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En este estudio se analizan las características psicosociales de una muestra de menores infractores en un centro de internamiento en función del riesgo de reincidencia. Se evaluó una muestra de 102 menores infractores (92 varones y 10 mujeres) que cumplían una medida judicial en el único centro de internamiento de Navarra (España). Se recogió información sobre las características sociodemográficas, psicosociales y el riesgo de reincidencia a través del Inventario para la Gestión y la Intervención con Jóvenes (IGI-J), así como sobre las características de personalidad a través del Inventario Clínico de Adolescentes de Millon (MACI). Los resultados mostraron que el riesgo de reincidencia era alto para el 21.6% de la muestra, moderado para el 31.4% y bajo para el 47.1%. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos en numerosas características psicosociales y de personalidad. Además, las principales variables relacionadas con los diferentes niveles de riesgo de reincidencia fueron la presencia/ausencia de una historia de conductas violentas, el rendimiento escolar, las habilidades para la solución de problemas y la sumisión como características de personalidad. Estas cuatro variables clasificaban correctamente al 80.4% de la muestra. Con arreglo a los resultados encontrados, estas variables se deben tener en cuenta en el desarrollo de programas de intervención eficaces en los centros de internamiento con menores infractores con el objetivo de disminuir la tasa de reincidencia. This study analyses the psychosocial characteristics based on recidivism risk of juvenile offenders in conditions of internment. A sample of 102 juvenile offenders (92 male, 10 female) who were serving sentences in the only detention centre in Navarra (Spain) was used. Data on sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics as well as features related to recidivism risk were collected through the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) and data on personality characteristics were obtained through the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). The results showed that risk of reoffending was high for 21.6% of the sample, moderate for 31.4%, and low for 47.1%. Statistically significant differences were found between groups for various psychosocial and personality characteristics. In addition, the main variables related to the different risk levels of criminal recidivism were the presence/absence of history of violent behaviour, school performance, problem-solving skills, and submission as a personality trait. These four variables correctly classified 80.4% of the sample. According to the results, these variables must be considered in the development of effective intervention programmes in detention centres with juvenile offenders in order to decrease criminal reoffending rates. This study was funded by a grant (code FUNCAN-07441) from the Fundación Caja Navarra (Spain).

The goals of this study were to evaluate the gender-based effectiveness of the parental intervention of the Suspertu (“recovery” in English) prevention program for adolescents with risk behaviors in Spain. The sample included 229 parents (105 fathers and 124 mothers). One open-label trial with repeated measures was used. Parents received a family therapy and a group education. The intervention improved parents’ authoritative parenting style, decreasing the degree of parental stress and reducing parent’s psychopathological symptoms and maladjustment. Improvement in both groups (fathers and mothers) was mainly observed from pre- to post-intervention assessment. According to the results, prevention programs for adolescents with risk behaviors may be a suitable context both to teach parents to deal appropriately with their children’s risk behaviors, and to improve parent’s psychological state. The authors wish to thank the technical team of the Suspertu (Fundación Proyecto Hombre Navarra) program for assisting in the evaluation of the sample.

The abusive consumption of alcohol is a relevant health problem. Training hospitality professionals in Responsible Alcohol Service (RAS) is a way to minimize abusive consumption in leisure contexts. To date, no studies have been published on the effectiveness of this training in future hospitality professionals. This study presents the evaluation of the effectiveness of a training intervention carried out with Vocational Training students.Eighty-one students were trained in RAS through a 4-hour course. To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, knowledge about alcohol was assessed before and after the activity. Attitude, self-efficacy perspective and expectations towards RAS were also evaluated. Finally, satisfaction with the activity was assessed. To do this, a comparison of means was carried out from a test-retest repeated measures design using Wilcoxon's nonparametric test of signed ranges. An individual analysis of the evolution of each participant was also carried out.From a group perspective, knowledge about the effects of alcohol (W=2.91; p=0.04), attitudes (W=3.52; p0.001) and expectations (W=2.97; p=0.003) towards RAS improved after the intervention. Satisfaction with different aspects of the training ranged between 3.52 and 4.08 points out of 5.RAS training with Vocational Training students favors accountability in the service of alcoholic beverages and increases expectations towards RAS. Likewise, to make specific adaptations for Vocational Training students is recommended.El consumo abusivo de alcohol es uno de los principales problemas de salud. La formación en un Servicio Responsable de Alcohol (SRA) al personal de hostelería es una forma de minimizar el consumo abusivo en contextos de ocio. Hasta la fecha no se han publicado estudios sobre la efectividad de esta formación en futuros profesionales de la hostelería. En este artículo se presenta la valoración de la efectividad de una intervención de formación en SRA realizada en los Ciclos de Servicios de Restauración de un Centro Integrado de Navarra con estudiantes de Formación Profesional.Se formó en SRA a 81 estudiantes, mediante una acción formativa de 4 horas. Para evaluar la efectividad de la intervención se valoraron los conocimientos sobre el alcohol antes y después de la actividad. También se evaluó la actitud, la perspectiva de autoeficacia y las expectativas hacia el SRA. Finalmente, se valoró la satisfacción con la actividad. Para ello se realizó una comparación de medias a partir de un diseño de medidas repetidas test-retest mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon de los rangos con signo. Además, se realizó un análisis individual de la evolución de cada participante.Desde una perspectiva grupal, el conocimiento sobre los efectos del alcohol (W=2,91; p=0,04), las actitudes (W=3,52; p0,001) y las expectativas (W=2,97; p=0,003) hacia el SRA mejoraron. La satisfacción con los diferentes aspectos de la formación osciló entre 3,52 y 4,08 puntos sobre 5.La formación en SRA con alumnado de Formación Profesional favorece la responsabilización en el servicio de bebidas alcohólicas e incrementa las expectativas hacia el SRA. Asimismo, se recomienda realizar adaptaciones específicas de esta formación para el alumnado de Formación Profesional.

The main goals of this study were to determine the rate of retention/dropout in a prevention programme for parents of adolescents with risk behaviours, to compare completers and dropouts in several characteristics, and to establish the main variables related to treatment completion and dropout.The sample was composed of 367 parents (165 men and 202 women). Information was collected on sociodemographic characteristics, adolescents' attendance at the programme, psychopathological symptoms, emotional states, educational styles, and maladjustment to everyday life.The retention rate was 79.29% (n = 291), with no sex differences between completers and dropouts. Completers were older, maintained the composition of the nuclear family of origin and had their children simultaneously receiving treatment in the prevention programme for adolescents at the same centre. Four groups were found in the cluster analysis. The highest dropout rates were observed among parents whose children did not participate in the programme (29.5% n = 18) and among families that had undergone changes in the composition of the nuclear family of origin (28.9% n = 26).This study highlights the importance of family composition and the involvement of both parents and adolescents in the effectiveness of the indicated prevention programmes.

This study explored the differential prevalence of personality disorders (PD) and clinical syndromes between male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) with and without a history of childhood family violence (CFV). A sample of 981 perpetrators of IPV was assessed with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics and MCMI-III scales' scores between perpetrators with (n = 293) and without (n = 688) CFV were carried out. Results showed that IPV perpetrators with CFV had a lower level of education, were less frequently employed, and had higher rates of previous psychiatric history than perpetrators without CFV. Statistically significant differences between groups in almost all the MCMI-III scales were found. Perpetrators with CFV presented with higher scores on most of the evaluated scales and showed a more severe psychopathological profile than perpetrators without CFV. The multivariate analysis showed that the main MCMI-III domains related to CFV were higher scores on the disclosure and alcohol dependence scales and lower scores on the passive-aggressive scale. These findings reveal that CFV is associated with a more severe psychopathological profile in perpetrators of IPV. In order to develop tailored interventions, the presence of CFV and psychopathological symptoms should be assessed in IPV perpetrators.

Objective: This article evaluates the treatment effectiveness of an integrated intervention compared to addiction treatment as usual (TAU) in reducing intimate partner violence perpetration (IPV-P) among patients in a drug-addiction intervention programme. Method: A parallel, randomized, controlled trial was carried out with repeated measures of assessment (pre-treatment, post-treatment and 6-month follow-up). A sample of 227 consecutive patients was assessed, and 70 patients with IPV-P were selected to participate in the study and then divided into two groups: treatment (n = 34) and control (n = 36). The treatment group participated in an integrated intervention programme for addiction and IPV-P, and the control group received the TAU without intervention for IPV-P. Treatment success was defined as the complete absence of IPV-P episodes, both physical and psychological. Results: At the follow-up, the patients in the treatment group showed an IPV-P success rate (60.7%) that was significantly higher (X2 = 3.85; p < .05) than that of the patients in the control group (31.6%). Moreover, both groups achieved statistically significant improvements in associated variables. Conclusions: The presence of IPV-P should be assessed in drug addiction treatment programmes. The combined treatment for addiction and IPV-P seems to be effective. This project was supported by a grant (code PSI2009-08500) from the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” of the Spanish Government.

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Archives Of Suicide Research on 2018, available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2018.1480987. The main goals of this study were to determine the prevalence rate of suicidal ideation among callers to a Spanish telephone general crisis helpline (Teléfono de la Esperanza) and to identify gender-based characteristics and risk factors related to suicidal ideation. A sample of 10,765 (6,868 men and 3,897 women) callers to this telephone helpline was assessed. ATENSIS, an assessment tool designed to collect information related to suicidal ideation among callers to telephone helplines, was used. Comparisons between men and women with suicidal ideation were carried out in all variables studied: sociodemographics, telephone call timing, risk factors, and suicidality. Of the total sample, 1.87% (n = 201) presented suicidal ideation, with a higher prevalence in women (2.80%) than in men (1.34%). Moreover, significant gender-based differences among callers with suicidal ideations were observed in some variables: women were older than men and showed a greater prevalence of chronic disease with pain; men showed a greater prevalence of depression, alcohol/drug abuse, helplessness, and lack of hope for the future. This study showed that telephone helplines can be used to identify suicidal ideation among callers. Moreover, gender-based differential characteristics among suicide ideators have been found. The implications for further research are discussed.

Patients with substance dependence have a great risk of suicidal ideation and attempts. The study of the specific risk characteristics of patients with substance use disorders who present with suicidal ideation and/or attempts becomes a crucial clinical issue in order to develop prevention strategies. The main goals of this study were to determine the prevalence rate of both suicidal ideation and attempts among patients receiving treatment for substance use disorder and to analyse the differential characteristics between these patients with and without suicidal behaviours. A sample of 334 patients (263 men-71 women) who sought treatment for substance use disorder in a Spanish clinical centre was assessed. In total, 43.7% of the patients presented with lifetime suicidal ideation (8.7% in the last month) and 17.7% with suicide attempts (1.5% in the last month). Patients with suicidal ideation or attempts showed a more severe addiction profile (assessed by the EuropASI), and more psychopathological symptoms (assessed by the SCL-90-R). Moreover the rate of suicidal ideation and attempts was significantly higher in inpatients than in outpatients. According to these results, systematic screening of suicidal risk in patients seeking treatment for substance use disorders is recommended, especially in those with a greater addiction severity. This study was supported by a grant (code PSI2016-76511-R) from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) of the Spanish Government and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional of the European Union (FEDER, EU)

La violencia contra el personal sanitario es una realidad de alta prevalencia y graves consecuencias psicologicas y laborales en los profesionales. Este trabajo tiene como primer objetivo conocer los principales estudios realizados hasta la fecha para describir y analizar el fenomeno, asi como para presentar distintas iniciativas y protocolos de actuacion llevados a cabo. El segundo objetivo consiste en presentar un procedimiento de actuacion tanto para prevenir agresiones como para intervenir en el caso de recibir una agresion en el desempeno laboral. Tras una busqueda bibliografica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y SciELO, se revisan la incidencia de las agresiones sufridas por los profesionales de la salud, los contextos en los que estas son mas frecuentes, sus principales repercusiones y distintas estrategias y protocolos que se han llevado a cabo en Espana. Dado que se echan en falta revisiones rigurosas en revistas cientificas que sustenten dichos procedimientos, en este trabajo se desarrollan y proponen distintas pautas de actuacion para los profesionales, tanto preventivas como de abordaje de la conducta hostil, basadas en la evidencia disponible. Por ultimo, se propone un procedimiento sencillo de actuacion dirigido a los profesionales que reciben una agresion en el desempeno de su trabajo, que permita su consulta y aplicacion ante dichas situaciones.

This study analyzes the differential psychosocial characteristics of male and female young offenders with a judicial measure from a juvenile court in Spain. Data on origin, recidivism, criminal and psychosocial characteristics of a sample of 838 juvenile offenders were collected using the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI). Most of the minors were males ( n = 650; 77.6%). Regarding the type of offences committed most males committed some type of crime, while females mainly committed misdemeanours. The rates of infractions committed by large groups and belonging to a gang were higher in males than in females. Concerning psychosocial variables, females presented with higher scores than males in three areas (parenting/educational guidelines, leisure and recreation, attitudes and orientation), in the total score and in several specific variables of the YLS/CMI. Moreover, having a poor relationship with one’s mother and limited participation in organized activities were related to being a female minor offender, whereas having a short attention span was related to being a male offender. These three variables correctly classified 77.6% of cases. Female minor offenders present with a more severe psychosocial profile than males. Therefore, gender-based variables should be considered and addressed in prevention and intervention programmes for minors.

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse on 09 Sep 2019, available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1660886 Background: Few studies have analyzed the specific characteristics related to uni/bidirectional intimate partner violence (IPV) in patients with addiction problems. Knowing the specific profiles of these patients would allow the development of effective tailored interventions. Objective: This study assessed gender differences in unidirectional and bidirectional IPV among patients undergoing drug addiction treatment. Method: We sampled 122 patients (91 male and 31 female) who sought treatment in an addiction treatment center, and collected cross-sectional self-reported data on violent behaviors (physical, sexual and psychological violence), sociodemographic factors, distorted thoughts about women and violence, impulsiveness, and anger. Results: Ninety-one percent of participants reported experience of IPV (any type and any direction). Sixty-three percent of participants reported bidirectional violence, which was more common among women (83.9%) than men (56.1%). Unidirectional (perpetration only) IPV was reported in 28.7% of participants, and it was more common among men (34.1%) than women (12.9%). No one reported unidirectional (victimization-only) IPV. When only physical and/or sexual violence was considered, bidirectional violence affected 32.0% of the sample; 23.8% were only victims, and 3.3% were only perpetrators (all of them men). Participants who reported bidirectional violence had higher scores for impulsiveness, anger, and distorted thoughts. Conclusions: Bidirectional IPV is commonly reported among patients seeking treatment for addiction, particularly among women, and should be considered in future research and clinical practice. This project was supported by a grant (code PSI2016–76511- R) from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) of the Spanish Government and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional of the European Union (FEDER, EU).

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Addiction Research & Theory on 2019-24-07, available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2018.1485891 Background: Several studies indicate that lifetime abuse is a relevant risk factor for suicidal ideation and/or attempts. However, little is known about this phenomenon in patients seeking treatment for substance use disorder. The prevalence rate of suicidal ideation and/or suicide attempts was explored among lifetime physically and/or sexually abused patients receiving treatment for drug addiction. The differential characteristics between these patients and those without suicidal behaviours were studied. Method: Three hundred and seventy-five patients were assessed. Socio-demographic characteristics, addiction severity, lifetime abuse, suicidal ideation and attempts, and psychopathological symptoms were explored. Results: Eighty-two patients (21.9%) presented with a history of lifetime abuse and were included in the study (37 men and 45 women). Sixty-two per cent of them presented with lifetime suicidal ideation (12.2% in the last month), and 30.5% with suicide attempts (1.2% in the last month). Patients with suicidal ideation or attempts showed a more severe addiction profile (assessed by the EuropASI) and more psychopathological symptoms (assessed by the SCL-90-R). Conclusion: This study highlights the relationship between previous traumatic experiences and suicidal behaviours. According to these results, systematic screening of suicidal risk in patients seeking treatment in addiction centres with histories of abuse is recommended. This study was supported by a grant (code PSI2016–76511-R) from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) of the Spanish Government and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional of the European Union (FEDER, EU).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were, first, to explore the prevalence of aggressors with lifetime intimate partner violence (IPV) among patients in the Proyecto Hombre of Navarra (Spain) addiction treatment programme; and second, to know the specific and differential characteristics of patients presenting IPV as aggressors. METHODS: A sample of 162 patients (119 men and 43 women) was assessed. Data on socio-demographic and substance consumption characteristics, IPV variables, psychopathological symptoms, and personality variables were obtained. The profiles of patients in addiction treatment with and without a history of violence towards their partners were compared. RESULTS: The results showed that 33.6% of people in treatment for addiction had committed violence against their partners. This prevalence was significantly higher (χ(2) = 15.6, p CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: There was a differential profile in patients with IPV perpetration, showing more psychopathological and personality symptoms. Moreover, in this study being a woman was one of the main predictors of committing IPV. (Am J Addict 2015;XX:1-9). Language: en

This study explored the prevalence of violent and/or criminal behaviors in drug-addicted patients. A sample of 252 drug-addicted patients who sought treatment was assessed. Information was collected on violent behaviors, criminal acts, socio-demographic factors, consumption factors, psychopathological factors, and personality variables. The sample was divided into 4 groups according to the presence of violence and/or criminal behaviors. There were significant differences between the groups on some variables. In general, patients associated with both violence and criminal behaviors showed a greater severity in drug consumption and maladjustment variables, as well as a higher rate of treatment dropout and re-entry.

The main aim of this study was to objectify the treatment assignment criteria used in a clinical centre for addiction treatment in Spain. A sample of 162 patients (87 inpatients and 75 outpatients) who sought treatment between 2010 and 2012 was assessed. Clinical characteristics (addiction severity, psychopathological symptoms, impulsiveness and maladjustment) of the two treatment groups (inpatient and outpatient) into which patients were assigned according to the clinical criteria of therapists were analysed to identify which variables were more relevant for patient placement. Moreover, the therapeutic progression of patients who met and did not meet the assignment criteria received was studied. According to the results, a score above 4 in the family/social support area of the European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), or, in cases of a score between 2 and 4 in the family/social area of EuropASI, a score above 2 in the partner subscale of the Maladjustment Scale correctly classified 73.5% of cases (96.6% of inpatients and 46.7% of outpatients). Comparisons of therapeutic results depending on matching or mismatching these assignment criteria showed a larger effect size in mismatching patient assignment criteria for outpatient treatment. The results obtained in this study provide an objective criterion for addicted patient placement. Moreover, from a cost-effective perspective, they question the necessity of inpatient treatment in most cases, demonstrating that outpatient treatment is a sufficient level of care. This study addresses the approach to assigning patients to the treatment modality that best fits them, implementing the least expensive level of care needed to achieve treatment success.

Aims: The main goal of this study was to determine the characteristics of parents who sought help from two prevention programmes due to having an adolescent child who presents highrisk behaviours. Methods: The sample was composed of 374 parents (169 fathers and 205 mothers). Information on socio-demographic characteristics, psychopathological symptoms, emotional states, educational styles and maladjustment to everyday life was collected. Findings: The results show statistically differences by gender. Mothers obtained a higher degree of psychopathology symptoms, maladjustment and parental stress relative to fathers. Mothers also used more frequently authoritative and permissive parenting styles. In general, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and stressful perceptions of the parental role are associated with more psychopathological symptoms and with maladjustment. Finally, the following variables predicted the severity of psychopathological symptoms: secondary education, maladjustment, stressful perceptions of the parental role and authoritarian and permissive parenting styles. Conclusions: This study highlights the need to assess the psychological problems of parents of adolescents with high-risk behaviours and to develop specific intervention programmes.

This study explored the prevalence of victims of abuse and the therapeutic progression among women who sought treatment for drug addiction. A sample of 180 addicted Spanish women was assessed. Information was collected on the patients’ lifetime history of abuse (psychological, physical, and/or sexual), socio-demographic factors, consumption variables, and psychological symptoms. Of the total sample, 74.4% ( n = 134) of the addicted women had been victims of abuse. Psychological abuse affected 66.1% ( n = 119) of the patients, followed by physical abuse (51.7%; n = 93) and sexual abuse (31.7%; n = 57). Compared with patients who had not been abused, the addicted women with histories of victimization scored significantly higher on several European version of the Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI) and psychological variables. Specifically, physical abuse and sexual abuse were related to higher levels of severity of addiction. Regarding therapeutic progression, the highest rate of dropout was observed among victims of sexual abuse (63.5%; n = 33), followed by victims of physical abuse (48.9%; n = 23). Multivariate analysis showed that medical and family areas of the EuropASI, as well as violence problems and suicide ideation, were the main variables related to physical and/or sexual abuse. Moreover, women without abuse and with fewer family problems presented the higher probability of treatment completion. The implications of these results for further research and clinical practice are discussed.

This study explored the differences in treatment progress between men and women who were addicted to drugs. The differential rate of completion of/dropout from treatment in men and women with substance dependence was established. Moreover, comparisons between completers and dropouts, accounting for gender, were carried out for several variables related to treatment progress and clinical profile. A sample of 183 addicted patients (96 male and 87 female) who sought outpatient treatment between 2002 and 2006 was assessed. Information on socio-demographic, consumption and associated characteristics was collected. A detailed tracking of each patient's progress was maintained for a minimum period of eight years to assess treatment progression. The treatment dropout rate in the whole sample was 38.8%, with statistically significant differences between women (47.1%) and men (31.3%). Women who dropped out of treatment presented a more severe profile in most of the psychopathologic variables than women who completed it. Moreover, women who dropped out from treatment presented a more severe profile than men who dropped out. According to these results, drug-addicted women showed worse therapeutic progress than men with similar histories. Thus, women must be provided with additional targeted intervention to promote better treatment outcomes. This study was supported by a grant from the Health Department of the Government of Navarra, Spain (Res. 359/2012).

Violence against health workers is a highly prevalent phenomenon with serious psychological and labour consequences among professionals. This paper aims, first, to find out the main studies undertaken to date to describe and analyse the phenomenon, as well as to present different initiatives and protocols of action carried out. The second objective is to offer a procedure of action both to prevent aggression and to intervene in the event of receiving an aggression at work. After a bibliographic search in PubMed, Scopus and SciELO databases, the impact of the aggressions suffered by health professionals, the contexts in which aggressions are more frequent, their main consequences and different strategies and protocols conducted in Spain are reviewed. Given that rigorous reviews supporting such procedures are lacking in scientific journals, different action guidelines for professionals to prevent and to deal with hostile behaviour based on available evidence are developed and proposed. Finally, an easily consultable and applicable action procedure for health workers attacked in the workplace is presented.

This study explored the characteristics associated with treatment dropout in substance dependence patients. A sample of 122 addicted patients (84 treatment completers and 38 treatment dropouts) who sought outpatient treatment was assessed to collect information on sociodemographic, consumption (assessed by EuropASI), psychopathological (assessed by SCL-90-R), and personality variables (assessed by MCMI-II). Completers and dropouts were compared on all studied variables. According to the results, dropouts scored significantly higher on the EuropASI variables measuring employment/support, alcohol consumption, and family/social problems, as well as on the schizotypal scale of MCMI-II. Because most of the significant differences were found in EuropASI variables, three clusters analyses (2, 3, and 4 groups) based on EuropASI mean scores were carried out to determine clinically relevant information predicting dropout. The most relevant results were obtained when four groups were used. Comparisons between the four groups derived from cluster analysis showed statistically significant differences in the rate of dropout, with one group exhibiting the highest dropout rate. The distinctive characteristics of the group with highest dropout rate included the presence of an increased labor problem combined with high alcohol consumption. Furthermore, this group had the highest scores on three scales of the MCMI-II: phobic, dependent, and schizotypal. The implications of these results for further research and clinical practice are discussed.

This study explored the prevalence of violent behaviors in patients who are addicted to drugs. A sample of 252 addicted patients (203 male and 49 female) who sought outpatient treatment was assessed. Information on violent behaviors, sociodemographic factors, consumption factors (assessed by the European version of the Addiction Severity Index [EuropASI]), psychopathological factors (assessed by Symptom Checklist–90–Revised [SCL-90-R]), and personality variables (assessed by Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory [MCMI-II]) was collected. Drug-addicted patients who were associated with violent behaviors were compared on all variables with patients who were not associated with violent behaviors. The rate of drug-addicted patients with violent behaviors in this sample was 39.68% ( n = 100). There were significant differences between the numbers of patients who did and did not demonstrate violence on some variables. Patients with violence problems were younger than those without violence problems and were more likely to report having been a victim of abuse. Moreover, they were significantly more likely to have experienced an overdose and showed a significantly higher score on several EuropASI, SCL-90-R and MCMI-II variables. According to these results, patients with violence control problems present with both a more severe addiction and several comorbid problems. The implications of these results for further research and clinical practice are discussed.

The objectives of this study were, first, to explore the prevalence of aggressors with lifetime intimate partner violence (IPV) among patients in the Proyecto Hombre of Navarra (Spain) addiction treatment programme; and second, to know the specific and differential characteristics of patients presenting IPV as aggressors.A sample of 162 patients (119 men and 43 women) was assessed. Data on socio-demographic and substance consumption characteristics, IPV variables, psychopathological symptoms, and personality variables were obtained. The profiles of patients in addiction treatment with and without a history of violence towards their partners were compared.The results showed that 33.6% of people in treatment for addiction had committed violence against their partners. This prevalence was significantly higher (χ(2) = 15.6, p .001) in women (63.3%) than in men (24.2%). In the 98.4% of the cases the IPV was bidirectional. Patients with a history of IPV perpetration showed greater severity in substance consumption variables, psychopathological symptoms, and personality traits. Gender, the family scale on the European version of the Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), and the aggressive-sadistic scale on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) were the main variables related to the presence of IPV as aggressors.There was a differential profile in patients with IPV perpetration, showing more psychopathological and personality symptoms. Moreover, in this study being a woman was one of the main predictors of committing IPV.

This study explored the prevalence of a history as victims of abuse among patients who sought outpatient treatment for drug addiction. A sample of 252 addicted patients was assessed. Information was collected on the patients’ lifetime history of abuse (psychological, physical and/or sexual abuse), socio-demographic factors, consumption factors, psychopathological factors and personality variables. Drug-addicted patients who present a lifelong history of abuse were compared with patients who were not abused. Of the total sample, 46% of the patients (n = 115) who were addicted to drugs had been victims of abuse. There was a statistically significant difference between the victimisation rates of men (37.8%) and women (79.6%). Moreover, for some variables, significant differences were observed between patients who had been abused and those who had not. Compared with patients who had not been abused, the addicted patients with a history of victimisation scored significantly higher on several EuropASI, MCMI-II and maladjustment variables but not on the SCL-90-R. The current results indicate that patients who present a lifelong history of abuse exhibit both a more severe addiction than patients who were not abused and several comorbidities. The implications of these results for further research and clinical practice are discussed. This study was supported by a grant (code PSI2009-08500) from the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” of the Spanish Government.

This study explored the characteristics of a representative sample of patients who were addicted to either alcohol or cocaine, comparing the profiles of both types of drug users. A sample of 234 addicted patients (109 alcoholics and 125 cocaine addicts) who sought outpatient treatment in a Spanish clinical centre was assessed. Data on socio-demographic, consumption, psychopathological and maladjustment characteristics were collected using the European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-II). Demographically, differences were observed with regard to age (alcoholics were older than cocaine addicts; t = 12.2, p = .001), employment (the alcoholic group had more labor problems; χ2= 6.2, p = .045) and family consequences (worse in alcoholics; t = 2.3, p = .025). The EuropASI results showed statistically significant differences in addiction severity, with alcoholics showing a greater severity than cocaine addicts. In terms of psychopathology, alcoholics presented more associated symptomatology than cocaine addicts. According to these results, patients with alcohol dependence have a different profile from patients with cocaine dependence, resulting in different repercussions for important areas of their lives. These differences should be taken into account when standard treatments for addiction are implemented.

BACKGROUND: This study explored the differential profiles of drug-addicted patients according to gender and the perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV). METHODS: The study assessed a sample of 127 drug-addicted patients (84 male and 43 female) who sought treatment. Information about socio-demographic and consumption characteristics, IPV, psychopathological symptoms, personality characteristics and maladjustment variables was obtained. Four groups were created according to gender and the presence or absence of the perpetration of IPV: (a) men with IPV (n=41), (b) women with IPV (n=29), (c) men without IPV (n=43), and (d) women without IPV (n=14). The four groups were compared in terms of all of studied variables. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the groups in the severity of the addiction and personality characteristics. In general, the drug-addicted patients with associated IPV perpetration exhibited greater scores for nearly all of the studied variables, independent of gender. Moreover, the differences among groups were more strongly related to perpetration of IPV than to the gender of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results obtained, treatment programs for drug addiction are a suitable context for identifying the presence of IPV, but IPV is typically unnoticed in addiction treatment programs. The implications of these results for future research and clinical practice are discussed. Language: en

Background Clinical experience shows that some patients who suffer from drug addiction are readmitted to treatment programs multiple times because of relapses that occur after they leave these programs. Patients who reenter treatment programs repeatedly may do so because they have problems or difficulties that were not addressed or that were not satisfactorily solved during previous treatment periods. This study explored the differential profile of addicted patients who reenter treatment programs. Methods A sample of 252 addicted patients (203 male and 49 female) who sought outpatient treatment was assessed. Data regarding sociodemographic factors, drug consumption factors (assessed using the EuropASI), psychopathological factors (assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90—Revised [SCL-90-R]), and personality variables (assessed using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II [MCMI-II]) were collected. Results A 65.9% ( n = 166) of drug-addicted patients were readmitted into treatment programs. All of the variables for which data were collected were compared between these treatment repeaters and patients who were admitted for the first time. Significant differences between the 2 groups of patients were found for some of the variables that we examined. Treatment repeaters were generally older and had a poorer employment situation than first-time admits. Treatment repeaters were also more likely to report polyconsumption and to have sought treatment for alcohol abuse. Moreover, some of the scores for several EuropASI, SCL-90-R, and MCMI-II variables were statistically significantly different from those of the first-time admits. Conclusions According to these results, patients who reenter treatment programs often present with more severe addiction problems. All of these data suggest that treatment programs should incorporate a detailed analysis regarding the existence and nature of prior treatments into the baseline protocols and they should offer follow-up services to patients who have completed their treatments. The implications of these results for further research and clinical practice are discussed.

This study explores the prevalence of criminal behaviour in patients addicted to drugs who are in treatment. A sample of 252 addicted patients (203 male and 49 female) who sought outpatient treatment at a specialized centre was assessed. Information on criminal behaviours, socio-demographic factors, consumption factors (assessed by the EuropAsi), psychopathological factors (assessed by SCL-90-R) and personality variables (assessed by MCMI-II) was collected. Patients presenting criminal behaviour were compared with those who were not associated with crime for all the variables studied. The rate of drug-addicted patients with criminal behaviour in this sample was 60.3% (n = 150), and it was mainly related to traffic offenses, followed by drug dealing offenses. Significant differences were observed between patients with and without criminal behaviour. Patients with criminal problems were mostly men and single. Moreover, they were more likely to report poly-consumption. Furthermore, significant differences were observed on several variables: EuropAsi, SCL-90-R and MCMI-II. According to these results, patients with associated criminal behaviour presented a more severe addiction problem. The implications of these findings for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

This study explores the differences in personality characteristics of patients in treatment for drug addiction, comparing those who have committed intimate partner violent with those who do not. 125 subjects on treatment in the programs of the Proyecto Hombre Navarra Foundation were assessed. Sociodemographic and substance use variables (EuropASI), violent behaviours against intimate partners (CTS-2), interpersonal response (IRI), the anger expression (STAXI), impulsivity (BIS) and the degree of bad adaptation to daily life due to the drug consumption (Maladjustment Scale) were evaluated. The results showed that 33.6% of the patients had committed abusive behaviors against a partner in the past. The group with violent behaviours showed significantly higher scores in state-anger and anger-trait, as well as higher levels of impulsivity (motor and global). This group had a higher prevalence of women than men. There were no differences in other variables.

En este estudio se lleva a cabo un análisis de la prevalencia del juego patológico en 112 pacientes adictos (81 alcohólicos y 31 dependientes de la cocaína) que acuden en busca de tratamiento. Para ello, se utilizaron los criterios diagnósticos del DSM-IV-TR para el juego patológico y la versión española del Cuestionario de Juego Patológico de South Oaks (SOGS). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el 22,3% de los pacientes drogodependientes estudiados presentaba un diagnóstico comórbido de ludopatía. Además, un 11,6% adicional obtenía una puntuación en el SOGS indicadora de juego problemático. En suma, el 33,9% de la muestra presentaba síntomas de juego clínicamente significativos. La comparación entre los pacientes adictos con y sin ludopatía asociada mostró diferencias significativas en las variables relacionadas con el consumo de alcohol (evaluado mediante el EuropASI), los síntomas psicopatológicos (evaluados mediante el SCL-90-R) y algunas variables de personalidad (evaluadas mediante el MCMI-II). En todos los casos, las puntuaciones eran significativamente más altas en los pacientes ludópatas que en los que no tenían un problema de ludopatía asociado. Se comentan las implicaciones de este estudio para la práctica clínica y la investigación futura. In the current paper, the prevalence of pathological gambling in 112 treatment-seeking patients with substance addiction (81 alcoholics and 31 cocaine dependents) was estimated. The DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling and the Spanish version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) were used. The results showed that 22.3% of substance-addicted patients had a comorbid diagnosis of pathological gambling. Furthermore, an additional 11.6% of the sample had relevant symptoms for problem gambling. In sum, 33.9% of the sample reported clinically significant gambling-related symptoms. From a socio-demographic point of view, all substance-addicted patients with gambling-related symptoms were men. A comparison between substance-addicted patients with and without pathological gambling showed significant differences in alcohol severity (assessed by the EurapASI), psychopathological symptoms (assessed by the SCL-90-R) and personality variables (assessed by the MCMI-II). In all cases, scores were significantly higher in gamblers than in non-gamblers. Finally, the implications of these results for further research and clinical practice are commented upon. This study was supported by grant (code 2/2006) from the Health Department of Navarre Government (Spain).

Este estudio explora las diferencias en características de personalidad de pacientes en tratamiento por adicción a drogas, comparando aquellos que han presentado conductas violentas contra la pareja con aquellos que no. Participaron 125 sujetos en tratamiento en los programas de la Fundación Proyecto Hombre Navarra. Fueron evaluadas variables sociodemográficas y de consumo de sustancias (EuropASI), las conductas violentas contra la pareja(CTS-2), la respuesta interpersonal (IRI), la manifestación de la ira (STAXI), la impulsividad (BIS) y el grado de afectación por el consumo (Escala de Inadaptación). El 33.6% de los sujetos presentó conductas violentas contra su pareja en el pasado. El grupo con conductas violentas contra la pareja presentó puntuaciones significativamente más altas en los niveles de ira-estado y de ira-rasgo, así como en los niveles de impulsividad (motora y global). Dicho grupo tuvo una mayor prevalencia de mujeres que de hombres. No existieron diferencias en el resto de variables. This study explores the differences in personality characteristics of patients in treatment for drug addiction, comparing those who have committed intimate partner violent with those who do not. 125 subjects on treatment in the programs of the Proyecto Hombre Navarra Foundation were assessed. Sociodemographic and substance use variables (EuropASI), violent behaviours against intimate partners (CTS-2), interpersonal response (IRI), the anger expression (STAXI), impulsivity (BIS) and the degree of bad adaptation to daily life due to the drug consumption (Maladjustment Scale) were evaluated. The results showed that 33.6% of the patients had committed abusive behaviors against a partner in the past. The group with violent behaviours showed significantly higher scores in state-anger and anger-trait, as well as higher levels of impulsivity (motor and global). This group had a higher prevalence of women than men. There were no differences in other variables. Este trabajo se ha financiado con la ayuda de un proyecto de investigación del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (código PSI2009-08500).

Existe una relación muy estrecha entre el consumo de sustancias (alcohol y otras drogas) y la violencia hacia la pareja. Los estudios llevados a cabo con hombres maltratadores y con pacientes adictos muestran una alta comorbilidad entre ambos fenómenos. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha han sido muy escasos los programas de intervención con maltratadores que se han aplicado en el ámbito de las drogodependencias. En este artículo se propone, en primer lugar, la necesidad de detectar los casos de violencia contra la pareja que aparecen camuflados bajo un problema de consumo de drogas. En este sentido, es necesario llevar a cabo estudios que determinen la tasa de prevalencia de agresores contra la pareja entre los usuarios de los programas de tratamiento para el abuso de sustancias, así como conocer las características específicas de este tipo de pacientes. En segundo lugar, una vez detectados los agresores, se podrían desarrollar programas específicos para el tratamiento simultáneo de ambas problemáticas (adicción y violencia hacia la pareja). Se han llevado a cabo algunos estudios con tratamientos conjuntos de la adicción y de la violencia de pareja. Los resultados obtenidos son esperanzadores y muestran que los programas de intervención con adicciones pueden ser un marco útil para aplicar también, en los casos necesarios, un tratamiento específico para aquellos adictos con un problema asociado de violencia contra la pareja. Se comentan las implicaciones de todo ello para la práctica clínica y para las investigaciones futuras. There is a close relationship between substance abuse (alcohol and other drugs) and intimate partner violence. Studies carried out with male offenders and with addicted patients show a high comorbidity rate between these two phenomena. However, few batterers intervention programmes have been implemented to date in the field of drug addiction. This paper proposes, first, the need to detect cases of intimate partner violence that appear camouflaged under a drug problem In this way, it is important to determine the prevalence rate of intimate partner aggressors among users of drug addiction treatment programmes, as well as to know the specific characteristics of these patients. Second, once aggressors are identified, it would be possible to develop specific programmes for the simultaneous treatment of both problems (addiction and intimate partner violence). There have been some studies with joint treatments for addiction and intimate partner violence. The results obtained are encouraging and show that intervention programs with addictions can be a useful framework to apply jointly specific treatments for those addicted patients with an associated problem of intimate partner violence. Finally, implications for clinical practice and future research in this field are commented. Este trabajo se ha financiado con la ayuda de un proyecto de investigación del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (código PSI2009-08500).

Los programas de prevención selectiva en Dispensación Responsable de Bebidas Alcohólicas (DRA) presentan diferentes evidencias de su eficacia en otros países. Sin embargo en España sólo se dispone de datos de la implementación de DRA en Barcelona. Este artículo pretende dos objetivos: valorar la efectividad de una intervención en DRA realizada en Pamplona con camareros, y evaluar los resultados tanto individual como grupalmente para identificar áreas de mejora. La muestra se compone de 40 profesionales de hostelería que participaron en alguno de los 4 cursos de DRA. Se aplicaron cuestionarios para medir pre-post conocimientos, actitudes, autoeficacia percibida y expectativas de la formación. Se presentan análisis descriptivos de todas las variables y resultados globales e individuales de la evolución de cada participante. El programa DRA llevado a cabo ofrece datos globales de mejora significativa en conocimientos, actitudes y expectativas. Los resultados encontrados evidencian la necesidad de considerar el análisis de la evolución individual de los sujetos en cada ítem. Selective prevention programs in the Responsible Dispensing of Beverages (DRA, Dispensacion Responsable de Bebidas Alcoholicas) have provided varying evidence of their effectiveness in other countries. In Spain, however, data is only available for the implementation of DRA in Barcelona. This article has two aims: to assess the effectiveness of an intervention in DRA with waiters in Pamplona, and to evaluate individual and group results in order to identify areas for improvement. The sample consisted of 40 hostelry professionals who participated in one of the 4 courses of DRA. Questionnaires were used to measure pre-/post-knowledge, attitudes, perceived self-efficacy and expectations about the training. We present descriptive analyses of all the variables and individual and overall results of the evolution of each participant. The DRA program provides overall data of significant improvements in knowledge, attitudes and expectations. The results show the need to consider the analysis of the evolution of individual subjects in each item.

En este estudio se lleva a cabo un analisis de la prevalencia de conductas delictivas en pacientes adictos en tratamiento. Para ello se cuenta con una muestra de 252 pacientes adictos (203 hombres y 49 mujeres) que acudieron en busca de tratamiento ambulatorio a un centro especializado. En la evaluacion se recogio informacion sobre las conductas delictivas, las caracteristicas ociodemograficas, las variables de consumo (evaluadas con el EuropASI), la sintomatologia psicopatologica (evaluada con el SCL-90-R) y las variables de personalidad (evaluada con el MCMI-II). Los pacientes que presentaban conductas delictivas fueron comparados con los que no las presentaban en todas las variables estudiadas. La tasa de pacientes adictos implicados en actos delictivos fue del 60,3% (n = 150). Las conductas delictivas se relacionaban principalmente con delitos de conduccion, seguido por delitos de trafico de drogas. Se observaron diferencias significativas entre los pacientes con y sin conductas delictivas. Los pacientes con actos delictivos eran principalmente hombres y solteros. Ademas, era mas probable que presentaran policonsumo de sustancias. Asimismo, se observaron diferencias significativas en varias variables del EuropASI, SCL-90-R y MCMI-II. Con arreglo a estos resultados, los pacientes con conductas delictivas asociadas presentaban una mayor gravedad en su adiccion. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la practica clinica y la investigacion futura.