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Background: Pain is a very important factor in patient recovery and satisfaction. Following incision and drainage of perianal abscess, wound packing has been found to be very painful. The aim of this study is to compare packing the wound and not packing the wound after incision and drainage (I&D) of perianal abscess, taking into account recurrence rate, rate of occurrence of perianal fistula as well as post-operative pain. Materials and Method: Standard medical electronic databases were searched with the help of a local librarian and relevant published randomised controlled trials (RCT) were shortlisted according to the inclusion criteria. The summated outcome of post-operative pain score, recurrence rate, and rate of occurrence of perianal fistula was evaluated using the principles of meta-analysis on RevMan 5 statistical software. Result: Three RCTs on 490 patients undergoing I&D of perianal abscess were found suitable for this meta-analysis. In the random effects model analysis, the post operative pain score was statistically lower in NPG [risk ratio 0.66, 95%, CI (0.36, 0.97), Z=4.25, P=0.0001]. There was no heterogeneity [Tau2=0.15; chi2=9.32; df=6; I2=36 %; p=0.16] between the studies, however, statistically it was not significant. In addition, there was no statistical difference between the 2 groups in terms of recurrence of perianal abscess or the occurrence of perianal fistula [risk ratio 0.64, 95%, CI (0.31, 1.31), Z=1.23, P=0.22], [risk ratio 1.41, 95%, CI (0.89, 2.23), Z=1.47, P=0.14] respectively. Conclusion: Not packing the wound post I&D of perianal abscess is associated with significantly reduced VAS pain scores, which may result in improved recovery and patient satisfaction and has no effect on recurrence rate or the occurrence of perianal fistula. However, more RCTs recruiting a greater number of patients are required to endorse these findings.

Gas-phase ion/ion reactions can be used to alter analyte ion-types for subsequent dissociation both quickly and efficiently without the need for altering analyte ionization conditions. This capability can be particularly useful when the ion-type that is most efficiently generated by the ionization method at hand does not provide the structural information of interest using available dissociation methods. This situation often arises in the analysis of lipids, which constitute a diverse array of chemical species with many possibilities for isomers. Gas-phase ion/ion reactions have been demonstrated to be capable of enhancing the ability of tandem mass spectrometry to characterize the structures of various lipid classes. This review summarizes progress to date in the application of gas-phase ion/ion reactions to lipid structural characterization.

A Tesla coil is a device used for obtaining high voltage at high frequency. The initial purpose its creator, Nikola Tesla, envisioned for it was to transmit wireless energy; advances in electronics have helped people build Tesla coils that can produce music, the lightning bolts acting like a speaker. Nowadays, this device is used for research and special effects. However, we argue that such a device is also very useful in transmitting power wirelessly. The scope of the project is to be able to present concepts in physics, Transmit the power wirelessly! Consequently, in this project we will present the concept of wireless electricity and eliminate limitation of wireless electricity transmission

Computer vision is related to object detection. Detecting instances of objects in images and videos is made possible by object detection. It recognizes the component of Pictures rather than conventional article recognition techniques and produces an keen comprehension of pictures very much like human vision works. In this paper, We restored starts the concise presentation of profound learning and item discovery system like Convolutional Brain Network (CNN), Repetitive brain network (RNN), quicker RNN, You just look once (Consequences be damned). After that, we concentrate on the modifications to our object detection architectures that we have proposed. In images, the conventional model can identify a small object. We have a few changes to the model. The method we propose yields the correct result precisely.

During the chemical manufacturing control processing of new paclitaxel formulations, a photodegradation impurity called C3-C11 bridge-bond isomer appeared. Our work describes the synthesis, isolation, purification, and structural characterization methods using four spectroscopies: FT-IR, UV, NMR (1H and 13 C), and LC-MS. In addition, we discovered that the C3-C11 bridge-bond isomer can promote A549 cells pyroptosis, and increase pyroptosis-related proteins, including cleaved-caspase 3, cleaved-PARP, GSDME-N, and lactate dehydrogenase, thus making it anti-tumor effects. The study offered data suggesting that the C3-C11 bridge bond isomer may be used as an anti-tumour drug in the future.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. There is a need to develop new therapeutic strategies to treat the disease. In this study, we synthesised the oxime derivative of thymoquinone and investigated cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and apoptosis in hepatocellular cancer cells. The synthesised thymoquinone-oxime structure was confirmed by NMR. After incubating the hepatocellular cancer cell line for 24 h, the cytotoxicity ATP by luminometric, intracellular reactive oxygen species, and intracellular calcium by fluorometric. The mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by flow cytometry. DNA damage by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis, and apoptosis damage by acridine orange/ethidium bromide double dye method. Concentrations of thymoquinone-oxime statistically increased cytotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species, intracellular calcium, apoptosis, and DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner. Mitochondrial membrane potential and glutathione levels are also decreased. These findings show that thymoquinone-oxime has an anti-tumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Among many herbs, Black seed (Nigella sativa) belonging to the Ranunculaceae family has been recognised worldwide as one of the most valuable nutrient-rich herbsThere is no relevant data on the effect of the newly synthesised oxime derivative of TQ (TQ-ox) in cancer cells HEP-G2A new TQ derivative has a higher anti-tumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma Among many herbs, Black seed (Nigella sativa) belonging to the Ranunculaceae family has been recognised worldwide as one of the most valuable nutrient-rich herbs There is no relevant data on the effect of the newly synthesised oxime derivative of TQ (TQ-ox) in cancer cells HEP-G2 A new TQ derivative has a higher anti-tumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma

Two new aporphine-derived alkaloids, aporaloids C and D (1 and 2), along with eight known biogenetically related alkaloids (3–10) were isolated from the stems of Fissistigma maclurei Merr. Their structures were elucidated by detailed analysis of NMR, HRESIMS, MS, IR, UV and Optical rotations data. Compounds 1 and 2 represent a rare example of N-methylol aporphine-derived alkaloids from natural sources. The inhibitory effect of all compounds on the proliferation of primary synovial cells was evaluated. Compound 3 showed potent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of synoviocytes with an IC50 value of 4.8 μM. Compounds 1, 2, 6–9 and 10 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity on synoviocytes, with IC50 values of 36.8, 37.1, 31.2 μM, 32.5, 36.3, 36.8 and 18.2 μM, respectively.

From the MeOH residue of Barringtonia macrocarpa branches and leaves, one new isoryanodane diterpene, barringisol (1), and two new isoryanodane diterpene glucosides, barringisosides A and B (2 and 3), were obtained using various chromatographic isolations. The structural characterization was confirmed by spectroscopic methods including 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-QTOF-MS. This is the first isolation of isoryanodane diterpene derivatives from Barringtonia species. Moreover, the in vitro cytotoxicity of 1−3 on three human cancer cell lines (HepG2, LNCaP and MCF7) was also accessed using SRB assays.

In order to analyze video streams and extract particular features or patterns, such as object recognition, motion detection, facial recognition, or behavior analysis, video analysis employs computer vision and machine learning techniques. Analyzing video footage to spot suspicious activity or items and locate people or vehicles is part of the process. This approach comprises keeping an eye on and controlling traffic at crossings, on roads, and in highways. It entails reviewing video footage to find traffic jams and overcrowding and to offer prompt alerts or suggestions for crowd management

The content of selenium and tellurium used in steels and alloys as alloying additives is strictly regulated by the current state standards. The methods of analysis used in state standards are often lengthy and laborious and do not provide their simultaneous determination. Development of alternative methods for the determination of selenium and tellurium in metallurgical materials using modern analytical equipment is an urgent goal. The method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES) is widely used in analysis of metallurgical materials. However, the components of the sample base can significantly affect the results of ICP-AES analysis. We present the results of theoretical and experimental study of the effect of the components of the base of samples of metallurgical materials (iron, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, tungsten) on the spectral analytical lines of selenium and tellurium. Thermodynamic modeling was used for theoretical prediction of the processes occurring during atomization of the analyzed solutions in argon plasma. It is shown that matrix non-spectral noise on the selenium line is attributed to chromium (at chromium concentrations above 50 mg/dm3), whereas the matrix non-spectral noise on the tellurium line is not observed. It is also shown experimentally that the spectral lines of selenium and tellurium are not free from spectral overlaps attributed to macrocomponents (iron, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, copper and tungsten). To reduce the limits of detection and improve the reliability of ICP-AES determination of selenium and tellurium, it is necessary to separate them from the components of the sample base.

The content of organic carbon is one of the key indicators in determining the areas of using waste of mining, processing and combustion of coal. The measurement results obtained by existing measurement methods are often incomparable to each other, which does not allow obtaining a reliable information about the waste composition. The goal of this study is to generalize current methodological approaches and choose the most effective one for determining the content of organic carbon in samples of waste of mining, processing and combustion of coal. Three most appropriate methods were selected proceeding from the analysis of the methods used for determining organic carbon in various natural and technogenic objects. Method No. 1 is based on the calculation of organic carbon content as the difference between total carbon measured by a CHN analyzer and carbonate carbon determined by the gravimetric method. In method No. 2, the determination of organic carbon content is carried out through the determination of the ash, moisture and carbonate carbon content. Method No. 3 includes demineralization of the sample with hydrochloric acid, drying, and calcination of the resulting residue. The samples of waste of mining, processing and combustion of coal with mass fraction of organic carbon from 0 to 60% were used as objects of the research. According to the results of experimental studies and taking into account possible limitations, measurement procedure based on method No. 3 for determining the content of unburned carbon in ash and slag from a thermal power plant was chosen. The applicability of the newly developed measurement procedure was verified for an extended area of objects, which includes, in addition to the samples of coal combustion waste, the samples of waste of their mining and processing. The comparability of the results obtained by other methods was demonstrated, and a preliminary assessment of the metrological characteristics was performed. The measurement procedure can be used in analysis of the reference samples used for construction of the calibration characteristics in the determination of organic carbon by instrumental methods, as well as in the determination of the metrological characteristics of the reference materials of the composition of waste of mining, processing and combustion of coal.

The possibility of using profilometry for determining the duration of the incubation period of polymeric materials upon their testing for cavitation wear is considered. Six polymeric materials were tested for cavitation wear: plexiglass, fluoroplastic, low-pressure polyethylene, caprolon, Thordon SXL polymer, and epoxy compound. All the polymers were tested in fresh water kept at 20 ± 3°C, using an ultrasonic magnetostrictive vibrator, the vibration frequency and amplitude of the device horn butt were 22 kHz and 28 μm, respectively. The distance between horn butt and the butt-end surface of the cylindrical polymer sample was set at 0.50 mm. The samples were periodically weighed during testing, the roughness of their worn surface was evaluated, and sample mass loss and arithmetical mean deviation of the assessed profile of its surface were plotted as a function of the test duration. Like the cavitation wear of metals, the cavitation wear of polymers is also characterized by the presence of an incubation period, during which the separation of the wear particles from the sample surface does not take place yet. It is shown, that determination of the incubation period from the dependence of the mass loss vs test duration distinguishes is rather laborious, and, moreover, is accompanied by large errors due to water absorption. The use of profilometry was proposed to shorten the time and increase the accuracy of the determination of the incubation period of the cavitation wear of polymers. The arithmetical mean deviation of the profile of the surface under study is measures periodically during testing for cavitation wear. The duration of the incubation period is determined using the dependence of the arithmetic mean deviation of the wear surface profile on the duration of the cavitation impact by the abscissa of the point, in which the monotony and(or) smoothness of the dependence (plot) is violated.

Thin-film coatings for optical elements are widely used in various industries. Antireflection coatings are used in display screens, photodetectors, fiber optic light guides, mirror coatings are used for telescopes, medical equipment, etc. One of the main goals in the production of thin-film coatings is to determine the refractive index and the choice of materials applied to optical products. We present the results of determining the refractive indices of materials used for the manufacture of multilayer mirrors with the desired spectral characteristics. In general, light reflection occurs at the interface between two materials, for example, glass and air. Dielectric films were obtained by high-frequency ion-beam sputtering of the target. It is shown that the refractive index of the SiO2 film must be repeatedly corrected to minimize systematic errors. The results obtained can be used in the production of high-precision optical systems for various industries, especially medicine, space instrumentation, aviation and others.

The use of glass in microwave devices requires study of the dielectric properties of the material. We present the results of studying temperature and frequency dependences of the dielectric properties of quartz glass in the microwave region. The frequency dependence of the dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss tangent were determined using high-precision devices based on resonant cavity at a fixed frequency within a range of 8 – 26 GHz under a normal temperature. The temperature dependence was obtained using resonant cavity made of platinum coated quartz glass with a low thermal-expansion coefficient and insignificant change of intrinsic parameters under heating up to 1200°C. Experimental temperature and frequency dependences of the dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss tangent were obtained using classical conduction mechanisms taking into account the structural peculiarities of quartz glass. The effect of ionic conductivity was also evaluated in quartz glass in the microwave region. The revealed changes in the temperature dependence of the permittivity do not exceed the measurement error. The results obtained can be used for practical application of quartz glass in radio-engineering devices.

Bioassay-guided isolation of the stems of Garcinia paucinervis led to one new adamantane-type polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), (-)-garpauvinin A (1), and four known analogues (2–5). The structure and absolute configuration of 1 was established via spectroscopic techniques and ECD method. All the isolates displayed moderate antiproliferative activity against HL-60, PC-3 and Caco-2 human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.81 to 19.92 μM, and exhibited low toxicity on WPMY-1 normal human cells, showing selectivity between normal and malignant prostate cells. The biosynthetic pathways of the isolated PPAPs were proposed.

The use of regression analysis in dynamic problems of system estimation requires a high-speed algorithm of model parameter determination. Moreover, the original data may have stochastic heterogeneity which entails the necessity of the estimates of model parameters be resistant to various data anomalies. However, stable estimation methods, including the least absolute deviations method, are significantly inferior to the parametric ones. The goal of the study is to describe a computationally efficient algorithm for implementing the method of least absolute deviations for dynamic estimation of regression models and to study its capabilities for solving practical problems. This algorithm is based on descending along nodal lines. In this case, instead of the values of the objective function, its derivative in the direction of descent is considered. The computational complexity of the algorithm is also reduced due to the use of the solution of the problem at the previous step as a starting point and efficient updating of observations in the current data sample. The external performance of the proposed dynamic version of the algorithm of gradient descent along nodal lines has been compared with the static version and with the least squares method. It is shown that the dynamic version of the algorithm of gradient descent along the nodal lines make it possible to bring the speed close to that of the least squares method for common practical situations and to use the proposed version in dynamic estimation problems for a wide class of systems.

An approach to the determination of the composition of novel biocompatible materials based on cerium-containing calcium phosphates by TXRF is proposed. The ranges of analyte contents in solutions for the correct determination of Ca, P, Ce by the external standard method were determined. A systematic underestimation of the calcium signal at a Ca content in the analyzed composite sample above 30 mg/liter is noted. The Compton scattering spectra for the ceramic sample solution were analyzed to assess the compliance of the sample with the thin layer criterion, the maximum value was 16. 8 keV (96°). According to the graph of the mass attenuation coefficient for a film of a given composition, the attenuation of the calcium line is not related with the absorption effect of the sample. The internal standards (Gd and Cu) were selected and conditions for the determination of micro- and macro-components in solutions and suspensions of samples were determined. It is shown that with a calcium content up to 50 mg/liter in the sample, it is possible to determine correctly Ca, P, and Ce by TXRF method in solutions and suspensions with Sr 0.05 and 0.09, respectively. The convergence of the results obtained is noted by the methods of external and internal standards with appropriate dilutions of solutions and suspensions.

Individual deformation diagrams of all materials on metal, non-metal, or composite base under static and cyclic load link stresses and strains. These diagrams are obtained in standard tensile, compression, torsion or bending tests of laboratory samples with the registration of forces and deformations of their working parts upon loading. The diagram for a single static deformation in the stress-strain coordinates in this case covers both the region of elastic deformations and the region of elastic-plastic deformation, when deformations are localized in the neck of the loaded sample up to the moment of its destruction at a critical stress level. It is shown that linear, fractional-linear and power approximation of the obtained deformation curve are widely used in the description of the obtained deformation diagrams. Direct experiments, the theory of dislocations and the statistical theory of strength confirm the priority of power approximation of considered diagrams. At the same time for all construction materials the generalized deformation diagram in relative coordinates is described by a single power equation with the individual hardening parameter which is determined experimentally or theoretically using the dependences linking data on the module of elasticity, yield stresses, strength, and ultimate plasticity of the material. Diagrams of a cyclic elastoplastic deformation in the form of loops of plastic hysteresis are recorded by analogy with static tension diagrams with «stress – strain» axes of in conditional and true relative values. The generalized deformation diagrams for a single static and cyclic loading form a scientific basis for construction of the generalized fatigue curve on the basis of deformation fracture criterion for a wide range of cycles to failure. An effective solution to the problems of strength and service life for the most complex engineering objects such as nuclear reactors, aircraft, rocket and space systems can be achieved through introduction of generalized deformation and fracture diagrams into consideration and corresponding calculations. Their significance will especially increase in the design and implementation of new unique science-intensive facilities.

Many technological processes occurred upon the extraction and primary processing of coal (dust suppression, grouting, hydraulic fracturing, wet enrichment, etc.) depend on the wettability of the coal surface, determined by the physicochemical properties of the interacting media. The filtration properties of a fractured-porous coal massif significantly depend on the wettability of the surface. We present the results of studying the wettability of the coal surface with water and its filtration through a layer of coal powder. It is shown that the increased humidity of coal contributes to an increase in the wetting and filtration properties of the coal layer in relation to water due to the creation of a hydrate shell at the contact surface. It is revealed that the method of coal sample preparation significantly affects the functional composition and hydrophilicity of the outer surface of coal particles. Grinding coal in the presence of oxygen in air contributes to the formation of polar oxygen groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl) on the surface of coal particles, which leads to an increase in the hydrophilicity and filtration properties of coal. The results obtained can be used to predict the wettability of coals with process fluids, to improve technologies for mining, enrichment and processing of coals.

Economic efficiency in the operation of aircraft local air lines (LA) can be improved by increasing the awareness of the loading and aircraft structure integrity, with the subsequent adjustment of the maintenance program in accordance with the actual operating conditions. The allowance for specific features of loading load-bearing elements at transport aircraft during particular operations provides a significant extending in the safe life (in some cases, by several times). However, at the moment, load monitoring systems in the aviation industry have not yet been implemented universally. The implementation of the well-known approaches developed for monitoring and analyzing loads requires significant changes in the programs and procedures for maintaining airworthiness, including the need to install additional sophisticated measuring equipment. We propose an alternative approach to existing methods of load monitoring without using additional measuring equipment. The main stage is formation of the relationship between the flight parameters recorded by the standard on-board recorder and the loading parameters, which are determined by computational and experimental methods as a result of processing strain gauge data. A sufficient bulk of the strain data is usually obtained during the flight tests at the certification stage. Testing of this technique is considered with reference to the example of the loads in the elements of high lift devices of aircraft flaps. The average error in the estimates of the forces in the connecting rods of the inner flaps does not exceed 6%. The results obtained make it possible to determine with the acceptable accuracy the individual accumulated damageability of an aircraft structure and to assess the residual safe life. The presented approach is a part of the methodological framework necessary for the development and implementation of modern means of analyzing the integrity of the structure, implemented on the basis of on-board monitoring systems of local airlines aircraft.

Neonicotinoids have recently been banned in the European Union due to concerns about their environmental safety. Thiacloprid is a neonicotinoid, and is frequently used in agricultural pest control. However, the lack of quantitative methods for assessing its multiple metabolites has made it difficult to perform a comprehensive safety assessment. Therefore, we established an analytical method for effectively determining thiacloprid and its five metabolites in vegetables and flowers using QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS. The samples were extracted with acidified acetonitrile (containing 0.5% acetic acid) and were cleaned with graphitised carbon black (GCB) and octadecylsilane (C18) before the residue analysis. This method provided linearity ranging from 2–2000 μg kg−1, and its linear regression coefficients exceeded 0.995. Limits of Quantitation (LOQs) are achieved at 2 μg kg−1， and Limits of Detection (LODs) ranged from 0.09–0.80 μg kg−1. The method was validated on seven matrices spiked at 2, 200, and 2000 μg kg−1. Average recoveries ranged from 77–119%, with an intra-day Relative Standard Deviation (RSDr) of 1.5–13.4% and an inter-day Relative Standard Deviation (RSDR) of 0.9–14.4%. This method was used on cucumbers sprayed with thiacloprid and 19 types of flower samples collected from the field, after which thiacloprid and several of its metabolites were detected.

The present study explores the antifouling potentials of ethanol extract of mangrove Avicennia officinalis. Results of antibacterial activity inferred that extract had strongly inhibited the growth of fouling bacterial strains with significant differences in halos (9-16 mm) and showed minimal bacteriostatic (12.5–100 µg ml−1) and bactericidal (25-200µg ml−1) values. It had also strenuously suppressed fouling microalgae with appreciable MIC (12.5 and 50 µg ml−1). The extract had also effectively deterred settlement of larvae of Balanus amphitrite and byssal thread of mussel Perna indica with lower EC50 (11.67 and 37.43 µg ml−1) and higher LC50 (257.33 and 817 µg ml−1) values. Further 100% recuperation of mussels from toxicity assay and therapeutic ratio of >20 substantiated its non-toxicity. GC-MS profile of bioassay guided fraction showed four (M1-M4) major bioactive metabolites. In silico biodegradability study revealed that metabolites M1 (Pentanoic acid, 5-methoxy-, phenyl ester) and M3 (Benzaldehyde, methyl-) have rapid biodegradation rates and eco-friendly in nature.

Aralianudaside A, a triterpene saponin with an unusual skeleton of pentacyclic triterpenoid, along with a new triterpene glycoside and six known compounds were obtained from the buds of Aralia elata. Their structures were determined through extensive spectral analysis, including HRESIMS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, glycolysis and GC. All compounds were evaluated for anti-airway inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced airway epithelial cells (16HBE), compounds 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8 significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-4.

Myrcia is a genus widespread in South America with many species presenting anti-inflammatory and biological properties. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract of Myrcia pubipetala leaves (CHE-MP) using macrophages (RAW 264.7), and the air pouch model in mice to evaluate leukocyte migration and mediator’s release. Adhesion molecule expression, CD49 and CD18, was evaluated in neutrophils. In vitro, the CHE-MP significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in the exudate and the supernatant culture. CHE-MP did not present cytotoxicity and modulated the percentage of positive neutrophils for CD18 and its expression per cell, without modifying the expression of CD49, which corroborated with significantly reduced neutrophil migration to inflammatory exudate and subcutaneous tissue. Taken together, the data demonstrate that CHE-MP presents a potential activity on innate inflammatory.

Heat exchanger merupakan suatu alat yang digunakan dalam proses perpindahan panas fluida dengan fluida yang lain tanpa terjadi perpindahan massa di dalamnya dan dapat digunakan sebagai pemanas atau pendingin Salah satu jenis dari heat exchanger adalah shell and tube . Pada proses produksi AlF 3 di PT petrokimia gresik, heat exchanger (E-3101) digunakan untuk memanaskan Asam Fluosilikat (H 2 SiF 6 ) sebelum di reaksikan dengan Al(OH) 3 . Heat exchanger (E-3101) yang dimiliki PT. Petrokimia Gresik ini sudah beroperasi cukup lama sehingga perlu di evaluasi. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dengan metode kern 1983, clean overall coefficient aktual rata-rata adalah 2702,4 W/m 2 K, dirt overall coefficient aktual rata-rata adalah 451,726 W/m 2 K, fouling factor aktual rata-rata adalah 0,00183 m 2 K/W yang masih dibawah batas Rd literatur sebesar 0,00176 m 2 K/W, maka dapat disimpulkan heat exchanger masih layak beroperasi. Namun jika digunakan terus menerus maka performa akan menurun tanpa ada pembersihan ( cleaning ) sehingga hal itu akan mempengaruhi produk dan kinerja alat yang lain. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan pembersihan dan melakukan pengecekan temperatur dan tekanan yang keluar masuk heat exchanger untuk mengoptimalkan performa dari heat exchanger.

Human dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) is one of the neurotransmission genes that plays an important role in controlling the behavior and psychological reactions toward various physical activities. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the associations between SLC6A3 3’-UTR VNTR (3’VNTR) genotypes and eight personality traits in Egyptian athletes. One hundred athletes (50 males and 50 females) and one hundred non-athletes participated in this investigation either in individual or team games. The Freiburg Personality inventory-Revised questionnaire was applied to athletes to evaluate personality traits according to the scale, at a scheduled time, using descriptive analysis. Genotyping for SLC6A3 3’-UTR VNTR polymorphism in athletes was realized to detect the different genotypes by PCR amplifications using desired primers. Three different genotypes of the 3’VNTR polymorphism; namely (9/9), (9/10), (10/10) were identified. The 9/10 and 10/10 genotypes of SLC6A3 gene were significantly higher in players than those in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in personality traits values among males and females. The Cronbach’s alpha stability coefficient for four items is higher than 0.7 suggesting that these items (Neuroticism, Aggressiveness, Depression and Excitability) have a good reliability and support the used personality dimensions for this investigation. Our findings revealed a significant association between the genotypes of 3’VNTR and the personality traits in Egyptian athletes. These data shed light on the role of SLC6A3 gene in athletes’ behavioral performance and could serve as the basis for further characterization in the large number of Egyptian athletes.