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Mucoadhesion began to be applied to therapeutic systems with the aim of the incorporation of bioadhesive molecules into pharmaceutical dosage forms intended to keep in close contact with the tissue, releasing the drug near the action site, thereby increasing its bioavailability and promoting local or systemic effects. Different mucoadhesive materials and dosage forms have been studied, since the properties of mucoadhesion largely depend on the features of the material used in its preparation. This mini-review focuses on mucoadhesive therapeutic systems, the main mucosal routes of administration, and materials used to prepare the systems over the last five years. Patents and applications were reviewed, categorized and the materials were described together with the proposed systems.

© 2015 British Ecological Society. Desiccation tolerance is the ability that some organisms show to equilibrate their water content with that of dry air and recover when water supplies are re-established. This is a widespread although rare strategy in angiosperms, and most desiccation-tolerant (DT) species are restricted to tropical rock outcrops. Such restricted ecological range is attributed to weak competitive potential caused by low productivity, due to the temporal limitation in carbon assimilation that occurs when plants desiccate. However, few studies addressing this question in angiosperms have been conducted. We investigate 20 species of Velloziaceae of campos rupestres that differ in their desiccation tolerance. Campos rupestres is an ecoregion characterized by particular vegetation growing on rocky substrates that occurs along mountains in central/south-eastern Brazil, above 900 m a.s.l. It is considered a Neotropical hotspot and the main centre of diversity for DT vascular plants and the Velloziaceae. Here, we tested whether carbon assimilation rates, functional traits and species habitats corroborate the hypothesized trade-off between productivity and desiccation tolerance. All species showed similar photosynthetic rates during the wet season; in the dry season, only DT species showed drastic decrease in their metabolism. Non-desiccation-tolerant (NT) species are larger than DT ones (i.e. greater maximum plant height; stem volume). Relative canopy area and stem dry-matter content were lower in DT compared to NT, while leaf phosphorous concentration was higher in DT. The remaining morphofunctional traits evaluated did not vary between these groups. DT species occupied mainly exposed rock soils, while NT species occurred in deep, sandy soil habitats. Our results support the hypothesis of a trade-off between desiccation tolerance and productivity in angiosperms and suggest that DT strategy may only evolve and persist in habitats where severe growth limitations due to drought limit competition from more productive species.