Search

O presente artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa que investiga o Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes (Enade), com o intuito de apreender os conhecimentos legitimados pela avaliação e as implicações pedagógicas do exame na definição de qualidade. Nesse trabalho, destacam-se o mapeamento e análise das tendências temáticas da produção científica brasileira em torno do Enade, referente ao período de 2004 a 2018 em teses e dissertações disponíveis no Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes). Quanto à metodologia, optou-se pela pesquisa bibliográfica e documental de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Na sistematização da produção sobre o Enade, priorizou-se as seguintes categorias: área do conhecimento, cronologia da produção científica, procedência institucional, distribuição regional, eixos e tendências temáticas. O estudo evidencia que as avaliações estão impondo um modelo de formação profissional, induzindo uma pedagogia pautada nas competências e um currículo ajustado às demandas da economia. Observa-se ainda, um movimento de mudança na Educação Superior, nos últimos anos, impulsionado pelas políticas de avaliação, mais especificamente o Enade, que se configura como um exame estratégico na instauração de uma ordem político-pedagógica nas instituições de Educação Superior.

Knowing the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation is undoubtedly important for planning various economic/social activities, such as agriculture, livestock, and energy production. The coarse ...

To examine whether two consecutive soccer matches would affect skin temperature (t sk) measured via infrared thermography (IRT) in under-20 (U-20) soccer athletes, as well as verify whether the t sk changes would be different between regions of interest. A cross sectional study. Ten under-20 soccer athletes [age 19.0 ± 1.0 years; height 181.3 ± 6.6 cm; body fat percentage (BF%) 9.0 ± 1.8%, body surface area 1.9 m2 and $$\dot{V}$$ O2max 56.4 ± 3.2 ml min−1 kg−1]. Skin thermal responses obtained by IRT and creatine kinase concentration (CK) were evaluated in response to two soccer matches with 3 days of recovery between each match. The t sk increased (≅1.0 °C) 24 h after the first match in all studied regions of interest (ROIs), returning to near pre-match values 48 h after the first match. However, after playing the second match, the t sk increased even more (≅1.5 °C) 24 h after in all the considered ROIs, not returning to pre-match values 48 h after. Regarding CK analysis, its course during the experiment was similar to t sk, with high values 24 h after (first match 763.8 ± 294.5 U/L; second match 784.1 ± 298.8 U/L) and recovering 48 h after (first match 526.4 ± 289.7 U/L; second match 672.2 ± 285.0 U/L) both matches. However, when the two matches are compared, CK showed a higher value 48 h after the second match in comparison to first match (P = 0.002). The t sk and CK were moderately correlated in all ROIs analyzed, with higher correlation in the anterior right leg (r = 0.425) and anterior left leg (r = 0.428). The t sk of lower limbs as well as CK markedly change in response to two consecutive matches separated by an interval of 3 days. There is indication of the highest inflammatory response after the second match, which was preceded by just a 3-day recovery. In addition, a general increase was obtained in thighs and legs in anterior and posterior views.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between lower limbs skin temperature (Tsk) recorded by infrared thermography and creatine kinase (CK) response following an official soccer game. A professional soccer player, from the first division Brazilian League, defender, 27 years and 183 cm of height was analyzed. Measures of Tsk with a thermal camera and blood CK concentrations were obtained 24 hr before (24H-PRE), 24 (24H-POST) and 48 hr (48H-POST) after an official match. The results showed that CK values were 193 U/L 24 hr before, rising to 1,083 U/L 24 hr after the game and 414 U/L 48 hr after the game. Anterior thigh Tsk was 31.5°C, 33.8°C, and 31.8°C in the moments 24H-PRE, 24H-POST, and 48H-POST, respectively. Similarly, anterior leg presented temperature of 31.2°C, 33.3°C, and 31.5°C at the same moments. Qualitative analysis of the thermograms showed that whole lower limbs are much warmer 24 hr after the match and certain areas as the right anterior thigh, the left anterior leg, both anterior ankles, and both posterior thighs have not fully recovered their initial Tsk 48 hr after the match. The results of this study indicate that participation in a professional soccer match can lead to significant increases in Tsk values measured by IRT 24 hr after the match. Considering this variable as an indicator of muscular damage, it could help in the process of training control, being part of an injury prevention program in professional soccer clubs.

The prediction of occurrence of severe convective events allows to issue meteorological alerts in order to reduce potential catastrophic events. In many cases, numerical models for weather forecast are not able to efficiently simulate such events. Alternatively, considering the large amount and diversity of meteorological data, the employment of Data Mining techniques has become widespread. In the case of convective activity, the use of past data allows to identify characteristic patterns in the model forecasts by associating them to the corresponding field of density of occurrence of cloud-to-ground atmospheric electrical discharges. Such task is performed by a machine learning algorithm, in this case, a set of neural networks. As a consequence, these patterns can be detected in future forecasts generated by the numerical model, allowing to predict the occurrence of discharges, which are associated to convective activity. In the current work, the proposed approach was applied to BRAMS, a numerical model developed in the country for operational and research use in Meteorology. Consequently, the ability to predict the occurrence of discharges by the set of neural networks was analysed for some selected events as well as its usefulness as an ancillary tool in operational weather forecast.

da Silva, CD, Machado, G, Fernandes, AA, Teoldo, I, Pimenta, EM, Marins, JCB, and Garcia, ES. Muscle damage-based recovery strategies can be supported by predictive capacity of specific global positioning system accelerometry parameters immediately after soccer match-load. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1410-1418, 2021-Soccer match-load can be linked to recovery kinetic markers. However, match variability hinders the magnitude of relationship between parameters of interest. Therefore, we examined the correlation between 21 global positioning system accelerometry (GPS-A) parameters and changes in serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations, muscle soreness (MS), and perceptive recovery quality (PRQ) assessed at baseline (1 h before) and post (0 minute, 2, 4, and 24 hours) a standardized 90-minute match-simulation in 20 university players. Global positioning system accelerometry (15 Hz) data were tested as manufacturer and configurable thresholds. Four GPS-A parameters showed moderate to very large correlations with CK changes at all time points (average speed [avgSP, r = 0.75 to r = 0.84]; running symmetry foot strikes [RSfst, r = 0.53-0.63]; running series [RunS, r = 0.53-0.61]; and acceleration distance [AccD ≥ 1.5 m·s-2; r = 0.46-0.61]). Sprint count (≥2 m·s-2), AccD (≥2.5 m·s-2) and speed exertion (SpEx) had a moderate to large correlation (r = 0.46-0.56) with CK changes from 2 to 24 hours. Changes in MS at 0 minute had large correlation with avgSP (r = 0.53) and moderate with deceleration distance (≥-2 and ≥-3 m·s-2; r = 0.47, r = 0.48, respectively). The PRQ changes had moderate inverse correlation with avgSP at 0 minute (r = -0.39) and SpEx at 2 h (r = -0.69). Our results suggest that during a simulated soccer protocol with a standard workload, only the avgSP has practical application for predicting CK changes over 24 hours, allowing for a decision-making toward a postgame recovery based on previously known CK cutoff points. Global positioning system accelerometry parameters and subjective variables did not demonstrate relevant correlation.

Thermography has been used as a technique that may assist in understanding of thermoregulatory adjustments during exercise. The aim of this study is to analyze the behavior of hands skin temperature during a submaximal progressive test in cycle ergometer of lower limbs. Materials and methods: Twelve physically active men were submitted to a progressive submaximal test on cycle ergometer of lower limbs, and thermographic images of the hands’ back were taken before the exercise, every minute during the test, and in the third minute after interrupt. Results: The results showed a significant decrease of skin temperature from the back of the hands since the fourth minute until the third minute after the interruption of the exercise. It was concluded that the skin temperature from the dorsum of the hands decreases significantly through progressive short duration exercise on cycle ergometer of lower limbs.

O presente artigo apresenta dados de uma pesquisa que investigou o Programa de Avaliação da Aprendizagem Escolar (PAAE), identificando interfaces com o Currículo Básico Comum (CBC) de História no Ensino Médio. A partir da observação da prática docente, buscou-se analisar as concepções de avaliação e de ensino-aprendizagem que norteiam o programa e as implicações deste na organização do trabalho docente. Para tanto, elegeu-se como referencial teórico os autores do campo da avaliação educacional, currículo e trabalho docente. Constatou-se convergência entre as intenções do PAAE e o uso do programa pelo professor no que se refere à aproximação entre o currículo e às práticas de avaliação. Entretanto, observou-se que a tecnologia oferecida pelo PAAE não impediu que a avaliação assumisse na escola uma função distinta da concepção que fundamenta o programa.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a validade preditiva das equações de referência para predição da força de preensão manual (FPM) em homens brasileiros de meia idade e idosos. Foram avaliados 60 homens com idade de 58,7±8,6 anos (50-84 anos), estatura 168,7±8,0 cm, massa corporal 67,9±13,0 kg e índice de massa corporal 23,7±4,0 kg/m², utilizando equipamento 'padrão-ouro' na avaliação da FPM e seguindo todas as recomendações metodológicas preconizadas pela American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT). Os resultados do diagrama de Bland-Altman para mão dominante (MD) apresentam um erro médio (viés) de -8,4% (IC95% -51,6-34,7). Já o diagrama de Bland-Altman para mão não dominante (MND) apresenta um erro médio (viés) de 1,4% (IC95% -47,1-49,8). O cálculo de Cronbach's alpha para a MD foi de 0,69 e 0,59 para MND. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para MD foi 0,52 (IC95% 31-68) e de 0,42 (IC95% 20-60) para a MND. Concluímos que as equações para predição analisadas neste estudo, para uma população de homens brasileiros de meia idade e idosos, apresentou baixa validade preditiva, o que pode gerar erros de interpretação dos resultados.

ResumenObjetivoPresentar los efectos de la taurina (Tau) en la capacidad aeróbica y anaeróbica, además de describir sus mecanismos de acción.MétodoSe ha realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed/Medline y SportDiscus, teniendo como criterios de inclusión estudios con humanos, publicados en lengua inglesa, entre el 1 de enero de 2000 hasta el 1 de septiembre de 2011. La manera de consumo de Tau fue: Tau aislada o como ingrediente de bebidas energéticas evaluada con un suplemento placebo. La calidad de los estudios seleccionados fue valorada por la escala de PEDro siendo considerados los artículos con puntuaciones por encima de 5.ResultadosFueron seleccionados 14 estudios, siendo 11 los que obtuvieron cambios en la capacidad física aeróbica y 3 en la anaeróbica. Se observaron mejoras significativas en las actividades aeróbicas (8 de los 11 artículos) de igual manera que en las anaeróbicas (2 de los 3 estudios) tras ingesta de Tau frente a placebo.ConclusiónEl consumo agudo de apenas 1g de Tau, independiente del tiempo previo de ingesta presentó un efecto positivo frente la capacidad física aeróbica y anaeróbica. El principal efecto ergogénico que se observó en el componente aerobio fue aumentar la capacidad temporal para realizar un ejercicio, sin embargo en la actividad anaerobia proporcionó una mejora en la respuesta de los iones de calcio durante la contracción muscularAbstractObjectiveDescribe the effects of taurine (Tau) on aerobic and anaerobic physical performance as well as its mechanisms of action.MethodA systematic literature review on PubMed/Medline and SPORTDiscus was performed, including studies on humans which were published in English between January 1st, 2000 and September 1st, 2011.The forms of Tau intake were as the isolated compound (Tau) or as an ingredient in energy drinks analyzed with a placebo supplement. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using the PEDro scale and included articles with at least 5 points.ResultsAfter the filtering process, 14 studies were selected from which 11 presented changes in aerobic physical performance and 3 in anaerobic physical performance. Significant improvements were observed in aerobic activities (8 out of 11 articles) and in anaerobic activities (2 out of 3 studies) after intake of Tau, compared to the placebo.ConclusionThe consumption of only 1g of Tau, regardless of the time prior to intake, showed a beneficial effect on aerobic and anaerobic physical performance. The main ergogenic effect observed in the aerobic component was an increase on the temporal capacity of performing an exercise, whereas for the anaerobic activity there was a better response of calcium ions during muscle contraction.

Research into obtaining a fast, valid, reliable and non-invasive measure of core temperature is of interest in many disciplinary fields. Occupational and sports medicine research has attempted to determine a non-invasive proxy for core temperature particularly when access to participants is limited and thermal safety is of a concern due to protective encapsulating clothing, hot ambient environments and/or high endogenous heat production during athletic competition. This investigation aimed to determine the validity of inner canthus of the eye temperature (TEC) as an alternate non-invasive measure of intestinal core temperature (TC) during rest, exercise and post-exercise conditions. Twelve physically active males rested for 30 min prior to exercise, performed 60 min of aerobic exercise at 60% V̇O2max and passively recovered a further 60 min post-exercise. TEC and TC were measured at 5 min intervals during each condition. Mean differences between TEC and TC were 0.61 °C during pre-exercise, −1.78 °C during exercise and −1.00 °C during post-exercise. The reliability between the methods was low in the pre-exercise (ICC=0.49 [−0.09 to 0.82]), exercise (ICC=−0.14 [−0.65 to 0.44]) and post-exercise (ICC=−0.25 [−0.70 to 0.35]) conditions. In conclusion, poor agreement was observed between the TEC values measured through IRT and TC measured through a gastrointestinal telemetry pill. Therefore, TEC is not a valid substitute measurement to gastrointestinal telemetry pill in sports and exercise science settings., Highlights • Inner canthus of the eye is not a valid measure of intestinal core temperature. • Inner canthus of the eye temperature has severe errors in exercises settings. • The variability is more evident in the aerobic exercise and post-exercise conditions.

Introduction The human body makes many physiological adjustments throughout the day, including adjustments to body temperature. The purpose of this study was to determine oscillations in the skin temperature (Tsk-1–Tsk-25) at 25 body regions of interest (ROIs) over 1 day using infrared thermography. Methods Tsk values of 31 male (age 22.9±3.0 years) Brazilian Air Force members were evaluated from five thermograms collected at 7, 11, 15, 19 and 23 h (Tsk7,11,15,19,23) by a Fluke imager. We applied one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures for the different times of the day and Tukey9s post hoc test to determine significant Tsk differences between ROIs (α=0.05), and the cosinor analysis was used to determine the midline estimating statistic of rhythm, amplitude and acrophase of Tsk during the 24 h period. Results The anterior hands showed the greatest Tsk variations throughout the day. In the lower limbs, scapula, abdomen, chest and lower back, Tsk-11, Tsk-15, Tsk-19 and Tsk-23 were significantly different (p Conclusions The Tsk at all ROIs and the averaged Tsk showed oscillations throughout the day, with the lowest values in the early morning (07:00). Temperature fluctuations depended on the specific ROI, with thermal stabilisation in some regions in the afternoon and a central upward trend throughout the day in the hands.

ResumoObjetivoDescrever as alterações na temperatura da pele (Tp) durante exercício através da termografia infravermelha (TIR).MétodoRealizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura utilizando os termos (exercise) and (thermography) nas bases de dados da MEDLINE/PubMed IEEEXplore e SciELO, tendo como principais fatores de inclusão, estudos com humanos e sem nenhum tipo de comprometimento físico e metabólico durante a realização do exercício físico.ResultadosForam selecionados, após processo de filtragem, oito estudos. A Tp tende a diminuir nos momentos iniciais da execução do exercício, sendo sua magnitude dependente da duração e intensidade da atividade proposta. Em exercícios com carga progressiva observa-se uma contínua redução da temperatura da pele em comparação aos valores de repouso. Contudo, em exercícios prolongados, a Tp pode variar segundo a região corporal analisada com redução, manutenção ou mesmo aumento – como é o caso das regiões musculares principais envolvidas no exercício. A Tp apresenta respostas específicas em cada região corporal durante a realização do exercício em função da necessidade de perder calor.ConclusãoA Tp diminui na fase inicial do exercício. A forma de execução deste de perfil máximo ou submáximo irá determinar a resposta da Tp. Não existe uma resposta homogênea na Tp entre as diferentes regiões corporais indicando assim ser extremamente complexo o processo de controle da temperatura central, de forma que a TIR pode ser um instrumento valioso para analisar tanto a resposta térmica tanto local como global.AbstractObjectiveTo describe the changes on Skin Temperature (Tsk) during exercise through Infrared Thermography.MethodA systematic review of the current literature was made, using the keywords “exercise” and “thermography” on the database MEDLINE/PubMed, IEEEXplore and SciELO. The research was made including the articles done with healthy humans without any physical or metabolic impairment.ResultsAfter the exclusion process eight articles were selected. Tsk was has the tendency to decrease at the beginning of the exercise, depending on the duration and intensity of the task. In graded exercises a continuous reduction on Tsk was observed. Nevertheless, a bigger duration could lead to different thermal responses depending on the body area: reduction, maintenance or even an increase on the main regions involved on the exercise. Tsk has specific thermal responses depending on the body region and the heat loss necessities.ConclusionTsk decreases during the early stages of exercise. The thermal response will depend on the way of doing the maximal or submaximal exercise. There is a heterogeneous thermal response of Tsk between the different body regions, showing the extremely complexity of body temperature control. Therefore, Infrared Thermography could be a valuable tool in order to monitor both the local or the main thermal responses.

Background: Infrared thermography (IRT) does not require contact with the skin, and it is a convenient, reliable and non-invasive technique that can be used for monitoring the skin temperature (T SK ). Objectives: The aim of this study was to monitor the variations in the regional T SK during exercise on 28 regions of interest (ROIs) (forehead, face, chest, abdomen, back, lumbar, anterior and posterior neck, and posterior and anterior views of the right and left hands, forearms, upper arms, thighs, and legs) with IRT. Patients and Methods: 12 physically active young males were monitored with IRT during the following three phases: a) 30 minutes before exercise b) while performing one hour of moderate intensity exercise on a treadmill at 60% of the VO 2max , and c) 60 minutes after exercise. Results: During pre-exercise, all T SK reached a steady-state (P ≤ 0.05), which ensured adequate thermal stabilisation. At the beginning of exercise, there was a significant reduction in the T SK in most ROIs after 10 minutes of activity, except for the lower limbs (legs and thighs). After one hour of recovery, in the anterior view of the hands and thighs and in the posterior view of the legs, there were significant increases in the T SK compared to pre-exercise. Conclusions: There were significant distinctions in the skin temperature distribution during exercise according to the activity of the area under consideration during exercise, which may be important in the development of physiological models and heat flux analyses for different purposes.

In this study, a method of numerical weather prediction by ensemble for the South American region is proposed. This method takes into account combinations of the numerical predictions of various models, assigning greater weight to models that exhibit the best performance. Nine operational numerical models were used to perform this study. The main objective of the study is to obtain a weather forecasting product (short-to-medium range) that combines what is best in each of the nine models used in the study, thus producing more reliable predictions. The proposed method was evaluated during austral summer (December 2012, and January and February 2013) and winter (June, July and August 2013). The results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the results provided by the numerical models, and consequently has promising potential for operational applications in any weather forecasting center.

The aim of this study was to establish the skin temperature (Tsk) thermal profile for the Brazilian population and to compare the differences between female and male Brazilian adults. A total of 117 female and 103 male were examined with a thermographic camera. The Tsk of 24 body regions of interest (ROI) were recorded and analyzed. Male Tsk results were compared to female and 10 ROI were evaluated with respect to the opposite side of the body (right vs. left) to identify the existence of significant contralateral Tsk differences (?Tsk). When compared right to left, the largest contralateral ?Tsk was 0.3 °C. The female vs. male analysis yielded significant differences (p menor que0.05) in 13 of the 24 ROI. Thigh regions, both ventral and dorsal, had the highest ?Tsk by sex (? 1.0 °C). Tsk percentile below P5 or P10 and over P9o or P95 may be used to characterize hypothermia and hyperthermia states, respectively. Thermal patterns and Tsk tables 2 were established for Brazilian adult men and women for each ROI. There is a low Tsk variation between sides of the body and gender differences were only significant for some ROIs.

Este texto visa a contribuir com o debate na área de políticas públicas de avaliação, com dados analisados sobre o Programa de Avaliação da Aprendizagem Escolar (PAAE) e suas interfaces com o Currículo Básico Comum (CBC) da disciplina de História na Rede Pública Estadual de Educação de Minas Gerais. Buscou-se analisar as concepções de avaliação e de ensino-aprendizagem que norteiam o programa, e que estão presentes no CBC. Para tanto, elegeu-se como referencial teórico os autores do campo da avaliação e do currículo. Constatou-se uma convergência entre as concepções de ensino de História presentes na proposta curricular para o Ensino Médio e os itens de teste utilizados pelo programa, assim como a necessidade de pesquisas no interior das escolas, como forma de preencher as lacunas existentes nos debates no campo da avaliação educacional e do currículo.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o nível de conhecimento e hábitos de hidratação de atletas de futebol da categoria de base. Foram avaliados 216 atletas do sexo masculino, com idade média de 18± 0,9 anos, pertencentes a clubes da primeira e da segunda divisão de quatro Estados brasileiros, possuindo em média 8,7 ±2,6 anos de prática na modalidade. A metodologia empregada foi do tipo exploratória, através de uma pesquisa descritiva, utilizando-se um questionário composto por 18 perguntas objetivas auto-administrado. Os principais resultados indicaram que 32,3% e 30,1% dos atletas em competições e treinamentos, respectivamente, não apresentam estratégia de consumo de líquidos apropriada. Um total de 1,4% e 4,6% informou que nunca hidratam em treinamento e competição, respectivamente. Quando questionados sobre a solução (água ou isotônico) consumida antes, durante e após o exercício, a água apresentou maior índice de resposta em todos os momentos. Aproximadamente, 80 atletas, se hidratam somente após a sensação de sede. Dentre as soluções ingeridas, a Coca-Cola ® aparece com 11,1% de adeptos. Somente 27,8% registram o peso corporal freqüentemente e 54,16% afirmaram não ter idéia de como deve ser realizada uma adequada hidratação. Os sintomas mais comuns apresentados pelos atletas foram câimbras (53,2%), sede intensa (37,5%) e dor de cabeça (33,8%). Esses resultados sugerem que os jogadores de futebol da categoria de base apresentam uma série de hábitos inadequados de hidratação, o que pode propiciar menor rendimento nos treinamentos e competições. The aim of this study was to investigate fluid replacement strategies of young soccer players and their level of knowledge regarding hydration management. A total of 216 males (age: 18 ± 0.9 years) playing soccer for 8.7 ± 2.6 years were studied. The participants were members of four elite and subelite Brazilian soccer clubs. An exploratory descriptive study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 18 objective questions. The main results indicated that 32.3% and 30.1% of the athletes do not have an appropriate strategy for fluid replacement during competitions and training, respectively. In addition, 1.4% and 4.6% of the subjects reported to ingest no fluids during these exercise conditions. When asked about the type of solution (water or isotonic solution) consumed before, during and after exercise, water was the main fluid ingested during these periods. Approximately 80 athletes only ingest fluids when feeling thirsty. Coca-Cola ® accounted for 11.1% of ingested fluids. Only 27.8% of the participants measure their body weight and 54.2% were unaware of the adequate strategy for fluid replacement. The most common symptoms reported by the athletes were cramps (53.2%), intense thirst (37.5%), and headache (33.8%). These results suggest that young soccer players have inappropriate fluid replacement habits, a fact that may lead to low performance during training or competition.