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This study examines five benzyl alcohol derivatives and three chemically similar compounds and compares them against benzyl alcohol in gelled emulsions for the removal of overpaint during cleaning of oil paintings. Comparative cleaning tests using xanthan gels, Pemulen® TR-2 gels, and neat solvent were made on overpaint on fragments of a seventeenth-century test painting. This approach demonstrated that molecular changes to a benzyl alcohol core resulted in enhanced control during the cleaning process. In some cases a benzyl alcohol derivative enabled selective removal of non-original material, when benzyl alcohol appeared to affect the original paint. Select derivatives were also tested in an area of overpaint on a sixteenth-century oil on panel painting by Jan van Scorel in the Rijksmuseum Collection through modifying the chemical activity of benzyl alcohol. Finally, two GC-MS-based methods were used to monitor benzyl alcohol retention and possible oxidation in paint layers post-treatment.

The implementation of high-resolution mass spectrometry systems offers new possibilities for the analysis of complex art samples such as historical oil paintings. However, these multicomponent systems generate large and complex data sets that require advanced visualization tools to aid interpretation, especially when no chromatographic separation is performed. In the context of this research, it was crucial to propose a data analysis tool to identify the products generated during the synthesis, drying, and aging of historical pigments. This study reports for the first time a nontraditional mass defect analysis of oil paint samples containing a fugitive brominated-organic pigment, eosin or geranium lake, by using direct infusion electrospray ionization in combination with a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The use of nontraditional Kendrick mass defect plots is presented in this study as a processing and visualization tool to recognize brominated species based on their specific mass defect and isotope pattern. The results demonstrate that this approach could provide valuable molecular compositional information on the degradation pathways of this pigment. We anticipate that mass defect analysis will become highly relevant in future degradation studies of many more historical organic pigments.

This study investigates the complex mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by and accumulated within a collection of historic medicinal, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic artifacts housed at the National Museum of American History (Smithsonian Institution). In recent years, staff have become concerned, both for the safety of the objects and for personnel working in the collection, about strong unremediated odors accumulating within several storage cabinets. Museum staff also wondered if non-odorous off-gassing might need remediation. Solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis (SPME–GC–MS) was used to identify VOCs present in the storage room housing the collection. Over 160 compounds were detected and identified overall. Among these, 49 appeared to be directly related to ingredients used in the manufacture of many collection items. The results of the study suggest that SPME–GC–MS can be a strong tool for the rapid screening of multicomponent museum collections exhibiting off-gassing problems, before the pursuit of other more tedious analytical approaches. Additionally, the study reveals valuable insight into the characteristic volatile emission of historic medicinal, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic artifacts, increasing understanding of, and decision-making for, similar collections of objects. Eventually, it is hoped that this information can be used to inform mitigation strategies for the capture and reduction of VOCs in collections storage areas.

Some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), generated and accumulated in exhibition cases, are capable of inducing degradation in historical artifacts. In this context, it is of special importance to distinguish between VOCs emitted by the construction materials and/or the historical objects, with the ultimate goal of proposing an appropriate mitigation strategy. To pursue this goal, a comprehensive analysis based on solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been optimized. The sampling setup used in this study does not require any modification of the exhibition design, and the testing remained nearly invisible and unobtrusive to museum visitors. This methodology has been applied to an issue encountered at the National Museum of the American Indian (Smithsonian Institution), where an unpleasant smell was detected in airtight exhibition cases already on display containing sensitive historical objects. The analysis of the volatiles emitted by construction materials allowed for identification of characteristic markers emitted by each material, and the ability to identify their overall contribution in the exhibition case. Via this method, SPME-GC-MS confirmed via the detection of some specific markers that the unpleasant smell was released by one of the construction materials and had accumulated in the exhibition case. In addition, due to the measurements taken in different positions around the exhibition cases, results were useful to point out the range of efficiency of the sorbent material placed in some of the exhibition cases as a first attempt of mitigation technique.

An enclosed interface that joins a direct analysis in real time (DART) probe, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber, and the inlet of a high-resolution mass spectrometer is described. Unlike other systems to couple SPME sampling to ambient mass spectrometry, the interface is able to perform discrete analyses on different areas of a single SPME fiber device for up to three technical replicate measurements of one sampling event. Inlet flow speed and desorption temperature are optimized, and reproducibility is demonstrated between replicate analyses on the same derivatized SPME fiber and with sequential fiber sampling events, yielding analyte measurement center of variance (CV) from 3 to 6%. Conditioning is also performed with the enclosed DART. The interface is a straightforward addition to commercially available technologies, and machine diagrams for custom components operated with SPME/DART/MS equipment are included.

Additional file 1. Supplementary information for Understanding and optimizing Evolon�� CR for varnish removal from oil paintings.

Objective: Deep remission defined by clinical-biomarker remission and mucosal healing has emerged as a new therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this study was to define an optimal cut- off concentration for infliximab and adalimumab during maintenance therapy associated with deep remission. The secondary objective, was to evaluate the influence of variables on anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and deep remission. Method: Retrospective study including 120 and 122 patients inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed who received maintenance therapy with infliximab and adalimumab. Biomarker remission was considered by C-reactive protein < 5 mg/L and fecal calprotectin < 100 mu g/g. Crohn's disease clinical remission was defined by a Harvey Bradshaw score < 5 and mucosal healing by a simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease< 3. In ulcerative colitis, it was defined as a Mayo total score < 3 and Mayo endoscopic subscore < 2. Receiver operating characteristic test was performed to determine drug concentration thresholds associated with deep remission. Anti tumor necrosis factor- alpha concentrations were classified into quartiles. X-2 and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare discrete and continuous variables between quartile groups. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify patient characteristics andserological facto C-reactive protein rs associated with deep remission. Results: Anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations were higher inpatients with deep remission, in infliximab (4.4, interquartile range: 3.3-6.5 vs 2.3, interquartile range: 1.1-4.2 mu g/mL, P < 0.005) and adalimumab (6.3, interquartile range: 4.2-8.2 vs 3.9, interquartile range: 2.4-5.5 mu g/mL,P < 0.005). A Receiver operating characteristic test identified a concentration threshold of 3.1 mu g/mL in infliximab (area under the Receiver operating characteristic test curve, 0.72) and 6.3 mu g/mL in adalimumab (area underreceiver operating characteristic test curve, 0.75) associated with deep remission. Factors associated with the highest quartiles of serum infliximab concentration were: elevated body mass index, absence of previous inflammatory bowel disease-surgery, C-reactive protein < 5 mg/L, and fecal calprotectin < 100 mu g/g. In adalimumab, higher quartiles were related to concomitant immunosuppressants, low body mass index, absence of previous inflammatory bowel disease-surgery, and C-reactive protein < 5 mg/L and fecal calprotectin < 100 mu g/g. Multivariate regression identified fecal calprotectin < 100 mu g/g, C-reactive protein < 5 mg/L, infliximab >= 3.1 mu g/mL and adalimumab concentrations >= 6.3 mu g/mL as factors significantly associated with deep remission. Conclusions: Trough infliximab and adalimumab concentrations, C-reactive protein < 5 mg/L and fecal calprotectin < 100 mu g/g are associated with deep remission during maintenance therapy. Cutoff point of 3.1 and 6.3 g/mL for inflixi-mab and adalimumab respectively, were identified as deep remission predictors.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Efflorescence sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S2. Construction materials sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S3. Exhibition cases analysed by SPME-GC-MS. Figure S1. DART-MS configuration for the analysis of: a exhibition case materials and b efflorescence. Figure S2. Diffraction patterns of the efflorescence formed on a Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409 and b Kwakwaka'wakw headdress cotton fabric; 23/8252. Figure S3. ATR-FTIR spectrum of Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409. Figure S4. a SPME fiber in direct contact with Manteño-Huancavilca stone seat; 01/6380 and (b) GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of the same fiber. Figure S5. Duplicate SPME fibers in direct contact with: a Kwakwaka’wakw headdress; 23/8252 and b Paviotso (Northern Paiute) duck decoy; 13/4190. GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of duck decoy transported by: c express mail and d hand-carry.

Copper is commonly produced by hydrometallurgical processes. The production of this metal results in the formation of emissions (unwanted solids, liquids and gases). In this paper, an effluent from a Cu producer company is valorized by means of Fe and Cu recovery. In the current process, an effluent from the secondary solvent extraction (secondary raffinate) was sent to neutralization plant to be discharged. In this paper a modification of the process is proposed. The secondary raffinate was contacted with TP207 resin for Fe3 + and Cu recovery. Metals were eluted from the resins using another real effluent (primary raffinate, effluent from the primary solvent extraction) from the same plant. Experiments for the uptake and elution were carried out in batch and in columns. The effect of pH, resin dosing, and temperature onto metals retention are analyzed. Retention efficiencies (loading capacities) were 50.1% (8.1 mg·g− 1) for Cu and 54.8% (23.2 mg·g− 1) for Fe3 + under the optimal operational conditions (pH = 0.45 and T = 65 °C). These values were confirmed in column tests. It is possible to recover Fe3 + and Cu from the secondary raffinate, leaving most of Fe2 + and other elements in solution. The experimental affinities that TP207 showed are: Cu > Fe3 + > Fe2 + > Zn. The elution of Fe and Cu was quantitatively achieved with concentrated H2SO4 solution. When acidified primary raffinate was used as eluting solution, an enriched solution containing 14.3 g Cu·L− 1, 20.3 g Fe2 +·L− 1, and 18.6 de g Fe3 +·L− 1 was obtained. This enriched primary raffinate can be reintroduced in the process as leaching solution. So, after the modification of the process, using secondary raffinate as loading solution and acidified primary raffinate as eluting solution, the ion-exchange stage could substitute the external FeSO4 addition. In addition, 30–80 kg Cu·h− 1 are reintroduced in the process.

The identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by a complex museum object, composed of materials of different nature, has been optimized by solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC–MS). The performance of two fiber coatings and four sampling times were tested and compared in order to define the best sampling conditions. The method allowed a fair extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds emitted naturally by the object, without any type of accelerating aging. In addition, on-fiber derivatization was applied to improve the extraction efficiency and reduce the sampling time of harmful carboxylic acids emitted by the object. The results obtained are of prime importance to show the off-gassing activity of a valuable museum object in order to take further decisions related with its storage and display conditions.

International audience; Due to the ability of foodborne pathogens to survive in low moisture food, the decontamination of milk powder is an important issue in food protection. The safety of food products is, however, not always insured and the different steps in the processing of food involve physiological and metabolic changes in bacteria. Among these changes, virulence properties may also be affected. In this study, the effect of drying and successive thermal treatments on the invasion capacity of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Senftenberg, and Cronobacter sakazakii was assessed. Bacteria were dried on milk powder at three different water activity levels (0.25, 0.58, and 0.80) and heated at two different temperatures (90 degrees C and 100 degrees C) for 30 and 120 s. After recovery, stressed bacterial populations were placed in contact with Caco-2 cells to estimate their invasion capacity. Our results show that drying increases the invasion capacity of foodborne pathogens, but that heat treatment in the dried state did not exert a selective pressure on bacterial cells depending on their invasion capacity after drying. Taken together, our findings add to the sum of knowledge on food safety in dried food products and provide insight into the effects of food processing.

Background The lack of standardisation in digoxin impregnation prompted us to analyse plasma levels (Cp) of digoxin during the previous 5 months. There only were 16 patients monitored (56.2% men), aged 77.4±10.8 years, with a glomerular filtration rate (FG) of 47.2±23 mL/min. Of these, only 18.7% were performed after the first dose and only 12.5% took into account FG when dosing. The average Cp for digoxin was 1.43±1.0 ng/mL, with variability of 69.9%. Purpose The development of a protocol of digoxin impregnation was proposed. A simple explanatory table was developed indicating the loading dose administered according to FG and recommended times for pharmacokinetic monitoring and the second dose. Material and methods The protocol was agreed with some medical services (internal medicine, cardiology, emergencies, intensive care medicine and neurology) through clinical sessions given by the pharmacist. The pharmacists insisted on dose adjustment according to FG and monitoring plasma levels of digoxin after the first loading dose for a Bayesian estimation. The project started in November 2015 and pharmacokinetic monitoring carried out over 5 months was analysed prospectively. Data (age, sex, FG, service, Cp, protocol compliance and pharmacokinetic recommendations) were obtained from the unit of clinical pharmacokinetics through the computer application Gestlab. Results A total of 32 patients (28.1% men), aged 81±7.6 years, with FG 56.3±22.9 mL/min were included in the analysis of protocol compliance. The distribution of requests for clinical service was: 37.5% internal medicine, 21.8% neurology, 21.8% cardiology and 6.2% emergencies. 84.4% of monitoring was performed after the first dose. In 62.5% of patients the dose was adjusted according to FG. The average level of digoxin Cp was 1.07±0.28 ng/mL. Conclusion Favourable changes generated after application of the new protocol were better coordination among prescribers, an increase of 50% in the number of patients monitored, reducing the average Cp of digoxin in the first pharmacokinetic monitoring period, with less interindividual variability (26%). No conflict of interest

Background Since April 2014, an antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP) has been implemented in hospitalisation units in a 580 bed hospital. The ASP team comprises two clinical pharmacists, two infectious diseases physicians and two microbiologists who, through weekly meetings, carry out their activities. The reasons for intervention are: not justified associations, dosing, pharmacokinetic monitoring, duration of antibiotic use more than 8 days and inappropriate prescription as indication and/or sensitivity testing. Purpose The aim was to assess the degree of acceptance of interventions in antibiotic therapy mediated through the multidisciplinary team compared with those developed by the hospital pharmacy department. As a secondary objective, we analysed the type of interventions developed and the impact of ASP activity on consumption of antibiotics. Material and methods This was a retrospective observational study from its implementation period to February 2016. The hospital pharmacy department selected patients treated with antibiotics suitable for optimisation through the unit dose drug distribution and pharmacokinetics area, and depending on the degree of urgency, the intervention was direct (by contacting the prescriber orally or in writing) or through weekly meetings with the multidisciplinary team. As a pharmacoeconomic indicator, the number of defined daily doses (DDD)/100 days bed was estimated monthly, and the decline on the impact on healthcare that led to the implementation of the programme was quantified. Results are expressed as mean (SD) for quantitative variables and percentages for qualitative variables. A statistical study was performed using the χ 2 test for qualitative variables using STATA/IC-14.1. Results After 22 months of implementation, 289 episodes in 216 patients (aged 64.8 years, SD=18.1) was proposed to optimise antibiotic therapy. Interventions mediated by the multidisciplinary group were more accepted than those mediated directly by the hospital pharmacy department (83% vs 39%; p Conclusion The significantly greater efficiency of the interventions in the optimisation of antibiotic therapy mediated through multidisciplinary programmes was demonstrated. No conflict of interest

Background Following the indications issued by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), it was compulsory to review the new recommendations for handling of hazardous drugs. Each hospital will use the NIOSH lists as a reference. Lack of resources and the increase in the assistance workload in the areas of elaboration are leading to the development of new systems to optimise production without reducing safety. One of the proposed strategies is the procedure of dose banding. This new approach standardises the doses in ranges or bands, accepting a percentage of maximum variation. Purpose To define the intravenous mixtures and the standardised optimal doses to be prepared in the pharmacy service according to the new regulations and available resources. Material and methods A review of all mixtures prepared in 2015 was carried out to find out the workload involved in the preparation of new mixtures. After review of the list 2 and 3 it was decided to prepare those drugs that provided added value (manipulator security, patient safety and cost optimisation). Possible theoretical doses were calculated based on the dosage of the drug (real weight/adjusted weight/ideal weight). We analysed whether the theoretical and the standardised dose was Conclusion Normalisation of intravenous mixtures allows more efficient management of the elaboration area. It is also expected that we will see a reduction in the errors in the production, a greater re-utilisation of the returned mixtures and, possibly, savings in direct and indirect costs.

Background New direct antiviral agents have caused marked evolution in the treatment of hepatitis C. However, it is necessary to demonstrate that this new therapeutic achieves higher response rates, lower complexity and better tolerability than older regimens in clinical practice. Purpose To analyse the viral response and tolerability of direct antiviral agents in clinical practice in patients with hepatitis C. Material and methods This was a prospective observational study conducted at the pharmaceutical care outpatient unit. All patients receiving treatment with new free interferon treatment from January 2015 to April 2016 were included. We evaluated analytical and clinical data: type of patient and treatment, degree of fibrosis, side effects, and viral load on completion of treatment and 24 weeks after completion of treatment. The information was obtained from the pharmacotherapeutic history, patient interview and laboratory register. Results are expressed as percentages and side effects as median (IQR) Results 229 patients were included (72% men; 51% naive; 22% coinfected): 10.6% had been treated with daclatasvir/sofosbuvir, 19.4% with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir, 42.7% with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir and 27.3% with simeprevir/sofosbuvir. In 59.9% of cases, these treatments were combined with ribavirin. Degree of fibrosis: 0.9% F0, 6.1% F1, 22.5% F2, 22.5% F3 and 55.1% F4. Duration of treatment was 12 weeks for 86.7% of patients and 24 weeks for the reminder. When the treatment was finished, 89.7% obtained undetectable viral load, 0.4% detectable viral load, 6.6% unknown viral load and 1.3% death before the finish. At 24 weeks after the finished treatment, 95.8% obtained undetectable viral load: 100% of patients treated with daclatasvir/sofosbuvir, 91.4% treated with simeprevir/sofosbuvir, 98.1% treated with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir and 100% treated with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir. Regarding side effects, 23.4% of patients had asthenia, 17.5% had skin reactions, 12.9% had gastrointestinal reactions and 22.6% other reactions. The median number of side effects was 1 (0–7). Conclusion New drugs show a high rate of response and are well tolerated. However, follow-up and pharmaceutical care in these patients has contributed to better management of side effects, resulting in better adherence and effectiveness. No conflict of interest

This work reports on the identification and molecular characterization of a two-component regulatory system (2CRS), encoded by serRK , which is believed to control the expression of the ser 2003 locus in Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. The ser 2003 locus consists of two genes, Bbr_1319 ( sagA ) and Bbr_1320 ( serU ), which are predicted to encode a hypothetical membrane-associated protein and a serpin-like protein, respectively. The response regulator SerR was shown to bind to the promoter region of ser 2003 , and the probable recognition sequence of SerR was determined by a combinatorial approach of in vitro site-directed mutagenesis coupled to transcriptional fusion and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). The importance of the serRK 2CRS in the response of B. breve to protease-mediated induction was confirmed by generating a B. breve serR insertion mutant, which was shown to exhibit altered ser 2003 transcriptional induction patterns compared to the parent strain, UCC2003. Interestingly, the analysis of a B. breve serU mutant revealed that the SerRK signaling pathway appears to include a SerU-dependent autoregulatory loop.

This work reports on the identification and molecular characterization of the two-component regulatory system (2CRS) PhoRP, which controls the response to inorganic phosphate (P i ) starvation in Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. The response regulator PhoP was shown to bind to the promoter region of pstSCAB , specifying a predicted P i transporter system, as well as that of phoU , which encodes a putative P i -responsive regulatory protein. This interaction is assumed to cause transcriptional modulation under conditions of P i limitation. Our data suggest that the phoRP genes are subject to positive autoregulation and, together with pstSCAB and presumably phoU , represent the complete regulon controlled by the phoRP -encoded 2CRS in B. breve UCC2003. Determination of the minimal PhoP binding region combined with bioinformatic analysis revealed the probable recognition sequence of PhoP, designated here as the PHO box, which together with phoRP is conserved among many high-GC-content Gram-positive bacteria. The importance of the phoRP 2CRS in the response of B. breve to P i starvation conditions was confirmed by analysis of a B. breve phoP insertion mutant which exhibited decreased growth under phosphate-limiting conditions compared to its parent strain UCC2003.

Alcohol use among college students is pervasive and affected by economic factors such as personal income and alcohol price. The authors examined the relationship among students' spending money, drinking rate, and alcohol-related consequences.In 2005, the authors conducted a Web-based survey among a random sample of 3,634 undergraduate students from 2 large universities.The authors used multiple logistic regression to model drinking behaviors and multiple linear regression to model alcohol-related consequences.The lowest reported levels of average monthly spending money were associated with reduced levels of drinking and getting drunk. Spending money was independently associated with experiencing alcohol-related consequences caused by a student's own drinking, even after the authors controlled for personal drinking behaviors. The effects for consequences caused by others' drinking were significant for students who had gotten drunk.These findings have implications for alcohol price and marketing, particularly around colleges, and suggest actions for parents to consider.

Objective: This study examined the relationships between party behaviors and social contextual factors for the largest party attended by college students and serial drunkenness by students over the 3 traditional weekend party days (Thursday-Saturday). Method: On two separate 3-day party time periods in the spring of 2006, a random sample of 3,600 students from two large public universities completed a Web-based survey. The survey was administered on a Sunday evening and assessed alcohol consumption, party behaviors and observations, and other social contextual factors occurring during the 3 previous days. Serial drunkenness was measured as having gotten drunk on 0-3 days for the specified 3-day period for students who had attended one or more parties. Results: Multivariate analysis indicated that serial drunkenness was associated with being white, being single without a partner, having ridden with a drinking driver over the weekend, drunken behaviors by other students at the largest party attended, the number of drinks the student consumed before attending the party, the number of drinks consumed at the largest party, and the number of friends that attended the party with the student. A lower frequency of serial drunkenness was associated with the perception that alcohol was difficult to obtain. Conclusions: The availability of alcohol before and at the largest party attended over the weekend, attending the party with a larger number of friends, and drunken behaviors by other students at the party, plus riding with a drinking driver after the party, were associated with serial drunkenness over the 3-day period by the students at these two universities. Language: en

Background The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) index for the efficacy of linezolid is defined as the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC 24 )/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Purpose To establish linezolid dosing regimen to achieve the expected PK/PD target using THE Monte Carlo simulation for successful therapy. Material and methods The pharmacokinetic parameters of linezolid were obtained from published studies. MIC data were collected of our centre for the years 2013 and 2014 for Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS) isolates. The pharmacokinetic parameters were defined as a log normal distribution in the Monte Carlo simulation, and in the case of MIC, a discrete distribution. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10 000 subjects was performed using the SimulAr program. Acumulative fraction of response (CFR) was calculated (CFR values of >90% represent an optimal regimen). Optimal AUC/MIC ≥100 was considered. Results After literature review, a population pharmacokinetic study of linezolid was selected in adult patients suffering from Gram positive bacterial infections. A one compartment PK model was used with a first order elimination process and the final equation model for Linezolid clearance (Cl Lin )=0.0258xCreatinine clearance (Cl Cr ) (L/h)+2.03 with interindividual variability of 30.5%. Cl Cr was estimed using the Cockcroft and Gault method. MICs for S aureus were fixed at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 μl/mL, with a relative distribution of 0.0075, 0.3387, 0.4807, 0.1667 and 0.0064, respectively. For CNS, MICs were fixed at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 μl/mL with a relative distribution of 0.3267, 0.6707, 0.0013 and 0.0013, respectively. The simulation analysis for S aureus suggested doses of 900, 1200, 1800 and 2400 mg/day for Cl Cr 125 mL/min, respectively. For CNS, doses of 600, 900 and 1200 mg/day were suggested for Cl Cr 125 mL/min, respectively. Conclusion According to the population pharmacokinetic model and the MIC chosen, linezolid doses should be individualised based on patient Cl Cr and strain of staphylococcus spp isolated. References and/or Acknowledgements Matsumoto, Shigemi A, Takeshita A, et al . Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014;44:242-7 No conflict of interest.

In this paper, a methodology based on Floquet decomposition is presented as an alternative solution to obtain the steady state values of power converters. The entire procedure is based on the previous computation of the transition matrix or an approximate of it. Floquet theory is used to provide direct expressions for the steady state solution of systems forced by periodic functions. The application of this analytical expression to power converter circuits is presented through two simple but practical power electronic components.

BACKGROUND: High-risk drinking by college students continues to pose a significant threat to public health. Despite increasing evidence of the contribution of community-level and campus-level environmental factors to high-risk drinking, there have been few rigorous tests of interventions that focus on changing these interlinked environments. The Study to Prevent Alcohol Related Consequences (SPARC) assessed the efficacy of a comprehensive intervention using a community organizing approach to implement environmental strategies in and around college campuses. The goal of SPARC was to reduce high-risk drinking and alcohol-related consequences among college students. METHODS: Ten universities in North Carolina were randomized to an Intervention or Comparison condition. Each Intervention school was assigned a campus/community organizer. The organizer worked to form a campus-community coalition, which developed and implemented a strategic plan to use environmental strategies to reduce high-risk drinking and its consequences. The intervention was implemented over a period of 3 years. Primary outcome measures were assessed using a web-based survey of students. Measures of high-risk drinking included number of days alcohol was consumed, number of days of binge drinking, and greatest number of drinks consumed (all in the past 30 days); and number of days one gets drunk in a typical week. Measures of alcohol-related consequences included indices of moderate consequences due to one's own drinking, severe consequences due to one's own drinking, interpersonal consequences due to others' drinking, and community consequences due to others' drinking (all using a past 30-day time frame). Measure of alcohol-related injuries included (i) experiencing alcohol-related injuries and (ii) alcohol-related injuries caused to others. RESULTS: We found significant decreases in the Intervention group compared with the Comparison group in severe consequences due to students' own drinking and alcohol-related injuries caused to others. In secondary analyses, higher levels of implementation of the intervention were associated with reductions in interpersonal consequences due to others' drinking and alcohol-related injuries caused to others. CONCLUSIONS: A community organizing approach promoting implementation of environmental interventions can significantly affect high-risk drinking and its consequences among college students. Language: en

Objective: To carry out a budget impact analysis (BIA) of olmesartan/amlodipine (20/5, 40/5 and 40/10 mg) marketed as a fixed combination (FC) in its approved indication for the National Health System (NHS). Desig: We developed a decision tree model in order to estimate usual hypertension treatment algorithm in Spanish clinical practice. Settings: The BIA has been developed from the perspective of the NHS for a period of 3 years (years 2010-2012). Participants: Spanish hypertensive population >= 35 years old. Interventions: Introduction into the market of a fixed combination (FC) olmesartan/amlodipine in Spain. Primary measures: Expected costs to be assumed by the Spanish NHS (RRP-VAT) for hypertensive population able to be treated with the FC versus currently assumed costs by the NHS with free combination olmesartan and amlodipine. Results: Estimated pharmaceutical costs in hypertensive population treated with olmesartan and amlodipine (2 pills) would be (sic)25.2 M (1(st) year), (sic)26.4 M (2011), (sic)27.6 M (2012), with a total 3-year period of (sic)79.2 M. According to patient tree model, the population able to be treated with FC would be 71,283 patients (2010), with a growth rate of 4.8% in the successive years, which supposes an annual cost of (sic)21.2 M (2010), (sic)21.8M (2011) and (sic)22.4 M (2012), with a total 3-year period of (sic)65.4 M. The MA shows savings of (sic)13.8 M in a total 3-year period. Conclusion: The BIA of FC olmesartan/amlodipine could generate net savings of (sic)13.8 M for the NHS in the period ranging from years 2010 to 2012. (C) 2010 Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.

Collegiate football games provide multiple social opportunities for alcohol use by students over the course of the weekend. The goal of this study was to examine alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences on football game weekends to determine differences based on characteristics of the game. METHODS: A random sample of students from two large, public universities in the United States completed a survey on the Sunday-Friday following a high-risk weekend (HRW, important, home game) and low-risk weekend (LRW, no home game or game of importance) (N = 3,238 total). The survey measured the number of days students drank (0-3) and got drunk (0-3) over the weekend and whether 1+ consequences were experienced due to one's own drinking (yes/no) and due to others' drinking (yes/no). RESULTS: Ordinal logistic regression analyses revealed greater odds of drinking alcohol (OR = 1.70, CI = 1.46-1.97) and getting drunk (OR = 1.49, CI = 1.27-1.76) on HRW versus LRW. Logistic regression analyses revealed greater odds of experiencing 1+ consequences as a result of one's own drinking (OR = 1.38, CI = 1.16-1.63) and experiencing 1+ consequences as a result of others' drinking (OR = 1.52, CI = 1.30-1.78) on HRW versus LRW. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that additional prevention efforts aimed at reducing risky drinking are needed over HRW and have implications for campus administrators, law enforcement, and substance abuse program coordinators. Language: en

The Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) 10.4m telescope received its First Light on July 13, 2007. At present the GTC is undergoing commissioning tests. Night time observations are being carried out routinely from Monday through to Thursday every week. The GTC will begin science observation by the end of the year, and will be offered to the community in September 2008 for the semester starting in March 09. The two first generation science instruments are getting ready to be mounted on the telescope. In this talk I will go through the main features of the first generation science instruments and describe their status of completion. I will also devote some time to the second-generation instruments that are currently at various states of advancement. These include EMIR, a wide field multi-object K band cryogenic spectrograph, and FRIDA, which is a near IR Adaptive Optics fed integral field spectrograph. Finally, I will describe a set of smaller instruments that will complement and indeed extend the observing capabilities of the GTC soon after the start of science operation.

While there is optimism about an environmental management approach that utilizes campus-community coalitions to reduce levels of high-risk drinking, the readiness of schools to implement such an approach is unknown. We surveyed 100 colleges regarding their readiness based on eight factors: existence of a task force to address alcohol use on campus; the inclusion of the college/university President; inclusion of a community representative; frequent meetings; external funding to address alcohol use; previous environmental training; changes implemented as a result of environmental training; and a plan to institute environmental training in the future. Having an alcohol task force or coalition (57%) was associated with participation by the president and/or community representative on the task force, having extramural funding to address high-risk drinking, training in environmental management, implementation of changes after the training, plans for future training, school size, Greek organizations on campus, and being a state university.

The Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) 10.4m telescope will be having its first light soon after this meeting. A fairly complete set of science instruments are being prepared for installation at the GTC soon after first light or a couple of year after in the case of the second generation instruments. In this talk I will describe the main features of the various instruments and discuss their completion status. In particular I will dwell on the Tuneable filters combined with a wide field and charge shuffling capabilities of OSIRIS, Elmer's outstanding throughput, and the thermal IR polarimetry and coronagraphy capabilities of CanariCam. I will also show the wide field multi-object K band spectroscopic capabilities of EMIR, the first of the second-generation instruments. Finally, I will describe CIRCE, a near IR camera being offered by the UF for GTC, and FRIDA, a near IR AO geared imager and IFU spectrograph meant to exploit the GTC AO system.

We describe the technical characteristic of a new instrument, which is controlled by a microcomputer and is aimed at ocular spectrophotometric and fluorophotometric studies. We also discuss some practical applications.

The «Cuarcita del Criadero» of the Almaden ore Deposit is formed by two quartzitic zones, one upper and the other lower, separated by the denominated intermediate shales. The Upperr Quartzitic Zone comprises of the banging to the foot wall: the mineralized Iayer of «San Nicolas», the mineralized layer of «San Francisco» and the Intermediate Quartzites whereas the Lower Quartzitic Zone contains the mineralized layer of «San Pedro». In the present paper, we investigate, by means of plasma emission spectrometry by inductive coupling the distribution of certain trace elements, thirteen in pyrites, twelve in cinnabars and seventeen in the shaly strata of the mineralized layer of «San Nicolas», in order to establish the geochemical character of the pyrite, cinnabar and of the shaly strata just as the origin of the two sulphides.

International audience; [Technical Session 1 – Intervention Strategies] Introduction: Salmonella enterica and Cronobacter sakazakii are foodborne pathogens responsible for severe infant illness. Their ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions make these species a matter of concern for the low moisture food industry. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate and understand the impact of drying conditions on survival, physiology, and invasion capacity of Salmonella Typhimurium and C. sakazakii.Methods: Salmonella Typhimurium and C. sakazakii were mixed into whole milk powder and dried at different water activity (aw) levels (0.25, 0.58 and 0.80). For each strain, the impact of each drying condition was evaluated by estimating the loss of cultivability, membrane permeabilization, and the loss of a respiratory enzymatic activity by flow cytometry. The invasion capacity in Caco-2 cells was, also, evaluated after drying for each bacterium by the gentamicin test.Results: Our results showed that intermediary initial drying kinetics increased bacterial inactivation. No significant differences were observed between bacterial cultivability at aw 0.25 and 0.58. Nevertheless, the bacterial cultivability was significantly higher (p