the model's capacity to expand employment and to provide sustainable growth as the most important criteria, it is suggested that Korea should follow the “Anglo-Saxon model”, at least in the short- to medium-term. In comparing Korea's ...

Engineering education in Egypt is a mirror of the country's history, a result of the confluence of foreign influences (French, British, Swiss, German, Soviet, American) and national desires for sovereignty, development, and Pan-Arabism. American political and economic influence in the most recent period can be seen in the current dominance of the Anglo-Saxon model in engineering education, particularly in such disciplines as electronics, telecommunications, computer engineering, petroleum engineering, biomedical engineering, and aeronautical engineering

This article compares trends and issues affecting labour security in the UK and Australia, using an adaptation of Standing's 1997 typology. The increased polarization and variability of hours worked, declining union densities and increased wage inequality provide evidence of growing labour insecurity in both countries. This represents the reciprocal impact of increased employer dominance in the workplace and government pursuit of labour flexibility. Growing labour insecurity casts doubts on the supposed benefits for EU economies of the Anglo-Saxon model of deregulated labour markets. The last part of the article considers measures to counter increased insecurity.

Examines whether the French model of capitalism is becoming more like the Anglo-Saxon model. Effects of changes in the French economy; Need to improve the welfare state, public service, the labor market and the business sector in France; Characteristics of capitalism; Examination of two competing economic schools of thought.

The effect of globalization on national economic and political strategies is a central theme in policy analysis. At the core of this debate is business governance, interpreted in this paper in a wide sense as the laws, rules, and routines that govern large-scale corporations. Conventional wisdom has it that cross-national patterns of business governance are converging on the so-called Anglo-Saxon, capital-market driven model. In this paper I analyze recent changes in Brazil and South Africa, to conclude that models of business governance should be seen jointly with the institutional underpinnings of the economy. These include legal traditions that are unlikely to undergo rapid changes, other institutional features directly related to the ways in which first compete in the global economy, and the mechanisms through which social actors resist changes adverse to their interests.

U svim školskim sistemima primenjuju se različiti vidovi diferencijacije u oblasti obrazovanja, kojima pokušava da se odgovori na razlike u sposobnostima i postignućima među učenicima. U ovom radu se razmatra da li, kada i kako se ostvaruje usmeravanje i razdvajanje učenika, bilo između različitih škola ili unutar škole. S obzirom na to da među određenim školskim sistemima postoje znatne sličnosti u strukturi i organizaciji obaveznog obrazovanja, pa i u načinu ostvarivanja diferencijacije, u radu seukazuje na specifičnosti ostvarivanja diferencijacije u toku obaveznog obrazovanja u tri grupe zemalja, odnosno daje se opis i analiza tri različita modela koja karakterišu određene sličnosti u primenjenim mehanizmima diferencijacije: germanski, skandinavski i anglosaksonski. Po efektima diferencijacije na jednakopravnost u obrazovanju, skandinavski model se pokazuje kao veoma uspešan, dok je u sistemima svrstanim u germanski model pravednost u obrazovanju po pravilu manje izražena. All school systems apply different types of differentiation in education, trying to respond to the differences in abilities and achievements of students. The paper deals with the questions of whether, when and how guidance and selection of students are done be it between different schools or inside a school. Since among certain school systems there are significant similarities regarding the structure and organization of elementary education, differentiation included, we stress the specifities of performing differentiation in the compulsory education in three groups of countries, i.e. three different models (German, Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon) which are characterized by certain mutual features of the applied mechanisms of differentiations are described and analyzed. Regarding the effects of differentiation on equality in education, the Scandinavian model seems to be very successful while in the countries in the German model justice in education is less evident.

El Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior ha implicado una nueva organización de las enseñanzas universitarias, así como un cambio en la metodología docente que tradicionalmente venía aplicándose en el campo de las Ciencias Jurídicas. Ya no es suficiente con el conocimiento, sino que se debe ir más allá en el proceso de aprendizaje proporcionando a los estudiantes determinadas destrezas o habilidades. Uno de los argumentos que, con fuerza, se ha esgrimido para mostrar reticencias a este proceso de “enseñar a aprender” parte de las diferencias entre los sistemas del Civil Law y del Common Law que han determinado formas distintas de enseñar Derecho. El que durante siglos la formación de juristas se haya realizado de forma diversa tiene su razón histórica, el fuerte componente codificador que caracteriza nuestro sistema ha hecho de la lección magistral la técnica pedagógica más utilizada, mientras que la forma de concebir el derecho de los países de tradición anglosajona han propiciado metodologías más activas en el proceso de aprendizaje. Todo ello nos lleva a reflexionar sobre si el aprendizaje por competencias tiene encaje en un sistema como el nuestro de tradición continental y en unos planes de estudio tal como están diseñados hoy en día. Pero el principal foco de nuestra reflexión debe centrarse en el estudiante y en sí verdaderamente se le está proporcionando una mejor formación o si, se ha querido hacer valer un sistema que, a pesar de sus virtudes, no se está aplicando en la práctica por limitaciones organizativas, temporales y económicas. The European higher education has led to a new organization of university education as well as a change in teaching methodology that traditionally had been applied in the field of legal science. It is no longer sufficient knowledge, but should go further in the learning process by providing students with certain skills or abilities. One of the arguments that hard, has been put foward to show reluctance to this process of “learning to learn, put of the differences between that have determined different ways of teaching law. Wich for centuries the training of lawyers has been performed in different ways has its historical reason, the strong encoder component that characterizes our system has made the lectura pedagogical technique most used, while the way of conceiving the right of countries Anglo-Saxon tradition have led to more active methodologies in the learning process. This leads us to reflect on wether learning by competencias have fi tinto a system like ows continental tradition and study plans are designed as today. But the main focus of our reflection should focus on the student, whether truly is providing better training or whether we have tried to do.

So far we have not considered whether what might be referred to as the ‘generalized Western’ social situation, previously described, applies uniformly across different countries. Although it appears plausible on a superficial view that recent social change has proceeded in essentially similar ways in most Western industrialized liberal democracies with standardized languages, the different social and political traditions in the UK and elsewhere make a comparison worthwhile. In this chapter we consider the French case because it is often cited as a highly standardized one. Notable differences in social organization in France are the dirigisme and sense of cultural uniqueness characteristic of the country, reflected quite vividly in the example of 1994 legislation designed to prohibit the use in official documents of Anglicisms by French state employees; and the republican attitude widespread in France that sees democracy in the light of upward rather than downward levelling. Against this, it certainly makes sense to assume that the youth-driven changes discussed previously are at work in France; for example, the ‘events’ of May 1968 are above all associated with their French manifestation.

Corporate Governance Reforms in India got a kick start with the liberalization of the Indian Economy in 1991. Unlike the central governance issue in the western world which is essentially that of disciplining the management,the key focus of the corporate governance framework for India needs to be on disciplining the dominant shareholder. Given that the Indian corporate governance regulations have largely borrowed from the Anglo Saxon model of governance, it is not surprising that they do not provide an adequate solution to India’s corporate governance woes. Adding to the problem arising from the application of an alien corporate governance model is also the problem of weak enforcement of corporate governance regulations through the Indian legal system which raises serious concerns on whether investors would be able to get timely dispensation of justice in case of corporate governance wrongdoings. Currently Corporate Governance Reforms in India are at crossroads; while there is no doubt about the good intention behind the reforms, there is a need to look for a complete solution, evolved from within, and to craft a solution for the specific challenges of India.

When discussing development models, the ‘neo-liberal system of development is most associated with the United States and the United Kingdom. This system has come to be commonly known as the Anglo-Saxon model of development and is a market-based model. Previous and recent writers argue that this model of development is a comprehensive product of the Anglo-Saxon culture (Newton, 1984; Taeusch, 1935; Schroeder, 2000).

The chapter starts with the contrasting conception of social citizenship in Western Europe, and then gives a brief history of the various welfare states. Because this story has been told, and told well, only the briefest summary will be presented. The chapter will emphasize a major common similarity – despite the varieties among the welfare states, they all depended on high levels of employment among the working population (Huber and Stephens 2001: 1). A relatively full-employment economy of decent jobs and a relative equality of wages allowed for the financing of the welfare state – that is, where most were contributing rather than drawing benefits – as well as for redistribution. The countries differed in how they accomplished high levels of employment, but they all managed to do so, and this enabled them to develop their social welfare states. I then describe the subsequent, contemporary slowdown in the economies, the failure of traditional Keynesian policies, the deterioration of the labor market, the rising poverty, and the consequences for the vulnerable groups. The chapter discusses the dilemmas faced by the Social Democratic governments. They are caught between the strong pressures of globalization and changes in the economy and the labor markets on the one hand and domestic demands for social protection on the other. Thus far, changes in the major welfare state programs – pensions, disability, health care, the programs for the insiders – have been incremental.

We investigate the dramatic transformation of ownership policies and ownership structure in Sweden during the postwar period. After WWII, Swedish ownership policies were guided by a socialist vision where the ultimate goal was abolition of private ownership. These policies came to an end in the early 1980s. Since then a large number of Swedish firms have been acquired by foreign owners or merged with foreign firms and the foreign ownership share on the Swedish Stock Exchange has increased rapidly. A central question is whether this fast transformation is merely a logical consequence of current globalization, or whether this tendency has been reinforced by economic policies vis-a-vis the business sector in Sweden. We show that until the late 1980s, Swedish economic policy – aimed at discouraging wealth accumulation among households and favoring institutional ownership and debt financing – effectively precipitated the rapid takeover of the Swedish business sector by foreign owners that gained momentum in the 1990s. Policy measures intended to create a system of “capitalism without capitalists” can be said to have “packaged” large Swedish corporations in terms of ownership and financing structure, so that foreign takeover was facilitated. The article ends with a discussion as to whether the dramatic change in ownership structure in the Swedish business sector may result in the demise of the old corporatist model of industrial relations, giving way to a new trend towards a liberal market economy of the current Anglo-Saxon variety. JEL Classification: M13, N24, O38, P16.

One of the many minor mysteries surrounding the history of sugar production in the colonial greater Caribbean concerns differences in the organization of production between the English islands and Brazil.1 In Brazil, production was dispersed, as much of the cane was grown by small farmers (lavradores de cana) , some of them tenants, some independent landowners who took their crop to their landlord's mill or to some other big planter's mill for processing. On the islands, by contrast, production was centralized, as most of the cane was tended by slaves owned by a big planter and processed at the planter's own mill. Given the high productivity of gang labour, there would seem to be substantial advantages to the centralized system that prevailed on the islands. It is therefore something of a puzzle why the centralized system did not prevail throughout the region. This chapter, through a focus on Barbados and Brazil in the seventeenth century, attempts a solution to that puzzle. While it might at first seem odd to compare a small island like Barbados to a colony as large as Brazil, several considerations suggest that the comparison is in fact well grounded. In the middle seventeenth century, the period focused on here, Barbados was Brazil's most serious competitor as a sugar producer.

Few western commentators now seriously doubt the industrial achievements of Japanese manufacturing industry. Not many, however, can find a common explanation for the era of high speed growth that elevated Japan into an economic super power in the late 1970's and 1980's. A status that hitherto had been regarded as the exclusive preserve of the Anglo Saxon Model of industrial capitalism. There are a number of possible reasons for this.