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1. The Effect of Lacrosse Protective Equipment on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Automated External Defibrillator Shock

Author

Thomas Gregory, Bowman, Richard J, Boergers, Monica R, Lininger, Alexander Jake, Kilmer, Matthew, Ardente, Gabriella, D'Amodio, Cassidy, Hughes, and Megan, Murphy

Abstract

In the event of an acute cardiac event, on-field equipment removal is suggested, although it remains unknown how lacrosse equipment removal may alter time to first chest compression and time to first AED shock.To determine time to first chest compression and first AED shock in 2 chest exposure procedures with 2 different pad types.Crossover study Setting: Simulation laboratory Participants: Thirty-six athletic trainers (21 females, 15 males; age=30.58±7.81) Main Outcome Measures: Participants worked in pairs to provide 2 rescuer CPR intervention on a simulation manikin (QCPR manikin, Laerdal Medical, Wappingers Falls, NY) outfitted with lacrosse pads and helmet. Participants completed a total of 8 trials per pair (2 chest exposure procedures X 2 pad types X 2 participant roles). The dependent variables were time to first compression (s) and time to first AED shock (s). The independent variables were chest exposure procedure with 2 levels (procedure 1: removal of helmet while initiating CPR over the pads followed by pad retraction and AED application; procedure 2: removal of helmet and removal of pads followed by CPR and AED application) and pad type (Warrior Burn Hitman shoulder pads; Warrior Nemesis chest protector).We found a statistically significant interaction between chest exposure procedure and pad type for time to first compression (F1,35=4.66, P=0.04, ω2p=0.10) with significantly faster times during procedure 1 for both the Nemesis pads (16.1±3.4 s) and the Hitman pads (16.1±4.5 s) compared to procedure 2 (Nemesis pads: 49.6±12.9 s, P0.0001; Hitman pads: 53.8±14.5 s, P0.0001).Completing the initial cycle of chest compressions over either shoulder pads or a chest protector hastens time to first chest compression without diminishing CPR quality which may improve patient outcomes. Time to first AED shock was not different between equipment procedure or pad type.

Published
2023

3. Lacrosse Protective Equipment and the Initiation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Time to First Automated External Defibrillator Shock

Author

Richard J. Boergers, Gabriella D'Amodio, Matthew Ardente, Alexander Jake Kilmer, Megan Murphy, Monica R. Lininger, Cassidy Hughes, and Thomas G. Bowman

Subjects
Cardiovascular event, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Chest protector, Outcome measures, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Context (language use), General Medicine, Anesthesia, Shock (circulatory), Medicine, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Cpr quality, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, medicine.symptom, business, Automated external defibrillator
Abstract

Context For an acute cardiac event, on-field equipment removal is suggested, although how lacrosse equipment removal may alter the time to first chest compression and time to first automated external defibrillator (AED) shock remains unknown. Objective To determine the time to first chest compression and first AED shock in 2 chest-exposure procedures with 2 pad types. Design Crossover study. Setting Simulation laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 36 athletic trainers (21 women, 15 men; age = 30.58 ± 7.81 years). Main Outcome Measure(s) Participants worked in pairs to provide 2 rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) interventions on a simulation manikin outfitted with lacrosse pads and helmet. Participants completed 8 trials per pair (2 chest-exposure procedures × 2 pad types × 2 participant roles). The dependent variables were the time to first compression (seconds) and time to first AED shock (seconds). The independent variables were chest-exposure procedure with 2 levels (procedure 1: removal of the helmet while initiating CPR over the pads, followed by pad retraction and AED application; procedure 2: removal of the helmet and pads, followed by CPR and AED application) and pad type (Warrior Burn Hitman shoulder pads; Warrior Nemesis chest protector). Results We found a significant interaction between chest-exposure procedure and pad type for the time to first compression (F1,35 = 4.66, P = .04, ω2p = 0.10), with faster times during procedure 1 for both the Nemesis pads (16.1 ± 3.4 seconds) and Hitman pads (16.1 ± 4.5 seconds) than during procedure 2 (Nemesis pads: 49.6 ± 12.9 seconds, P < .0001; Hitman pads: 53.8 ± 14.5 seconds, P < .0001). Conclusions Completing the initial cycle of chest compressions over either shoulder pads or a chest protector hastens the time to first chest compression without diminishing CPR quality, which may improve patient outcomes. The time to the first AED shock was not different between equipment procedures or pad types.

Published
2020

4. Plant water use strategy determines winners and losers under climate change

Author

Visakorpi, Kristiina, Block, Sebastián, Pellissier, Loïc, Levine, Jonathan, and Alexander, Jake

Abstract

Understanding the traits mediating species’ responses to climate change is a cornerstone for predicting future community composition and ecosystem function. Although species’ eco-physiological properties determine their response to environmental change, most trait-based studies focus on a small subset of easily-measured morphological traits as proxies for physiology. This choice may limit our ability to predict the impacts of climate change on species’ demography, and obscure the underlying mechanisms. We conducted a transplantation experiment along a 1000 m Alpine elevation gradient to quantify the degree to which plant demographic responses to climate were predicted by eco-physiological performance versus common morphological traits. Although physiological measurements revealed that warming favored species with a conservative water use strategy, the predictive power of physiological traits did not exceed that of morphological traits. Our results show that while easily-measured morphological traits can successfully predict demographic responses to climate, eco-physiological approaches are needed to understand mechanism.

Published
2022

5. Supplementary material from Moths complement bumblebee pollination of red clover: a case for day-and-night insect surveillance

Author

Alison, Jamie, Alexander, Jake M., Zeugin, Nathan Diaz, Dupont, Yoko L., Iseli, Evelin, Mann, Hjalte M. R., and Høye, Toke T.

Abstract

Recent decades have seen a surge in awareness about insect pollinator declines. Social bees receive the most attention—but most flower-visiting species are lesser known, non-bee insects. Nocturnal flower visitors, e.g. moths, are especially difficult to observe and largely ignored in pollination studies. Clearly, achieving balanced monitoring of all pollinator taxa represents a major scientific challenge. Here, we use time-lapse cameras for season-wide, day-and-night pollinator surveillance of Trifolium pratense (L.; red clover) in an alpine grassland. We reveal the first evidence to suggest that moths, mainly Noctua pronuba (L.; large yellow underwing), pollinate this important wildflower and forage crop, providing 34% of visits (bumblebees: 61%). This is a remarkable finding; moths have received no recognition throughout a century of T. pratense pollinator research. We conclude that despite a non-negligible frequency and duration of nocturnal flower visits, nocturnal pollinators of T. pratense have been systematically overlooked. We further show how the relationship between visitation and seed set may only become clear after accounting for moth visits. As such, population trends in moths, as well as bees, could profoundly affect T. pratense seed yield. Ultimately, camera surveillance gives fair representation to non-bee pollinators and lays a foundation for automated monitoring of species interactions in future.

Published
2022
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7. Mismatches between soil and air temperature

Author

Vaccari, Francesco, Seipel, Tim, Kljun, Natascha, Radujković, Dajana, Crowther, Thomas, Grelle, Achim, Mondoni, Andrea, Finckh, Manfred, Wang, Yifeng, Abedi, Mehdi, Simpson, Elizabeth, Verheijen, Frank, Andres, Christian, Assis, Rafael, Descombes, Patrice, Manco, Antonio, Lens , Luc, Pitacco, Andrea, Erfanian, Mohammad, Phoenix, Gareth, Iwata, Hiroki, de Andrade, Ana, Medinets, Sergiy, Dušek, Jiří, Bruna, Josef, Svoboda, Miroslav, Aalto, Juha, Buysse, Pauline, Lynn , Joshua, Hylander, Kristoffer, Rubtsov, Alexey, Macek, Martin, Freeman, Erika, Venn, Susanna, Bauters, Marijn, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Feigenwinter, Iris, Mackenzie, Roy, Tanneberger, Franziska, Normand, Signe, Tomaselli, Marcello, Okello, Joseph, Alatalo, Juha, Scharnweber, Tobias, Aerts, Rien, Wang, Runxi, Meysman, Filip, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg, Dimarco, Romina, Vandvik , Vigdis, Penczykowski, Rachel, Guénard, Benoit, Nouvellon, Yann, Spasojevic, Marko, Svátek, Martin, Barthel, Matti, Stanisci, Angela, Yu, Zicheng, Nuñez, Martin, Cesarz, Simone, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Candan, Onur, Jucker, Tommaso, Ahmadian, Negar, Way, Robert, Ashcroft, Michael, Kolle, Olaf, Pitteloud, Camille, Høye, Toke, Montagnani, Leonardo, Vittoz, Pascal, Dolezal, Jiri, Goeckede, Mathias, Schmidt, Marius, Moiseev, Dmitry, Goded, Ignacio, Benito-Alonso, José-Luis, di Cella, Umberto, Convey, Peter, Lorite, Juan, Sagot, Clotilde, Bader, Maaike, Shekhar, Ankit, Porro, Francesco, Jastrzebowski, Szymon, Manca, Giovanni, Helfter, Carole, Exton, Dan, Smith, Stuart, Olejnik, Janusz, Cremonese, Edoardo, Pearse, William, Jump, Alistair, Pastor, Ada, Sarneel, Judith, Matula, Radim, Pauli, Harald, Stemkovski, Michael, Dick, Jan, Lohila, Annalea, Trouillier, Mario, Man, Matěj, Björk, Robert, Sewerniak, Piotr, Géron, Charly, Bon, Matteo, Santos, Cinthya, Curtis, Robin, Kollár, Jozef, Vives-Ingla, Maria, Pio, Casimiro, DIAZ, Jose, Boike, Julia, Basham, Edmund, Liljebladh, Bengt, Rossi, Graziano, Siqueira, David, Mosedale, Jonathan, Varlagin, Andrej, Máliš, František, Laska, Kamil, RENAULT, David, Verbeeck, Hans, Heinesch, Bernard, García, María, Zhang, Zhaochen, Sidenko, Nikita, Poyatos, Rafael, Bjornsdottir, Katrin, Hrbacek, Filip, Andrews, Christopher, Senior, Rebecca, Jactel, Hervé, Wilmking, Martin, Choler, Philippe, Aschero, Valeria, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Lamprecht, Andrea, Jimenez, Juan, Khuroo, Anzar, Phartyal, Shyam, Moiseev, Pavel, García, Rafael, Zyryanov, Viacheslav, Kemppinen, Julia, Yang , Yan, Van Geel, Maarten, Nardino, Marianna, Malfasi, Francesco, Haider, Sylvia, Hamid, Maroof, Leihy, Rachel, de Pablo, Miguel, Rossi, Christian, Urban, Anastasiya, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Bell, Michael, Marchesini, Luca, Urbaniak, Marek, Zong, Shengwei, Ammann, Christof, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Smiljanic, Marko, Uogintas, Domas, Xenakis, Georgios, Sitková, Zuzana, Stoll, Stefan, Haase, Peter, Hermanutz, Luise, Peichl, Matthias, Altman, Jan, Verbruggen, Erik, Čiliak, Marek, Thomas, Andrew, Assmann, Jakob, Tyystjärvi, Vilna, Panov, Alexey, Milbau, Ann, Nagy, Laszlo, Kelly, Julia, Pärtel, Meelis, Campoe, Otávio, Myers, Jonathan, Muffler, Lena, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Hoffrén, Raúl, Pavelka, Marian, Plichta, Roman, Munoz-Rojas, Miriam, Niittynen, Pekka, Daskalova, Gergana, Maclean, Ilya, Alexander, Jake, Carnicer, Jofre, Herbst, Mathias, Larson, Christian, Cannone, Nicoletta, Arzac, Alberto, Ujházyová, Mariana, Jentsch, Anke, Penuelas, Josep, Nosetto, Marcelo, Chown, Steven, Kanka, Róbert, Walz, Josefine, Rixen, Christian, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Steinbauer, Klaus, Zellweger, Florian, Frei, Esther, Scott, Tony, Erickson, Todd, Luoto, Miska, Wedegärtner, Ronja, Bravo, Jhonatan, Ujházy, Karol, Zhang, Jian, Järveoja, Järvi, Nijs, Ivan, Olesen, Jørgen, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Greenwood, Sarah, Buchmann, Nina, von Oppen, Jonathan, Deronde, Bart, Merinero, Sonia, Semenchuk, Philipp, Myers-Smith, Isla, Steinwandter, Michael, Dengler, Jürgen, Hammerle, Albin, Kovács, Bence, Forte, Tai, Haugum, Siri, Klemedtsson, Leif, Homeier, Jürgen, Calzado, M., Chojnicki, Bogdan, Ardö, Jonas, Scholten, Thomas, Risch, Anita, Robroek, Bjorn, Larson, Keith, Nilsson, Matts, Higgens, Rebecca, Magliulo, Enzo, Gharun, Mana, Fenu, Giuseppe, Herberich, Maximiliane, Newling, Emily, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Orsenigo, Simone, Souza, José, Bokhorst, Stef, Knohl, Alexander, Spicher, Fabien, Di Cecco, Valter, Ogée, Jérôme, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Rocha, Adrian, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Björkman, Mats, Kreyling, Juergen, Treier, Urs, van den Hoogen, Johan, Loubet, Benjamin, Opedal, Øystein, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Vitale, Luca, Blonder, Benjamin, Ejtehadi, Hamid, Speed, James, Boeckx, Pascal, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Dahlberg, C., Carbognani, Michele, Gobin, Anne, Remmers, Wolfram, Arriga, Nicola, Thomas, Haydn, Marciniak, Felipe, Remmele, Sabine, Collier, Laura, Wingate, Lisa, Seeber, Julia, Cooper, Elisabeth, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Barrio, Isabel, Hampe, Arndt, Ogaya, Romà, Michaletz, Sean, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, le Maire, Guerric, Abdalaze, Otar, Guillemot, Joannès, Mörsdorf, Martin, Canessa, Rafaella, Tanentzap, Andrew, Backes, Amanda, Poulenard, Jérôme, De Frenne, Pieter, Graae, Bente, Yu, Kailiang, Palaj, Andrej, Meeussen, Camille, Mazzolari, Ana, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Niessner, Armin, Van de Vondel, Stijn, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, Bailey, Joseph, Petraglia, Alessandro, Kašpar, Vít, Goulding, Keith, Somers, Ben, Schwartz, Naomi, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Lenoir, Jonathan, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Aartsma, Peter, Urban, Josef, Eklundh, Lars, Roupsard, Olivier, Curasi, Salvatore, Greise, Caroline, Ferlian, Olga, Randall, Krystal, Camargo, José, Meusburger, Katrin, Siebicke, Lukas, Ueyama, Masahito, Eisenhauer, Nico, Brum, Barbara, Kotowska, Martyna, Stiegler, Christian, Kazakis, George, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Berauer, Bernd, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Winkler, Manuela, Hik, David, Pauchard, Aníbal, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Contador, Tamara, Turtureanu, Pavel, Souza, Bartolomeu, Manise, Tanguy, Cutini, Maurizio, Benavides, Juan, Stephan, Jörg, Tutton, Rosamond, Di Musciano, Michele, Barros, Agustina, Kopecký, Martin, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Ghosn, Dany, Haesen, Stef, Ahrends, Antje, Wipf, Sonja, Zimmermann, Reiner, Tagesson, Torbern, Maier, Regine, Wild, Jan, Tielbörger, Katja, Zhao, Peng, Prokushkin, Anatoly, Kobler, Johannes, Klisz, Marcin, Pușcaș, Mihai, Veen, G., Villar, Luis, Bjerke, Jarle, Wilkinson, Matthew, Allonsius, Camille, Dias, Arildo, Six, Johan, Gigauri, Khatuna, Pampuch, Timo, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Cifuentes, Edgar, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Hederová, Lucia, Klinges, David, Govaert, Sanne, Scheffers, Brett, Eugster, Werner, Guglielmin, Mauro, Medinets, Volodymyr, Lang, Simone, Pellissier, Loïc, Niedrist, Georg, Fanin, Nicolas, Nicklas, Lena, Schmeddes, Jonas, Veenendaal, Elmar, Barančok, Peter, Weigel, Robert, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Sørensen, Mia, Gottschall, Felix, Ewers, Robert, Halbritter, Aud, and Lembrechts, Jonas

Subjects
bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Soil Science, bepress|Life Sciences, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology|Climate, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Environmental Sciences, bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Environmental Sciences|Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

Research in environmental science relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature at around 2 meter above ground1-3. These climatic grids however fail to reflect conditions near and below the soil surface, where critical ecosystem functions such as soil carbon storage are controlled and most biodiversity resides4-8. By using soil temperature time series from over 8500 locations across all of the world’s terrestrial biomes4, we derived global maps of soil temperature-related variables at 1 km resolution for the 0–5 and 5–15 cm depth horizons. Based on these maps, we show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding 2 m gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C, with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Soils in cold and/or dry biomes are annually substantially warmer (3.6°C ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are slightly cooler (0.7 ± 2.3°C). As a result, annual soil temperature varies less (by 17%) across the globe than air temperature. The effect of macroclimatic conditions on the difference between soil and air temperature highlights the importance of considering that macroclimate warming may not result in the same level of soil temperature warming. Similarly, changes in precipitation could alter the relationship between soil and air temperature, with implications for soil-atmosphere feedbacks9. Our results underpin that the impacts of climate and climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments.

Published
2021

8. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in nonnative plant invasion along mountain roads

Author

Clavel, Jan, Lembrechts, Jonas, Alexander, Jake, Haider, Sylvia, Lenoir, Jonathan, Milbau, Ann, Nuñez, Martin A., Pauchard, Anibal, Nijs, Ivan, Verbruggen, Erik, Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés - UMR CNRS 7058 (EDYSAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), and Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Plant invasion, Physiology, Range (biology), [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Soil, Mycorrhizae, Anthropogenic disturbance, Elevation gradient, Range shifts, Roads, Soil microbiota, Sub-Arctic, Symbiosis, Ecosystem, Soil Microbiology, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Ecological niche, Abiotic component, Ecology, Norway, fungi, Fungi, food and beverages, Sub-arctic, 15. Life on land, Plants, Colonisation, 030104 developmental biology, Disturbance (ecology), Plant species, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Plant associated mutualists can mediate invasion success by affecting the ecological niche of nonnative plant species. Anthropogenic disturbance is also key in facilitating invasion success through changes in biotic and abiotic conditions, but the combined effect of these two factors in natural environments is understudied. To better understand this interaction, we investigated how disturbance and its interaction with mycorrhizas could impact range dynamics of nonnative plant species in the mountains of Norway. Therefore, we studied the root colonisation and community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in disturbed vs undisturbed plots along mountain roads. We found that roadside disturbance strongly increases fungal diversity and richness while also promoting AM fungal root colonisation in an otherwise ecto‐mycorrhiza and ericoid‐mycorrhiza dominated environment. Surprisingly, AM fungi associating with nonnative plant species were present across the whole elevation gradient, even above the highest elevational limit of nonnative plants, indicating that mycorrhizal fungi are not currently limiting the upward movement of nonnative plants. We conclude that roadside disturbance has a positive effect on AM fungal colonisation and richness, possibly supporting the spread of nonnative plants, but that there is no absolute limitation of belowground mutualists, even at high elevation. ISSN:0028-646X ISSN:1469-8137

Published
2020

9. Non-natives: 141 scientists object

Author

Simberloff, Daniel, Alexander, Jake, Allendorf, Fred, Aronson, James, Antunes, Pedro M., Bacher, Sven, Bardgett, Richard, Bertolino, Sandro, Bishop, Melanie, Blackburn, Tim M., Blakeslee, April, Blumenthal, Dana, Bortolus, Alejandro, Buckley, Ralf, Buckley, Yvonne, Byers, Jeb, Callaway, Ragan M., Campbell, Faith, Campbell, Karl, Campbell, Marnie, Carlton, James T., Cassey, Phillip, Catford, Jane, Celesti-Grapow, Laura, Chapman, John, Clark, Paul, Clewell, Andre, Clode, Joao Canning, Chang, Andrew, Chytry, Milan, Clout, Mick, Cohen, Andrew, Cowan, Phil, Cowie, Robert H., Crall, Alycia W., Crooks, Jeff, Deveney, Marty, Dixon, Kingsley, Dobbs, Fred C., Duffy, David Cameron, Duncan, Richard, Ehrlich, Paul R., Eldredge, Lucius, Evenhuis, Neal, Fausch, Kurt D., Feldhaar, Heike, Firn, Jennifer, Fowler, Amy, Galil, Bella, Garcia-Berthou, Emili, Geller, Jonathan, Genovesi, Piero, Gerber, Esther, Gherardi, Francesca, Gollasch, Stephan, Gordon, Doria, Graham, Jim, Gribben, Paul, Griffen, Blaine, Grosholz, Edwin D., Hewitt, Chad, Hierro, Jose L., Hulme, Philip, Hutchings, Pat, Jarosik, Vojtech, Jeschke, Jonathan M., Johnson, Chris, Johnson, Ladd, Johnston, Emma L., Jones, Carl G., Keller, Reuben, King, Carolyn M., Knols, Bart G. J., Kollmann, Johannes, Kompas, Thomas, Kotanen, Peter M., Kowarik, Ingo, Kuehn, Ingolf, Kumschick, Sabrina, Leung, Brian, Liebhold, Andrew, Macisaac, Hugh, Mack, Richard, Mccullough, Deborah G., Mcdonald, Robbie, Merritt, David M., Meyerson, Laura, Minchin, Dan, Mooney, Harold A., Morisette, Jeffrey T., Moyle, Peter, Heinz, Mueller-Schaerer, Murray, Brad R., Nehring, Stefan, Nelson, Wendy, Nentwig, Wolfgang, Novak, Stephen J., Occhipinti, Anna, Ojaveer, Henn, Osborne, Bruce, Ostfeld, Richard S., Parker, John, Pederson, Judith, Pergl, Jan, Phillips, Megan L., Pysek, Petr, Rejmanek, Marcel, Ricciardi, Anthony, Ricotta, Carlo, Richardson, David, Rilov, Gil, Ritchie, Euan, Robertson, Peter A., Roman, Joe, Ruiz, Gregory, Schaefer, Hanno, Schaffelke, Britta, Schierenbeck, Kristina A., Schmitz, Don C., Schwindt, Evangelina, Seeb, Jim, Smith, L. David, Smith, Gideon F., Stohlgren, Thomas, Strayer, David L., Strong, Donald, Sutherland, William J., Therriault, Thomas, Thuiller, Wilfried, Torchin, Mark, Putten, Wim H., Montserrat Vilà Planella, Holle, Betsy, Wallentinus, Inger, Wardle, David, Williamson, Mark, Wilson, John, Winter, Marten, Wolfe, Lorne M., Wright, Jeff, Wonham, Marjorie, Zabin, Chela, and 141 Signatories

10. Non-natives: 141 scientists object

Author

Simberloff, Daniel, Alexander, Jake, Allendorf, Fred, Aronson, James, Antunes, Pedro M., Bacher, Sven, Bardgett, Richard, Bertolino, Sandro, Bishop, Melanie, Blackburn, Tim M., Blakeslee, April, Blumenthal, Dana, Bortolus, Alejandro, Buckley, Ralf, Buckley, Yvonne, Byers, Jeb, Callaway, Ragan M., Campbell, Faith, Campbell, Karl, Campbell, Marnie, Carlton, James T., Cassey, Phillip, Catford, Jane, Celesti-Grapow, Laura, Chapman, John, Clark, Paul, Clewell, Andre, Clode, Joao Canning, Chang, Andrew, Chytry, Milan, Clout, Mick, Cohen, Andrew, Cowan, Phil, Cowie, Robert H., Crall, Alycia W., Crooks, Jeff, Deveney, Marty, Dixon, Kingsley, Dobbs, Fred C., Duffy, David Cameron, Duncan, Richard, Ehrlich, Paul R., Eldredge, Lucius, Evenhuis, Neal, Fausch, Kurt D., Feldhaar, Heike, Firn, Jennifer, Fowler, Amy, Galil, Bella, Garcia-Berthou, Emili, Geller, Jonathan, Genovesi, Piero, Gerber, Esther, Gherardi, Francesca, Gollasch, Stephan, Gordon, Doria, Graham, Jim, Gribben, Paul, Griffen, Blaine, Grosholz, Edwin D., Hewitt, Chad, Hierro, Jose L., Hulme, Philip, Hutchings, Pat, Jarosik, Vojtech, Johnson, Chris, Johnson, Ladd, Johnston, Emma L., Jones, Carl G., Keller, Reuben, King, Carolyn M., Knols, Bart G. J., Kollmann, Johannes, Kompas, Thomas, Kotanen, Peter M., Kowarik, Ingo, Kuehn, Ingolf, Kumschick, Sabrina, Leung, Brian, Liebhold, Andrew, Macisaac, Hugh, Mack, Richard, Mccullough, Deborah G., Robbie McDonald, Merritt, David M., Meyerson, Laura, Minchin, Dan, Mooney, Harold A., Morisette, Jeffrey T., Moyle, Peter, Heinz, Mueller-Schaerer, Murray, Brad R., Nehring, Stefan, Nelson, Wendy, Nentwig, Wolfgang, Novak, Stephen J., Occhipinti, Anna, Ojaveer, Henn, Osborne, Bruce, Ostfeld, Richard S., Parker, John, Pederson, Judith, Pergl, Jan, Phillips, Megan L., Pysek, Petr, Rejmanek, Marcel, Ricciardi, Anthony, Ricotta, Carlo, Richardson, David, Rilov, Gil, Ritchie, Euan, Robertson, Peter A., Roman, Joe, Ruiz, Gregory, Schaefer, Hanno, Schaffelke, Britta, Schierenbeck, Kristina A., Schmitz, Don C., Schwindt, Evangelina, Seeb, Jim, Smith, L. David, Smith, Gideon F., Stohlgren, Thomas, Strayer, David L., Strong, Donald, Sutherland, William J., Therriault, Thomas, Thuiller, Wilfried, Torchin, Mark, Putten, Wim, Vila, Montserrat, Holle, Betsy, Wallentinus, Inger, Wardle, David, Williamson, Mark, Wilson, John, Winter, Marten, Wolfe, Lorne M., Wright, Jeff, Wonham, Marjorie, Zabin, Chela, and 141 Signatories

11. Global maps of soil temperature

Author

Lembrechts, Jonas J, Van Den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya MD, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Björk, Robert G, Björkman, Mats P, Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara NS, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N, De Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M, Exton, Dan A, Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai GW, Freeman, Erika C, Frei, Esther R, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A, García, María B, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H, Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V, Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S, Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T, Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S, Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A, Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M, Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I, Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, Le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I, Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita De Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip, Michaletz, Sean T, Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra Di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R, Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B, Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D, Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V, Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D, Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M, Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C, Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A, Robroek, Bjorn JM, Rocha, Adrian V, Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V, Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C, Sarneel, Judith M, Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin De Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V, Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P, Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João LL, Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J, Speed, James DM, Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G, Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J, Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn JD, Thomas, Andrew D, Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A, Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V, Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van De Vondel, Stijn, Van Den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, GF, Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E, Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank GA, Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, Von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G, Wedegärtner, Ronja EM, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I, Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan

Subjects
soil temperature, Climate Change, Temperature, soil-dwelling organisms, Microclimate, 15. Life on land, weather stations, near-surface temperatures, Soil, bioclimatic variables, 13. Climate action, temperature offset, global maps, Ecosystem
Abstract

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.

12. Adaptation to elevation in Brassicaceae species of the central Alps

Author

Maccagni, Alessio, Willi, Yvonne, Hoch, Günter, and Alexander, Jake

Abstract

Species are restricted in their spatial distribution, but the reasons behind this phenomenon are still not entirely known. Temperature has been considered to play an important role for a long time, for example because of the commonly observed overlap between isoclines and distribution limits, or for the direct impact that temperature has on the physiology of organisms. From an evolutionary point of view however, it is unclear why the climate niche of species does not seem to evolve such that species ranges can extend unlimitedly. To shed light on the evolutionary constraints limiting species distribution, I studied patterns of adaptation along an elevational gradient, which is essentially a thermal gradient. I chose a macro-evolutionary approach and included in my analyses 100 Brassicaceae species covering a high diversity of restricted elevational ranges in the European Alps. Species were compared in their thermal responses and thermal adaptation based on a climate chamber experiment and a transplant experiment on a mountain slope, with 5 transplant sites from 600 to 2000 m of elevation. Climate chamber experiments revealed that low- and high-elevation species mainly differed in the response of growth to temperature, with high-elevation species being better at growing when daily temperatures reached a high maximum, but worse at growing to large size when night frosts occurred. Therefore, results indicated a trade-off between fast growth under warm conditions and frost tolerance. Analyses on an association between elevational range size and phenotypic plasticity revealed no support for a positive link. However, I found that increased thermal heterogeneity selected for stronger thermal specialisation, countering the hypothesis that temporal environmental variability selects for increased plasticity. The transplant experiment demonstrated that species were indeed adapted to their optimal elevation of occurrence; lifetime performance declined if the transplant site was at a different elevation than the typical elevation of occurrence of a species. Patterns established not via temperature-dependent mortality, but because reproduction declined with increasing difference in elevation relative to the typical elevation. The probability of fruit set decreased with increasing distance. Furthermore, I found that reproduction negatively affected survival to the next year, suggesting an allocation trade-off between reproduction and longevity that may be also important in constraining the climate niche and its evolution. Overall, this body of work supported that elevational range limits generally reflect niche limits, and that species seem to have been selected for thermal specialisation. Evolutionary constraints in the widening of the climate niche seem to include genetic trade-offs in growing fast under warm conditions and being frost tolerant, and an allocation trade-off between reproduction and longevity. It is these two axes of trade-offs or four axes of life-history aspects that future micro-evolutionary studies should focus on to confirm their role in constraining the evolution of the climate niche within species.

Published
2021
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