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Straipsnyje analizuojamos teisinės, socialinės ir kultūrinės prielaidos arbitražo ir mediacijos institutų vystymuisi tiek Lietuvoje, tiek ir Ukrainoje. Autoriai nustatė, kad arbitražas turi kur kas ilgesnes tradicijas abiejose valstybėse nei mediacija. Tam tikrų arbitražo instituto elementų randama net viduramžiais. Sovietų Sąjungoje, suprantama, alternatyvūs ginčų sprendimo būdai nebuvo skatinami. Mediacija neturi ilgų tradicijų tiek Lietuvoje, tiek ir Ukrainoje ir pirmi žingsniai skatinti šį alternatyvų ginčų sprendimo būdą pradėti žengti tik priėmus mediacijos įstatymus. This article analyzes the legal, social and cultural prerequisites for the development of the institutes of arbitration and mediation in Lithuania and Ukraine. The authors concluded that arbitration has longer traditions both in Lithuania and Ukraine in comparison with mediation. Some allusions to the arbitration go back even to the Middle Ages. During Soviet times, in both countries such a method of alternative dispute resolution was not promoted. Mediation does not have long- lasting traditions in Lithuania and Ukraine, and the first steps to stimulate this method of alternative dispute resolution were made only in the newly adopted laws on mediation.

Collective labor disputes based on the differences in economic interests between workers and employers can be effectively resolved exclusively through conciliation procedures. Contemporary alternative methods arose mostly due to the necessity to resolve collective labor disputes; mediation for this purpose is applied differently in various countries. National legislation equally provides various means for collective labor dispute resolutions and determines relevant intermediary procedures. An intermediation in a collective labor dispute resolution can be private and/or state-appointed and mandatory or alternative and remains a very perspective means of alternative dispute resolution. An analysis of different countries’ legislation distinguishes several common features of intermediation in collective labor disputes, concerning mainly the goals, objectives and principles. For bodies and persons conducting intermediation, the degree of compulsion in their decisions varies greatly from country to country. However, the obtained experience reveals common and distinctive procedural features and provides the possibility to classify existing approaches, having combined them into groups. The analysis also follows general development trends of collective labor dispute intermediation in different countries and identifies several shortcomings that are characteristic to different systems of intermediation legal regulation. Further research on the most effective ways of collective labor dispute conciliation is necessary for establishing new harmonious labor relations as the grounds for social progress.

This paper deals with prevention and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in tax matters, particularly in the light of the specific nature of administrative relations, which also include tax procedures. Given the involvement of stakeholders, ADR benefits both the taxpayers and the tax authority, enabling greater legal certainty and speedier finalisation of procedures. Yet, ADR also poses an open threat to the public interest and equality as international and constitutional administrative principles, and must therefore be limited in tax procedures. This also derives from the legal acts of the EU and the Council of Europe. In addition to theoretical frameworks and types of dispute prevention and resolution mechanisms studied by means of scientific literature review, legal sources analysis and comparative insights, the paper presents the Slovenian regulation and practice of the Financial Administration (FURS) over the past years. The aim of this research is to examine the de iure and de facto situation at the national level. The analysis shows that, in tax matters, ADR is noticeably more intensive at the international level than within national tax systems. On the other hand, individual countries prefer to establish regulatory mechanisms for prevention, which should result in even more desired avoidance of disputes. It can be concluded that efficient tax procedures require an integrated approach, including both dispute prevention and ADR, in order to ensure the principles of tax justice and systemic inclusion of all stakeholders in its governance., Ovaj rad bavi se prevencijom i alternativnom rješavanjem sporova (ADR) u poreznim pitanjima, u kontekstu upravnih odnosa. ADR, na temelju sudjelovanja dionika, koristi i poreznim obveznicima i poreznom tijelu, jer donosi osobito veću pravnu sigurnost i brzu konačnu zatvaranje postupaka. Istovremeno ADR znači otvorenu prijetnju javnom interesu i jednakosti po međunarodnim upravnim i ustavnim načelima, zato mora biti ADR u poreznim postupcima ograničeno. Ovo također proizlazi iz akata EU i Vijeća Europe. Osim teorijskih okvira i vrsta ADR na bazi analize znanstvene literature, pravnih izvora i komparativnih uvida u ovom radu bavi se o regulatornom okviru u Sloveniji i praksi Financijske uprave Republike Slovenije (FURS) u posljednjih nekoliko godina. Cilj istraživanja je identifikacija de iure i de facto stanja na nacionalnoj razini. Analiza pokazuje, da je ADR u poreznim pitanjima znatno intenzivnija u međunarodnim odnosima nego unutar nacionalnih poreznih sustava. S druge strane, pojedine zemlje nastoje uspostaviti osobito regulatorne mehanizme za prevenciju, što bi dovelo do još poželjnijeg izbjegavanja sukoba. U zaključku, istaknuto je, da su za efektivne porezne postupke potrebne integrirane metode prevencije kao i ADR, uzimajući u obzir principe pravednog poreznog sustava i uključenosti svih dionika u njegovo upravljanje., Dieser Beitrag bespricht die Vorbeugung des Steuerstreits und alternative Streitbeilegungsmechanismen (ASB-Mechanismen), insbesondere angesichts des spezifischen Wesens der Verwaltungsverhältnisse, welche auch Steuerverfahren einschließen. Sowohl Steuerpflichtige als auch die Steuerverwaltung haben Nutzen von den ASB-Mechanismen, weil sie hohe Rechtssicherheit und schnellere Beendigung der Verfahren ermöglichen. Die ASB stellt aber ein Risiko für das Gemeinwohl und die Gleichheit dar, die völker- und verfassungsrechtlichen Grundsätze. Deshalb muss die ASB bei Steuerverfahren beschränkt werden. Diese Behauptung geht auch von den Rechtsakten der EU und des Europäischen Rates hervor. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die theoretischen Rechtsrahmen und die Arten der Vorbeugung und Beilegung des Streites durch die Analyse der wissenschaftlichen Literatur, der Rechtsquellen und der rechtsvergleichenden Einsichten. Zusätzlich werden im Beitrag die slowenische Regulierung dieses Bereichs und die Praxis der Finanzverwaltung (der sog. FURS) in den letzten Jahren dargestellt. Das Ziel des Beitrags ist es, die de iure und de facto Situation in nationalen Rechtsordnungen zu untersuchen. Die Analyse weist darauf hin, dass die ASB öfter auf internationaler als auf nationaler Ebene verwendet wird. Andererseits geben individuelle Länder der Bestimmung von Regulierungsmechanismen für die Vorbeugung den Vorzug, was zur gewünschten Streitvermeidung führen sollte. Es lässt sich schließen, dass man einen integrativen Ansatz zur Erreichung effizienter Steuerverfahren braucht, welcher sowohl die Vorbeugung des Streits und die ASB einschließt, um die Grundsätze der Steuergerechtigkeit und die systematische Einbeziehung aller Interessenvertreter zu gewährleisten., Il presente lavoro si occupa della prevenzione e della risoluzione alternativa delle liti (ADR) nelle questioni tributarie, nel contesto dei rapporti amministrativi. L’ADR, in base alla partecipazione delle parti, serve anche ai contribuenti ed agli enti tributari, in quanto comporta una maggiore certezza del diritto ed una chiusura rapida e definitiva della lite. Al tempo stesso l’ADR rappresenta una minaccia aperta per l’interesse pubblico e per l’uguaglianza secondo i principi internazionali amministrativi e costituzionali. Pertanto, l’ADR nella materia tributaria incontra dei limiti. Ciò deriva altresì dagli atti dell’UE e del Consiglio d’Europa. Oltre che del quadro teorico e dei tipi di ADR in base all’analisi della letteratura scientifica, delle fonti giuridiche e della rassegna comparata, in questo lavoro ci si occupa anche del quadro regolatore in Slovenia e della prassi dell’amministrazione finanziaria della Repubblica di Slovenia (FURS) negli ultimi anni. Lo scopo della ricerca è quello di identificare de iure e de facto la situazione sul piano nazionale. L’analisi dimostra che l’ADR nelle questioni tributarie è assi più intensa nei rapporti internazionali che all’interno dei sistemi tributari nazionali. Dall’altra parte, i singoli paesi cercano di creare dei meccanismi regolatori di prevenzione, il che porterebbe ad un auspicato scongiuramento del conflitto. Nella conclusione è stato rilevato che per delle procedure tributarie efficienti siano necessari dei metodi di prevenzione integrati come anche l’ADR, tenendo conto dei principi di un sistema fiscale giusto e dell’inclusione di tutte le parti nella sua gestione.

In this paper we describe the steps taken to model expert knowledge within the mediation domain as the basis for the design of the Mediation Core Ontology (MCO), of which we also offer a first outline of its present stage of development. MCO is created from scratch by eliciting practical knowledge from mediation experts to identify the basic working concepts of the domain. MCO offers initial support towards knowledge acquisition and reasoning and, in later steps, will serve as a general basis for the development of different mediation domain and sub-domain ontologies to be used by the ONTOMEDIA mediation platform, currently also under development.

Alternative Dispute Resolution is a generic term used to describe a range of procedures designed to provide ways to resolving a dispute as an alternative to court procedures. This paper discussed various modes of ADR mechanisms exist in India for resolving disputes outside the courts. Arbitration, conciliation, mediation and Lok Adalat technique of Alternative Disputes Resolution has been used by many countries for effective disputes resolution. This paper highlights the reasons behind introduction of ADR mechanism and laws relating to settlement of dispute in India. This paper also highlights various problems in implementation of ADR mechanism in India. These Problems in implementation of ADR mechanism can be solved through creating awareness of rural and urban people.

In sub-Saharan Africa, one of the barriers to development and wealth creation in the peri urban and rural areas is land tenure insecurity. This is mainly due to a number of factors including the absence of clear unambiguous boundaries between allodial owners and the absence of credible documentation of land rights. This research sought to establish and document over 190 km of the boundary of Juaben paramouncy in a manner that ensured peace, harmony and tenure security. Disputes were resolved through less costly Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms and Customary Land Secretariat (CLS) that catalogued and maintained up to date register on the land. This resulted in conflicts that have raged on for decades, sometimes leading to injury, property destruction and loss of lives come to an end. The benefits of this improved land tenure security are enhanced agricultural productivity, wealth creation for rural dwellers, peace and stability. Boundary demarcations and documentations established were important steps in the process of reformation and improving land tenure security in the rural communities. Information retrieval was simplified and transaction cost made cheaper. Keywords: Land Tenure Security, Customary Boundary Demarcation (CBD), Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)

This paper examines the development of procedures for conflict resolution in workplaces in Ireland and the more recent emergence of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) practices. Based on a synthesis of data from a series of studies and on a review of reports of conflict resolution innovations, the paper shows how conventional procedures for resolving collective disputes and individual employment grievances had become almost standard by the 1980s, while a series of ADR practices became features of conflict resolution from the 1990s. The changing character of conflict resolution procedures and practices is attributed to a series of influences that include the professionalisation of personnel and human resource management, the changing pattern and context of workplace conflict, the growing importance of multinational firms, and the emergence of professional training and expertise in the provision of ADR support services. The paper projects a continuing rise in the incidence and use of ADR practices but questions the extent to which organisations in Ireland are likely to adopt conflict management systems based on integrated sets of conflict resolution practices.

Parte de uma investigação mais ampla, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a prática da mediação trabalhista sob a perspectiva dos mediadores e da experiência institucional desenvolvida na unidade-caso, o Centro Judiciário de Métodos Consensuais de Solução de Disputas (CEJUSC-JT/Olinda). Em plano secundário, visou-se explorar a experiência do Centro, evidenciando os fatores determinantes de desempenho, bem como os desafios enfrentados nesta prática. Nesse intento, adotou-se como estratégia metodológica, de design essencialmente qualitativo, a triangulação de métodos (documentário, estudo de caso e Grounded theory), seguido da análise de conteúdo. A imersão ratificou o sucesso do modelo, destacando a repercussão de iniciativas da coordenação do CEJUSC-JT/Olinda e sua equipe, especialmente mediadores. De fato, as teorias substantivas formuladas encaminharam à identificação dos fatores de êxito, a exemplo da preparação do ambiente e das pessoas envolvidas nos procedimentos mediatórios. As práticas do Centro se diferenciam na periferia do rito legal (obrigatório) por meio de suas políticas e ações. Dentre estas políticas, destaca-se aquela de autocuidado, voltado para as pessoas envolvidas nas atividades do Centro, mediadores e equipe de apoio. No que concerne aos desafios estruturais, destaca-se a resistência das partes às experiências de mediação e conciliação, o ânimo belicoso presente em algumas relações e as próprias limitações da prática nos casos de conflitos que envolvem danos existenciais. Esses resultados remeteram à constatação da necessidade de proceder-se à triagem dos conflitos, visando tratamento mais eficiente e eficaz.

A journal article by Kariuki Muigui and Kariuki Francis, published in Strathmore Law Journal, SLJ - Volume 1, Number 1, June 2015. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010, envisions a prominent role for alternative dispute resolution, including traditional dispute resolution mechanisms. This is in addition to other legislative frameworks which provide for non-formal methods of dispute resolution. A thesis is made that formal forums such as litigation through courts of law have various disadvantages including complexity, high costs, and technical procedures, delays, amongst others, which make a strong case for the usually convenient and available ADR mechanisms. Put to good use, these mechanisms have potential to spur economic development through enhanced access to justice and the rule of law. The authors, indeed, argue that there is a golden thread that weaves across the themes of rule of law, human rights and access to justice and development.

The purpose of this article is to analyze, within the prism of the innovations proposed by the Judiciary Reform, with the creation of CNJ and specific guidelines for the creation of alternative means to the Judiciary, why the sentence culture is perpetuated as a paradigm of resolution of conflicts, to the detriment of the culture of consensus. To do so, we analyze the origin of the conflict, the specificities of the sentence and consensus cultures, and then establish the main obstacles to the substitution of the culture of the sentence by a consensual culture of conflict management. This paper adopts the hypothetical-deductive method of research and the documentary and bibliographic review, as a research technique.

En: Arbitraje: revista de arbitraje comercial y de inversiones. eISSN. 2603-9281. vol. 6, n. 1, 2013, pp 71-110 El recurso a los mecanismos alternativos de solución de controversias (ADR) –en particular al arbitraje internacional– para la resolución de litigios en los que están implicados derechos de la personalidad, en la actualidad tiene creciente importancia y plantea cuestiones que deben ser analizadas. En el presente trabajo se analiza principalmente la posibilidad de recurrir al arbitraje en este tipo de litigios, su viabilidad en el contexto actual, sus implicaciones y las cuestiones fundamentales que su utilización podría plantear en este particular sector material. De entre todas las cuestiones cabe destacar principalmente una: la arbitrabilidad, que necesariamente ha de relacionarse con el recurso al orden público. La relevancia de esta cuestión se deriva directamente de lo sensible y especial que esta materia resulta en la generalidad de sistemas nacionales y que se traduce en potenciales problemas de arbitrabilidad y orden público, principalmente por el carácter fundamental de los derechos implicados en estos litigios. El carácter fundamental de estos derechos no impide que puedan celebrarse negocios jurídicos a través de los cuales el titular disponga de ciertas facetas de su derecho. El arbitraje como medio alternativo de solución en este tipo de disputas presenta significativas ventajas frente a la jurisdicción, tanto cuando entre las partes medie un contrato de disposición como cuando lo que se exige es responsabilidad extracontractual derivada de la lesión de estos derechos. Resorting to Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) –especially to international arbitration– in order to resolve cases in which personality rights are involved is gaining more and more relevance every day. In this regard several issues should be analyzed. The present study focuses mainly on the possibility of resorting to arbitration to resolve this kind of disputes, its viability in the current legal context and the principal implications that would be derived from it in this particular topic. One of these issues stands out: the arbitrability, which is closely related to the public policy. This subject matter is very significant due to the fact that in most national legal systems personality rights are considered as fundamental rights. Nevertheless, the characterization of those rights as fundamental rights does not impede the holder disposing of certain aspects of his right through an agreement. The arbitration as an alternative resolution method in this special kind of disputes shows more advantages than litigation before national courts when there is a contract between the parties as much as in non contractual obligations arising out of violations of personality rights.

Aquesta tesi presenta la mediació de consum online a Catalunya des d’una vessant legal i tecnològica. Per un costat, des del prisma dels Mitjans de Resolució de Disputes en línea (Online Dispute Resolution, ODR) analitza quines tecnologies poden recolzar els processos de mediació i quins mecanismes d’ODR s’utilitzen. Així mateix, presenta alguns reptes de la regulació dels ODR i la mediació en línea. Per un altre costat, aquesta tesi estudia la mediació com a mitjà de resolució de controvèrsies entre consumidors i empresaris. En la tesi s’efectua una recerca empírica i legal de la mediació de consum que mostra quins proveïdors ofereixen actualment serveis de mediació, així com les parts de la mediació i els seus processos. A continuació, aquesta tesi analitza els principis reguladors de la mediació en línea de consum a Catalunya. Analitza els principis continguts en el Codi de Consum de Catalunya i valora la possible inclusió d’altres principis que poden arribar a ser reconeguts per la futura normativa Europea en matèria dels ADR/ODR. Tanmateix, analitza altres principis relatius a les comunicacions electròniques. D’altra banda, aquesta tesi pren en consideració el paper que les tecnologies de la informació i de la comunicació (TICs) poden portar a terme per tal de contribuir a superar la manca de coneixement dels mitjans d’ADR/ODR així com dels organismes que ofereixen aquests serveis. Per això, a partir d’una aproximació legal de les polítiques de capacitació dels consumidors i de la propera normativa europea sobre ADR/ODR, aquesta tesi proposa un marc contextual i una aplicació mòbil bàsica i simple que pot contribuir a capacitar els consumidors i apropar-los a la justícia, oferint informació sobre les entitats de mediació de consum i de la legislació de consum a Catalunya., Esta tesis presenta la mediación de consumo online en Cataluña, desde una vertiente doblemente legal y tecnológica. Por un lado, analiza las tecnologías que pueden apoyar los procesos de mediación así como aquellos mecanismos de resolución de disputas en línea (ODR) que se utilizan. Asimismo, presenta algunos retos de la regulación de los ODR y la mediación en línea. Por otro lado, analiza la mediación en las controversias entre consumidores y empresarios desde un prisma empírico y legal y analiza qué proveedores ofrecen actualmente servicios de mediación de consumo, cuáles son las partes y cómo se desarrollan los procesos. A continuación, esta tesis analiza los principios reguladores de la mediación en línea de consumo. A partir de la sucinta regulación del Código de Consumo de Cataluña, valora la posible inclusión de otros principios que pueden llegar a ser reconocidos por la legislación europea en el ámbito de los ADR/ODR. Además, analiza otros principios derivados de las comunicaciones electrónicas. Finalmente, esta tesis toma en consideración el papel que las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TICs) pueden llevar a cabo para contribuir a superar la falta de conocimiento de mecanismos y entidades de ADR/ODR. Por ello, más allá de las políticas de capacitación de los consumidores, esta tesis ofrece un marco contextual y una aplicación móvil, básica y simple que puede contribuir a capacitar a los consumidores y acercarlos a la justicia, ofreciendo información sobre las entidades de mediación de consumo y la legislación de consumo aplicable en Cataluña., This thesis presents online consumer mediation in Catalonia from both a legal and technological perspective. On the one hand, it takes into account the technologies that may support online mediation and explores the ODR mechanisms that are currently being employed. Moreover, it presents some challenges that face the regulation of both ODR and online mediation. On the other hand, it shows both an empirical and legal study of consumer mediation and it uncovers what entities currently do provide consumer mediation services. It also situates the parties and the process. Furthermore, the thesis analyses the regulatory principles of online consumer mediation in Catalonia. From the succinct regulation of the Consumer Code in Catalonia, it analyses other principles that may be enshrined in the near future by European instruments of ADR/ODR, and it takes into account principles of electronic communications. The thesis also considers that ICT may contribute to overcoming the lack of consumer awareness of ADR/ODR mechanisms and bodies. Further to a legislative approach of consumer empowerment and ADR/ODR, it proposes a contextual framework and a basic and simple mobile application that may empower consumers and bring them closer to justice by offering information about consumer mediation entities and consumer legislation in Catalonia.

Trabajo realizado dentro del marco de colaboración con el Grupo de Investigación SEJ 422., Comunicación presentada en el 4º Congreso Gallego de Derecho Procesal (I Internacional). Celebrado en A Coruña, 2-3 junio de 2011., Como ya pusiera de relieve García Villaluenga, el hecho de que tradicionalmente se haya considerado la vía jurisdiccional como la única posible para dar respuesta a las disputas familiares, responde a modelos autoritarios de Estado que actualmente están dando paso a otros más “democráticos”, que apuestan por una mayor participación en la toma de decisiones de las personas directamente afectadas por la controversia. Sin embargo, en algunos periodos históricos, sobre todo hasta la Revolución industrial, existían junto a los Tribunales otros sistemas para resolver los conflictos que surgían entre los individuos, caracterizados por la intervención de una o varias personas de prestigio o autoridad que generalmente actuaban con carácter privado, como eran la conciliación o el “hombre bueno”, tradicional en las sociedades agrarias. Algunos de estos sistemas han perdurado hasta nuestros días (ejemplo de ello es, sin duda, el Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia, que viene actuando desde el siglo XIII. Dicho Tribunal, cuyos miembros son popularmente elegidos por los campesinos, tiene como función resolver problemas referentes a la repartición equitativa del agua en la comunidad, por lo que los campesinos de Valencia pueden regular sus conflictos recurriendo a un tribunal arbitral formado por personas respetadas de su propia clase y contexto socio-cultural).