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Dr. William Beecher Scoville (1906–1984) is a giant figure in the history of neurosurgery, well known by the public for his operation on Patient H.M. He developed dozens of neurosurgical instruments and techniques, with many tools named after him that are still widely used today. He founded numerous neurosurgical societies around the world. He led the movement in psychosurgery, developing the technique of selective orbital undercutting and performing hundreds of lobotomies throughout his career. However, his many contributions to the advancement of neurosurgery have not been well described in the medical literature. To bridge the knowledge gap, this article seeks to detail the life and career of William Beecher Scoville and bring to attention the enduring impact of his work.

BackgroundOne key contributor to lumbar stenosis is thickening of the ligamentum flavum (LF), a process still poorly understood. Wild-type transthyretin amyloid (ATTRwt) has been found in the LF of patients undergoing decompression surgery, suggesting that amyloid may play a role. However, it is unclear whether within patients harboring ATTRwt, the amount of amyloid is associated with LF thickness.MethodsFrom an initial cohort of 324 consecutive lumbar stenosis patients whose LF specimens from decompression surgery were sent for analysis (2018-2019), 33 patients met the following criteria: (1) Congo red-positive amyloid in the LF; (2) ATTRwt by mass spectrometry-based proteomics; and (3) an available preoperative MRI. Histological specimens were digitized, and amyloid load quantified through Trainable Weka Segmentation (TWS) machine learning. LF thicknesses were manually measured on axial T2-weighted preoperative MRI scans at each lumbar level, L1-S1. The sum of thicknesses at every lumbar LF level (L1-S1) equals “lumbar LF burden.”ResultsPatients had a mean age of 72.7 years (range 59-87), were mostly male (61%) and white (82%); and predominantly had surgery at L4-L5 levels (73%). Amyloid load was positively correlated with LF thickness (R=0.345, p=0.0492) at the levels of surgical decompression. Furthermore, amyloid load was positively correlated with lumbar LF burden (R=0.383, p=0.0279).ConclusionsAmyloid load is positively correlated with LF thickness and lumbar LF burden across all lumbar levels, in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies are needed to validate these findings, uncover the underlying pathophysiology, and pave the way towards using therapies that slow LF thickening.

En Wuhan a finales del 2019 se dio un brote de neumonía con etiología no totalmente esclarecida. El virus denominado posteriormente como SARS- CoV2 afecta a las vías respiratorias, presentando síntomas leves como: fiebre, tos seca y cansancio, hasta llegar a una neumonía que puede ser causante del fallecimiento del paciente. La Rehabilitación Oral es una de las áreas odontológicas, de trabajo con más riesgo, por la producción de una gran cantidad de aerosoles durante sus procedimientos. OBJETIVO: Establecer normas de bioseguridad que permitan al rehabilitador, así como al odontólogo general trabajar de forma más segura. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados en el primer semestre del año 2020, en razón de la reciente situación de salud y cualquier otra información complementaria se revisó que fuera dentro de los últimos cinco años, dentro de las bases científicas Scielo, Pubmed, Google Académico, Web of Science, Contemporary Clinical Dentristy, Journal section: Oral Surgery, y Ebsco, se incluyeron artículos en inglés, español y portugués. Se obtuvieron un total de 56 fuentes, de las cuales 30 fueron seleccionados de acuerdo a los criterios de selección: información en idiomas referidos, acordes al tema de investigación, y los criterios de exclusión, es decir, aquellos artículos y fuentes de más de 5 años de antigüedad y que no cumplieran con los idiomas mencionados. CONCLUSIÓN: El rehabilitador oral está expuesto en mayor grado a un contagio, puesto que el trabajo de esta especialidad genera más cantidad de aerosoles durante los procedimientos protésicos, por lo que es de vital importancia el mantener normas estrictas para la desinfección de los materiales de impresión y evitar infecciones cruzadas en trabajos con laboratorio dental; se hace indispensable el uso de una succión de alta potencia, barreras de bioseguridad como pantallas faciales y el uso de aislamiento absoluto siempre que sea posible. PALABRAS CLAVE: Covid 19, Rehabilitación oral, SARS-COV 2, Covid 19 y odontología, Protocolos odontológicos y Covid 19.

El estudio tuvo como finalidad determinar la relación entre sexismo y violencia cometida y sufrida en las relaciones de noviazgo en adolescentes entre 15 y 17 años de Lima Norte. La muestra se conformó por 93 adolescentes, para lo cual el tipo de investigación fue aplicada y el diseño no experimental de corte transversal. Los instrumentos empleados fueron; la Escala de Detección del Sexismo en Adolescentes (DSA) y el Inventario de violencia en las relaciones de noviazgo entre adolescentes (CADRI). Los resultados evidencian que el sexismo se correlaciona de manera directa y significativa con la violencia cometida, y de manera no significativa y directa con la violencia sufrida, en grado bajo para ambas.

In this work, a novel technique is proposed that combines the Born iterative method, based on a quadratic programming approach, with convolutional neural networks to solve the ill-framed inverse problem coming from microwave imaging formulation in breast cancer detection. The aim is to accurately recover the permittivity of breast phantoms, these typically being strong dielectric scatterers, from the measured scattering data. Several tests were carried out, using a circular imaging configuration and breast models, to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, showing that the application of convolutional neural networks allows clinicians to considerably reduce the reconstruction time with an accuracy that exceeds 90% in all the performed validations.

BackgroundWild-type transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRwt) is an underdiagnosed and potentially fatal disease. Interestingly, ATTRwt deposits have been found to deposit in the ligamentum flavum (LF) of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis prior to the development of systemic and cardiac amyloidosis. In order to study this phenomenon and its possible relationship with LF thickening and systemic amyloidosis, a precise method of quantifying amyloid deposits in histological slides of LF is critical. However, such a method is currently unavailable. Here, we present a machine learning quantification method with Trainable Weka Segmentation (TWS) to assess amyloid deposition in histological slides of LF.MethodsImages of ligamentum flavum specimens stained with Congo red are obtained from spinal stenosis patients undergoing laminectomies and confirmed to be positive for ATTRwt. Amyloid deposits in these specimens are classified and quantified by TWS through training the algorithm via user-directed annotations on images of LF. TWS can also be automated through exposure to a set of training images with user-directed annotations, and then application to a set of new images without additional annotations. Additional methods of color thresholding and manual segmentation are also used on these images for comparison to TWS.ResultsWe develop the use of TWS in images of LF and demonstrate its potential for automated quantification. TWS is strongly correlated with manual segmentation in the training set of images with user-directed annotations (R = 0.98; p = 0.0033) as well as in the application set of images where TWS was automated (R = 0.94; p = 0.016). Color thresholding was weakly correlated with manual segmentation in the training set of images (R = 0.78; p = 0.12) and in the application set of images (R = 0.65; p = 0.23).ConclusionTWS machine learning closely correlates with the gold standard comparator of manual segmentation and outperforms the color thresholding method. This novel machine learning method to quantify amyloid deposition in histological slides of ligamentum flavum is a precise, objective, accessible, high throughput, and powerful tool that will hopefully pave the way towards future research and clinical applications.

Two experiments examined the polarization of public support for COVID-19 policies due to people’s (lack of) trust in political leaders and nonpartisan experts. In diverse samples in the United States (Experiment 1; N = 1,802) and the United Kingdom (Experiment 2; N = 1,825), participants evaluated COVID-19 policies that were framed as proposed by ingroup political leaders, outgroup political leaders, nonpartisan experts, or, in the United States, a bipartisan group of political leaders. At the time of the study in April 2020, COVID-19 was an unfamiliar and shared threat. Therefore, there were theoretical reasons suggesting that attitudes toward COVID-19 policy may not have been politically polarized. Yet, our results demonstrated that even relatively early in the pandemic people supported policies from ingroup political leaders more than the same policies from outgroup leaders, extending prior research on how people align their policy stances to political elites from their own parties. People also trusted experts and ingroup political leaders more than they did outgroup political leaders. Partly because of this polarized trust, policies from experts and bipartisan groups were more widely supported than policies from ingroup political leaders. These results illustrate the potentially detrimental role political leaders may play and the potential for effective leadership by bipartisan groups and nonpartisan experts in shaping public policy attitudes during crises.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Wild-type transthyretin amyloid (ATTRwt) deposits have been found to deposit in the ligamentum flavum (LF) of spinal stenosis patients prior to systemic and cardiac amyloidosis, and is implicated in LF hypertrophy. Currently, no precise method of quantifying amyloid deposits exists. Here, we present our machine learning quantification method. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Images of ligamentum flavum specimens stained with Congo red are obtained from spinal stenosis patients undergoing laminectomies and confirmed to be positive for ATTRwt. Amyloid deposits in these specimens are classified and quantified by TWS through training the algorithm via user-directed annotations on images of LF. TWS can also be automated through exposure to a set of training images with user- directed annotations, and then application to a set of new images without additional annotations. Additional methods of color thresholding and manual segmentation are also used on these images for comparison to TWS. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We develop the use of TWS in images of LF and demonstrate its potential for automated quantification. TWS is strongly correlated with manual segmentation in the training set of images with user-directed annotations (R = 0.98; p = 0.0033) as well as in the application set of images where TWS was automated (R = 0.94; p = 0.016). Color thresholding was weakly correlated with manual segmentation in the training set of images (R = 0.78; p = 0.12) and in the application set of images (R = 0.65; p = 0.23). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our machine learning method correlates with the gold standard comparator of manual segmentation and outperforms color thresholding. This novel machine learning quantification method is a precise, objective, accessible, high throughput, and powerful tool that will hopefully pave the way towards future research and clinical applications.

Introducción:La aplicación de nemotecnias facilita al personal de salud, los criterios necesarios para una aproximación diagnóstica oportuna, evitando realizar procedimientos inadecuados y perjudiciales en pacientes con posible lesión de codo. Objetivo:Proporcionar al personal de salud una nemotecnia adecuada y fácil de recordar, para identificar las características de los núcleos de osificación del codo, en una imagen radiográfica simple. Métodos:Se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo, enfocado en crear una nemotécnica fácil de acordarse y además conocer los núcleos de osificación de codo a lo largo de la edad pediátrica, esto se realizó durante el periodo Enero 2016- Junio 2017. Resultados:En el estudio y análisis radiológico correspondiente a las 120 placas seleccionadas en el RIS-PACS (Radiology Information System - Picture Archiving and Communications System), para el almacenamiento, distribución, presentación y administración de las imágenes radiológicas del Hospital Axxis se destacó; que la identificación de los núcleos de osificación fue adecuada y con mayor facilidad, aplicando los criterios nemotécnicos propuestos en CCETOE (Capitellium, Cabeza de radio, Epicóndilo Interno, Tróclea, Olecranon, Epicóndilo Externo). Conclusiones:Las nemotecnias proporcionan una opción adecuada para memorizar conceptos en el área de salud, facilitando la aplicación del conocimiento y disminuyendo el uso de exámenes perjudiciales para los pacientes.

El artículo se centró en analizar un mecanismo de tutela, desde la norma jurídico penal sustantiva, con la que cuentan los titulares de bienes inmateriales, particularmente, los titulares de patentes de invención, modelos de utilidad y de diseños industriales, como medida coercitiva de mayor rigurosidad para perseguir y castigar a los infractores de sus derechos exclusivos con penas que incluye la privación de libertad, para ello se utilizó en la elaboración de este trabajo investigativo el método teórico-documental a través de instrumentos como la exploración y análisis documental de una serie de fuentes primarias y secundarias del conocimiento, mediante lo cual se evidenció por un lado que los delitos contra la Propiedad Industrial presentan características similares que son perfectamente deducibles del propio precepto normativo y por otro lado, se determinó la protección de la Propiedad Industrial desde la norma jurídico penal sustantiva, como una herramienta a conocer y aplicar por los titulares de Derechos de Propiedad Industrial en la resolución de sus controversias en esta materia.

The present study, conducted immediately after the 2020 presidential election in the United States, examined whether Democrats’ and Republicans’ polarized assessments of election legitimacy increased over time. In a naturalistic survey experiment, people (N= 1,236) were randomly surveyed either during the week following Election Day, with votes cast but the outcome unknown, or during the following week, after President Joseph Biden was widely declared the winner. The design unconfounded the election outcome announcement from the vote itself, allowing more precise testing of predictions derived from cognitive dissonance theory. As predicted, perceived election legitimacy increased among Democrats, from the first to the second week following Election Day, as their expected Biden win was confirmed, whereas perceived election legitimacy decreased among Republicans as their expected President Trump win was disconfirmed. From the first to the second week following Election Day, Republicans reported stronger negative emotions and weaker positive emotions while Democrats reported stronger positive emotions and weaker negative emotions. The polarized perceptions of election legitimacy were correlated with the tendencies to trust and consume polarized media. Consumption of Fox News was associated with lowered perceptions of election legitimacy over time whereas consumption of other outlets was associated with higher perceptions of election legitimacy over time. Discussion centers on the role of the media in the experience of cognitive dissonance and the implications of polarized perceptions of election legitimacy for psychology, political science, and the future of democratic society.

The purposeof this investigation is to recommend marketing strategies fora high technology cinema theater,which is locatedin a low-and medium-low socioeconomic populationin the city of Guayaquil-Ecuador.Thehigh sales growth for this segment of the market is unusual,considering thatthis type of entertainment is not the most economical option for this market. In addition, given the restrictions on incomes for this segment, a favorable reaction was not expected immediately.Thesurveysand in-depth interviews conducted to the cinema clients, showed the consumer profile, their perception about the service, their recognition and acceptance of the brand and theircurrent motivators of purchase.The results of this research favor the developing of marketing strategies for this new brand of movie theaters in Guayaquil. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo proponer estrategias de marketing para un complejo de cines con alta tecnología, ubicado en una zona de población de nivel socioeconómico bajo y medio bajo en la ciudad de Guayaquil-Ecuador. Su alto crecimiento en ventas resulta interesante, considerando que este tipo de entretenimiento no es la opción más económica para este mercado y que, dadas las restricciones en ingresos de la población cercana, no se esperaba una reacción favorable de manera inmediata. Mediante encuestas a una muestra de la población de clientes del cine y entrevistas a profundidad, se obtuvo la información requerida sobre el perfil del consumidor, su percepción sobre el servicio, reconocimiento, aceptación de la marca y los motivadores actuales de compra. Los resultados de esta investigación favorecen a la definición de estrategias de marketing para esta nueva marca de cines en Guayaquil.